List of Abbreviations

1MDB 1 Development Berhad A2/AD Anti-Access/Area Denial ABL Airborne Laser ABM Anti-Ballistic Missiles ADF Australian Defence Force ADIZ Air-Defense Identification Zone ADMM ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting ADMM-Plus ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus AI Artificial Intelligence AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank ALIAS Aircrew Labor In-cockpit Automation System AMNEX ASEAN Multilateral Naval Exercise ANC Andaman and Nicobar Command APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ARSA Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army ASAT Anti-Satellite ASBM Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AU African Union AUSINDEX Exercise Australia- AUSMIN Australia- Ministerial Consultations BHIC Boustead Heavy Industries Corporation BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BKI Boost-phase Kinetic Interceptor BMD Ballistic Missile Defense BMDR Ballistic Missile Defense Review BN Barisan Nasional BRI Belt and Road Initiative BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CAATSA Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act CARAT Cooperation Afloat Readiness and Training CAS Close Air Support

vi List of Abbreviations

CENTRIXS Combined Enterprise Regional Information Exchange System CFE Conventional Armed Forces in Europe CFIUS Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CMC Central Military Commission COC Code of Conduct CPC Communist Party of China CPGS Conventional Prompt Global Strike CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization D&SD Diplomatic and Security Dialogue DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DMZ Demilitarized Zone DoD Department of Defense DoE Department of Energy DPRK Democratic People’s Republic of Korea DSC Defense Security Command DSSC Defense Security Support Command EAC Enhanced Air Cooperation EAS East Asian Summit EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union FE Foal Eagle FMC Full Mission Capability FMF Foreign Military Financing FOC Full Operational Capability FONOPs Freedom of Navigation operations FPDA Five Power Defence Arrangements FY Fiscal Year G20 Group of Twenty GBI Ground-Based Interceptor GBSD Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent GDP Gross Domestic Product GMD Ground-based Midcourse Defense GNP Gross National Product GP Guard Post

vii GRU Generalnogo Shtaba Glavnoje Razvedyvatel’noje Upravlenije (Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces) HA/DR Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HALE High-Altitude Long Endurance HTI Hizb al-Tahrir Indonesia HVGP Hyper Velocity Gliding Projectile IAMD Integrated Air and Missile Defense ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICC International Criminal Court ICERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ICPO International Criminal Police Organization IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies IMF International Monetary Fund INCSEA Incidents at Sea Agreement INF Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces IOC Initial Operational Capability ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ISR Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance ITEC Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation JAD Jamaah Ansharut Daulah JCPOA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action JMMC Joint OPEC-Non-OPEC Ministerial Monitoring Committee JMSDF Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force JOAC Joint Operational Access Concept JSA Joint Security Area KAMD Korea Air and Missile Defense KCNA Korean Central News Agency KIA Kachin Independence Army KMPR Korea Massive Punishment and Retaliation KOOPSAU Komando Operasi Angkatan Udara (Air Force Operational Command) KOSTRAD Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat (Army Strategic Reserve Command) KR Key Resolve LCS

viii List of Abbreviations

LCT Landing Craft Tank LCU Landing Craft Utility LDP Liberal Democratic Party LEP Life Extension Program LMS Littoral Mission Ship LOA Letter of Agreement LRSO Long Range Stand Off Weapon MALE Medium-Altitude Long Endurance MDA Missile Defense Agency MDA Maritime Domain Awareness MDL Military Demarcation Line MEF Minimum Essential Force MFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs MND Ministry of National Defense MOD Ministry of Defense MOKV Multi-Object Kill Vehicle MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPA Maritime Patrol Aircraft MRCA Multirole Combat Aircraft MRF-D Marine Rotational Force-Darwin MRO Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul MRSS Multi-Role Support Ship MSI Maritime Security Initiative MTDP Medium Term Defense Program MUI Majelis Ulama Indonesia NAD Navy Area Defense NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCA Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement NDAA National Defense Authorization Act NDPG National Defense Program Guidelines NDS National Defense Strategy NGJ Next Generation Jammer NLD National League for Democracy NLL Northern Limit Line NMD National Missile Defense NNSA National Nuclear Security Administration

ix NPC National People’s Congress NPR Nuclear Posture Review NPT Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons NSA Negative Security Assurances NSM NSS National Security Strategy NTWD Navy Theater Wide Defense NWFZ Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone OFFSET Offensive Swarm-Enabled Tactics OPCON Operational Control OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPV Offshore Patrol Vessel OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PAC-3 Patriot Advanced Capability-Three PAP People’s Armed Police Force PAR Presidential Aircraft Recapitalization PAS Parti Islam se Malaysia (Malaysian Islamic Party) PKO Peace Keeping Operation PLA People’s Liberation Army PLAAF People’s Liberation Army Air Force PLAN People’s Liberation Army Navy PMC Post Ministerial Conference PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRC People’s Republic of China PSI Proliferation Security Initiative QDR Quadrennial Defense Review R&D Research and Development RIMPAC Rim of the Pacific Exercise RMAF Royal Malaysian Air Force RMN ROK Republic of Korea SAP State Armament Program SARA Suku, Agama, Ras, and Antargolongan SBIRS Space-Based Infrared System SCM Security Consultative Meeting SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization

x List of Abbreviations

SDF Self-Defense Forces Southeast Asia Cooperation and Training SIMBEX Singapore-India Maritime Bilateral Exercise SKA Spacebased Kill Assessment SLBM Launched Ballistic Missile SLCM Sea Launched SLOC Sea Lines of Communication SMA Special Measures Agreement SMEs Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises SPIEF St. Petersburg International Economic Forum SSA Space Situational Awareness SSBN Strategic Submarine Ballistic Nuclear START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty STOVL Short Take-Off/Vertical Landing STSS Space Tracking and Surveillance System THAAD Terminal High Altitude Area Defense TMD Theater Missile Defense TNLA Ta’ang National Liberation Army TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership UAVs Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UFG Ulchi Freedom Guardian UMNO United National Organisation UN United Nations UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea USFK United States Forces Korea UUV Unmanned Underwater Vehicle UWSA United Wa State Army VAT Value Added Tax VEB Bank for Development and Foreign Economic Affairs WPK Workers’ Party of Korea WPNS Western Pacific Naval Symposium WTO World Trade Organization XAI Explainable Artificial Intelligence

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