Dominique Weis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver [email protected]

Dominique Weis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver Dweis@Eoas.Ubc.Ca

CIDER 2018: Geochemistry Lecture #3 - Part #2, Hawaii Radiogenic Isotope and Deep Mantle Heterogeneity

Reading materials: Hofmann A., ToG, Chapter 2.03 (2003): Sampling Mantle Heterogeneity through Oceanic Basalts: Isotopes and Trace Elements White, W. (2015). Probing the Earth’s Deep Interior Through Geochemistry. Geochemical Perspectives, 95–251. http://doi.org/10.7185/geochempersp.4.2 Ocean Entry: Oct 2002 How to Move Forward? Need to Break some Boundaries …

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Magma Flux - Largest Best Studied - More to Know, especially crossing boundaries Deep Mantle Origin - CMB First Documented Occurrence of Double Chains

Kaua’i, Waimea Canyon Prepared in cooperation with the JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I, SCHOOL OF OCEAN AND EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Geologic Investigations Series I-2809 and the MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

160°E 170°E 180° 170°W 160°W 150°W 23°N23°N 1160°W60°W 159°W159°W 158°W158°W 157°W157°W 156°W156°W 155°W155°W NORTH AMERICAN 160°W 159°W 158°W 157°W 156°W 155°W PLATE H 23°N A

Ni‘ihauNiNi‘ihauihau W 222°N2°N (4.9(4.9 Ma)Ma) Wai‘ale‘aleWaiWai‘aleale‘aleale 50°N ALEUTIAN TRENCH (5.1(5.1 Ma)Ma) A un.un. EMPEROR SE Hawai‘i enriched KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Ko‘olauKoKo‘olauolau Hawaiian Islands (4.0(4.0 Ma)Ma) (2.6(2.6 Ma)Ma) KURIL TRENCH I Wai‘anaeWaiWai‘anaeanae (3.7(3.7 Ma)Ma) EastEast Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i un.un. (1.8(1.8 Ma)Ma)

