BENEFICIAL MICROBES AND OTHER SOIL AMENDMENTS FOR IMPROVING CITRUS: AN UPDATE

Sarah Strauss, PhD Assistant Professor, Soil Microbiology [email protected] @SoilMicroSarah Over 1 billion microbes in 1 gram of soil Over 50,000 different “species” of bacteria CEC ammonium crop earthworms Crop genotype oxygen ammonia bacteria phosphate phosphorous water Organic matter carbon pH arthropods fungi Soil texture temperature plant diversity nitrate Soil stability salinity nematodes archaea Plant age Exudates micronutrients How can we use soil microbiology to help citrus crops?

1. Indirect method: change the environment

2. Direct method: change the community 1. Indirect method: change the environment

• Add a ”food” source for microbes: carbon • Compost • Plant material – cover crops • Develop soil organic matter (SOM)

• Disturb the soil less often

• Keep roots within the soil

- SL Strauss 1. Indirect method: change the environment Benefits • Encourage native microbes to grow – likely beneficial microbes already in soil!

• Increase soil microbial diversity: • Increase nutrient cycling • More competition for resources

Difficulties • Soil organic matter (SOM) is very low in Florida

• Increasing SOM takes TIME – results may not occur after only 1 year

• Native soil microbial community not well characterized – and likely unique for each location 1. Indirect method: change the environment

• Greenhouse trial of HLB-affected and non-affected trees

• 3 soil amendments: • Field soil • Field soil + compost (5% v/v) • Field soil + biochar (3% v/v)

• 2 irrigation rates: • 100% evapotranspiration (ET) • 75% ET

• 1.5 year experiment

Collaboration with Dr. Davie Kadyampakeni and Dr. Arnold Schumann, UF/IFAS CREC - D Kadyampakeni Tree height impacted by soil amendments

100% ET for Healthy trees 100% ET for HLB-affected trees 110 110 Sand + Biochar 105 Sand only 105 Sand + Compost

100 100

95 95 Tree height (cm) height Tree (cm) height Tree 90 90

85 85 Month Month

75% ET for Healthy trees 75% ET for HLB-affected trees • Root length density was significantly impacted by soil amendments 110 110 • Compost amendment reduced water-stress in HLB-affected and healthy trees 105 105 • Soil and tree nutrient data still being analyzed 100 100

95 95 Tree height (cm) height Tree (cm) height Tree 90 90

85 85

01-Jul-17 01-Jul-17 01-Apr-17 01-Jun-17 01-Oct-17 01-Apr-17 01-Jun-17 01-Oct-17 01-Mar-17 01-Aug-17 01-Sep-17 01-Mar-17 01-Aug-17 01-Sep-17 01-May-17 01-May-17 195 Month Month

196 Figure 6. Tree height measurements as a function of irrigation rate, HLB status and soil

197 amendment.

198 Root length density (RLD) was not affected by HLB status and irrigation rate, but soil

199 amendment in May 2017. Somewhat, there was interaction between HLB status and soil

200 amendment and irrigation rate. Seven months later, greater RLD was observed in heathy trees

201 and also where full irrigation was applied (Table 3).

202 Table 3. Root length density as a function citrus greening (HLB) status, soil amendment,

203 and irrigation rate.

14

Soil amendments impacted soil microbial community composition Families differing per Growth Media

Diseased Healthy

40 Family Aurantimonadaceae

30 Bacteria Bacillaceae Clostridiaceae 1 20 Conexibacteraceae Family XVII 10 Gemmatimonadaceae

0 Hypocreaceae Nakamurellaceae

40 Nitrospiraceae ODP1230B8.23

Relative Abundance % Abundance Relative 30 Phycisphaeraceae Fungi Pseudonocardiaceae 20 Sphingomonadaceae

10 Spirochaetaceae Trichomonascaceae 0 FS + 5% OM FS + 5% OM Field soil (FS) Field soil (FS) FS + 3% Biochar FS + 3% Biochar Filtered Samples Irrigation level impactedGenera differing soil per microbial Irrigation Level community composition

Diseased Healthy

60

Bacteria Genus 40 Bradyrhizobium Bryobacter 20 Conexibacter Crenotalea 0 Gemmatimonas Mizugakiibacter

