Bio Bulletin 2(1): 14-25(2016) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.biobulletin.com)

ISSN NO. (Print): 2454-7913 ISSN NO. (Online): 2454-7921

Taxonomic Review on the Diversity (Rhopalocera: )-A Preliminary Study Anita Kumari*, Rachita Sood** and P.C. Pathania*** *Department of Biosciences, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, Tamilnadu-636308 **Department of Zoology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, ***Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (Corresponding author: P.C. Pathania) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.biobulletin.com) (Received 12 November 2015; Accepted 08 January 2016)

ABSTRACT: The present paper deal with the introduction of the diversity, position of order Lepidoptera, term , stages and their families, brief notes on the higher classification of the order Lepidoptera and detail review on the butterflies families are sutable highlighted. Key Words: Butterfly, Rhopalocera, taxonomic, Lepidoptera

Coleoptera which comprises , butterflies and INTRODUCTION skippers. Holloway (1969), there are about 2,00,000 On this Earth, 75-80% of total species are of Lepidoptera out of which 15,000 species belong which are found in extreme habitats i.e., to butterflies (Papillionoidea) worldover. They are very cold conditions of polar regions, high characterized by having broad wings covered with mountains, streamy jungles, parched deserts, minute overlapping scales, usually brightly fresh water ponds and streams. They are minute coloured. From the usage point of view, most size, high fecundity, capacity for flight and familiar division of Lepidoptera is Heterocera dispersal ability to feed on variety of materials, (moths) and Rhopalocera (Butterflies) and presence of chitinous skeleton and water retention and (Evans, ability. Due to these factors insects are out number 1932). The term ‘Butterfly’ is derived from the male in all other biota both in quality and quantity of the ‘Common Brimstone’ of the family (Varshney, 1998). India is recognized as one of th which is butter yellow in colour. In universal the 12 megadiversity countries of the world which popularity, butterflies are second in number after has two hot spots viz, the North- birds. The butterflies are beautiful in colour and Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Out of their colours are due to pigments deposited in their a total of 1,719,183 species on global basis, scales. These pigment are deposited during last 1,26,656 species have been enlisted from India developmental stages of pupa, coiled proboscis, (MoEF, 1998). Hammond (1992) estimated antennae are either knobbed or clubbed at anterior 9,50,000 species of insects, May (1990), quoted end. 7,50,000 and 7,90,000 species of insects in lower The adult butterflies collect nectar from flowers, figures. An estimate shows that global species cross pollinators, attracted by rotting of ripe fruits, diversity vary from 2 million to 100 million species, animal dung or birds droppings to suck minerals. having best estimate nearly 10 million However, some collect nutrients near streams on (Anonymous, 1992) and insects represent their dump and moist ground (Wynter Blyth, 1957). The share of about 56 percent (Groombridge, 1992). Lepidopterans have complete metamorphosis Order Lepidoptera is the third largest order after (holometabolus) i.e., egg, larva, pupa and adult

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 14 present in their life cycle. Larval stage feeds Tortricoidea, , , voraciously on the plants leaving which minimizes , Corpromorphoidea, Castinoidea, the fruiting chances of plants so it is one of the , , Pterophoroidea, most harmful stages of the life cycle (Wynter Blyth, Hesperioidea, , , loc. cit.). alliduloidea, , Sphingoidea, Out of all the insects, butterflies are ecologically Notodontoidea and ) on the basis of important because they act as pollinators of immature eggs having the respective number of flowering plants, feed on the nectar of flowering superfamily/ies. These four suborder have also plants. The climatic factors affect the population of been followed by Richards and Davies (1977). butterflies and the same is also affected by host However, except the former, Nielsen (1985), has quality (Gilbert and Singer, 1975). Butterflies are proposed three other group names viz., Aglossata, also good indicators of the climatic, seasonal and Heterobathmia and as suborders. The ecological changes and help in formulating latter has further been split up into Dacnonypha, strategy for