Ka 19°N19°N _ Lo‘ihiLoLo‘ihiihi C (0(0 Ma)Ma) 30°N ‘ Kaulakahi Channel ena Ridge Kaua‘i Tuscaloosa KILOMETERS Seamount H 0 100 HAWAIIAN RID WaiWWai‘ale‘aleai‘aleale‘aleale 95 mm/yr 22°N GE KeaNiNNi‘ihaui‘ihauihau Ka‘ena e Slump Zon Interpretive map of Hawaii's volcanoes. Transparent pastel colors on a 20°N slope map define the approximate extent of each known major Hawaiian AREA OF MAP Ni‘ihau el ture KILOMETERS shield volcano and its landslide debris; white denotes steep slopes, dark gray 0 500 Wailau ‘i Frac denotes flat-lying areas. Circles mark the location of main eruptive centers, KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Moloka presumably overlying summit magma reservoirs; dashed lines mark well- ‘i Chann H developed rift zones. The westward-increasing ages of shield-stage lavas Ka‘ula Kaua Slide A (given in millions of years [Ma] for each volcano) continues along the Bathymetry of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The linear Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaiian Ridge and on through the Emperor Seamounts (76 Ma at the and older Emperor Seamounts are generally accepted to have formed by O‘ahu W northern end), supporting the plate-motion theory. northwestward motion of the Pacific Plate over a hot spot in the mantle that Deep itself migrated southward in the past; arrow denotes Weis present plateet al motion. 2011 South Kaua‘i WaiWWai‘anaeai‘anaeanae A The Hawaiian Islands represent the latest volcanism associated with this hot KoKKo‘olauo‘olauolau _ Slide ‘Opana I spot, which has been vigorous enough to build massive volcanoes that O‘ahu Honolulu Mapping the sea floor around Hawaii breach the sea surface. Fan I ‘uwela Ridge Deep DiamondDiamond Pa The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Channel KalaupapaKalaupapa Wai‘anae HeadHead A WestWest MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i (JAMSTEC) funded and led a four-year collaborative The volcanoes of Hawaii Slump Kaiwi EastEast MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i survey of the underwater flanks of Hawaii's shield Moloka‘i _ N Hana Hawaiian volcanoes. This exploration, involving scientists from the Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as Pailolo 21°N Kalohi Channel U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other Japanese and volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when Channel Slump Deep Penguin Bank WestWest MauiMauKea Trendi U.S. academic and research institutions, utilized manned _ C ‘ A volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when ha u ‘ Lana‘i nn au and unmanned submersibles, rock dredges, and sediment roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) _ el Maui _ piston cores to directly sample and visually observe the sea post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build LanaLLana‘iana‘i Haleakala Crater floor at specific sites. Ship-based sonar systems were used Maui scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) i _ Hana_ Ridge to more widely map the bathymetry from the sea surface. ahik ‘ ik el Alal HaleakalaHaleakala la Chann rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt ea ann h _ K akeiki Fracture Zone The state-of-the-art multibeam sonar systems, mounted following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic C KahoKKaho‘olaweaho‘olaweolawe el on the hull of GPS-navigated research vessels, convert the quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two _ Lana‘i Kohala Canyon two-way travel times of individual sonar pings and their Moloka‘i Fracture Zone Southwest O‘ahu M or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the Kaho‘olawe _ Deep _ a Channel echoes into a line of bathymetry values across the ship track. volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a _ ‘Alenuihah Pololu The resulting swaths across the ocean bottom, obtained Volcanic Field vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow Slump Clark 1 O along numerous overlapping ship tracks, reveal the sea floor _ summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the Slide Trough ley in stunning detail. The survey data collected by JAMSTEC o ‘ _ Pololu Kaho‘olawe Val summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The pi Laupahoehoe _ _ _ ley form the basis for the bathymetry shown on the map, - Wai MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala Val ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu‘u ‘O‘o cone that began in H Slump A Dutton augmented with bathymetric data from other sources. January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones Hamakua_ Coast Seamount Clark _ Bathymetry that is predicted from variations in sea-surface commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine 20°N A Seamount T height, observable from satellites, provides the low- eruptions of bulbous pillow lava. Kaho‘olawe W Kiholo Ridge MaunaMauna KeaKea Hilo Ridge resolution (fuzzy) bathymetry in between ship tracks. Once a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial_ Deep Subaerial topography is from a USGS 30-m digital elevation eruptions produce_ lava flows of jagged, clinkery ‘a‘a or A _ model of Hawaii. Historical lava flows are shown in red. smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they Zone HualalaiHualalai e Clark 2 Alika 2 Prominent terraces (shown in orange and yellow) Loa TrendIndianapolis Puna Canyon are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a Fractur I Slide Slide Seamount Kona Coa illustrate the larger size of the islands in the past; O‘ahu and steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the North Kona Hawai‘i _ Maui Powers the Maui-Nui complex (Maui, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, and upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes I Slump Puna Ridge Seamount st _ Kaho‘olawe islands, and Penguin Bank), in particular, are develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, Perret Moku‘aweoweo - _ A Seamount Caldera KilaueaKilauea mere vestiges of their former extent. Lo‘ihi, the youngest Jaggar KEALA Kilauea- _ whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. FAU Caldera Kupaianaha KEKU Seamount LT _ _ volcano in the chain, has not yet reached the sea surface. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, N Alika 1 A Pu‘u ‘O‘o Fields of blocky debris, such as Ko‘olau's Nu‘uanu Slide, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant Slide MaunaMauna LoaLoa HILINA FAULT were created by catastrophic landslides, which carried large landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming Green - Seamount parts of some volcanoes as much as 200 km across the sea slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south Hilina Papa‘u floor. Slower-moving, sediment-blanketed slumps, in Brigham Ellis Slump flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today. KA Hohonu FAU Seamount contrast, typically develop ridges that parallel the Seamount Seamount HUK Punalu‘u Seamount _ _ Loading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing LT Slump U paleocoastlines, such as Haleakala's Hana Slump. Eruptions volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at 19°N South Kona South Kona Vidal & Bonneville 2004 Slide Slump _ along the submarine part of a volcano's rift zone produce a the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava LoLLo‘ihio‘ihiihi - Washington rugged morphology, as at Kilauea's Puna Ridge. Numerous flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to Bishop dge Seamount seamounts of Late Cretaceous age (approximately 80 Ma) N Seamount submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as McCall are scattered across the deep sea floor and are unrelated to Cross those on the Island of Kaua‘i. The edges of the submarine Seamount Palmer Seamount Day Dana the hot spot that supplies Hawaii's volcanoes. Seamount Ka Lae Ri terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that Seamount Seamount are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are A Apu‘upu‘u Submarine bathymetry and subaerial topography data sources: capped by drowned coral reefs. Ka Lae West Seamount Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan Slide Ka Lae East Bathymetric Map (USGS) http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ R U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California Fract Slide http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/ Hawai Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California 0 5000 10,000 15,000 FEET http://www.mbari.org/data/mapping/hawaii/index.htm C ure Zon 0 50 MILES University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii Swordfish ‘i http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/ Pensacola National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 METERS Seamount 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Seamount http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html Water Depth Daly H SCALE APPROX 1:85,342 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California e http://sioexplorer.ucsd.edu/ Seamount U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/default.htm Global seafloor topography (predicted bathymetry) Mercator map projection; image illuminated from NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo/mar_topo.html the northeast to emphasize sea-floor relief. Additional reading: Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., 1987, Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 2 v., 1667 p. Francis, Peter, 1993, Volcanoes—A planetary perspective: Oxford, Clarendon Press,_ _ _ 433 p. Heliker, Christina, Swanson, D.A., and Takahashi, T.J., eds., 2003, The Pu‘u ‘O‘o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea- Volcano, Hawai‘i—The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, 206 p. Hawaii's Volcanoes Revealed Macdonald, G.A., Abbott, A.T., and Peterson, F.L., 1983, Volcanoes in the sea—The geology of Hawaii (2d ed.): Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 517 p. Rhodes, J.M., and Lockwood, J.P., eds., 1995, Mauna Loa revealed—Structure, composition, history, and hazards: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 348 p. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962. Takahashi, Eiichi, Lipman, P.W., Garcia, M.O., Naka, Jiro, and Aramaki, Shigeo, eds., 2002, Hawaiian By volcanoes—Deep underwater perspectives: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 128, 418 p. Tarduno, J.A., Duncan, R.A., Scholl, D.W., Cottrell, R.D., Steinberger, Bernard, Thordarson, Thorvaldur, 11 22 Kerr, B.C., Neal, C.R., Frey, F.A., Torii, Masayuki, and Carvallo, Claire, 2003, The Emperor Barry W. Eakins, Joel E. Robinson, Toshiya Kanamatsu, Jiro Naka, Seamounts—Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth's mantle: Science, v. 301, 3-D perspective view of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands (shown in green; 34 5 p. 1064-1069. white at summits of Mauna Loa [4,170 m high] and Mauna Kea [4,206 m John R. Smith, Eiichi Takahashi, and David A. Clague Manuscript approved for publication October 16, 2003 high]) are the tops of massive volcanoes, most of whose bulks lie below the JAMSTEC sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from purple (5,750 m deep northeast 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, of the Island of Maui) and blue to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows, 2 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan 2003 Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 or call 1-888-ASK-USGS - _ 3 University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii erupted from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Hualalai 4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Available on the World Wide Web at volcanoes on the Island of Hawai‘i, are shown in red. 5 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i-map/i2809 Prepared in cooperation with the JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I, SCHOOL OF OCEAN AND EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Geologic Investigations Series I-2809 and the MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Ni‘ihauNiNi‘ihauihau W 222°N2°N (4.9(4.9 Ma)Ma) Wai‘ale‘aleWaiWai‘aleale‘aleale 50°N ALEUTIAN TRENCH (5.1(5.1 Ma)Ma) A un.un. EMPEROR SE KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Ko‘olauKoKo‘olauolau (4.0(4.0 Ma)Ma) (2.6(2.6 Ma)Ma) KURIL TRENCH I Wai‘anaeWaiWai‘anaeanae Two Geographical Trends (3.7(3.7 Ma)Ma) EastEast Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i un.un. (1.8(1.8 Ma)Ma)

