Bones of the Thoracic Limb (Ossa Membri Thotacici)

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BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB (OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)

Andrea Heinzlmann University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest Department of Anatomy and Histology 24th September 2019 BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB (OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)

FORELIMB (UPPER EXTREMITY): composed of:

1. THORACIC (SCHOULDER) GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

2. BRACHIUM (UPPER ARM, STYLOPODIUM)

3. ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM, ZEUGOPODIUM)

4. MANUS (HAND, AUTOPODIUM)

https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/ THORACIC (SHOULDER) GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

- unites the thoracic limb to the trunk consists of:

1. the coracoid

2. the clavicle

3. the scapula THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

1. CORACOID:

- reduced to the CORACOID PROCESS (PROC. CORACOIDEUS)

PROC. CORACOIDUES:

- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle

Eq. THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

2. CLAVICLE:

- reduced

- embedded in the brachiocephalic muscle - CLAVICULAR INTERSECTION

https://petmassage.com/wp-content/uploads/Brachiocephalic- Muscles-in-Canines-by-Nichollette-Bond-2015-12-08.pdf

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/carnLabs/Lab01/Img1-11.html THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. SCAPULA:

- irregularly triangular plate

- its long axis directed cranioventrally

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab09/Img9-1.html THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: a. MARGO DORSALIS:

• proximal border

• adjacent to the vertebral column

Right scapula of dog,A. lateral, B. medial aspect, left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspectand a pig D. lateral aspect THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: a. MARGO DORSALIS:

• carries the scapular cartilage (CARTILAGO SCAPULAE)

Eq. https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA:

CARTILAGO SCAPULAE (scapular cartilage):

- a shock absorber

- well developed in ungulates

- in carnivores a narrow rim

Eq. https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: b. ANGULUS CRANIALIS (cranial angle): c. MARGO CRANIALIS (cranial border) d. ANGULUS CAUDALIS (caudal angle) e. MARGO CAUDALIS (caudal border) Eq.

Angulus cranialis

Margo cranialis

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect, THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: f. ANGULUS VENTRALIS (ventral angle):

- formed by the margo cranialis et caudalis

Eq.

Angulus ventralis THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: g. CAVITAS GLENOIDALIS (glenoid cavity):

- situated at the angulus ventralis

- articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect, THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA:

INCISURA GLENOIDALIS:

- in Eq.

- craniomedial notch in the glenoid cavity

https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2019/08/03/boning-up-anatomy-plastic-horse-bones/ https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA:

h. FACIES LATERLAIS

i. SPINA SCAPULAE (scapular spine):

- on the lateral surface

- divides the lateral surface into two depressions:

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb 1. FOSSA SUPRASPINARA:

– cranial

1. FOSSA INFRASPINATA:

- caudal

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect, left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspect THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: j. TUBER SPINAE SCAPULAE:

- in Su, Eq

- on its middle third

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-1.html left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: k. ACROMION:

- near the shoulder joint the scapular spine forms the acromion

- in Ca, Bo

https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton https://www.slideserve.com/tacey/ruminants-anatomy THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: k. ACROMION extended:

1. IN DOG by PROC. HAMATUS

2. IN CAT by PROC. SUPRAHAMATUS

https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product- id/655243/title/Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Veterinary+Technicians+and+Nurses.html

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect, THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS) 3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: l. FACIES COSTALIS:

1. excavated – to form the FOSSA SUBSCAPULARIS

2. presents proximally the FACIES SERRATA (roughened area)

- insertion of the musculus serratus ventralis

Right scapula of dog , B. medial aspect, https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/ THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: m. COLLUM SCAPULAE: - distally - the cranial border is notched – INCISURA SCPAULAE

Incisura scapulae

Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect, Right scapula of dog, B. medial aspect, left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: n. TUBERCULUM SUPRAGLENOIDALE

- projects forward o. PROCESSUS CORACOIDEUS

- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle Eq.

