Family: Taxon: Rosenbergiodendron formosum

Synonym: Randia formosa (Jacq.) K. Schum. Common Name: blackberry jam fruit Gardenia mussaenda L. f. raspberry bush Mussaenda formosa Jacq. (basionym) jasmin de rosa Randia mussaenda (L. f.) DC.

Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 1 101 Is the highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n

102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1

103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1

201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n

204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y

205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y

301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n

402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0

403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n

404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1

405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n

406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0

407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n

408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n

409 Is a shade tolerant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 1 of 7 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0

411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n

412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n

501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n

502 Grass y=1, n=0 n

503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n

504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n

601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n

602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y

603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1

604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1

605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n

606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n

607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 1 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally ( growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y

703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n

704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n

705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n

706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y

707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n

708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y

801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1

802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1

803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1

804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1

805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1

Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 1

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] "Rosenbergiodendron Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, ). formosum var. formosum is characterized by the rounded to elliptic fruits, the Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. medium-sized corolla tubes (mostly 6-12 cm long) and the usually large corolla lobes (mostly 2.5-4.5 cmlong). The usually distinctly acute leaves vary from being narrowly elliptic" … "Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. nitidum differs from var. formosum by its shiny leaves with usually distinctly immersed midrib and secondary veins, and by the (possibly) larger fruit. Variety nitidum might deserve the rank of species, but due to the scarcity of material the range of variation cannot be properly judged." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA

103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA

201 1980. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Dwyer, [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Randia formosa J.D.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 179. ranges from Panama to Peru and Brazil. It also occurs in the Antilles." Rubiaceae. Part 2. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 67(2): 257-522. 201 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - 2-High] "Distribution and Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). habitat. Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. formosum seems to be restricted to Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. mostly drier lowland areas in Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela, and W Ecuador" … "Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. nitidum is known only from Venezuela along Rio Orinoco." 202 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 203 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Blackberry [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness: USDA Zone Jam Fruit, Jasmin de Rosa - Randia formosa. 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55844/ °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] 203 2012. Tropicos.org. Tropicos [Online Database]. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] Collected in tropical Missouri Botanical Garden, latitudes from 0-800 m elevation http://www.tropicos.org/ 204 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical "Distribution and habitat. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). subtropical climates? Yes] "Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. formosum Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. seems to be restricted to mostly drier lowland areas in Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela, and W Ecuador" … "Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. nitidum is known only from Venezuela along Rio Orinoco." 205 1918. Britton, N.L.. The flora of the American [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Virgin Islands. New York Botanical Garden, New range? American Virgin Islands] "Roadsides, St. Croix. Planted for ornament." York, NY 205 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic range? Puerto Rico] "Planted as an ornamental and escaped in Puerto Rico" synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Hawaii] "Two species are occasionally cultivated in Hawaii for their long Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop white corollas." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 301 2007-2012. Gann, G.D./Bradley, K.A.. The [Naturalized beyond native range? Possibly Yes] "Native Status: Not Native, Floristic Inventory and Assessment of Puerto Naturalized" Rico Database Online (BETA). The Institute for Regional Conservation, Miami, FL http://regionalconservation.org/ 301 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Naturalized beyond native range? Possibly Yes in Puerto Rico] "Planted as an Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic ornamental and escaped in Puerto Rico" synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 2012. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P./Strong, M.T.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Listed as "Cultivated" in Puerto Rico] Catalogue of Seed Plants of the West Indies. "Distribution: Cultivated in Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (St. Croix, St. John), Lesser Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 98: 1192 Antilles (St. Lucia), Tobago, and Trinidad." [In contrast to Liogier & Martorell 2000] pp.