60 Nevskia Nitrolancea Relative Abundance % Abundance Relative

Fungi Pseudolabrys 40 Trichoderma

20

0 FS + 5% OM FS + 5% OM Field soil (FS) Field soil (FS) FS + 3% Biochar FS + 3% Biochar Filtered Samples 1. Indirect method: change the environment

• Bahiagrass planted in row middles of established commercial grove

Collaboration with Dr. Ramdas Kanissery, UF/IFAS SWFREC

Bahiagrass No-treatment control

SL Strauss

SL Strauss SL Strauss SL Strauss Cover crop can influence soil microbial community

BeforeT0 planting 6 months afterT1 planting 0.2

0.1

Location 0.0 edgeCanopy edge middleRow middle

Treatment control Axis.2 [5.5%] Axis.2 −0.1 grass

−0.2

−0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 −0.2 −0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Axis.1 [7.6%] 2. Direct method: change the community

• Add specific microbes to the soil • “Probiotic” approach RESEARCH ARTICLE

MICROBIOME The Placenta Harbors a Unique Microbiome Kjersti Aagaard,1,2,3*JunMa,1,2 Kathleen M. Antony,1 Radhika Ganu,1 Joseph Petrosino,4 James Versalovic5

Humans and their microbiomes have coevolved as a physiologic community composed of distinct body site niches with metabolic and antigenic diversity. The placental microbiome has not been robustly interrogated, despite recent demonstrations of intracellular bacteria with diverse metabolic and immune regulatory functions. A population-basedImmunity cohort of placental specimens collected under sterile conditions from 320 subjects with ex- tensive clinical data was established for comparative 16S ribosomal DNA–based and whole-genome shotgun (WGS)Review metagenomic studies. Identified taxa and their gene carriage patterns were compared to other human body site niches, including the oral, skin, airway (nasal), vaginal, and gut microbiomes from nonpregnant controls. We characterized a unique placental microbiome niche, composed of nonpathogenic commensal micro- biota from the Firmicutes, Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria phyla. In aggregate, the placentalInflammatory microbiome profiles wereBowel most akin Disease (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity <0.3) to the human oral microbiome. 16S- based operational taxonomic unit analyses revealed associations of the placental microbiome with a remote