conservation. If the environmental Neopseustina, and conditions are favourable then butterfly diversity is ( and ). Though, Minet (1986) also abundant (Gadgil, 1996). The present paper has also followed four suborders of Nielsen (loc. deal with the review of butterflies from India. cit.), yet divided the suborder Glossata into five Brief notes on the higher classification of the infraorders i.e., Dacononypha, Neopseustina, order Lepidoptera: Nepticulina, Exoporia and Eulepidoptera. On the basis of some characters such as shape of According to Eliot (1992), it is best to follow eight the wings, antennae and manner of folding of the suborders viz., Zeugloptera, Aglossata, wings, split Lepidoptera into three groups viz., Heterobathmina, Dacnonypha, Neopseustina, Papilio, Sphinx and Phalaena to suggest a natural Exoporia, Monotrysia and Ditrysia for an system of classification Linnaeus (1758), who appropriate placement of different named the order Lepidoptera. Phalaena was families/superfamilies. further divided into seven groups Bombyx, Noctua, Scoble (1995) has made a remark, “the choice of Geometra, Pyralis, Tortrix, Tinea and Alucita. In classification is a compromise, for lepidopterists fact, since the inception of the order, a number of adopt various different systems. Moreover divisions have been proposed from time to time to classifications are constantly being modified as establish a phylogenetic classification of the order. phylogenetic relationships between taxa are better Its division into Heterocera (moths) and understood. But despite variations in the system a Rhopalocera (butterflies), and Microlepidoptera general consensus exists partly because the and Macrolepidoptera are quite familiar from the classification or the order continues to rest on usage point of view only. By taking into account many long established families. To that extent the structure of the eggs (Chapman, 1893, 1896), existing classification exhibit considerable larvae (Dyar, 1894; Forbes, 1910; Fracker, 1915), stability”. Heppner (1998) system for the pupae (Mosher, 1916), mouth parts (Packard, classification of Lepidoptera has followed. Authors 1895) and the venation (Hampson, 1892, 1895), Heppner has divided the order into four suborders the respective worker’s have divided the order into viz., Zeugloptera, Aglossata, Heterobathmina and a variable number of Glossata. The latter suborder is divided into five groups/subgroups/suborders/divisions etc. As a infraorders i.e., Dacnonypha, Lophocoronina, major step, Hampson (1918) has proposed the Nepseustina, Exoporia and Heteroneura. The utilization of as many as, eighty-four family names Heteroneura is further divided into two divisions on the basis of wing venation diversity in this Monotrysia and Ditrysia. Under division Ditrysia order. On the basis of the presence of jugum and two sections Tineina and Cossina has been frenulum the order has also been divided into considered. Two subsection i.e., Cossina and Jugatae and Frenatae in the latter. Besides above Bombicina are also divided under section Cossina. Borner (1939) proposed a fundamental division of Besides superfamily Papilionoidea, the remaining the order into Monotrysia and Ditrysia on the basis seven has also been divided under subsection of structure of the female genitalia (Bourgogne, Bombycina. Under Papilionoidea author has 1951). considered seven families i.e., , Common (1970, 1975) has divided the Papilionidae, Pieridae, Hesperiidae, , Lepidoptera into four suborders viz., Zeugloptera and Libytheidae. The review on these (Micropterigoidea), Dacnonypha (Eriocranioidea), butterflies families are suitable highlighted. Monotrysia (, , Incurvarioidea) and Ditrysia (,

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 15 REVIEW OF LITERATURE butterflies from North Eastern region. Vallhonrat (1983) studied Lepidoptera (including butterflies, J.B. Heppner (1998) classify the order Lepidoptera moths and skippers) occurring in Catalonia into nineteen superfamilies and one hundred and (eastern spain) and recorded three hundred twenty-four families. In his publications, butterflies seventy-two species and four sub-species. are placed under superfamily Papilionoidea which Heppner (1989) completed a month long study on include seven families viz., Hesperiidae ( the Lepidoptera diversity of the Dumoga-Bone butterflies), Papilionidae (Swallowtail butterflies), National Park, Sulawasi and described three Pieridae (Yellow-white butterflies), Lycaenidae thousand seven hundred species of Lepidoptera. (Gossamer winged butterflies), Riodinidae (Metal The faunal diversity index of North Sulawesi is mark butterflies), Libytheidae (Snout butterflies) seventy-four, out of four thousand five hundred and Nymphalidae (Brush footed butterflies). During species of Lepidoptera in world. It represents the course of present studies, barring the families 1.64% of the world faunal diversity. i.e., Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae and Balasubramanian (1992) and Shrinivasan et.al., Libythidae the work has been carried out on three (1992) listed species of butterflies from the sandal families viz., Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and ecosystem of South India. Pieridae. The geographical distribution and Varshney (1993) reported fifteen genera of family diversity of these families are also given. Besides Papilionidae, twenty-five of Pieridae and six of above, an attempt has been made to review Danaidae occurring in Pakistan, India, Nepal, various work on the superfamily i.e, Papilionoidea Bhutan, Srilanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. In (Heppner, loc.cit.). the same region Varshney (1994) described forty- In the beginning of eighteenth century, Linnaeus nine genera of families Satyridae (including (1758) and Fabricius (1775) named and described Amathusiinae), eighty-one of Nymphalidae a large number of butterfly fauna from Indian (including Heliconiinae and Acraeinae), one of region including northern region. Horsifield and Libytheidae and seven of Riodinidae. A list of one Moore (1857) published the first account on Indian hundred forty eight butterflies from primary forests butterflies in their Lepidoptera Catalogue in the and secondary habitats of Colombia was given by museum of the East India Company and included Andrane (1994). In the same publication, notes on many species coloured figures, larvae and pupae behaviour, food plant, nectar resources, variation from Java. Moore (1865) published paper on the and mimicry are also mentioned. Later on Lepidopterous insects of Bengal. Other major Varshney (1997) listed 144 genera from a single contribution on butterfly were by Moore (1866-68) family Lycaenidae (including Liphyridae and from Kashmir in India. de Niceville and Marshall Curetidae) from above mentioned localities. (1882, 1886, 1890, 1883-1890) studied the fauna Rose and Sidhu (1994) recorded Lycaenid of Lepidoptera from India, Ceylon and Burma. butterfly diversity of Mussorie (Uttar Pradesh). After this, many papers on new butterflies from Rose and Sharma (1995a) gave complex on the India were published by Moore (1880-87) and variations of species orithya complex of Butler (1860, 1869-74, 1877-89). Moore (loc.cit.) family Satyridae (Lepidoptera) from Mussorie. In done a comprehensive work on the ‘Lepidoptera of another publication, authors briefly highlighted on Ceylon’ in which detailed descriptions and the species Junonia hierta complex. They also coloured figures of one hundred and two species reported new subspecies (Lepidoptera) from West of butterflies from Island were present. de Niceville Himalaya (Rose and Sharma 1995b).Variations of (1881) published series of papers on butterflies. two species of the Polyommatus Latreille Moore (1890, 1896-1899) published ‘Lepidoptera was studied by Sidhu and Rose (1995). In the next Indica’ which contains habitats, distribution, figures year, Rose and Sidhu (1996) revised the genus of every known butterfly alongwith their Tarucus Moore of superfamily Papilionodea from description in detail.This work includes ten North-West India. Further, the authors studied the volumes of which Moore written seven volumes wing maculation and genetalic variation in the before his death and the remaining three were type-species i.e., Aricia agestis (Dennis and written by Colonel Charles Swinhoe (1909-1913). Shiffermuller) of family Lycaenidae from the area The first volume on butterflies, containing families mentioned above. Rose and Sidhu (1997) made i.e., Danaidae, Satyridae, Amathusidae, some comments on trochylus complex of Nymphalidae and Riodinidae and another family Lycaenidae and gave some notes on publications includes families viz., Papilionodae, Lycaenid genus Chilade Moore from North West Pieridae and a part of Lycaenidae were published India. Rose and Sidhu (1997a). They also reported by Bingham (1905, 1907). Later on Evans (1932) the distribution of family Lycaenidae from Western recorded nine hundred and sixty-two species of

