N Unst
Yell
Mainland Shetland
Foula
STUDY AREA
Fair Isle
Source: Lamb after Fraser
KEY: Names of islands are shown 0 Km 10 Km 20 Km
Figure 1-2: Map of Shetland
Page 19 N
Source: Ordnance Survey
0m 1,000m 2,000m Figure 1-3: Modern map of study area Page 20 N
PAPA
OXNA
Kallee Ness
Stream Sound
Whalsies Ayre
Atlantic Ocean
Source: Lamb
0m 1,000m 2,000m Figure 2-1: Study area seas and islands Page 29 Scalloway
N
the Hame toun
Burland
Brough
Papil House
Source: Lamb
KEY: Broch
Medieval church / chapel 0m 1,000m 2,000m contours at Haa house 10m intervals Figure 2-3: Prestige structures in study area Page 33 N
Steinna
Source: Lamb
KEY: Crystalline limestone
gneiss Predominant type of rock 0m 1,000m 2,000m Nesting fault Other faults Figure 2-4: Solid geology Page 36 N
the Hame toun Cauldhame
Hogaland
Brough Easter Tougs Hoga- Grunasound land
Wester Hogaland Sandwick
Norbister
Bloom- ister
Source: Lamb
KEY: Crystalline limestone
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 2.5: Areas of crystalline limestone
Page 37 N
Sands of Meal
Links of Minn
Source: Lamb
KEY: Till deposit 0m 1,000m 2,000m Machair
Figure 2-6: Areas of till and machair Page 39 Fine-grained rocks Whetstones N Hones
Iron pan Bog iron ore
Clay Pottery Beach cobbles Hammers Pounders Mica-rich Grinders metamorphic rocks Temper for Clay pottery Pottery
Granitic intrusion in schist Ironstone
Finer- Steatite grained (erratics) rocks Temper for Whet- pottery stones Vessels Hones Loom weights Fishing weights
Vertical sheets of metamorphic rock Building stone Quernstones (possible)
Quartz veins Flake tools Source: Lamb
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 2-7: Technological resources
Page 41 N Sea fishing Saithe Cod Pollack
Accessible Bays close to Shoreline deep water Seals Seals Seabirds Flatfish Shellfish Seaweed Driftwood
Low cliff Seabirds Bay close to deep water Seals
Source: Lamb
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 2-8: Marine and coastal resources
Page 43 N
Freshwater marsh Waterfowl Migratory birds Roots & tubers Rushes & sedges
Uplands Machair Stock grazing Turf Limited stock Heather grazing Berries
Freshwater lochs Waterfowl Trout Saltwater marsh Roots & tubers Waterfowl Rushes & sedges Migratory birds
Blanket bog Peat Heather Rushes & sedges Sphagnum
Machair Limited stock grazing
Uplands Stock grazing Turf Heather Berries
Source: Lamb
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 2-9: Land-based resources
Page 45 Source: Lorne Gillies / Scottish Natural Heritage
Unimproved Shetland landscape
Source: Lorne Gillies / Scottish Natural Heritage
Crofting landscape
Figure 2-10: Unimproved and crofting landscapes
Page 48 N
Source: Admiralty Chart #3294
KEY: Solid blue: depth 5m or less
Edged in blue: depth 5-10m 0m 1,000m 2,000m Figure 2-11: Extract from Admiralty Chart # 3294
Page 58 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 2-13: Study area with 5m depth contour
Page 62 Source: Scottish Natural Heritage
Loss of land: aerial view of shallows at Sands of Meal, Burra
Source: Jonathan Swale
Loss of evidence: oval house site (circled) at Norbister, Houss
Figure 2-14: The effects of sea level rise
Page 64 Clett Papil House
Source: RCAHMS ©
Minn Symbister
Note (1) the numerous sandbanks and high points which make navigation difficult and (2) the extent of land lost to the rising sea.
Main crofting settlements are named.
Figure 2-15: Shallow sea in the South Voe
Page 66 N
Source: RCAHMS ©
Note the pattern of the arable fields. They indicate two areas of blowout. The one to the right is still active. The second is a smaller area above the beach to the left, where grass has stabilised the soil and grazing has been re-established but not cultivation.