North Kaua‘i I 221°N1°N WestWest Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i WestWest MauiMaui (1.3(1.3 Ma)Ma) _ (1.9(1.9 Ma)Ma) HaleakalaHaleakala _ Slide A Lana‘iLanaLana‘i (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) Nu‘uanu (1.3(1.3 Ma)Ma) AMOUNTS PACIFIC N Kaho‘olaweKahoKaho‘olaweolawe _ Slide (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala 40°N (0.5(0.5 Ma)Ma) (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Kaua‘i Dana 1849; Jackson et al. 1972 20°N20°N MaunaMauna KeaKea _ (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Deep A HualalaiHualalai PLATE (0(0 Ma)Ma) MaunaMauna LoaLoa R (0(0 Ma)Ma) KilaueaK-ilauea Kea Trend (0(0 Ma)Ma) Ka 19°N19°N _ Lo‘ihiLoLo‘ihiihi C (0(0 Ma)Ma) 30°N ‘ Kaulakahi Channel ena Ridge Kaua‘i Tuscaloosa KILOMETERS Seamount H 0 100 HAWAIIAN RID WaiWWai‘ale‘aleai‘aleale‘aleale 95 mm/yr 22°N GE NiNNi‘ihaui‘ihauihau Ka‘ena e Slump Zon Interpretive map of Hawaii's volcanoes. Transparent pastel colors on a 20°N slope map define the approximate extent of each known major Hawaiian AREA OF MAP Ni‘ihau el ture KILOMETERS shield volcano and its landslide debris; white denotes steep slopes, dark gray 0 500 Wailau ‘i Frac denotes flat-lying areas. Circles mark the location of main eruptive centers, KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Moloka presumably overlying summit magma reservoirs; dashed lines mark well- ‘i Chann H developed rift zones. The westward-increasing ages of shield-stage lavas Ka‘ula Kaua Slide A (given in millions of years [Ma] for each volcano) continues along the Bathymetry of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The linear Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaiian Ridge and on through the Emperor Seamounts (76 Ma at the and older Emperor Seamounts are generally accepted to have formed by O‘ahu W northern end), supporting the plate-motion theory. northwestward motion of the Pacific Plate over a hot spot in the mantle that Deep itself migrated southward in the past; arrow denotes present plate motion. South Kaua‘i WaiWWai‘anaeai‘anaeanae A The Hawaiian Islands represent the latest volcanism associated with this hot KoKKo‘olauo‘olauolau _ spot, which has been vigorous enough to build massive volcanoes that SlideLoa Trend ‘Opana I O‘ahu Honolulu Mapping the sea floor around Hawaii breach the sea surface. Fan I ‘uwela Ridge Deep DiamondDiamond Pa The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Channel KalaupapaKalaupapa Wai‘anae HeadHead A WestWest MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i (JAMSTEC) funded and led a four-year collaborative The volcanoes of Hawaii Slump Kaiwi EastEast MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i survey of the underwater flanks of Hawaii's shield Moloka‘i _ N Hana Hawaiian volcanoes. This exploration, involving scientists from the Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as Pailolo 21°N Kalohi Channel U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other Japanese and volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when Channel Slump Deep Penguin Bank WestWest MauiMaui U.S. academic and research institutions, utilized manned _ C ‘ A volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when ha u ‘ Lana‘i nn au and unmanned submersibles, rock dredges, and sediment roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) _ el Maui _ piston cores to directly sample and visually observe the sea post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build LanaLLana‘iana‘i Haleakala Crater floor at specific sites. Ship-based sonar systems were used Maui scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) i _ Hana_ Ridge to more widely map the bathymetry from the sea surface. ahik ‘ ik el Alal HaleakalaHaleakala la Chann rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt ea ann h _ K akeiki Fracture Zone The state-of-the-art multibeam sonar systems, mounted following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic C KahoKKaho‘olaweaho‘olaweolawe el on the hull of GPS-navigated research vessels, convert the quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two _ Lana‘i Kohala Canyon two-way travel times of individual sonar pings and their Moloka‘i Fracture Zone Southwest O‘ahu M or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the Kaho‘olawe _ Deep _ a Channel echoes into a line of bathymetry values across the ship track. volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a _ ‘Alenuihah Pololu The resulting swaths across the ocean bottom, obtained Volcanic Field vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow Slump Clark 1 O along numerous overlapping ship tracks, reveal the sea floor _ summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the Slide Trough ley in stunning detail. The survey data collected by JAMSTEC o ‘ _ Pololu Kaho‘olawe Val summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The pi Laupahoehoe _ _ _ ley form the basis for the bathymetry shown on the map, - Wai MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala Val ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu‘u ‘O‘o cone that began in H Slump A Dutton augmented with bathymetric data from other sources. January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones Hamakua_ Coast Seamount Clark _ Bathymetry that is predicted from variations in sea-surface commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine 20°N A Seamount T height, observable from satellites, provides the low- eruptions of bulbous pillow lava. Kaho‘olawe W Kiholo Ridge MaunaMauna KeaKea Hilo Ridge resolution (fuzzy) bathymetry in between ship tracks. Once a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial_ Deep Subaerial topography is from a USGS 30-m digital elevation eruptions produce_ lava flows of jagged, clinkery ‘a‘a or A _ model of Hawaii. Historical lava flows are shown in red. smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they Zone HualalaiHualalai e Clark 2 Alika 2 Prominent terraces (shown in orange and yellow) Indianapolis Puna Canyon are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a Fractur I Slide Slide Seamount Kona Coa illustrate the larger size of the islands in the past; O‘ahu and steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the North Kona Hawai‘i _ Maui Powers the Maui-Nui complex (Maui, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, and upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes I Slump Puna Ridge Seamount st _ Kaho‘olawe islands, and Penguin Bank), in particular, are Perret Moku‘aweoweo _ develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, Geochemical Insights into Caldera - A Seamount KilaueaKilauea mere vestiges of their former extent. Lo‘ihi, the youngest Jaggar KEALA Kilauea- _ whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. FAU Caldera Kupaianaha KEKU Seamount LT _ _ volcano in the chain, has not yet reached the sea surface. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, N Alika 1 A Pu‘u ‘O‘o Fields of blocky debris, such as Ko‘olau's Nu‘uanu Slide, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant Slide MaunaMauna LoaLoa HILINA FAULT were created by catastrophic landslides, which carried large landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming Green - Seamount parts of some volcanoes as much as 200 km across the sea slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south Hilina Mantle Geodynamics and Ellis Papa‘u floor. Slower-moving, sediment-blanketed slumps, in Brigham Slump flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today. KA Hohonu FAU Seamount contrast, typically develop ridges that parallel the Seamount Seamount HUK Punalu‘u Seamount _ _ Loading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing LT Slump U paleocoastlines, such as Haleakala's Hana Slump. Eruptions volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at 19°N South Kona South Kona Slide Slump _ along the submarine part of a volcano's rift zone produce a the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava LoLLo‘ihio‘ihiihi - Washington rugged morphology, as at Kilauea's Puna Ridge. Numerous flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to Bishop dge Seamount seamounts of Late Cretaceous age (approximately 80 Ma) submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as Plume StructureN Seamount McCall are scattered across the deep sea floor and are unrelated to Cross those on the Island of Kaua‘i. The edges of the submarine Seamount Palmer Seamount Day Dana the hot spot that supplies Hawaii's volcanoes. Seamount Ka Lae Ri terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that Seamount Seamount are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are A Apu‘upu‘u Submarine bathymetry and subaerial topography data sources: capped by drowned coral reefs. Ka Lae West Seamount Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan Slide Ka Lae East http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ R Slide Bathymetric Map (USGS) U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California Fract http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/ Hawai Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California 0 5000 10,000 15,000 FEET http://www.mbari.org/data/mapping/hawaii/index.htm C ure Zon 0 50 MILES University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii Swordfish ‘i http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/ Pensacola National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 METERS Seamount 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Seamount http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html Water Depth Daly H SCALE APPROX 1:85,342 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California e http://sioexplorer.ucsd.edu/ Seamount U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/default.htm Global seafloor topography (predicted bathymetry) Mercator map projection; image illuminated from NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo/mar_topo.html the northeast to emphasize sea-floor relief. Additional reading: Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., 1987, Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 2 v., 1667 p. Francis, Peter, 1993, Volcanoes—A planetary perspective: Oxford, Clarendon Press,_ _ _ 433 p. Heliker, Christina, Swanson, D.A., and Takahashi, T.J., eds., 2003, The Pu‘u ‘O‘o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea- Volcano, Hawai‘i—The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, 206 p. Hawaii's Volcanoes Revealed Macdonald, G.A., Abbott, A.T., and Peterson, F.L., 1983, Volcanoes in the sea—The geology of Hawaii (2d ed.): Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 517 p. Rhodes, J.M., and Lockwood, J.P., eds., 1995, Mauna Loa revealed—Structure, composition, history, and hazards: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 348 p. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962. Takahashi, Eiichi, Lipman, P.W., Garcia, M.O., Naka, Jiro, and Aramaki, Shigeo, eds., 2002, Hawaiian By volcanoes—Deep underwater perspectives: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 128, 418 p. Tarduno, J.A., Duncan, R.A., Scholl, D.W., Cottrell, R.D., Steinberger, Bernard, Thordarson, Thorvaldur, 11 22 Kerr, B.C., Neal, C.R., Frey, F.A., Torii, Masayuki, and Carvallo, Claire, 2003, The Emperor Barry W. Eakins, Joel E. Robinson, Toshiya Kanamatsu, Jiro Naka, Seamounts—Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth's mantle: Science, v. 301, 3-D perspective view of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands (shown in green; 34 5 p. 1064-1069. white at summits of Mauna Loa [4,170 m high] and Mauna Kea [4,206 m John R. Smith, Eiichi Takahashi, and David A. Clague Manuscript approved for publication October 16, 2003 high]) are the tops of massive volcanoes, most of whose bulks lie below the JAMSTEC sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from purple (5,750 m deep northeast 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, of the Island of Maui) and blue to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows, 2 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan 2003 Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 or call 1-888-ASK-USGS - _ 3 University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii erupted from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Hualalai 4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Available on the World Wide Web at volcanoes on the Island of Hawai‘i, are shown in red. 5 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i-map/i2809 Volcanoes on Hawai’i

