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Ground Beetles AgroSMART 2019 International scientific and practical conference ``AgroSMART - Smart solutions for agriculture'' Volume 2019 Conference Paper Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Assemblages Features Formation in Large and Medium Industrial Cities of Russia (The Case Study in Kazan, Kemerovo and Grozny) T A Avtaeva1, R A Sukhodolskaya2, N I Eremeeva3, T A Gordienko2,NP Vodunon2, M I Lechieva4, Sh A Kushaliev5, and K N Kuropyatnik3 1Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia 2Research Institute for Problems of Ecology and Mineral Wealth Use of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia 3Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russia 4Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia 5Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia Abstract The article presents the results of the analysis of the Carabid fauna of three cities: Corresponding Author: Grozny, Kemerovo, Kazan. It was established that communities of ground beetles T A Avtaeva clearly respond to varying degrees of recreation by changing the biotopic distribution [email protected] and ecological structure: the emergence of super dominant species, a decrease in the Received: 25 October 2019 abundance of zoophages, an increase in the share of stratobionts, and the presence Accepted: 15 November 2019 of indicator species. Published: 25 November 2019 Keywords: urban landscapes, anthropogenic load, fauna of ground beetles, species Publishing services provided by diversity, dynamic density Knowledge E T A Avtaeva et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are 1. Introduction credited. Urban ecosystems differ in several bioclimatic parameters from natural ones. The trans- Selection and Peer-review under the responsibility of the formation of urban ecosystems under the influence of anthropogenic pressure leads to AgroSMART 2019 Conference changes in the communities of living organisms that inhabit these ecosystems. Committee. Cities combine both conditions like natural habitats and specific conditions associated with human activities. This can not but affect the living organisms inhabiting urban systems. Many of them are very sensitive to changes in environmental parameters, and therefore they are used as bioindicators. This group of organisms includes beetles from the family of ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). They dominate both in natural and transformed cenoses and make up 58 % or more of the total number of How to cite this article: T A Avtaeva, R A Sukhodolskaya, N I Eremeeva, T A Gordienko, N P Vodunon, M I Lechieva, Sh A Kushaliev, and K N Kuropyatnik, (2019), ``Ground Beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Assemblages Features Formation in Large and Medium Industrial Cities of Russia (The Page 232 Case Study in Kazan, Kemerovo and Grozny)'' in International scientific and practical conference ``AgroSMART - Smart solutions for agriculture'', KnE Life Sciences, pages 232--245. DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i14.5609 AgroSMART 2019 herpetobiotic predators. Currently, there is an extensive literature on the characteristics of the population of ground beetles in an urbanized landscape [5--7; 9--12]. The aim of our work was to analyze the dynamics of the carabid fauna in urban landscapes of Kazan, Kemerovo and Grozny. Each of the selected cities has its own environmental problems and is distinguished by a different degree of anthropogenic pressure. In the course of the work it is planned to formulate the general features of the formation of the carabid fauna, as well as the features characteristic of each of the cities studied. Kazan -- the capital of Tatrastan Republic, a city with a population of 1.1 million people. It is located in the Middle Volga region in the European part of Russia, at the intersection of airlines, railways and highways of all-Russian significance. The average percentage of urban greening is 22.65 % (Program..., 2004). The city is in the flooded area with the waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir, and is saturated with chemical, petrochemical, machine-building and military-industrial enterprises, as well as motor transport and other types of communications. The main environmental problems of Kazan are pollution of the atmosphere, poor quality of the waters of the Volga, Kazanka and other water bodies within the city, insufficient greening of the city, as well as recycling of garbage. The concentration of anthropogenic impact, the specificity of the geographical location and the device surface of the city determined the characteristic environmental situation, in general, more complex than in many large cities of Russia. The chaotic development in the city significantly complicates the ecological situation in Kazan, i.e., there are virtually no plans to maintain continuous corridors of active distribution of wild species of flora and fauna, and no special measures are taken to conserve natural areas that play an important role in the processes of water and air self-purification. The soil cover of the city is represented by all types of soil, with varying degrees of disturbed morphological profile under the influence of anthropogenic transformation. Soil contamination with heavy metals varies widely, but for the most part, the city is rated as acceptable. The city of Kemerovo is in the zone of high pollution. This is caused by a significant concentration of enterprises of all major industries (chemical, metallurgical, machine- building, energy, coal and construction industry) in a relatively small area, close location of industrial complexes to residential areas of the city. Other factors are the orographic heterogeneity and depression of the city with an open exit only to the north-west at prevailing south-westerly winds, unfavorable climatic and meteorological conditions for the dispersion of harmful substances (small evaporation, increased repeatability of weak winds 20--40 % and surface inversions 30--45 %). The situation is complicated by the action of a number of moments -- the density and number of buildings floors, the DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i14.5609 Page 233 AgroSMART 2019 prevalence of the underlying surface with good thermal conductivity (stone, asphalt, metal), the orientation of the main streets, distorting the wind flow in the surface layer throughout the city, the Tom river Valley. Residential areas are 100--150 m above enterprises, approximately at the level of their pipes. Emissions from industrial facilities are supplemented by emissions from boilers and vehicles. The environmental situation in the Kirovsky and Rudnichny districts is complicated by the fact that the prevailing southwestern winds contribute to the transfer of atmospheric pollutants from the largest industrial hub Zavodsky to nearby territories and the right-bank part of the city, which already have a high technogenic load. A feature of atmospheric pollution in Kemerovo is the atmospheric air pollution of all functional areas along with harmful substances typical for most cities (oxides of nitrogen, sulfur and carbon, soot, formaldehyde, suspended solids), a large amount of substances (benzo (a) pyrene, chlorine, benzene, aniline, dimethylamine, isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen cyanide, etc.), not typical of the atmosphere of other cities. By the qualitative composition of emissions (over 160 harmful impurities), Kemerovo is in the first place among the cities of Kuzbass. The leading air pollutant in Kemerovo is benzo (a) pyrene, the mean annual concentration of which over the five-year period (2014--2018) increased by 2.3 times and the maximum permissible concentration is constantly observed. A significant problem is the restoration of the territories at the industrial sites of the liquidated enterprises (both at the liquidated mines and chemical enterprises), which are a source of increased danger. The city of Grozny and its ecological condition are characterized by a number of features, which makes it different from other cities. First, the centenary practice of the oil- refining and oil-extracting industry and the corresponding environmental consequences. Secondly, the infrastructure of the city was destroyed during hostilities and thirdly, illegal fishing and artisanal production of petroleum products. The city was almost completely restored. In the period of the restoration of the republic and in view of the demographic growth, an increase in the building area is observed. In this connection, the area of urban forests has decreased. The modern city of Grozny in its structure has urban buildings, social and business, industrial and engineering, recreational and agricultural zones. During the period from 2003 to 2017, there were changes in the area of the functional zones of the city of Grozny. The residential zone of the city increased by 2 %, while the area of agricultural land decreased by 3.3 %. The area of the recreation zone increased by 3.3 %. This is associated with an increase in the number of parks, squares and other facilities intended for recreation of citizens. According to the standards, green areas should occupy a total of up to 40--50 % of the area of the city. In Grozny, the main DOI 10.18502/kls.v4i14.5609 Page 234 AgroSMART 2019 types of green space are parks, gardens, squares, boulevards, and quarterly and vertical gardening. Then there was a mixture of local native flora with plantings of introduced species [1]. 2. Methods and Materials Trapping and recording of ground beetles was
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