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 3 of 7 301 2012. Graveson, R.. Plants of Saint Lucia - A [Naturalized beyond native range? Escaped] "We have only found one specimen, Pictorial Flora of Wild and Cultivated Vascular which was growing wild, Laborie. Native to Central America (Panama), northern Plants. South America to Ecuador." … "Possibly introduced as a curiosity (the blue pulp http://www.saintlucianplants.com/index.html around the seeds tastes of blackberry jam) and escaped, or possibly grew from a seed released by a migratory bird." 302 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 305 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No evidence] Several species of Randia listed as naturalized Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and/or weed, but no evidence for Rosenbergiodendron and Food, Western Australia 401 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall. Stipules Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). ca. 0.3 cm long. Leaves subsessile or petiolate; petioles to 0.5 cm long on the Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. longshoots; leaf blade narrowly elliptic to obovate, 3.5-9 X 2-4 cm, acute to acuminate at apex, attenuate to shortly attenuate at base, all veins level adaxially or midrib and secondary veins immersed, abaxial side with midrib and several of the secondary veins prominulous, tertiary veins and veinlets level, leaf adaxially lightly sericeous when young, glabrescent, abaxially lightly sericeous when young, later mostly sericeous only on midrib and secondary veins." 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Allelopathic? Unknown]

403 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Parasitic? No] "Shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall." [Rubiaceae] Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? Unknown]

405 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. International poisonous [Toxic to animals? No evidence] plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL http://books.google.com/books?id=h7tbd- 5ZAQ8C&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=International+ poisonous+plants+checklist:+an+evidence- based+reference& 406 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Host for recognized pests and pathogens? Unknown]

407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. International poisonous [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence] plants checklist: an evidence-based reference. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL http://books.google.com/books?id=h7tbd- 5ZAQ8C&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=International+ poisonous+plants+checklist:+an+evidence- based+reference& 407 2012. Top Tropicals. Randia formosa. [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans? No evidence. Edible fruit] "You http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/ don't have to make a preserve with this fruit - the fresh pulp tastes exactly like randia.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] Blackberry Jam. Yet it's not too sweet and actually tastes even better than any preserve. When you see the shrub all covered by yellow fruit, you are anxious to pick, crack open all of them, and suck out the sweet and tasty exotic pulp... This is one of those fun rare fruits than one never gets tired of! " … "The fruit contains two cells with small flat seeds surrounded by sweet black soft pulp tasting like "blackberry jam", beloved of children and adults. " 408 1980. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Dwyer, [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? No evidence] J.D.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 179. Rubiaceae. Part 2. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 67(2): 257-522. 408 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems? No] "Distribution and habitat. Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. formosum seems to be restricted to mostly Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. drier lowland areas in Panama, N Colombia, NW Venezuela, and W Ecuador" [Occurs in drier habitats, but no evidence that this species increases fire hazards in natural ecosystems]

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 4 of 7 409 2012. Top Tropicals. Randia formosa. [Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle? Yes] "Tolerates shade http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/ and will flower and fruit in filtered light, which is appreciated by container randia.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] gardeners who grow these plants indoors or in a crowded greenhouse." 410 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions?' :Average well-drained soil" Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR 410 2012. Top Tropicals. Randia formosa. [Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions?] "It requires acidic soil and will feel http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/ happy in a well-drained potting mix. " randia.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] 411 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Climbing or smothering growth habit? No] "Shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall." Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 412 1996. Condit, R./Hubbell, S.P./Foster, R.B.. [Forms dense thickets? No evidence in Barro Colorado] "Table 1. Total Changes in Tree Species Abundance in a populations of all 313 species recorded in the 50 ha plot on Barro Colorado Neotropical Forest: Impact of Climate Change. Island, above two dbh cutoffs." [No evidence that Rosenbergiodendron formosum Journal of Tropical Ecology. 12(2): 231-256.. forms dense thickets] 412 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Forms dense thickets? No evidence] Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 412 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Forms dense thickets? No evidence] "Planted as an ornamental and escaped in Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic Puerto Rico" synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 412 2002. Miranda, I.S./Absy, M.L./Rebêlo, G.H.. [Forms dense thickets? No evidence] "Patterns of diversity and community Community Structure of Woody Plants of organisation of woody species of savannahs in Roraima, northern Brazil, were Roraima Savannahs, Brazil. Plant Ecology. 164: investigated, to relate structural data with edaphic factors and to analyse floristic 109-123. relationships using classification and ordination techniques. The species studied refer to an inventory of 45 plots of 150 × 10 m (0.15 ha) distributed in the Roraima savannahs. We identified 13,410 woody individuals, belonging to 30 families, 52 genera and 71 species. The percentage of rare species is high, 58%. The richness, diversity, density and basal area of the studied plots suggest that Roraima savannahs are poor in species. The most important species include element dwarf shrubs (Byrsonima verbascifolia, Tibouchina aspera and Cassia obtusifolia), shrubby (Psidium guianense, Randia formosa, …" 501 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Aquatic? No] "Shrubs or small trees to 4 m tall." [Terrestrial] Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 502 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Grass? No] Rubiaceae Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 503 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Nitrogen fixing woody plant? No] Rubiaceae Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 504 1980. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Dwyer, [Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or J.D.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 179. tubers)? No] "Shrubs to 5 m tall, the branches 8.5-20.0 cm long, terete, unarmed, Rubiaceae. Part 2. Annals of the Missouri opposite, stiff, strongly ascending, usually glabrous, occasionally pubescent, the Botanical Garden. 67(2): 257-522. nodes crowded terminally, otherwise well spaced." 601 1980. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Dwyer, [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No evidence] J.D.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 179. Rubiaceae. Part 2. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 67(2): 257-522. 601 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat? No evidence] Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 602 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Propagation by seeds and cuttings" Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press, Portland, OR 603 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Hybridizes naturally? Unknown] "Direct studies to find out if there really is Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). hybridization and apomixis within Rosenbergiodendron are needed." Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466.