• The big island of Hawai’i contains 5 volcanoes: – Kohala, Hualalai, Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Kilauea • The newest Hawaiian volcano, Loihi, is slowly being constructed along the SE ﬂank of the island. • Each volcano has a lifespan of ~1 million years. Growth History of Hawaiian Volcanoes

Magma supply rate (106m3/y)

small volume ~1%

Hualālai

Age (thousands of years) Adapted from Garcia et al. 2006 Growth History of Hawaiian Volcanoes

Post-erosional alkalic Diamond Head

Post-shield alkalic Haleakala

Ocean Tholeiic

Pre-shield alkalic

Oceanic crust MK alkalic Adapted from Clague 1987 Alkalic basalt << 1 vol% Alkalic basalt 1 vol% Nephelinite Evolved lavas Kilauea lavas Tholeiites 97-98 vol% Alkalic basalt 1-2 vol% Loihi Hawaii: TAS Relationships Early Stage: Submarine, Alkalic Main Stage: Shield, Tholeiitic Late Stage: Post-shield, Alkalic Today’s magma production rates: Kilauea: 0.10 to 0.18 km3/yr Mauna Loa: 0.03 km3/yr Loihi: << Total production: 0.15 to 0.2 km3/yr

Mauna Kea Mauna Loa & Kilauea

fractionation

olivine accumulation

Rhodes and Vollinger 2004 Shield lavas have tholeiic composions and represent the large majority of the volcano

On the Slope of Mauna Loa, Big Island Mauna Kea

Na Pali coast Kaua’i

Mauna Loa HSDP2

HSDP I: drilled to 1079 m in 1993 (pilot hole) HSDP II: drilled to 3098 m in 1999 (+recent to 3508 m) HSDP2 Age vs Depth

HSDP I: drilled to 1079 m in 1993 (pilot hole) Sharp & Renne 2005 HSDP II: drilled to 3098 m in 1999 (+recent to 3508 m) Bryce et al. 2005 Hawai’i

Hawaiian Shield Basalts Evoluon over 4.5 myr Hawaiian Plume Source: a Diﬀerent Look and a Fine Structure Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge: 45 myr

Kilauea Crater, April 2008 Middle Bank

4-5 Ma Kaua’i Makapu’u Moloka’i fracture Ni’ihau West O’ahu Kea Trend zone Ka’ena Wai’anae Ka’ula SKS Ko’olau Haleakala Moloka’i W E 2.2-4.5 Ma Penguin 0.9-2.5 Ma Bank Maui W Lana’i E Hana Ridge Loa Trend Kaho’olawe Kohala Mahukona Kaua’i Na Pali Mauna Kea Hu’alalai Kilauea Mauna Loa Mauna Loa 0-0.7 Ma

Lo’ihi

Pu’u O’o Samples, chem lab preparaon and isotopic analyses Sequenal Acid Leaching 1st step Sample Collecon

Last step (>15)

Intermediate step

Chemical Separaon High-Precision Isotopic Analyses

Pb-Pb Isotope Systemacs: Improved Resoluon 208 204 Pb/ Pb 232Th 208Pb 38.3 Error << symbol size Kea Mid-8 38.2

38.1 Hu’alalai

38.0 Kea Low-8

37.9 Lana’i

37.8

37.7

37.6 17.75 17.85 17.95 18.05 18.15 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.55 18.65 18.75 238U 206Pb 206Pb/204Pb Pb-Pb Isotope Systemacs Improved Resoluon Example of Kauai Triple Spike Pb Isotope Data: Shield Stage Lavas

Regression lines through individual volcanoes.

Isochron: No Mixing lines: Yes

Abouchami et al. Nature 2005 Abouchami et al. 2005 What do Pb Isotope Lines Mean?

! Isochron: 206 204 206 204 238 204 λt ( Pb/ Pb)t =( Pb/ Pb)0 +( U/ Pb)t *(e −1) Same equaon for 207Pb/204Pb; by combining the two:

the slope in a 7Pb-6Pb diagram is directly 1 eλ235*t −1 € M = * a funcon of the age, or ... 137.88 λ238*t e −1 207Pb/204Pb Pb-Pb Mixing Line 16.1 ! Mixing lines: 15.9 € In a Pb-Pb diagram because it involves the same 15.7 element, mixing is always a line. 15.5 15.3 " Signiﬁcance? 15.1 " Physical existence of the end-members? 14.9 206Pb/204Pb 14.7 17.5 17.7 17.9 18.1 18.3 18.5 208 204 208 204 208* Pb ( Pb/ Pb) − ( Pb/ Pb) Th = sample init ≈ and where init stands for the primordial ratios of the Earth. 206* Pb 206Pb/204 Pb − 206Pb/204 Pb U ( )sample ( )init

where init stands for Earth’s primordial Pb isotopic composion

€

High-Precision Pb Hawai’i Where did it start?