as a Model for Translating the Microbiome Downloaded from history of antenatal infection (permutational multivariate analysis of variance, P =0.006),suchasurinarytract Americangut.org infectionCurtis in Huttenhower, the first trimester,1 ,2 ,3 ,* Aleksandar as well D. Kostic, as with1 ,2 ,4 pretermand Ramnik birth J. Xavier <371 weeks,3 ,4,5 ,* (P = 0.001). 1Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA 2Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA INTRODUCTION3Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvardhave Medicallargely School, used Boston, morphologic MA 02114, USAapproaches and grossly documented 4Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA Over5 theGastrointestinal past 4 million Unit, Massachusetts or so years, General hominids Hospital and have Harvard coevolved Medical School, with Boston,the MA presence 02114, USA of bacteria in different regions of the placenta (18–21). *Correspondence: [email protected] (C.H.), [email protected] (R.J.X.) their microbiomes as physiologic communities composed of distinct Arecentcross-sectionalstudyof195patients(18)demonstratedGram- http://stm.sciencemag.org/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.013 body site niches. Recently published works by the Human Micro- positive and Gram-negative intracellular bacteria harbored in the ba- biome Project (HMP) Consortium (1–4)haveprovidedthefirstreli- sal plate (which comprises the tissue layer directly at and below the able estimatesThe inflammatory of the breadth bowel ofdiseases structure, (IBDs) function, are among and the diversity most closely of the studiedmaternal-fetal chronic inflammatory interface). These disorders were observed in nearly one-thirdCell of Host & Microbe healthythat (“ involvereference environmental,”)humanmicrobiomeacrossmultiplebodysites. host genetic, and commensal microbial factors.placental This combination specimens, of with features a high has prevalence among preterm deliv- Despitemade recent IBD advances both an appropriate in cataloging and the a complexity high-priority of platform the adult for hu- translatableeries <28 research weeks in of host-microbiome gestation but regardless of clinical or pathologicResource maninteractions. microbiome, Decades there are of limited epidemiology population-based have identified data environmental as to how evidence risk factors, of chorioamnionitis although most mecha- (18). Although current paradigms sug- nisms of action remain unexplained. The genetic architecture of IBD has been carefully dissected in multiple and whenlarge populations,the human microbiome identifying several is established. responsible host epithelial andgest immune that pathways most intrauterine but without infections, yet a which are associated with pre- Characterizingcomplete systems-level the processes explanation. that govern Most the recently, establishment the commensal of hu- gutterm microbiota birth, originate have been in found the lower to be genital tract and ascend into an by guest on July 18, 2017 man microbialboth ecologically communities and functionally is essential perturbed for understanding duringThe thehuman disease, Dynamics de- but withotherwise as-yet-unexplained of“sterile the” intrauterine Human heterogeneity environment Infant (19, 20), most taxa de- velopmentamong and IBD physiology. subtypes Studies and individual have shown patients. that IBDneonatesGut thus representsdemonstrate Microbiome perhapstected the in most the in comprehensive placenta Development with DNA-based current technology are not found in complexmodel microbial for understanding communities the inhuman the gut microbiome’s within the rolefirst in week complex of life, inflammatorythe urogenital disease. tract, Here, but we review rather the represent commensal species com- withinfluences dynamic fluctuations of the microbiota in bacterial on IBDcomposition and its potentialand until for a translational inrelatively Progression medicine.mon to the oral towardcavity (21–24). Type Some of these1 Diabetes oral microbes, such – matureIntroduction equilibrium is reached around 1 to 3 years of age (5culture-based13). What profilesas Fusobacterium during early clinical nucleatum management of(a IBD, Gram-negative oral anaerobe), may Aleksandar D. Kostic,1,2,3 Dirk Gevers,1 Heli Siljander,4 ,5 Tommi Vatanen,1,6 Tuulia Hyo¨ tyla¨ inen,7 ,11 shapesCrohn’s these disease earliest (CD) microbial and ulcerative communities, colitis (UC) are and the two at whatmain pointsimilar the profiles in- of thefacilitate gut microbial hematogenous response to treatment, transmissi andon during placentation as a result Anu-Maaria Ha¨ ma¨ la¨ inen,9 Aleksandr