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/ THORACIC GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)

3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA: p. TUBERCULUM INFRAGLENOIDALE

- in Ca

Tuberculum infraglenoidale

Right scapula of dog , B. medial aspect, https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

1. UPPER ARM (BRACHIUM)

– formed by a single bone, the HUMERUS

https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comp arative-anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts Ca. -of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

- a long bone proximal consists of:

1. a PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. a DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. a SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS HUMERI)

distal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphysis SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. THE CAPUT HUMERI (HEAD OF THE HUMERUS) - dorsally b. COLLUM HUMERI (NECK OF THE HUMERUS)

- separates the head from the body

https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comp arative-anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse Left humerus of the horse A. caudal aspect

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)

– cranioventrally

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)

1. PARS CRANIALIS

- in Eq, Bo. Su

2. PARS CAUDALIS:

- in Eq, Bo. Su

Tuberculum majus Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis Pars caudalis Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis Pars caudalis Sulcus intertubercularis caput

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects Bo. SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

CRISTA TUBERCULI MAJORIS:

- runs from the cranial border of the gerater tubercle to the cranial surface of the shaft

- on lateral aspect

- muscle attachment

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711- 114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (LESSER TUBERCLE)

- craniomedially

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (MINOR TUBERCLE)

- craniomedially

1. PARS CRANIALIS

- in Eq, Bo.

2. PARS CAUDALIS:

- in Eq, Bo.

Tuberculum majus Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis Pars caudalis Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis

Pars caudalis Sulcus intertubercularis caput

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html Bo. SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

e. SULCUS INTERTUBERCULARIS:

- separates the tuberculum majus from the tuberculum minus

- passage of the tendon of the musculus biceps brachii

Bo.

Tuberculum majus Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis Pars caudalis Tuberculum minus Pars cranialis

Pars caudalis Sulcus intertubercularis caput

https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comp arative-anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUM:

- in Eq

- - well developed sagittal ridge

- divides the intertubercular sulcus

Left humerus of a horse B. caudal aspect http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: f. FACIES MUSCULI INFRASPINATI:

- attachemnt for the musclus infraspinatus

- laterally and distal to the greater tubercle

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents:

a. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEA

- laterally

- in the proximal third of the shaft

- attachement for the musculus deltoideus Left humerus of a horse, A. caudal, B. cranial aspect

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents: a. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEA

- distally the tuberositas continous as the CRISTA HUMERI (humeral crest)

Crista humeri

Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/ SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents: a. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEA

- proximocaudally it gives off a curved LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS

LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS:

- border between the greater tubercle and the head

Linea m. tricipitis

Tuberositas deltoidea

Bo. Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects https://www.researchgate.net/figure/4- Measurements-of-Humerus_fig1_322568799 SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB Eq.

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents:

b. TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR

- in. Bo, Eq

- situated above the middle of the shaft https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb - medially

Bo. Eq. http://www.keywordsdoctor.com/aG9yc2UgaHVtZXJ1cw/ SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents: c. TUBEROSITAS TERES MINOR:

- attachemnt for the musculus teres minor

- lies cranial to the linea musculi tricipitis

- laterally

Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711- 114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents: d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):

- laterally

- the musculus brachialis winds in it

- limited proximomedially by the crista humeri Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

2. CORPUS HUMERI presents: d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):

- limited laterodorsally by the CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS

Crista humeri

Crista epicondylus lateralis

Epicondylus https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb lateralis

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS formed by the a. CONDYLUS HUMERI (CONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS)

Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS a. IN CARNIVORES THE CONDYLUS HUMERI consists of:

1. TROCHLEA HUMERI – medial, large

2. CAPITULUM HUMERI – small, lateral

- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint

Trochlea Capitulum

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711- 114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts-of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886 SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB HUMERUS:

a. CONDYLUS HUMERI:

- in other domestic animals is uniform

- cylindrical

- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint

Bo. Condylus humeri Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect

http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/ https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129 SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYISIS presents: b. EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:

- caudolateral in position

- smaller

- provides attachments for the extensors muscles of the foot

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711- 114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: c. EPICONDYLUS MEDIALIS:

- situated caudal to the trochlea

- caudomedial in position

- larger

- provides attachments for the flexors muscles of the foot

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: d. CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:

- passes from the lateral epicondyle to the caudal surface of the shaft

Eq. http://www.keywordsdoctor.com/aG9yc2UgaHVtZXJ1cw/ SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: e. FOSSA OLECRANI:

- between the epicondyles, dorsally Ca, - accomodates to the proc. anconeus

Eq. http://www.keywordsdoctor.com/aG9yc2UgaHVtZXJ1cw/ https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129 SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

f. FOSSA RADIALIS:

- in front and above the condylus humeri

Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect

http://www.boneid.net/product/horse- equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/

Bo.

https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68- 1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129 Left humerus of a dog, A. aspect SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

IN DOG:

FORAMEN SUPRATROCHLEARE

- communication between the fossa olecrani et radialis

https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711- https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog 114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB

HUMERUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

IN CAT:

FORAMEN SUPRACONDYLARE:

- situated proximal to the median epicondyle

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/humerus https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/482870391277208507/ SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

consists of:

1. RADIUS

2. ULNA

R: radius, U: ulna, Ca. Os sarpi accessorium

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-3.html SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

Rotation of forearm:

1. seen to a modarate degree in cats

2. slightly less in dogs

3. does not occur in other domestic animals, because the radius and ulna united by ossification in Bo and Eq

https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comparative- anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog, A. lateral aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:

- space between the bones

1. narrower in carnivores

2. in ruminants reduced to two short spaces – Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox. et dist.

3. in horses reduced to one - Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox.

Spatium interosseum antebrachii proximalis

Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog, Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse A. lateral aspect D. medial aspect lateral aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

- it is fused with the ulna in Bo, Eq

- long bone

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. SHAFT (CORPUS RADII)

Ulna

Radius

Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog, Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse A. lateral aspect D. medial aspect lateral aspect http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-radius-and-ulna-lateral-view SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS expanded to form the CAPUT RADII

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS: a. CAPUT RADII:

 FOVEA CAPITIS RADII

- on the prox. surface of the head https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox. Ca. https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/ C. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM Eq. (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS: a. CAPUT RADII:

 TUBEROSITAS RADII

- on each side of the head

- lies dorsomedially http://www.boneid.net/product/proximalartic-surface-right-horse-radius-and-ulna/

Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse lateral aspect http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-radius-and-ulna-lateral-view SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS: a. CAPUT RADII:

 CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS :

– lies caudally on the head

- provides articulation with the ulna

Ca. https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/ SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS: b. COLLUM RADII:

- In Ca

- border between the head and the shaft

Ca. Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/ SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

2. SHAFT OF THE RADIUS (CORPUS RADII) presents: a. FACIES CAUDALIS b. FACIES CRANIALIS c. MARGO MEDIALIS d. MARGO LATERALIS SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. TROCLEA RADII

- articulates with the carpal bones through the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA (carpal articular surface)

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: b. CRISTA TRANSVERSA (transversal crest):

- proximal to the articular surface

- found on the caudal surface

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox D. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: c. SULCUS TENDINIS (TENDON GROOVES):

- found on the cranial surface

- passage for the tendons

1. sulcus tendinis m. abductor digiti I. longus

2. sulcus tendinis m. extensor carpi radialis

3. sulcus tendinis digit. communis

4. sulcus tendinis m. ext. digit. lateralis

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: d. PROC. STYLOIDEUS RADII :

- medial facet

- on the medial aspect of the trochlea

- in Ca, Bo, Su

- in Eq – called as Porc. styloideus medialis https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox B. medial aspect D. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: e. INCISURA ULNARIS RADII:

- formed by the lateral facet

- in Ca, Su

- articulates with the distal extermity of the ulna

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: f. PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS:

- the distal ulna fused to the radius to form an intergral part of the radius

- in Eq

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

RADIUS:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: g. FOSSA LUNATA:

Ulna

ULNA:

- long bone

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS

2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS

3. SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS ULNAE) SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) ULNA:

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

a. OLECRANON

- projects behind the radius

 its free end expanded to form the TUBER OLECRANI

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox Tuber D. medial aspect olecrani https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: b. INCISURA TROCHLEARIS (trochlear notch):

- lies against the radius

- Its articular surface – articulates with the trochlea humeri

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox Ca. D. medial aspect Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM) ULNA:

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: c. PROCESSUS ANCONEUS:

- proximal to the articular surface of the incisura trochlearis

- projects cranially

Ca.

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox D. medial aspect https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: d. PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS LATERALIS et

PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS MEDIALIS:

- distally

- on either side of the incisura trochlearis

- project forwards

Proc. coronoideus lat.

Proc. coronoideus med.

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents: e. INCISURA RADIALIS ULNAE:

- between the proc. coronoideus med. et lat.