Figure 2-18: Extent of blowouts at Sands of Meal
Page 72 Oval house Stone in section (1) “clustered settlement” (North Minn) EASE # WB10 / SMR # 832 / NMRS # SMR # 824 / NMRS # SMR # 3519 HU33SE70 HU33SE48 Stone in Burnt mound Early longhouse section (2) Hamburg / Bremen SMR # 347 / NMRS EASE # WB11 / This Survey booth # HU33SE42 SMR # 3520 # B10 This Survey # B29
36 37
31 31
N
30 30
Source: Lamb 36 after Ordnance37 Survey
“souterrain” Source of Oval houses Midden (1) EASE # WB52 / flagstones (South Minn) EASE # WB1 SMR # 346 / NMRS This Survey # B14 SMR # 825 / / SMR # 3510 # HU33SE18 NMRS # Midden (2) HU33SE44-6 Mound EASE # WB34 / EASE # WB35 / SMR # 3543 NMRS # HU33SE4446 Burnt mound with cist SMR # 826 / NMRS # (Please note that “Duncansclett” is HU33SE76 the modern name for Clett but that the old name is used locally)
= blown sand 0m 1000m Figure 2-19: Links of Minn archaeological sites
Page 75 36 37
31 31
N
30 30
Source: Lamb 36 after Ordnance37 Survey
Cultivated croft land 0m 1000m
Figure 2-20: Links of Minn land under cultivation in AD 1878
Page 80 N
the Hame toun
Burland
Utnabrake Hoga- land Setter Branchiclett Meal
Brake New Gruna- Brough sound Southerhouse
Wester Hogaland New Street
Grunasound Easter Sandwick Hoga- land Nor- bister Crugar New Papil Town Bannaminn North Clett House
Minn Gossigarth Bloom- ister
House
Symbister Source: Lamb
KEY: Names in italics are outsets Burra & Houss: Mathewson, 1832 Trondra: Balfour, 1772 0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 3-1: Settlements named by Mathewson and Balfour
Page 93 Source: Shetland Museum & Archives
wooden sticks
thin turf layer
dry stone
turf
Figure 3-3: Shetland hill dyke seen from the Common Grazing
Page 98 NB: the thesis page which contains this photograph MUST be pdf-ed at High Quality
FIGURE x-x: SHETLAND HILL DYKE SEEN FROM THE COMMON GRAZING N
Bayanne
Kebister
Scalloway Burland Brough Clickhimin
St. Ninian’s Isle
East Shore Old Scatness
Jarlshof Source: Lamb after Fojut
KEY: broch blockhouse 0 Km 10 Km 20 Km open settlement Name Site mentioned in text
Figure 4-1: Brochs in Shetland Page 111 N
Framgord
the Hame toun
Brough
Papil
St. Ninian’s Isle
Source: Lamb after Cant
KEY: church chapel 0 Km 10 Km 20 Km Name Site mentioned in text
Figure 4-3: Medieval chapels in Shetland Page 164 N
This Survey # T8
SMR # 852 / NMRS # HU33NE28
SMR # 324 / NMRS # HU33SE11 SMR This Survey # 325 # H2
Yaa Field SMR # 327 SMR / NMRS # # 329 HU33SE16
Mid Field SMR # 340 / NMRS # HU33SE17
SMR # 326 / NMRS # HU33SE12
SMR # 334 / NMRS # HU33SE11 / EASE # EB45 Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less Burial cairn 0m 1,000m 2,000m Standing stone Figure 5-2: Burial cairns and standing stones
Page 175 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less
Boundary / field system 0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 5-3: Major boundaries
Page 177 38 39
34 34
N
33 33
Source: Lamb after Ordnance Survey 38 39
KEY: 0m 1,000m Boundary / field system = one boundary clearly abuts the other Burial cairn
Standing stone = curvilinear junction
Figure 5-4: boundary junctions on north Houss
Page 178 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Oval house(s) or “clustered dwelling” 0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 5-5: Oval houses and “clustered dwellings”
Page 182 N
Tougs
Houlls
Bight of the Sandy Geos Source: Lamb
KEY: Burnt mound(s) Burnt mound reported but not located by This Survey 0m 1,000m 2,000m Name Mounds which have been investigated archaeologically Figure 5-6: Burnt mounds
Page 187 N
S
S
S
M?
Source: Lamb
KEY: Dated occupation evidence Burnt mound with structures 0m 1,000m 2,000m S Souterrain M? Midden with Iron Age pottery Figure 5-7: Early Iron Age archaeology c. 800-400 BC Page 196 Site of chapel Broch SMR # 335 / NMRS SMR# 331 / NMRS # # HU33SE9 HU33SE7 Noost EASE # WB28 / N SMR # 3537 Mound 35 EASE # WB27 / SMR # 3536
Oval houses, wall and mound EASE # WB43-4 / SMR # 829 / NMRS # HU33SE65-66, 68 (Hedges Houses I & II)
In coastal section: walling fragment & anthrosol EASE # WB29 / SMR # 3536-8
House & clearance cairn EASE # WB56 / SMR # 830 / NMRS # HU33SE67 (Hedges House III) Source: Lamb 38 after Ordnance Survey
“Gulver” Reported burial cairn Burnt mound (not found) SMR # 336 / NMRS EASE # WB30 / SMR # 3539 Mound # HU33SE4 EASE # WB31 / SMR # 3540
0m 500m
Figure 5-8: Brough archaeological sites
Page 200 N
I
II
0m 5m
FIGURE 5-9: HOUSES I & II AT BROUGH (after Fig. 7 in Hedges, 1984: 52)
destroyed N
0m 5m
FIGURE 5-10: HOUSE III AT BROUGH (after Fig. 7 in Hedges, 1984: 52)
Page 202 “Pund of Burland” House & field system, mounds EASE # T7-9 / SMR # 382 & 3505-9 / NMRS # HU33NE2
Longhouse This Survey # T4 N
Cairn This Survey # T5 Mound This Survey # T3
Burnt mound SMR # 383
37
Click mills Source: Lamb EASE # T22-3 39 after Ordnance Survey
Broch EASE # T26 / SMR # 384 40 Site of EASE excavation Iron working site, structures & midden EASE # T17 / SMR # 3058 / NMRS # HU33NE064
0m 500m
Figure 5-11: Burland archaeological sites
Page 203 N
M?