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 5 of 7 604 2005. Ramírez, N.. Plant sexual systems, [Self-compatible or apomictic? Unknown, but evidence suggests possibly no] dichogamy, and herkogamy in the Venezuelan "Herkogamy is defined here as having the stigma positioned at a separation of at Central Plain. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, least 3mm from the anther in the smallest flowers (Ramırez, 1993) and at least Functional Ecology of Plants. 200(1): 30–48. 10mm in the largest flowers. In this study, the occurrence of ordered herkogamy was examined (Webb and Lloyd, 1986). Plant species were classified as herkogamous and nonherkogamous." … "Appendix A Sexual system, dichogamy, herkogamy, and dispersal syndrome for 210 plant species in the Venezuelan Central Plain" [Randia formosa - Sexual System = hermaphrodite; Dichogamy = protandry; Herkogamy = herkogamy] 605 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Requires specialist pollinators?] "Flowers solitary and terminal. Calyx tube 0.4- Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). 0.6 cm long, hairs and colleters in a dense ring inside at base, lobes 0.4-0.9(-1. Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. 1) cm long. Corolla tube 6-10(-12) cm long, outside densely antrorsely sericeous, lobes 2.5-4.5 X 0.7-1.5 cm. Anthers 0.5-1 cm long. Style 6-12 cm long, stigma lobes 0.5- 0.8 cm long." 605 2004. Ramírez, N.. Ecology of Pollination in a [Requires specialist pollinators? No] "Table AI. Plant species, Life form, habitat, Tropical Venezuelan Savanna. Plant Ecology. and pollination modes of 164 plant species of a Venezuelan Central Plain" 173(2): 171-189. [Randia formosa - Pollination System = Moth] 606 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation? No evidence] "Propagation by seeds Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. and cuttings" Timber Press, Portland, OR 607 2012. Top Tropicals. Randia formosa. [Minimum generative time (years)? 1+] "Starts fruiting in young age - 1-1.5 year http://toptropicals.com/html/toptropicals/plant_wk/ from seed. 1-3 gallon container plants start blooming and fruiting when reach randia.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] about 2 ft tall." 701 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). trafficked areas)? Unlikely] "Fruits subspherical to ellipsoidal, young fruits ± Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. sericeous, to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm diam.; seeds 0.5-0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 cm." [Fruits & seeds lack means of external attachment, although seeds may be small enough that they may occasionally be transported in mud on boots or tires] 702 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "Two species are Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian occasionally cultivated in Hawaii for their long white corollas." Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 702 2009. Weaver, Jr., R.E./Anderson, P.J.. Botany [Propagules dispersed intentionally by people? Yes] "The fruit, for which the plant Section. TRI-OLOGY. 48(2): .Florida Department is prized, is oblong to oval and 2-3 cm long (roughly olive sized and shaped) with of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division very sweet, black pulp. This shrub can be cultivated much like its relative, the of Plant Industry, gardenia, to provide a fragrant ornamental as well as an edible addition to the landscape." 703 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant? Unlkely] "Fruits Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). subspherical to ellipsoidal, young fruits ± sericeous, to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. diam.; seeds 0.5-0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 cm." [Fruits & seeds relatively large & would probably be detected before becoming a contaminant of produce] 704 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules adapted to wind dispersal? No] "Fruits subspherical to ellipsoidal, Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). young fruits ? sericeous, to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm diam.; seeds 0.5-0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. cm." 705 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules water dispersed? Fleshy-fruited. Primarily adapted for vertebrate Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). dispersal, although fruits may possibly be buoyant] "Fruits subspherical to Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. ellipsoidal, young fruits ± sericeous, to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm diam.; seeds 0.5- 0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 cm." … "Distribution and ecology. Rosenbergiodendron formosum var. nitidum is known only from Venezuela along Rio Orinoco." 706 1982. Sugden, A.M.. Long-Distance Dispersal, [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Appendix. Notes on the propagules and their Isolation, and the Cloud Forest Flora of the dispersal." [Randia formosa = dispersed by birds internally] Serrania de Macuira, Guajira, Colombia. Biotropica. 14(3): 208-219. 706 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules bird dispersed? Presumably Yes] "Fruits subspherical to ellipsoidal, Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). young fruits ± sericeous, to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm diam.; seeds 0.5-0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. cm." [Fleshy-fruited] 707 1998. Gustafsson, C.G.R.. The Neotropical [Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)? No evidence. Likely adapted Rosenbergiodendron (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae). for internal dispersal] "Fruits subspherical to ellipsoidal, young fruits ± sericeous, Brittonia. 50(4): 452-466. to 4.5 cm long, to 2.5 cm diam.; seeds 0.5-0.8 X 0.3- 0.6 cm." 708 1982. Sugden, A.M.. Long-Distance Dispersal, [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes] "Appendix. Notes on the Isolation, and the Cloud Forest Flora of the propagules and their dispersal." [Randia formosa = dispersed by birds internally] Serrania de Macuira, Guajira, Colombia. Biotropica. 14(3): 208-219.