- articulates with the circumferentia articularis radii

Ca. Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox. C. lateral aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE):

- triangular

- slightly convex cranially

Corpus ulnae

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox D. medial aspect https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

MARGO INTEROSSEUS:

- in carnovores

- surface facing the radius

- rough, elongated margo

Ca. Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

- in ruminants and horses the radius and ulna fused

- the interosseal space reduced

- the distal third of the shaft of the ulna has completely regressed in horse

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb D. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:

- in Ca, Su

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII PROXIMALE:

- in Eq, Bo

Spatium interosseum prox.

Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox D. medial aspect https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:

 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII DISTALE:

- In Bo

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox D. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)

- in horse there is no head

- projects distally as the PROC. STYLOIDEUS ULNAE

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)

- carries a CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:

CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:

- in Ca, Su articulates with the radius

Ca. SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)

- In Bo. fused to the radius

Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents: a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)

- in Eq. it is used with the trochlea of the radius to form the PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)

ULNA:

3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:

CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA):

 bears the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA – articulates with the bones of the carpus

Bo.

Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateralaspect SKELETON OF THE MANUS composed of:

1. BASIPODIUM represented by the OSSA CARPI

2. METAPODIUM represented by the OSSA METACARPALIA

3. ACROPODIUM represented by the OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS

https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/ SKELETON OF THE MANUS composed of:

4. DORSUM MANUS

5. PALMA MANUS

https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638717692846 SKELETON OF THE CARPUS consists of three rows of carpal bones:

1. PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW

2. MIDDLE (INTERCARAPAL) ROW

3. DISTAL (METACARPAL) ROW

Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.) SKELETON OF THE CARPUS

INTERCARPAL ROW: consisted of from 1 to 4 individulal bones (OSSA CARPI CENTRALIA)

- fuses after birth with the medial bone of th antebrachail row

- in domestic species remains only the antebrachial and metacarpal rows to be considered

PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW comprises the:

1. OS CARPI RADIALE (os scaphoideum, Cr)

– situated medially, distal to the radius

2. OS CARPI ULNARE (os triquetrum, Cu)

- lies distal to the ulna http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-4.html radius ulna 3. OS CARPI INTERMEDIUM (os lunatum, Ci)

- between os carpi radiale et ulnare

Cr. Ci. Cu. Ca. 4. OS CARPI ACCESSORIUM (os pisiforme, Ca)

- laterally

- A sesamoid bone metacarpus

Bo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFfgmS-M9s SKELETON OF THE CARPUS

METACARPAL ROW comprises from medial to lateral the:

1. OS CARPALE PRIMUM (os trapezium, C1)

2. OS CARPALE SECUNDUM (os trapezoideum C2)

3. OS CARPALE TERTIUM (os capitatum C3)

4. OS CARPALE QUARTUM (os hamatum, C4)

5. OS CARPALE QUINTUM (C5) absent or fused with C4 http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-4.html radius ulna

Cr. Ci. Cu. Ca.

C2+C3 C4

metacarpus

Bo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFfgmS-M9s SKELETON OF THE CARPUS

THE NUMEBER OF CARPAL BONES:

1. 8 in pig 4 in each row

2. 7 in carnivores – Cr and Ci fused – OS CARPI INTERMEDIORADIALE

THE NUMEBER OF CARPAL BONES:

1. 7 in horse – C1 missing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnbvCwlIOTI SKELETON OF THE CARPUS

THE NUMEBER OF CARPAL BONES:

1. 6 in ruminants – C1 missing, C2 and C3 fused – OS TRAPEZOIDEOCAPITATUM

radius ulna

Cr. Ci. Cu. Ca.

C2+C3 C4

metacarpus

Bo.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFfgmS-M9s SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc)

1. OS METACARPALE PRIMUM (Mc1)

- situated medially

2. OS METACARPALE SECUNDUM (Mc2)

3. OS METACARPALE TERTIUM (Mc3)

4. OS METACARPALE QUARTUM (Mc4)

5 OS METACARPALE QUINTUM (Mc5)

- situated laterally SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc)

1. in carnivores: Mc3- Mc4 the longest

2. in pigs Mc1 missing

OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc) in horse

• Mc3 fully developed

• Mc2 and Mc4 reduced

• Mc1 and Mc5 lacking

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnbvCwlIOTI

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc) in ruminants

• Mc1, Mc2 missing,

• Mc3 and Mc4 fused

• Mc5 rudiment

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-7.html SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS PARTS OF THE OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc):

