Benzodiazepiner I Behandling Av Personer Med Rusmiddelproblemer

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Benzodiazepiner I Behandling Av Personer Med Rusmiddelproblemer Benzodiazepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer Rapport fra Kunnskapssenteret Nr 6 –2007 Kunnskapsoppsummering Bakgrunn: Benzodiazepin- og benzodiazepinlignende preparater brukes i be- handling av psykiatriske sykdommer som angstlidelser og søvnforstyrrelser, men også av muskelstramninger og krampetilstander. 4-5 % av befolkningen bruker benzodiazepiner daglig. Samtidig er benzodiazepiner ettertraktede som rusmidler, og ulempene må veies mot nytten. Problemstilling: Hva sier tilgjen- gelig vitenskapelig litteratur om nytten av benzodiazepiner i behandling av per- soner med rusmiddelproblemer? Metode: Vi gjennomgikk relevant litteratur fra et systematisk litteratursøk for perioden 1966-januar 2006. Hovedfunn: Denne rapporten oppsummerer 38 studier; en systematisk oversikt, 33 randomiserte kontrollerte studier og fire observasjonsstudier. Kun to randomiserte kontroller- te studier involverte rusmisbrukere. De andre forsøkene er utført med personer som har brukt benzodiazepiner over lang tid (14 studier), friske frivillige som har en fortid med bruk av rusmidler (12 studier) og personer med alkoholmis- bruk (seks studier). Rapporten dreier seg derfor hovedsakelig om personer med generelle rusvansker, og/eller et stabilt forbruk av (fortsetter på baksiden) Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten Postboks 7004, St. Olavs plass N-0130 Oslo (+47) 23 25 50 00 www.kunnskapssenteret.no ISBN 978- 82-8121-147-6 ISSN 1890-1298 nr 6–2007 (fortsettelsen fra forsiden) benzodiazepiner i terapeutiske doser. • Vi fant ingen studier som undersøkte nytten av benzodiazepiner hos personer med rusproblemer. Benzo- diazepiner gir rusopplevelser og har potensial for avhengighet både hos rusmis- brukere og langtidsbrukere, viser forskningen vi har oppsummert. Medikamen- tene reduserte også psykomotorisk og kognitiv funksjon hos begge gruppene. Selv om benzodiazepiner reduserte symptomer knyttet til alkoholabstinens, kan dette oppnås like bra med andre midler som ikke forsterker alkoholens rusef- fekt. Konklusjon: Vi fant ingen studier som undersøkte nytten av benzodiazepiner for personer med rusmiddelproblemer. •Vår oppsummering viser at benzodia- zepiner gir negative effekter hos personer med rusproblemer. Benzodiazepiner har ruspotensial og avhengighetspotensial både for rusmisbrukere og andre. •Medikamentene reduserte psykomotorisk og kognitiv funksjon hos rusmisbru- kere og kroniske brukere. Disse ulempene er mindre uttalte ved bruk av oxa- zepam, mens de er tilnærmet like for de øvrige benzodiazepinene. Tittel Benzodiazepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer Institusjon Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten Ansvarlig John-Arne Røttingen, direktør Marianne Klemp Gjertsen, forskningsleder Forfattere Nilsen, Ellen M. seniorforsker (prosjektleder) Bachs, Liliana overlege (faglig leder) Bjørner, Trine, dr. med Høiseth, Gudrun, assistentlege Johnsen, Jon, overlege, dr. med Ørbeck, Anne Lill, nevropsykolog Waal, Helge, professor Ormstad, Sari S, bibliotekar Kornør, Hege, seniorrådgiver Paulsen Elisabeth J, prosjektkoordinator Bjørn Hofmann, seniorrådgiver ISBN 978-82-8121-147-6 ISSN 1890-1298 Rapport Nr 6– 2007 Prosjektnummer 246 Rapporttype Medisinsk metodevurdering Antall sider 167 Oppdragsgiver Seksjon for kliniske rusmiddelproblemer, Psykiatrisk Institutt, Universitetet i Oslo Sitering Nilsen EM, Bachs L, Bjørner T, Høiseth G, Johnsen J, Ørbeck AL, Waal H, Ormstad SS, Kornør H, Paulsen EJ, Hofmann B. Benzodiazepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Rapport Nr 6-2007. Oslo: Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten, 2007. Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten fremskaffer og formidler kunnskap om effekt av metoder, virkemidler og tiltak og om kvalitet innen alle deler av helsetjenesten. Målet er å bidra til gode beslutninger slik at brukerne får best mulig helsetjenester. Senteret er formelt et forvaltningsorgan under Sosial- og helse- direktoratet, uten myndighetsfunksjoner. Kunnskapssenteret kan ikke instrueres i faglige spørsmål. Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten, Oslo, januar 2007 1 1-side oppsummering Bakgrunn: Benzodiazepin- og benzodiazepinlignende preparater benyttes i behandlingen av psykiatriske sykdommer som angstlidelser og søvnforstyrrelser, men også av muskel- stramninger og krampetilstander. Forbruket er ganske utbredt i den vanlige befolkning- en; salgstall svarer til et daglig forbruk av terapeutiske doser hos 4-5 % av befolkningen. Preparatene virker raskt og er lite toksiske. Benzodiazepiner er imidlertid ettertraktede som rusmidler og kan være med på å befeste eller forverre avhengighetsproblemer. Der- for må motforestillingene veies mot nytten. Benzodiazepiner foreskrives først og fremst i allmennpraksis; der dekkes 80-90 % av foreskrivningene. Denne rapporten går systema- tisk gjennom publisert vitenskapelig litteratur om bruk av benzodiazepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Metode: Kunnskapsoppsummeringen er gjennomført etter internasjonalt anerkjente prinsipper. Utredningsgruppen gjennomgikk publisert vitenskapelig litteratur systema- tisk ut fra et litteratursøk gjennomført for perioden 1966-januar 2006. Hovedfunn: I dokumentasjonsgrunnlaget inngår 38 studier; én systematisk oversikt, 33 randomiserte kontrollerte studier og fire observasjonsstudier. Kun to randomiserte kont- rollerte studier involverer rusmisbrukere. De andre forsøkene er utført med kroniske brukere av benzodiazepiner (14 studier), friske frivillige som har en fortid med bruk av rusmidler (12 studier) og personer med alkoholmisbruk (6 studier). Rapporten dreier seg derfor hovedsakelig om personer med generelle rusvansker, og/eller et stabilt forbruk av benzodiazepiner i terapeutiske doser. Litteraturgjennomgangen fant ingen studier som undersøkte nytteeffekt av benzodiazepiner, heller ikke for de tradisjonelle indikasjonene (angst, søvnproblemer eller epilepsi) hos personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Overførbar- heten til andre populasjoner er ikke vurdert. Studiene viste at benzodiazepiner fører til rusopplevelser og har potensial for avhengighet hos rusmisbrukere og hos kroniske bru- kere av benzodiazepiner. Forskningen viste også at benzodiazepiner reduserte psykomo- torisk og kognitiv funksjon hos rusmisbrukere og kroniske brukere av benzodiazepiner. Vår kunnskapsoppsummering viser at selv om benzodiazepiner reduserte symptomer knyttet til alkoholabstinens, kan dette oppnås like bra med andre midler hvor det ikke er dynamisk samvirke i forhold til ruseffekt. Konklusjon: Litteraturgjennomgangen fant ingen studier som undersøkte fordeler ved å bruke benzodiazepiner hos personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Vår oppsummering viser at benzodiazepiner gir negative effekter hos personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Benzo- diazepiner brukt hos rusmisbrukere, som hos andre personer, har ruspotensial og av- hengighetspotensial. Studiene som er oppsummert viste også at benzodiazepiner redu- serte psykomotorisk og kognitiv funksjon hos rusmisbrukere og kroniske brukere av benzodiazepiner. Disse ulempene er mindre uttalte ved bruk av oxazepam, og tilnærmet like hos de øvrige benzodiazepiner. 2 Sammendrag BAKGRUNN Benzodiazepin- og benzodiazepinlignende preparater benyttes i behandlingen av psyki- atriske sykdommer som angstlidelser og søvnvansker, men også av muskelstramninger og krampetilstander. Preparatene virker raskt og er lite toksiske. Benzodiazepiner binder seg til gamma-amino-smørsyre (GABA)-reseptoren, som finnes i store deler av sentral- nervesystemet. Medikamentgruppen benzodiazepiner foreskrives først og fremst i allmennpraksis; som står for 80-90 % av foreskrivningen. Benzodiazepiner er ganske utbredt i den vanlige be- folkningen. Salgstall tilsvarer at 4-5 % av befolkningen forbruker terapeutiske doser dag- lig. Det selges syv forskjellige benzodiazepiner i Norge. Den enkelte lege står ofte overfor et dilemma når han/hun skal vurdere å skrives ut ben- zodiazepiner til pasienter. Fordeles veies opp mot ulemper. Dilemmaet blir ikke mindre når behandler står overfor en person med nåværende eller tidligere rusmisbruk. Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten har oppsummert kunnskap om bruk av benzodiazepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer. Rapporten er utar- beidet i samarbeid med en ekstern utredningsgruppe, og utført på oppdrag fra Universi- tetet i Oslo. FORMÅL Gjennomgå systematisk tilgjengelig vitenskapelig dokumentasjon om bruk av benzodia- zepiner i behandling av personer med rusmiddelproblemer. METODE Kunnskapsoppsummeringen er utført som en metodevurdering. En utredningsgruppe har bistått Kunnskapssenteret med arbeidet. Det er utført et systematisk litteratursøk, og alle artikler identifisert gjennom litteratursøket er vurdert med hensyn til relevans og kvalitet. 1 RESULTATER Totalt er 38 studier inkludert i denne rapporten. Kunnskapsgrunnlaget er basert på én systematisk oversikt, 33 randomiserte kontrollerte studier og fire observasjonsstudier. Kun to randomiserte kontrollerte studier involverer rusmisbrukere. De andre forsøkene er utført med kroniske brukere av benzodiazepiner (14 studier), friske frivillige som har en fortid med bruk av rusmidler (12 studier) og personer med alkoholmisbruk (6 studier). Det vil si at rapporten hovedsakelig dreier seg om personer med generelle rusvansker, og/eller et stabilt forbruk av benzodiazepiner i terapeutiske doser. Litteraturgjennomgangen identifiserte ingen studier som undersøkte fordeler ved å bru- ke benzodiazepiner, heller ikke for de tradisjonelle indikasjonene (angst, søvnproblemer eller
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