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 16 Himalaya. Rose and Sharma (1998) discussed the Gegenes pumilio pumilio (Hoffmansegg), species complex of Maniola of the family Carchorodus alceae alceae (Esper), Zerynthia Satyridae. In another publication, they described cerisy cerisy (Godart), Iphiclides podalirius two new Satyrid species of the genus Ypthima podalirius (Linnaeus), Papilio machaon syriacus Hübner from North-West Himalaya (Rose and Eller, Colias crocea (Fourcroy), ausonia Sharma 1998a). Further in the same year, authors taurica Rober, Pieris brassicae brassicae discussed the role of genitalia in the identification (Linnaeus), Pieris rapae rapae (Linnaeus), of Melanitis species of family Satyridae (Rose and Lycaena phlaeas phlaeas (Linnaeus), Lycaena Sharma,1998b). Inventory of Satyridae was also thersamon (Esper), Plebeius loewii loewii (Zeller) prepared from North-West India (Rose and Polyommatus icarus (Rottemburg), Maniola Sharma, 1998c). The population status and male telmessia (Zeller), Vanessa atlanta atlanta genitalic studies on europa niladana and (Linnaeus) and Vanesa cardui (Linnaeus) from the Parage eversmani cashmirensis of the family island of Patmos (). Out of these nine Satyrid were suitably highlighted (Rose and species viz., Gegenes pumilio pumilio Sharma, 1999). Rose and Sidhu (1999) studied (Hoffmansegg), Carchorodus alceae alceae distribution and identification of seven species (Esper), Zerynthia cerisy cerisy (Godart), Gegenes belonging to the genera Rapala Moore and Everes pumilio pumilio (Hoffmansegg), Carchorodus Hübner of family Lycaenidae. The distribution of alceae alceae (Esper), Zerynthia cerisy cerisy genus Lethe Hübner of family Satyridae from North (Godart), Colias crocea (Fourcroy), Euchloe Western Himalaya (Rose and Sharma, 2000). ausonia taurica Rober, and Vanessa atlanta Rose and Sharma (2000a) made some additional atlanta (Linnaeus) were newly recorded. Avtzis notes on Himalayan Satyrid species i.e., Dallacha et.al., (1997) made the first attempt to register hygriva (Moore) and reported the distribution of lepidoptera (Rhopalocera) at the mountain region four species of Callerebia Butter from North-West of Paiko. Authors has dealt with fifty-seven Himalaya (Rose and Sharma, 2000b). An different species of families Lepidoptera inventory of butterflies of Punjab and Chandigarh (Rhopalocera) in the area mentioned above. In the was prepared by Rose and Sidhu (2001) and Rose measurement done between 1985-86 at the and Walia (2003) respectively. National Park of Olympus, only forty-two species Jaksic and Mihajlovic (1996) recorded one of Lepidoptera were registered. Gunatheraj et.al., hundred and forty-nine species of butterflies and (1998) and Kunte (2000) provide detailed moths (Lepidoptera) from the Durmitor National description of different butterflies (Lepidoptera) Park in Montenegro, Yugoslavia. The checklist of and their habitats from South India and Azorean Lepidoptera include one hundred and Penninsular India. Quek et.al., (1999) recorded forty-nine species and subspecies of which 22.8% seventy-eight species belonging to fifty-seven are endemic. They are found in different islands of genera and five families from the island of Pulau the Archipelago, namely fifty-three taxa in Santa Tioman (Malaysia). Out of these twenty-five Maria, ninty-four in Sao Migual, eighteen in Vila species were new records from said localities. A Franca Islet, one hundred and six in Terceira, list of sixty-five butterfly species was furnished sixty-seven in Pico, sixty-eight in Faial, fifty-two in from the western part of Bydgoszcz, Poland Sao Jorge, fifty in Graciosa, sixty-one in Flores (Machniknowski ,1999). In the same year, Karisch and twenty-eight in Cario. (1999) enlisted approximately two thousand two Dawson (1997) described one hundred and hundred species of (Rhopalocera) in oberlausitz fourteen species of different families of butterflies region in S.E.Germany. in Greece. In all, three species of family Caselles and Manzano (1999) recorded one Papilionidae, one species of Pieridae, three hundred twelve species of superfamilies species of Nymphalidae, eight species of Papilionoidae and Herperioidae at the western Satyridae, twenty-three species of family most spurs of the La Sierra de Gredos in Caceres Lycaenidae and twelve specis of family province of Spain. In the same publication, they Hesperidae were described. Loxdale and Riles recorded four thousand one hundred and fifty- (1997) identified thirty-two species of butterflies of seven species from systematic sampling, families viz., Papilionidae, Pieridae and bibliographic data and loaned material of above Nymphalidae. The identification of these species mentioned superfamilies.Malkiewicz and Marzec have been finalized by using the field guides of (1999) reported four species of butterflies Barcant (1970), Lewis (1974), Riley (1975), Harris (Lepidoptera) from odra valley Poland. The fauna (1989), Gerberg and Arnett (1989) and Scott of butterfly of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (1992). Olivier (1997) reported sixteen species i.e., was surveyed by Trigunayat (1999). The results of