Abouchami et al. 2005 Bilateral Asymmetry and Vercal Connuity in the Hawaiian Mantle Plume

Abouchami et al. 2005 High-Precision Pb Isotope Data: Hawai‘i Shield Lavas 208Pb/204Pb Kīlauea 38.3

Loa trend Lōʻihi Kahoʻolawe Mauna Loa HSDP-II Kahoʻolawe Lōʻihi Hana Mauna Loa early prehistoric Lānaʻi 38.2 Mauna Loa SW rift zone Lānaʻi Ridge Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau KSDP Only shield lavas Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau Nuʻuanu Mauna Loa Historic >1850 Koʻolau Makapuʻu Mauna Loa Mile High Section Koʻolau >700 samples Hualalai North Kona West Kaʻena Mahukona Mahukona Kauaʻi Mauna (MC-ICP-MS or TS)/NORM 38.1 Mauna Kea Loa

38.0 Maui

East Molokaʻi 37.9 Kahoʻolawe Kohala Koʻolau Lānaʻi West Molokaʻi 37.8 Kea trend Hilina Hana Ridge

Kīlauea historic, prehistoric Weis et al 2011 Mauna Kea Hi-8 Mauna Kea Mid-8 Mauna Kea Lo-8 Kohala 37.7 West Maui West East Molokaʻi Kaʻena West Molokaʻi

37.6 17.75 17.85 17.95 18.05 18.15 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.55 18.65 206Pb/204Pb High-Precision Pb Isotope Data: Hawai‘i Shield Lavas 208Pb/204Pb Kīlauea 38.3 L Li Loa H HSDP-I Loa trend TrendLōʻihi Kahoʻolawe Mauna Loa HSDP-II KahoHSDP-Iʻolawe Lōʻihi Hana Mauna Loa early prehistoric LānaMHSʻi 38.2 Mauna Loa SW rift zone Lānaʻi Ridge Kea end-member: Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau KSDP Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau Nuʻuanu Mauna Loa KHistoric >1850 Koʻolau Makapuʻu •common to many Paciﬁc islands Mauna Loa Mile High Section Koʻolau Hualalai North Kona West Kaʻena Mahukona Mahukona Kauaʻi •similar to “c” or super Mauna 38.1 Mauna Kea chondric BSE K Loa

38.0 Maui

East Molokaʻi Loa trend volcanoes: 37.9 •higher 208Pb/204Pb raos for Kahoʻolawe Kohala Ha a given 206Pb/204Pb, Koʻolau Lānaʻi West Molokaʻi K hi8 87 86 37.8 Kea trend higher Sr/ Sr and Hilina HanaK mid8 Ridge lower εNd and εHf Kīlauea historic, prehistoric Weis et al 2011 Mauna Kea Hi-8 Mauna Kea Mid-8 •more heterogeneous MaunaKi Kea Lo-8 37.7 Kohala Ko West Maui West East Molokaʻi Kea Kaʻena West MolokaK ʻlo8i WM MEM Trend

37.6 17.75 17.85 17.95 18.05 18.15 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.55 18.65 206Pb/204Pb Radiogenic Pb: 208Pb*/206Pb*: Th/U Proxy 208Pb/204Pb 232Th 208Pb Kīlauea 38.3

Loa trend Lōʻihi Kahoʻolawe Lōʻihi Mauna Loa HSDP-II Kahoʻolawe Hana Mauna Loa early prehistoric Lānaʻi 38.2 Mauna Loa SW rift zone Lānaʻi Ridge Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau KSDP Mauna Loa HSDP-1 Koʻolau Nuʻuanu Mauna Loa Historic >1850 Koʻolau Makapuʻu Mauna Loa Mile High Section Koʻolau HualalaiLoa Source North Kona West Kaʻena Mahukona Mahukona Kauaʻi Mauna 38.1 Enriched Mauna Kea Loa

38.0 Maui

East Molokaʻi 37.9 Kahoʻolawe Kohala Koʻolau Lānaʻi West Molokaʻi 37.8 Kea trend Hilina Hana Ridge Kīlauea historic, prehistoric Mauna Kea Hi-8 Mauna Kea Mid-8 Mauna Kea Lo-8 37.7 Kohala West Maui West East Molokaʻi Kaʻena West Molokaʻi

37.6 17.75 17.85 17.95 18.05 18.15 18.25 18.35 18.45 18.55 18.65 206 204 238U 206Pb Pb/ Pb Weis et al 2011 Possible plume locaon cross-secon Loa Trend volcanoes Kea Trend volcanoes 150 150 n Mauna Kea 100 Mauna Loa 100

50 50

0.924 0.948 0.972 0.996 0.924 0.948 0.972 0.996 Rad Pb Rad Pb Loa Weis et al 2011 Kea

Prepared in cooperation with the Complex CMB JAPAN MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I, SCHOOL OF OCEAN AND EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, after Breger &Geologic Romanowicz Investigations Series I-2809 1998 and the MONTEREY BAY AQUARIUM RESEARCH INSTITUTE

160°E 170°E 180° 170°W 160°W 150°W 23°N23°N 1160°W60°W 159°W159°W 158°W158°W 157°W157°W 156°W156°W 1155°W55°W NORTH AMERICAN 160°W 159°W 158°W 157°W 156°W 155°W PLATE H 23°N A

Ni‘ihauNiNi‘ihauihau W 22°N22°N (4.9(4.9 Ma)Ma) Wai‘ale‘aleWaiWai‘aleale‘aleale 50°N ALEUTIAN TRENCH (5.1(5.1 Ma)Ma) A un.un. EMPEROR SE KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Ko‘olauKoKo‘olauolau (4.0(4.0 Ma)Ma) (2.6(2.6 Ma)Ma) KURIL TRENCH I Wai‘anaeWaiWai‘anaeanae (3.7(3.7 Ma)Ma) EastEast Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i un.un. (1.8(1.8 Ma)Ma)