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 6 of 7 708 2012. Proyecto Tití. Plant Species Consumed by [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumably Yes] "Plant Species Cotton-top Tamarins. Consumed by Cotton-top Tamarins" [Consume fruit of R. formosum] http://proyectotiti.com/english/plants-in-cotton-top- diet.htm [Accessed 23 Nov 2012] 801 1980. Woodson, Jr., R.E./Schery, R.W./Dwyer, [Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)?] "Fruits sessile, oblong or rotund, 1.5-2.5 J.D.. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 179. cm long, occasionally wider than long, usually drying black, glabrate to sparsely Rubiaceae. Part 2. Annals of the Missouri hairy, the seeds numerous, plane, disposed 4-seriately." Botanical Garden. 67(2): 257-522. 802 2008. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Seed [Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)? Unknown] "Storage Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. Behaviour: Orthodox? Storage Conditions: Seeds survived drying to ambient http://data.kew.org/sid/ relative humidity" 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Well controlled by herbicides? Unknown] No information on herbicide efficacy or chemical control of this species 804 1998. Riffle, R.L.. The Tropical Look - An [Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire? Unknown] Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. "…infrequent pruning does not harm it." Timber Press, Portland, OR 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)? Unknown]

Print Date: 11/23/2012 Rosenbergiodendron formosum (Rubiaceae) Page 7 of 7 Summary of Risk Traits

High Risk / Undesirable Traits  Escaped in Puerto Rico & possibly Saint Lucia  Thrives in tropical climates  Shade tolerant  Viable seeds dispersed by birds, mammals & people  Reaches reproductive maturity in 1 to 1.5 years

Low Risk / Desirable Traits  Despite ability to spread, no negative impacts have been documented  Unarmed (no spines, thorns or burrs)  Non-toxic  Edible fruit  Fragrant flowers  Landscaping and ornamental value