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 17 these survey shows that family Danaidae, Pieridae islands of Greece and two islands Levantine Sea. and Lycaenidae were very common, Nymphalidae Baskaran and Solaiappan (2000) recorded twenty- were moderately common and Hesperidae were two butterflies (Lepidoptera) species during the rare in the above mentioned area. Morgun (1999) survey conducted in Sattur taluk district of provided data on localities, flight period and biotic Tamilnadu. distribution of one hundred twenty-two species of Fernandez (2001) made a faunistic studies on butterflies (Rhopalocera) from Vinnitsa Area Rhopalocera (Lepidoptera) from western (Ukraine). Schwartz et.al., (1999) enlisted thirteen submountain range of the Gudalajara province. species of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from southern The eight species i.e., namely Tonures ballus, lesser Antillean islands of St. Vincent. Out of fifty- Cupido osiris, C.minimus, Plebejus hespericus, seven species of different families of butterflies Polyomunatus fabresse, Euphydryas desfontainii, from Grenadines and , thirty-five species Malitaea trivia and Baleria dia were reported from are now known from the Grenadines. The species the said area. Racheli and Racheli (2001) gave an i.e.,Phoebis philea, Eurema lisa, Vanessa account of one thousand one hundred and virginienses and Lycorea eleobaea reported for the seventy-six species of butterflies out of which first time from Southern islands. The species viz., sixty-seven species of Papilionidae, one hundred mercurius grenadensis Pinchon and and fifty species of Pieridae and nine hundred fifty- Enrico has recognized as valid taxon. Meerman nine species of Nymphalidae from Neotropical (1999) described four hundred and thirty-six realm (Ecuador). Yokovlev and Nakonechnyi species of five butterfly families of the order (2001) gave a list of one hundred and sixty-five Lepidoptera (Papilionoidea) from Belize. species of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from Russia Superfamily Papillionidea is discussed in his and Ukraine. Sree Kumar and Balakrishnan (2001) monumental refrence work, in which four hundred studied the diversity and habitat preferences of and thirty six species of five butterfly families were butterflies from South Indian tropical rain forest. recorded. Author has also provided the distribution Authors collected eighty-four species belonging to and larval food plants of these species. nine families of butterflies, out of which family Korb (2000) dealt with one hundred and eighty- Nymphalidae was the largest in number. three species of butterfly fauna from the northern Chunsheng (2001) investigated three subfamilies Tien Shan, one hundred and forty-six species from i.e., Papilionidae, Zerynthiinae and Parnassiinae of Kirghizskii ridge, one hundred and twenty-one superfamily Papilionoidea from . During this species from Kungei Ala –Too, one hundred and work, one hundred and thirty-two species and two forty-six species from Zailiiskii Ala Too, one hundred and eighty-seven subspecies were hundred and seventeen from Terskli Ala-Too and recorded from above mentioned subfamilies. In the one hundred two species from the Ketmen ridge. same publication, author also studied the Lotzing (2000) worked on the superfamilies i.e., systematic account, morphology, descriptions of Hesperiodea and Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) in eggs, larvae, pupae and male genitalia.The nature reserve Salzstelle Hecklingen (Sachsen- dichotomus key of families, subfamilies, tribe, Anmhalt, Germany) and recorded twenty-one genera and species of family Papilionidae are species of butterflies from above mentioned area. provided. The geographical distribution, the Cayabyab (2000) made an investigation of one biology, food plants, habits, original description, hundred and forty-five species and subspecies of synonyms and nominal transition of each taxon is butterflies (Lepidoptera) comprising seventy-four also cited. Illustration of the male and the female genera belong to eight