M?
M?
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less Dated occupation evidence 0m 1,000m 2,000m Small round house Broch M? Midden with Iron Age / broch-type pottery Figure 5-15: Middle Iron Age archaeology c. 400 BC-AD 400 Page 208 N
M?
M?
M?
Source: Lamb
KEY: Dated occupation evidence Broch Christian site 0m 1,000m 2,000m M? Midden with Iron Age / broch-type pottery Figure 5-16: Late Iron Age archaeology c. AD 400-800 Page 214 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Dated occupation evidence
Broch Christian site 0m 1,000m 2,000m Longhouse with bowed walls Figure 5-17: Early Norse period archaeology c. AD 800-1000
Page 218 N
the Hame toun Cauldhame
Hogaland
Meal
Brough Easter Tougs Hoga- Grunasound land
Wester Hogaland Sandwick
Norbister
Clett
Minn Bloom- ister
Source: Lamb
KEY: Crystalline limestone
Machair 0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 6-1: Settlements on good natural soils
Page 222 (see Figure 6-4: N North-east Trondra)
Burland
infill occupation
Hogaland
Source: Lamb after Ordnance Survey
Later division
0m 1000m
Figure 6-3: Townships on Trondra
Page 227 “the Hame toun” infill occupation
N Cauldhame
1
3
2 “new arable”
Grindadale: post-dyke occupation
Source: Lamb after Ordnance Survey
Cultivated land
Uncultivated land 0m 1000m
Later division 1 Order of occupation
Figure 6-4: North-east Trondra Page 229 N Cauldhame
Burland
Setter Branchiclett Mail
Hogaland Brake Brough
Wester Hogaland
Grunasound
Sandwick Easter Hoga- land
Nor- bister Papil
Clett Bloom- ister Minn
House / Huseby
Symbister Source: Lamb
0m 1,000m 2,000m
Figure 6-6: Early place names
Page 254 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less
Burial cairn Boundary 0m 1,000m 2,000m Standing stone Figure 7-1: Ancestral elements
Page 261 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Actual & possible burnt mound(s) Oval house(s) or “clustered dwelling” 0m 1,000m 2,000m Figure 7-2: Comparative distribution of oval houses & burnt mounds Page 262 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Archaeological evidence for occupation 0m 1,000m 2,000m Predicted occupation
Figure 7-3: Early Iron Age activity c. 800-400 BC
Page 265 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less Archaeological evidence for occupation 0m 1,000m 2,000m Broch Predicted occupation Figure 7-4: Middle Iron Age activity c. 400 BC-AD 400 Page 267 Scalloway
N
Burland
Brough
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less
Viewshed 0m 1,000m 2,000m Line of sight
Figure 7-6: Strategic considerations Page 271 N
Source: Lamb
KEY: Archaeological evidence for occupation Broch Christian site 0m 1,000m 2,000m Predicted occupation
Figure 7-7: Late Iron Age activity c. AD 400-800 Page 273 N
Source: Lamb Archaeological evidence for KEY: occupation Broch Christian site 0m 1,000m 2,000m Predicted occupation Figure 7-8: Early Norse period activity c. AD 800-1000
Page 276 “by Clett”, Burra Whalsies Ayre, Houss
N (2)
(1)
Source: Lamb after Ordnance Survey
(1) Burland and (2)“by Burland”, Trondra “by Cauldhame”, Trondra
KEY: Cultivated croft land 0m 500m Uncultivated croft land Longhouse with bowed walls
Figure 7-9: Location of longhouses with bowed walls
Page 279 N the Hame toun / “Trondra”
Cauldhame
Burland
Setter Branchiclett Meal
Brake Hogaland Brough
Wester Hogaland
Grunasound
Sandwick Easter Hoga- land
Nor- bister Papil
Clett Bloom- ister Minn
House / Huseby
Symbister Source: Lamb
KEY: Chapel or church
Longhouse(s) of later 0m 1,000m 2,000m Norse appearance Figure 7-10: Settlement in the Late Norse period c. AD 1000-1300
Page 282 N
Sandwick headland
Houss Ness Source: Lamb
KEY: Boundaries
Name Area easily made stockproof 0m 1,000m 2,000m using boundaries shown in red
Figure 9-1: Possible pastoral areas Page 314 Oriented N towards Scalloway
Landscape with brochs
The south end
Source: Lamb
KEY: Modern sea depth 5m or less Archaeological evidence for occupation 0m 1,000m 2,000m Broch Predicted occupation Figure 9-2: The beginnings of districts
Page 318 N
Papil
House
Source: Lamb
KEY: Archaeological evidence / predicted occupation Broch / Christian site 0m 1,000m 2,000m Boundaries potentially defining Other boundaries area containing major site named Figure 9-4: pre-Iron Age boundaries & Early Norse period activity Page 335