Peet,10 Vallo Tillmann,10 Pa¨ ivi Po¨ ho¨ ,8 ,11 Ismo Mattila,7 ,11 Harri La¨ hdesma¨ ki,6 fant isforms first of exposed inflammatory to and bowel colonized disease by (IBD), its microbiome, both chronicEric im- remains A.the Franzosa, advent unclear3 ofOuti rodent Vaarala,of genetic their5 Marcus ability models recapitulatingto de bindGoffau, vascular12 IBDHermie symp- endothelium Harmsen,12 Jorma and Ilonen,alter permeability,13,14 Suvi M. Virtanen,15 ,16,17 (12–16mune-mediated). In the first diseases week of with life, typical the full-term onset during neonatal young adult-Clary gut microbiome B.toms. Clish, Investigation1 Matej is Orethereby ofsi IBDc, 7 ,11 throughout functioningCurtis Huttenhower, the first as half an 1 of“,3enabler theMikael 20th” Knip,for4 other,5 ,18 ,19 ,23 commonon behalf commensals, of the hood and a lifelong course characterized by periods of remissionDIABIMMUNEcentury tested Study and Group, ruled22 outand any Ramnik number J. of Xavier individual1,2,20 microbial,21,23,* largelyand colonized relapse. CD by can the involve phyla any Actinobacteria part of the gastrointestinal (including tract1BroadBifidobacterium Institutepathogens of MIT as), and causativesuch Harvard, as agents Cambridge,Escherichia in the MAcoli disease 02142,(25 USA). (Weinstein, These latter findings are of particular in- Proteobacteria,but most commonly Bacteroides, the ileum and, and m proximaluch less, colon. Firmicutes UC is most2Center (including1961 for Computational), but the gut-resident andterest, Integrative microbes given Biology, the remained long-standing Massachusetts of interest dueGeneral stro tong Hospital association and Harvard between Medical periodontal School, Boston, MA 02114, USA Lactobacillusoften localizedspp., to which the descending dominate colon the but can vaginal occur flora)pancoloni-3Department (17).their In contrast, exposureof Biostatistics, anddisease uptake Harvard during [as School well ulceration of Public as upper and Health, barrier and Boston, breach lower MA 02115, urinary USA tract infections (UTIs)] cally as well. Worldwide, there is a trend toward increasing4 inci-Children’s(Seneca Hospital, and University Henderson, of Helsinki 1950). Increasinglyand Helsinki University refined selective Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland neonatesdence who of both weigh UC<1200 and CD, g with are a dominated recent systematic by both review5Research Firmicutesmedia Program and and anaerobic Unit, Diabetesand culture increased and conditions Obesity, risk University throughout of preterm of Helsinki, the 1960sbirth 00290 (26 Helsinki,–29). Finland Tenericutesconcluding phyla, that 75% with of much the studies less ofdominance CD and 60% of of Actinobacteria those6Departmentand 70s of Information produced (18). conflicting andHere, Computer results we Science,have for changes leveraged Aalto in University gut recent microbial School approaches of Science, and 02150 tools Espoo, (1–4 Finland)formeta- with UC confirm a secular trend in incidence of disease (Molo-7Steno Diabetesload or profile Center, during 2820 Gentofte, IBD (Cooke, Denmark 1967; Mallory et al., 1973; These collective observations raise the possibility that8 the infant may genomic analysis to characterize a rigorously collected set of placental decky et al., 2012). The modest concordance even in monozy-FacultyVince of Pharmacy, et al., 1972; University Wensinck of Helsinki, et al., 00290 1981 Helsinki,). These Finland results in 9 be firstgotic seeded twins along in utero with the by relatively a common rapid temporalshared lowchanges abundanceDepartment in many of source,ways Pediatrics, predictedspecimens Jorvi those Hospital, observed from 02740 more 320 Espoo, recently subjects Finland with in meta- a case-cohort design. We present here 10 such asIBD the incidence placenta, over and the past this six seedi decadesng may and vary the changes by lengthDepartment in ofgenomics: gestation. of Pediatrics, althoughan University slight initial changes ofsnapshot Tartu, in Estonia gut of microbial the and human Tartu residents University placental Hospital, microbiome 51014 Tartu, and Estonia reveal which 11VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02044 Espoo, Finland disease risk with migration suggest an important role for the were present in some subsets of IBD patients, they were hetero- Establishment and maintenance of placental integrity12Department and function of Medical Microbiology,organisms University are present, Medical what Center they Groningenare capableand University of doing, of Groningen, and 9713 how GZ the Groningen, environment in disease pathogenesis. Although the disease