families of the superfamily genitalia, the venation, larvae and pupae and other Papillionoidea and sixteen genera belong to the external characters is given are suitably family Hesperiidae of the superfamily Hesperioidea highlighted. from Mount Makiling, University of Philippines Los Motta (2002) collected two hundred and fifty-one Banos. Fourteen species and subspecies were species of butterfly from Uberlandia region (Minas, new records from Luzon. Spearman et.al., (2000) Gerais, Brazil). Geographical distribution of some worked on the nomenclatural problems and Ithomiinae, as well as interactions of both adults synonymy of superfamilies Papillionoidea and and immatures with plants, reproduction periods Hesperioidea from Bioko island, equatorial Guinea. for more abundant butterflies species were In all, author enlisted two hundred and forty-four discussed. species out of which thirty–three were new to Sielezniew and Stankiewicz (2003) conducted a science. Dennis et.al., (2000) studied the survey on the butterflies (Papilionoidea and geographical and historical influences on butterfly Hesperioidea) from Polish garden. The most diversity during surveys conducted from thirty-one common species i.e., Inachis io (96%), Aglais

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 18 urticae (94%), Vanessa Atlanta (90%), Pieris butterflies from India. Llorente et.al., (2004) brassicae (87%) and Gonepteryc rhamni (77%), collected five hundred and thirty-eight species Lycaena dispar and Iphivlides pcdalirius (52%) belonging to two hundred and seventy-six genera were recorded in the garden. The records of Colias of five families (Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, erate (Esper) species of family Pieridae Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae) from (Lepidoptera) from Saxony and Germany were Nayarit, Mexico. tabulated and shown on map by Reinhardt et.al., Bhaskaran and Eswaran (2005) reported thirty (2003). This species was recorded in 1995 for the species i.e., Pachliopta artistolochiae, Pachliopta first time from Oberlqusitz Saxony, Germany. This hetor, Papilio polytes, Euploea core, Papilio species was also observed in greater numbers polymenstor, Papilio demoleus, Danaus mallisa, during August-November, 2002. The another Delias eucharis, Grapium sarpedon, Precis hierta, species i.e., Colias croceus is also recorded in Precis lemonias, Catopsilia pyranthe, Ariadne abudance from the same region. Winearska (2003) aradne, Hypolimnas missipus, Catopsilia pomona, examined one hundred and four species of Graphium Agamemnon, pyrene, Cepora families Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, nerissa, Acraea violae, Junonia almana, Atella Lycaenidae and Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) from phalantha, Ixias marriane, Precis orithya, Colotis Warsaw and Poland. Out of one hundred and four amata, , Ypthmia baldus, Appias species, ninety-eight species were recorded in albina, Edales pandava, Terias hecabe and historical times. The species viz., Pyrgus Catopsolia florella belonging to seven families serratulae, Aporia crataegi, Colias palaeno, viz., Papilionidae, Danaidae, Pieridae, Cupido argiades, Glaucopsyche alexis, Nymphalidae, Acraeidae, Satyridae and Pseudophilotes baton, Maculinea arion, Plebejus Lycaenidae from Shivakasi Taluk. During first wet optilete, Brenthis daphne, Nymphalis xanthomelas, season, only one species (Danaus chrypissus Euphydryas aurinia (Eurodryas aurinia), Melitaea Linnaeus) of family Danaidae was recorded in phoebe, Melitaea aurelia, and the migratory N. abudance. In second wet season, four species of vaualbum were not recorded from the above family Papilionidae, two species each belonging to mentioned area. Seventy-five species were listed family Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Danaidae were after 1961 in these areas. Ten species such as recorded. Bhuyal et.al., (2005) recorded seventy Pieris brassicae, Pieris napi, Pieris rapae, species of different butterflies family, out of which Anthocharis cardamines, Colias hyale, Leptidea forty species were from single family of sinapis, Inachis io, Gonepteryx rhamni, Lycaema Nymphalidae from regional Research Laboratory phlaeas and Lycaena tityrus were recorded as Campus, Jorghat, Assam. Paulraj and Ignacimuthu common species and two viz., Iphiclides potalirius (2005) collected twenty-nine species from and Maculinea teleius were rarely found. Besides Kodambakkam, thirty-four species from this three species i.e., Colias croceus, Vanessa Nugambakkam (Chennai), forty-six