North Kaua‘i I 21°N21°N WestWest Moloka‘iMolokaMoloka‘i WestWest MauiMaui (1.3(1.3 Ma)Ma) _ (1.9(1.9 Ma)Ma) HaleakalaHaleakala _ Slide A Lana‘iLanaLana‘i (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) Nu‘uanu (1.3(1.3 Ma)Ma) AMOUNTS PACIFIC N Kaho‘olaweKahoKaho‘olaweolawe _ Slide (1.0(1.0 Ma)Ma) MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala 40°N (0.5(0.5 Ma)Ma) (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Kaua‘i 20°N20°N MaunaMauna KeaKea _ (0.4(0.4 Ma)Ma) Deep A HualalaiHualalai PLATE (0(0 Ma)Ma) MaunaMauna LoaLoa R (0(0 Ma)Ma) KilaueaK-ilauea Kea (0(0 Ma)Ma) Ka 19°N19°N _ Lo‘ihiLoLo‘ihiihi C (0(0 Ma)Ma) 30°N ‘ Kaulakahi Channel ena Ridge Kaua‘i Tuscaloosa KILOMETERS Seamount H 0 100 HAWAIIAN RID WaiWWai‘ale‘aleai‘aleale‘aleale 95 mm/yr 22°N GE NiNNi‘ihaui‘ihauihau Ka‘ena e Slump Zon Interpretive map of Hawaii's volcanoes. Transparent pastel colors on a 20°N slope map define the approximate extent of each known major Hawaiian AREA OF MAP Ni‘ihau el ture KILOMETERS shield volcano and its landslide debris; white denotes steep slopes, dark gray 0 500 Wailau ‘i Frac denotes flat-lying areas. Circles mark the location of main eruptive centers, KaKKa‘ulaa‘ulaula Moloka presumably overlying summit magma reservoirs; dashed lines mark well- ‘i Chann H developed rift zones. The westward-increasing ages of shield-stage lavas Ka‘ula Kaua Slide A (given in millions of years [Ma] for each volcano) continues along the Bathymetry of the northwest Pacific Ocean. The linear Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaiian Ridge and on through the Emperor Seamounts (76 Ma at the and older Emperor Seamounts are generally accepted to have formed by O‘ahu W northern end), supporting the plate-motion theory. northwestward motion of the Pacific Plate over a hot spot in the mantle that Deep itself migrated southward in the past; arrow denotes present plate motion. South Kaua‘i WaiWWai‘anaeai‘anaeanae A The Hawaiian Islands represent the latest volcanism associated with this hot KoKKo‘olauo‘olauolau _ Slide ‘Opana I spot, which has been vigorous enough to build massive volcanoes that O‘ahu Honolulu Mapping the sea floor around Hawaii breach the sea surface. Fan I ‘uwela Ridge Deep DiamondDiamond Pa The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Channel KalaupapaKalaupapa Wai‘anae HeadHead A WestWest MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i (JAMSTEC) funded and led a four-year collaborative The volcanoes of Hawaii Slump Kaiwi EastEast MolokaMMoloka‘ioloka‘i survey of the underwater flanks of Hawaii's shield Moloka‘i _ N Hana Hawaiian volcanoes. This exploration, involving scientists from the Hawaiian volcanoes typically evolve in four stages as Pailolo 21°N Kalohi Channel U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other Japanese and volcanism waxes and wanes: (1) early alkalic, when Channel Slump Deep Penguin Bank WestWest MauiMaui U.S. academic and research institutions, utilized manned _ C ‘ A volcanism originates on the deep sea floor; (2) shield, when ha u ‘ Lana‘i nn au and unmanned submersibles, rock dredges, and sediment roughly 95 percent of a volcano's volume is emplaced; (3) Loa _ el Maui _ piston cores to directly sample and visually observe the sea post-shield alkalic, when small-volume eruptions build LanaLLana‘iana‘i Haleakala Crater floor at specific sites. Ship-based sonar systems were used Maui scattered cones that thinly cap the shield-stage lavas; and (4) i _ Hana_ Ridge to more widely map the bathymetry from the sea surface. ahik ‘ ik el Alal HaleakalaHaleakala la Chann rejuvenated, when lavas of distinct chemistry erupt ea ann h _ K akeiki Fracture Zone The state-of-the-art multibeam sonar systems, mounted following a lengthy period of erosion and volcanic C KahoKKaho‘olaweaho‘olaweolawe el on the hull of GPS-navigated research vessels, convert the quiescence. During the early alkalic and shield stages, two _ Lana‘i Kohala Canyon two-way travel times of individual sonar pings and their Moloka‘i Fracture Zone Southwest O‘ahu M or more elongate rift zones may develop as flanks of the Kaho‘olawe _ Deep _ a Channel echoes into a line of bathymetry values across the ship track. volcano separate. Mantle-derived magma rises through a _ ‘Alenuihah Pololu The resulting swaths across the ocean bottom, obtained Volcanic Field vertical conduit and is temporarily stored in a shallow Slump Clark 1 O along numerous overlapping ship tracks, reveal the sea floor _ summit reservoir from which magma may erupt within the Slide Trough ley in stunning detail. The survey data collected by JAMSTEC o ‘ _ Pololu Kaho‘olawe Val summit region or be injected laterally into the rift zones. The pi Laupahoehoe _ _ _ ley form the basis for the bathymetry shown on the map, - Wai MahukonaMahukona KohalaKohala Val ongoing activity at Kilauea's Pu‘u ‘O‘o cone that began in H Slump A Dutton augmented with bathymetric data from other sources. January 1983 is one such rift-zone eruption. The rift zones Hamakua_ Coast Seamount Clark _ Bathymetry that is predicted from variations in sea-surface commonly extend deep underwater, producing submarine 20°N A Seamount T height, observable from satellites, provides the low- eruptions of bulbous pillow lava. Kaho‘olawe W Kiholo Ridge MaunaMauna KeaKea Hilo Ridge resolution (fuzzy) bathymetry in between ship tracks. Once a volcano has grown above sea level, subaerial_ Deep Subaerial topography is from a USGS 30-m digital elevation eruptions produce_ lava flows of jagged, clinkery ‘a‘a or A _ model of Hawaii. Historical lava flows are shown in red. smooth, ropy pahoehoe. If the flows reach the ocean they Zone HualalaiHualalai e Clark 2 Alika 2 Prominent terraces (shown in orange and yellow) Indianapolis Puna Canyon are rapidly quenched by seawater and shatter, producing a Fractur I Slide Slide Seamount Kona Coa illustrate the larger size of the islands in the past; O‘ahu and steep blanket of unstable volcanic sediment that mantles the North Kona Hawai‘i _ Maui Powers the Maui-Nui complex (Maui, Moloka‘i, Lana‘i, and upper submarine slopes. Above sea level then, the volcanoes I Slump Puna Ridge Seamount st _ Kaho‘olawe islands, and Penguin Bank), in particular, are develop the classic shield profile of gentle lava-flow slopes, Perret Moku‘aweoweo - _ A Seamount Caldera KilaueaKilauea mere vestiges of their former extent. Lo‘ihi, the youngest Jaggar KEALA Kilauea- _ whereas below sea level slopes are substantially steeper. FAU Caldera Kupaianaha KEKU Seamount LT _ _ volcano in the chain, has not yet reached the sea surface. While the volcanoes grow rapidly during the shield stage, N Alika 1 A Pu‘u ‘O‘o Fields of blocky debris, such as Ko‘olau's Nu‘uanu Slide, they may also collapse catastrophically, generating giant Slide MaunaMauna LoaLoa HILINA FAULT were created by catastrophic landslides, which carried large landslides and tsunami, or fail more gradually, forming Green - Seamount parts of some volcanoes as much as 200 km across the sea slumps. Deformation and seismicity along Kilauea's south Hilina Papa‘u floor. Slower-moving, sediment-blanketed slumps, in Brigham Ellis Slump flank indicate that slumping is occurring there today. KA Hohonu FAU Seamount contrast, typically develop ridges that parallel the Seamount Seamount HUK Punalu‘u Seamount _ _ Loading of the underlying Pacific Plate by the growing LT Slump U paleocoastlines, such as Haleakala's Hana Slump. Eruptions volcanic edifices causes subsidence, forming deep basins at 19°N South Kona South Kona Slide Slump _ along the submarine part of a volcano's rift zone produce a the base of the volcanoes. Once volcanism wanes and lava LoLLo‘ihio‘ihiihi - Washington rugged morphology, as at Kilauea's Puna Ridge. Numerous flows no longer reach the ocean, the volcano continues to Bishop dge Seamount seamounts of Late Cretaceous age (approximately 80 Ma) N Seamount submerge, while erosion incises deep river valleys, such as McCall are scattered across the deep sea floor and are unrelated to Cross those on the Island of Kaua‘i. The edges of the submarine Seamount Palmer Seamount Day Dana the hot spot that supplies Hawaii's volcanoes. Seamount Ka Lae Ri terraces that ring the islands, thus, mark paleocoastlines that Seamount Seamount are now as much as 2,000 m underwater, many of which are A Apu‘upu‘u Submarine bathymetry and subaerial topography data sources: capped by drowned coral reefs. Ka Lae West Seamount Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan Slide Ka Lae East http://www.jamstec.go.jp/ R U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California Fract Slide http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/ Hawai Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California 0 5000 10,000 15,000 FEET http://www.mbari.org/data/mapping/hawaii/index.htm C ure Zon 0 50 MILES University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii Swordfish ‘i http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/ Pensacola National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, Colorado 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 METERS Seamount 0 50 100 KILOMETERS Seamount http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/bathymetry/relief.html Water Depth Daly H SCALE APPROX 1:85,342 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, California e http://sioexplorer.ucsd.edu/ Seamount U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama http://shoals.sam.usace.army.mil/default.htm Global seafloor topography (predicted bathymetry) Mercator map projection; image illuminated from NOT TO BE USED FOR NAVIGATION http://topex.ucsd.edu/marine_topo/mar_topo.html the northeast to emphasize sea-floor relief. Additional reading: Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., eds., 1987, Volcanism in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 2 v., 1667 p. Francis, Peter, 1993, Volcanoes—A planetary perspective: Oxford, Clarendon Press,_ _ _ 433 p. Heliker, Christina, Swanson, D.A., and Takahashi, T.J., eds., 2003, The Pu‘u ‘O‘o-Kupaianaha eruption of Kilauea- Volcano, Hawai‘i—The first 20 years: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, 206 p. Hawaii's Volcanoes Revealed Macdonald, G.A., Abbott, A.T., and Peterson, F.L., 1983, Volcanoes in the sea—The geology of Hawaii (2d ed.): Honolulu, University of Hawai‘i Press, 517 p. Rhodes, J.M., and Lockwood, J.P., eds., 1995, Mauna Loa revealed—Structure, composition, history, and hazards: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 92, 348 p. Smith, W.H.F., and Sandwell, D.T., 1997, Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings: Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962. Paciﬁc ULVZ By Takahashi, Eiichi, Lipman, P.W., Garcia, M.O., Naka, Jiro, and Aramaki, Shigeo, eds., 2002, Hawaiian Garnero et al 2016 volcanoes—Deep underwater perspectives: American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph 128, 418 p. Tarduno, J.A., Duncan, R.A., Scholl, D.W., Cottrell, R.D., Steinberger, Bernard, Thordarson, Thorvaldur, 11 22 Kerr, B.C., Neal, C.R., Frey, F.A., Torii, Masayuki, and Carvallo, Claire, 2003, The Emperor Barry W. Eakins, Joel E. Robinson, Toshiya Kanamatsu, Jiro Naka, Seamounts—Southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth's mantle: Science, v. 301, 3-D perspective view of Hawaii. The Hawaiian Islands (shown in green; 34 5 p. 1064-1069. white at summits of Mauna Loa [4,170 m high] and Mauna Kea [4,206 m John R. Smith, Eiichi Takahashi, and David A. Clague Manuscript approved for publication October 16, 2003 high]) are the tops of massive volcanoes, most of whose bulks lie below the JAMSTEC sea surface. Ocean depths are colored from purple (5,750 m deep northeast 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, of the Island of Maui) and blue to light gray (shallowest). Historical lava flows, 2 Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Yokosuka, Japan 2003 Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 or call 1-888-ASK-USGS - _ 3 University of Hawai‘i, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Honolulu, Hawaii erupted from the summits and rift zones of Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Hualalai 4 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Available on the World Wide Web at volcanoes on the Island of Hawai‘i, are shown in red. 5 Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Monterey, California http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/i-map/i2809 A Simple Bilateral Source? Some Challenges