is geneous both among disease subtypes and among individuals are critical to fetal growth, development, and survival (17the). Previous Netherlands studies placental community is likely structured. strongly linked to the microbiome (see below) and the environ-13Immunogenetics(Sartor, 1990 Laboratory,). University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland mental factors that can influence the microbiome, the details14 of In parallel, as treatments such as 5-aminosalicylic acid 1 Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Divisionthis of relationship Maternal-Fetal are complex.Medicine, Departments of Obstetrics and15Department Gynecology,(5-ASA) of were BaylorLifestyle introduced and Participation, for the disease National (Gorbach Institute et for al., Health 1968), and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA. 2Department 16Schoolits of effectsHealth Sciences, on theRESULTS microbiomeUniversity of Tampere, were explored 33014 Tampere, with similar Finland of MolecularThe Complex and Human Interplay Genetics, of BioinformaHost andtics Microbe Research in IBD Laboratory,17 Baylortechniques. College It of was rapidly determined that compounds such as 3 Science Centre, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33521 Tampere, Finland Medicine,In this Houston, era of the TX 77030,$1,000USA. genome,Department it is difficult of to Molecular appreciate and18 theFolkha Cell¨ Biology,salicylazosulphapyridinelsan Research Baylor Center, 00290 in particular Helsinki, were Finland metabolized by gut 4 Collegedegree of Medicine, to which Houston, our knowledge TX 77030, of USA. the gutDepartment microbiota of in Microbiology19 IBDDepartmentmicrobes and of Pediatrics, ( Mo-Cooke, 1969Baseline Tampere), due University to characteristics differential Hospital, product 33521 metabolite of Tampere, the study Finland subjects lecularhas Virology, built on Alkek more Center than 50 for years Metagenomics of microbiology and Microbiome and immu-20Gastrointestinal Research,profiles in Baylor Unitgerm-free andTable Center and antibiotic-treated for S1 the shows Study the of Inflammatory animals baseline (Peppercorn characteristics Bowel Disease, Massachusetts of the subjects General in eachHospital case- and Harvard Medical 5 Collegenology. of Medicine, Dawson Houston,and colleagues TX 77030, (Vince USA. et al., 1972Department) cite a ‘‘resur- ofSchool, Pathologyand Boston, Goldman, and MA Im- 02114, 1972cohort.). USA Again, though, By design, changes preterm in microbial birth load cases or significantly differed from their munology,gence Baylor of clinical College interest of Medicine in the and role Texas of the Children intestinal’s Hospital, bacterial21Center Houston,profile for Microbiome TX were 77030, modest Informatics (West et and al., Therapeutics, 1974), and the Massachusetts mechanism ofInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 22 USA. flora’’ in 1972, just as has occurred in the past few years. ThreeMikaelaction Knip, ofKatriina 5-ASAs Koski, andcontrol Mattitheir effects Koski, cohort Tainaon the by Ha gut virtue¨ rko microbiome¨ nen, of Samppa gestational remain Ryha¨ nen, age Heli (35 Siljander, weeks AnuMaaria versus 39.3 Ha¨ ma weeks;¨ la¨ inen, Anne Ormisson, *Correspondingmain developments author. E-mail: prior to [email protected] the advent of modern culture-inde-Aleksandrcomplex Peet, Vallo (Iacucci Tillmann, etP al.,< Valentina 0.001)2010; Morgan Ulich,and associatedElena et al., Kuzmicheva, 2012). Treatmentsmean Sergei birth Mokurov, weight Svetlana (2.59 Markova, kg versus Svetlana 3.37 Pylova, kg; Marina Isakova, Elena Shakurova, Vladimir Petrov, Natalya V. Dorshakova, Tatyana Karapetyan, Tatyana Varlamova, Jorma Ilonen, Minna Kiviniemi, Kristi pendent (i.e., sequencing-based as opposed to culturing-based) for IBD provided another route by which the role of the gut micro- Alnek, Helis Janson, Raivo Uibo, Tiit Salum, Erika von Mutius, Juliane Weber, Helena Ahlfors, Henna Kallionpa¨ a¨ , Essi Laajala, Riitta Lahesmaa, studies sustained interest in the IBD microbiome: systematic biome could be explored, however, because microbial changes Harri La¨ hdesma¨ ki, Robert Moulder, Viveka O¨ ling, Janne Nieminen, Terhi Ruohtula, Outi Vaarala, Hanna Honkanen, Heikki Hyo¨ ty, Anita Kondrashova, Samiwww. Oikarinen,ScienceTranslationalMedicine Hermie J.M. Harmsen, Marcus.org C. De 21 Goffau, May Gjal 2014 Welling, Vol Kirsi 6 Issue Alahuhta, 237 237ra65Tuuli Korhonen,1 Suvi M. Virtanen, and Immunity 40, June 19, 2014 ª2014 Elsevier Inc. 843 Taina O¨ hman. 23Co-senior author *Correspondence: [email protected] http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001