species from atalanta and V.cardui (Cynthia Cardui) were found Manimangalam, forty-five species from Padappai, less common A collection of sixty-three species of fifty species from Poonamalle and forty-three butterflies were recorded from different ecological species from Sethpattu from Chennai. Forty-six zones in Jordan. Which were examined with the species of eight families viz., Pieridae (eleven), collection of more than three thousand three Nymphalidae (eleven), Lycaenidae (seven) hundred and fifty specimens of Jordan Insect ,Hesperridae (six), Papilionidae (five), Danaidae Museum and Natural History Museum at Yarmuk (three), Satyridae (two) and Acraidae (one) were University. Two species i.e., Colotis danae and recorded for the first time in the area mentioned Anthocharis gruner of the family Pieridae were above. recorded. On the basis of this study an updated list Thakur et.al., (2006) worked on sixty-seven of butterflies of Jordan is given which bring a total species of nine butterfly families, out of which, of ninty-one species and subspecies (Katbeh sixteen species belong to family Pieridae, fourteen et.al., 2003). to Lycaenidae, thirteen to Nymphalidae, ten to Albelo (2004) reviewed butterfly fauna of Satyridae, five to Danaidae, four to Hesperiidae, Galapagos islands in which ten species were three to Papilionidae and one each belonging to recorded from the Archipelago. The endemic family Acridae and Erycinidae from Sukhna and species were Lepiotes parrhasioides, Urbanus catchment area in Chandigarh. Sharma et.al., dorantes galapagensis and Agrautis vanillae (2006) collected two thousand and sixty-eight golapagensis and others Neotropical faunal individuals and recorded fifty-one species of elements. Mohandas (2004) reported one butterflies belonging to four families viz. thousand five hundred and one species of Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 19 Pieridae in Sandal dominated ecosystem of Papilionidae, six species of Pieridae, two species Karnatka. Among the selected species Junnonia of Lycaenidae, three species of Hesperiidae were lemonias Linnaeus and Papilio polymenster reported. Uniyal (2007) recorded seventy-five (Crammer) were found active throughout the year. species of butterflies belonging to forty-eight According to Ackery (1984) there are genera of five families.Out of seventy-five species, approximately seventeen thousand and two forteen species belong to five genera of hundred species of butterflies all over the world out Papilionidae, ten species belong to ten genera of of which one thousand and five hundred species family Pieridae, thirty-seven belong to twenty-three are known from India (Gaonkar,1996; genera of Nymphalidae, ten species belong to Chatterjee,1935; Mathur and Singh,1961). seven genera of Lycaenidae and four species Chernovn and Tatarinov (2006) made studies on belong to three genera of family Hespriidae. the latitudnal and longitudinal distribution of Lukhtanov et.al., (2007) analysed the distribution butterfly species in different parts of Arctic. In all, ranges, phenology, biological preferences and one hundred and six butterflies belonging to taxonomic structure of one hundred and seventy- families Papilionidae (6 species), Pieridae (20 six species of butterflies (Rhopalocera) of West species), Lycaenidae (18 speceis), Nymphalidae Atai the western most position in the mountain (30 species), Satyridae (27 species) and system of southern Siberia. The genera viz. Hesperiidae (5 species), respectively. The species Erebia, Oenesis, Clossina, Boeberia and Colias i.e., Boloria chariclea, B.polaris B. improba, Colias were collected during the present survey. nastes, C.hecla and Erebia fasciata survived under Withrington and Veronik (2008) described one high- latitude conditions. Vega (2006) investigated hundred and nine species of butterfly two hundred and thirty-two species (including (Rhopalocera) from Croation islands. Eight species subspecies) of butterflies, which is distributed in i.e., Argynnis adippe, Araschina levana, one hundred and twenty-six genera and six Hyponephele lycaon, Satyrium acaciae, Everes families from Ceros de Escazu protected zone of argiades, Plebeius idas, Carcharodus orientalis Costa Rica. The family Nymphalide is reported by and Thymelicus sylvestris are reported for the first one hundred and thirty-four species, Hesperiidae time in the above mentioned area. Besides above, is by forty-one and Pieridae is reported by thirty- eighty-eight species of butterfly family are new three species from above mentioned locality. record. The