208Pb/204Pb 38.4 Makapuu Li Lanai L Loa H HSDP-I TrendKahoolawe 38.3 Mauna Loa Hualalai HSDP-I Kauai MHS Koolau WaianaeK 38.2 Loihi West Kaena Mahukona Average Penguin Bank Loa 38.1 K West Molokai West Maui East Molokai W Mau‘i Haleakala E Moloka‘i Mauna Kea 38.0 Kilauea Hana Ridge Ko‘olauKohala 37.9 Kea end-member Ha

K hi8 37.8 Kohala K mid8

37.7 Ki Ko Kea K lo8 WM M Trend 37.6 Only shield lavas EM Only modern, high-precision data ~800 samples 206Pb/204Pb 37.5 17.7 17.8 17.9 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 Kea vs Loa: 95% Accuracy Group Frequencies Kea Volcanoes Enriched Loa Loa Loihi 71 366 35 Canonical Scores Plot 5 Loa Volcanoes Canonical Scores Plot Kea All 4 3 WMaui EMolokai Loa All ) 2 ( 1 R O

) 1 T 2 ( C

A Enriched -1 R F O Loa T C A

-3 F Kohala -2

-5 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 Loihi FACTOR(1) -5 Group Frequencies -5 -2 1 4 Kea Kohala WMaui EMolokai FACTOR(1) 136 36 87 Rhy McMillan, PCIGR Hawaii Shield Lavas Canonical Scores Plot FACTOR(1) FACTOR(2) FACTOR(3) Pb Isotopes F ) A 1 ( C R T O O T R C

( Group 1 A )

F Frequencies

Enriched Loa 74 F ) A 2 Kea

( 136 C R T 72 O O Loa1 T R 294 C

( Loa2 2 A ) F Loihi 35 WMauiEMolokai 120 F ) A 3 ( C R T O O T R C ( 3 A ) F

FACTOR(1) FACTOR(2) FACTOR(3) Rhy McMillan, PCIGR Hawaii Shield Lavas Canonical Scores Plot FACTOR(1) FACTOR(2) FACTOR(3) Pb Isotopes F ) A 1 ( C R T ) O O T R 2 C

( Group 1 A ( )

F Frequencies

R Enriched Loa 74 F ) A 2 O Kea

( 136 C R T 72 T O O Loa1 T R 294 C

( Loa2 2 A C ) F Loihi 35

A WMauiEMolokai 120 F F ) A 3 ( C R T O O T R C ( 3 A ) F

FACTOR(F1) ACFACTTOOR(2)R(1FAC)TOR(3) Rhy McMillan, PCIGR Back in Time: Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamounts 85 myr