SUMMARY mained constant across time. A marked drop in alpha-diversity was observed in T1D progressors in Colonization of the fetal and infant gut microbiome the time window between seroconversion and T1D results in dynamic changes in diversity, which can diagnosis, accompanied by spikes in inflammation- impact disease susceptibility. To examine the rela- favoring organisms, gene functions, and serum and tionship between human gut microbiome dynamics stool metabolites. This work identifies trends in the throughout infancy and type 1 diabetes (T1D), we development of the human infant gut microbiome examined a cohort of 33 infants genetically predis- along with specific alterations that precede T1D posed to T1D. Modeling trajectories of microbial onset and distinguish T1D progressors from non- abundances through infancy revealed a subset of mi- progressors. crobial relationships shared across most subjects. Although strain composition of a given species was INTRODUCTION highly variable between individuals, it was stable within individuals throughout infancy. Metabolic The initial colonization of the human gut microbiota begins in composition and metabolic pathway abundance re- utero (Aagaard et al., 2014) and is strongly influenced by

260 Cell Host & Microbe 17, 260–273, February 11, 2015 ª2015 Elsevier Inc. 2. Direct method: change the community

Benefits • Potentially target specific microbial function • Example: specific bacteria to control soilborne disease

• Specific Bacillus sp. may increase plant growth

Difficulties • Beneficial taxa can be very crop and/or environment specific

• Unknown how introduced organisms will interact with native organisms

• Unknown what conditions are necessary to keep introduced organisms alive and increasing in number 2. Direct method: change the community • Apply biostimulants to mature trees in two commercial groves:

• High-input management (> $2,000/acre) • Low-input management (± $1,000/acre) • Same rootstock, similar tree age, all affected by HLB

Collaboration with Dr. Ute Albrecht, UF/IFAS SWFREC

- U Albrecht - U Albrecht 2. Direct method: change the community

• Treatments: • Pure liquid seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) • Soluble fluvic acids (69%) • Beneficial microbes (Bacillus spp. plus Trichoderma) • Seaweed + microbes • Fulvic acids + microbes • No-treatment control

• Complete randomized design with 6 replications (5 trees/replicate)

• Monthly applications (soil drench) begun in November 2016

- U Albrecht Six-month evaluation: Low input management

Treatment TRL (m) SRL (m/g) REL TTC (μM) DI

Control 51.0 20.3 0.30 26.9 b 2.6

Fulvic acid (FA) 41.5 20.5 0.32 33.8 ab 2.6

Seaweed (SW) 42.0 24.1 0.22 47.9 a 2.7

Microbes (MB) 52.3 19.7 0.22 38.7 ab 2.4

FA + MB 41.5 19.7 0.36 26.6 b 2.5

SW + MV 66.0 22.8 0.23 47.7 a 2.4

P > 0.05 P > 0.05 P > 0.05 P = 0.0133 P > 0.05

TRL = Total root length; SRL = Specific root length; REL = Root electrolyte leakage TTC = Method to determine root metabolic activity DI = HLB disease index (0 = no symptoms, 5 = > 75% of canopy with symptoms Six-month evaluation: High input management

Treatment TRL (m) SRL (m/g) REL TTC (μM) DI

Control 38.3 16.4 0.23 44.1 2.5

Fulvic acid (FA) 39.8 15.0 0.28 37.1 2.5

Seaweed (SW) 60.4 15.9 0.17 43.1 2.0

Microbes (MB) 31.9 16.8 0.29 46.5 2.2

FA + MB 61.6 14.7 0.19 46.9 2.2

SW + MV 59.7 18.9 0.23 45.5 2.2

P > 0.05 P > 0.05 P > 0.05 P > 0.05 P > 0.05

No significant treatment effects

TRL = Total root length; SRL = Specific root length; REL = Root electrolyte leakage TTC = Method to determine root metabolic activity DI = HLB disease index (0 = no symptoms, 5 = > 75% of canopy with symptoms Management impacted soil microbial interactions

High input management Low input management

High-input management Low-input management Management may impact soil microbial functions What’s next for soil microbes in citrus?

• Increase understanding of relationship between community composition and function

• Examine methods to assess inoculation and abundance of added organisms

• Optimize methods for adding SOM to Florida soils

- SL Strauss Dr. Ute Albrecht Dr. Davie Kadaymapakeni Dr. Arnold Shumann

Bryce Meyering Amanda Gray

Joby Sherrod (Duda & Sons) John Paul (John Paul Inc.) Frank Vega (John Paul Inc.)

Strauss Lab: Dr. Andrea Nuzzo, Postdoctoral Research Associate Rachel Berner, Biological Scientist John Santiago, MS student David Toole, MS student Kira Sorochkina, PhD student Clayton Nevins, PhD Student

This work is supported by the USDA NIFA Hatch project #1011186 and UF/IFAS Citrus Initiative Have you seen me? email: [email protected]