status of the genus Hipparchia species Kolesnichenko (2007) elaborated the external was also discussed in detail.Later, twenty-eight characters, structure of male and female genitalia, species belonging to nineteen genera i.e., Aglais biology, ecology and geographical distribution of Dalman, Anosia Hübner, Ariadne Horsifield, the genus Malitaea Fabricius. Singh and Hypolimnas Hübner, Junonia Hübner, Lethe Vartharajan (2007) reported total ninty-five species Hübner, Morpho Fabricius, Neptis Fabricius, belonging to five families viz., Nymphalidae (41 Pyronia Hübner, Satyrus Westwood, Papilio species), Lycaenidae (21 species), Pieridae( 14 Linnaeus, Atella Doubleday, Catopsilia Hübner, species), Hesperiidae (14 species) and Cepora Billberg, Colias Fabricius, Delias Hübner, Papilionidae (5 species) of the respective number Eurema Hübner, Ixias Hübner and Pieris Schrank mentioned in bracket from Keibul Lamjao national of the three families i.e., Nymphalidae, park, Khoijaman village, Hillocks of Maibam and Papilionidae and Pieridae of the Superfamily other small selected gardens of Bishnpur district. Papilionoidea were collected from fifteen localities On the same publication, they also reported of district Una in Himachal Pradesh. Besides seventy-eight species for the first time from detailed redescription of adults, wing venation, Manipur. Amico (2007) conducted survey on material examined their old distribution alongwith superfamilies Hesperioidea and Papilionidea from host plants (if any) were also provided in (Pathania Bosco Siro Negri. They investigated forty species and Kumari, 2009 & Pathania and Kumari, 2011). of butterflies, thirty-one species of food plants for Qureshi et al., (2013) described 36 species of adults and fifty-one species of potential food plants butterflies of 08 families of 30 genera from for larvae. Maux and jean Noel (2007) described a Kupwara from Jammu & Kashmir in India. The new subspecies i.e., Euchloe tagis averyronensis same authors, Qureshi et al., (2014) gives the sp.nov. from South West France. Sethy et.al., information about the host plats and distribution of (2007) studied fifty two species under thirty-two Painted Lady butterfly, Cynthia cardui (Linnaeus), genera of five families of butterflies from Similipal from different parts of Kashmir Valleyin India. Biosphere Reserve, Mayurbhanj, North Orissa in Recently, Sharma et. al, 2015 has given the India. Out of these, twenty-six species belong to preliminary study of the butterfly diversity of the family Nymphalidae, fifteen species of Kathlaur-Kaushlian Wildlife Sanctuary (Pathankot,

Bio Bulletin (2016), Vol. 2(1): 14-25, Kumari, Sood and Pathania 20 Punjab) India A total of 40 species belonging to 31 Albelo, R.L. 2004. The Butterflies (Papilionidea, genera was recorded, including Libythea myrrha Hesperioidea) of the Galapagos Islands, sanguinalis Fruhstorfer, a new species added to Ecuador: distribution, host plant and biology; the butterfly fauna of Punjab. Species richness Journal of Lepidopterists Society .58(1): 33-43. Alfred, J.R.B., Das, A.K. and Sanyal, A.K. 1998. Faunal was greatest for the family Nymphalidae, with 22 diversity in India, Zoo. Surv. India, Calcutta,: 1- species, followed by Pieridae with 10 species, 497. Lycaenidae with four, and Papilionidae and Amico, G. and Amico, N. 2007. Lepidoptera Hesperiidae with two each. Out of 40 species Rhopalocera (Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) reported, 19 were common, 15 less common and from “Bosco Siro Negri” Integral Natural the remaining 06 species as uncommon. Reserve and a near early reforestation Observations on their habitats revealed that 13 (Lombardy) Lepidoptera), Bolle ttino-della- species prefer scrubby habitat, 13 scrubby and societa-Entomologica-Italina, 139(3): 153-171. grassy habitat, seven grassy habitats and the Andrane, M.G., 1994. Study of Conservation and biodiversity of butterflies in two zones of remaining seven scrubby and riverine habitats. primary and secondry forest in Colombia The relevant literature also shows that work was (Insecta: Lepidoptera) SHILAP, Sociedad initiated by workers i.e., Linnaeus, Fabricius, Hispano Luso Americana Lepidopterologia, Moore, Butler, Horsifield, Vallhonrat, Heppner, 22(86):147-181. Andrane, Balasubramanian, Shrinivasan, de Anonymous, 1992. Global Biodiversity, strategy, ERI, Niceville, Varshney and is further continued by IUCN, UNEP: 1-244. workers i.e., Swinhoes, Bingham, Rose, Rose and Anthram, C.B. 1924. Butterflies of India. 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