18 Kilauea R/V Falkor Mapping, Schmidt Ocean Instute 2013 50°N volume flux (m3/s) E

p 12

r Gardner o 45°N r S Nihoa e Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Laysan a 6 m Pearl & o Koko Hermes Reef u 40°N n t s Vidal & 10 km Bonneville 2004 0 4400 3900 3400 2900 2400 1900 1400 900 400 Turnif & Academician Berg Seamounts Distance from Kilauea (km)

35°N Koko 35°N

Hawaiian-Emperor Bend 1000 km

30°N Daikakuji Abbott 30°N Colahan H awa iian Ri Midway dge Area Pearl & 25°N of Hermes Reef map Ha Laysan wa Gardner Isla iian nds Necker Nihoa O c e a n a c i f i c Midway Area P 180°E 170°E Kilauea 170˚ Northwestern Hawaiian Ridge 180˚ −160˚ 50˚ −170˚ 175˚ 180˚ −175˚ −170˚ −165˚ −160˚ 50˚ 500 km Yuryaku N Emperor 40˚ Seamounts Colahan Hancock 40˚ Diakakuji 47 Ma1 Academician Pearl and 30˚ Berg Hermes 30˚ Hawaiian 30˚ Unnamed 1 Bend Islands Abbott 25 Ma 1 Gardner 41 Ma 4 NW Hawaiian Ridge Townsend Laysan 12 Ma Cromwell 20 Ma2 Maro Nero Pioneer Reef 20˚ 20˚ Helsley 1 32 Ma 170˚ Midway 180˚ −170˚ −160˚ 1 25˚ 27 Ma Keoea 25˚ Ladd Nīhoa 8 Ma3 Kaua‘i Riata 5 Hawai‘i E. Northampton <5 Ma Brooks Ko‘olau French Mauna Frigate Twin Kea Banks Middle Bank Mokumanamana 20˚ 20˚ Garcia et al 2015 (Necker) 11 Ma3 Mauna Loa Lō‘ihi 25°N 175˚ 180˚ −175˚ −170˚ −165˚ −160˚ −155˚

Bathymetry (m) 0 km 500 km −6000 −4000 −2000 0 Age (Ma) Ni‘ihau Kaua‘i 42 myr from the bend to the islands

shield postshield rejuvenation 24 shield-stage samples from 40Ar/39Ar (2006-2013) 13 volcanoes 40Ar/39Ar (1974-1981) K-Ar 3500 Distance from Kilauea (Km) L. Harrison PhD Thesis 208Pb/204Pb NWHR: Pb Isotope Systemacs NW Hawaiian Ridge Hawaiian Islands Yuryaku Mauna Kea Daikakuji Mauna Loa Unnamed Ko‘olau 38.20 Academician Berg Midway Lō‘ihi EPR Pioneer Emperor MORB Northampton Seamounts Laysan Meiji Gardner Detroit Mokumanamana Suiko 38.10 Keoea Twin Banks Ojin West Nīhoa Koko Nīhoa Yuryaku Mauna Kea 38.00 Mauna Loa

37.90

37.80 Ko‘olau

Garcia et al 2015 37.70 17.6 17.8 18.0 18.2 18.4 18.6 18.8 206 204 Harrison et al Pb/ Pb EPSL 2017 NWHR Pb Isotope Variaons vs Plume Magmac Flux and Distance from Kilauea Islands Emperor Seamounts 0.97 13 Northwest Hawaiian Ridge NWHR: 0.96

/sec) 12 Dramac Increase Emperor:

3 Last 30 myr Low Output 0.95 208

10 Small Variaon 0.94 *Pb/

0.93

88 206

0.92 *Pb olume Flux (m Flux olume 66 0.91

44 0.90 V Estimated Estimated 0.89 2 DaikakujiYuryakuKimmei Suiko Detroit KokoOjin Meiji 0.88

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Age (Ma) NW Hawaiian Ridge Emperor Seamounts Hawaiian Islands Magmatic Flux Yuryaku Pioneer Keoea Meiji Koko Kea Trend Radiogenic Pb Daikakuji Northampton Twin Banks Detroit Yuryaku Loa Trend Wessel, 2016 Unnamed Laysan West Nīhoa Suiko Enriched Loa Vidal & Bonneville, 2004 Academician Berg Gardner Harrison et al Nīhoa Ojin Van Ark & Lin, 2004 Midway Mokumanamana EPSL 2017 Harrison & Weis in press G3 Evoluon of the Hawaiian Plume Source at the CMB since incepon

A Pacific LLSVP

lower mantle

core B Hawaiian Plume C Emperor Formation Seamounts ~82 - 47 Ma Kea

D NWHR E Hawaiian Inter- ~47 - 6.5 Ma Islands Loa Kea ~6.5 - 0 Ma mittent Kea Loa

Harrison et al EPSL 2017 Hawaiian Islands Geochemistry

• There is a clear difference between Loa and Kea trend volcanoes: •Kea Volcanoes ≈ Ambient Pacific Mantle The Kea trend samples the Pacific deep mantle. •Loa Compositions ≈ LLSVP or ULVZ. • Statistically, six groups can be identified on Hawaii: • two major ones: Kea and Loa, and, four minor ones, finite in time/space: (WMau‘i-EMoloka‘i, Kohala), •(Lō‘ihi, Enriched Loa).

The Loa trend is heterogeneous and composed of multiple •compositional components.

Mauna Kea post-shield cones 87Sr/86Sr 0.710 Lowermost-mantle Vs perturbations MORB Loa shield lavas EM-II Azores 0.709 Austral-Cook Kea Ascension & St. Helena Galapagos H H: Hawai‛i Iceland K: Kerguelen 0.708 Hawaii P P: Pitcairn Marquesas T: Tristan Samoa T 0.707 Society Is.K EM-I Juan Fernandez Kerguelen & Heard 0.706 TristanAfrican LLSVP Paciﬁc LLSVP & Gough Pitcairn-Gambier Modiﬁed from Thorne et al. 2004 Weis et al. 2011 0.705

0.704 EM-I type mantle plumes: Hawai’i and Pitcairn from the HIMU 0.703 edge of the Paciﬁc LLSVP and, Kerguelen and Tristan of the MORB PREMA 0.702 African LLSVP 18 19 20 21 22 206Pb/204Pb Implications for the Deep Mantle and LLSVPs

• Mantle plume tails are dynamic and can change compositionally with time. Hawaiian plume drift samples multiple mantle domains which has impact on: • • Geochemistry, spatial organization and timing • Magmatic Flux • Volcanic Propagation Rate

The EM-I geochemical signatures are related to the presence of enriched, recycled continental •material in these anomalous velocity zones at the CMB - each with a different composition (African LLSVP, slightly more enriched - older?).

The appearance of Loa signatures early on the NWHR indicates that LLSVP are long-lived •features of the deep mantle that also play a significant role in the geochemical signature of strong mantle plumes.

Kaua’i, NaPali coast