1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS)

2. CORPUS (BODY)

3. DISTAL EXTREMITY (CAPUT)

1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS): bears: a. the metacarpal tuberosity - medial b. facies articularis for the individual metacarpal bones c. facies articularis for the carpal bones Metacarpal tuberosity

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-8.html SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

2. CORPUS (BODY):

- carries the distal extremity (Caput)

3. CAPUT (HEAD): a. TROCLEA

- divides by a sagittal ridge (crista trochlea) into:

• a medial

• a lateral surface

https://threedmedprint.biomedcentral.com/ track/pdf/10.1186/s41205-019-0050-2

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ahe.12294 SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS

IN CARNIVORES:

TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS – on dorsal surface of Mc2 and Mc3

IN RUMINATS:

Mc3 and MC4 fused – large metacarpal bone

 palmar and dorsal surface

 dorsal longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis)

 palmar longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis palmaris)

 TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS III – on dorsal surface of Mc3 - medially

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ahe.12294 SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS IN HORSE:

- Mc3 the large metacarpus

- the dorsal surface is convex

- the palmar surface falt

- oval in cross section

- Facies articularis carpeae Metacarpal tuberosity - the base bears a prominet tuberosity - medially

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

DIGITI MANUS:

1. in carnivores: all five digits are present (1st to 5t)

2. in pigs there are 4 (2nd to 5th)

3. in ruminants two chief digits 3rd and 4th, fully developed, the 2nd and the 5th reduced

4. in horse only one digit, the 3rd one SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT each digit has three PHALANGES (OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS)

1. PHALANX PROXIMALIS (Os compedale, first, PhI, long pastern bone)

2. PHALANX MEDIA (OS coronale, second, PhII, short pedal bone)

3. PHALANX DISTALIS (Os unguiculare, Os ungulare, third, PhIII, coffin bone)

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-7.html http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-1.html SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT each PHALANX has:

1. BASIS

2. BODY

3. CAPUT with TROCHLEA

FIRST DIGIT:

- developed only in carnovores

- bears only PhI and PhIII

- the middle PhII missing

PHALANX PROXIMALIS:

- short basis

- cylindrical corpus 1. BASIS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS: caput - carries FOVEA ARTICULARIS

1. Coffin bome 2. Navicular bone 3. P2 4. P1 5. Proximal sesamoid bones http://www.ironfreehoof.com/hoof-anatomy-and-bones-of-the-lower-leg.html SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX PROXIMALIS :

2. CORPUS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS

- ends distally at the CAPUT

- TRIGONUM PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS – on the palmar side

basis

corpus Trigonum caput phalangis proximalis

Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)

http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/ equine-proximal-phalanx-palmar-view SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX PROXIMALIS :

3. CAPUT PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS

- has a TROCHLEA

basis

corpus

caput

Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)

http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/ equine-proximal-phalanx-palmar-view SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF Fovea articularis THE FOREFOOT

Proc. extensorius PHALANX MEDIA :

1. BASIS PHALANGIS MEDIAE bears: Eq, dorsal aspect - FOVEA ARTICULARIS

- PROC. EXTENSORIUS in Eq, Bo - dorsally http://www.ironfreehoof.com/hoof-anatomy-and- bones-of-the-lower-leg.html - TUBEROSITAS FLEXORIA in Eq, Bo - palmar Facies flexoria

Eq, palmar aspect

basis corpus caput

Proximal articulating surface Distal articulating surface Articulating with P1 Articulating with P3

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX MEDIA :

2. CORPUS PHALANGIS MEDIAE

3. CAPUT PHALANGIS MEDIAE

https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/819373725928752709/

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-7.html SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

1. FACIES ARTICULARIS

2. FACIES ARTICULARIS SESAMOIDEA

Facies articularis Proc. extensorius Facies articularis sesamoidea

Grooves for foramina Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius, 2 solaria Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris, 4 Incisura processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis, 6 Foramen Proc. palmaris parietale, 7 Margo solearis, 8 Crena marginis solearis, 9 Margo coronalis Dorsal view https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone#/media/File:Hufbein-Pferd.jpg https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE DIGITS Articular surface for OF THE FOREFOOT P2

PHALANX DISTALIS:

Hoof cartilage 3. FACIES PARIETALIS situated here

4. FACIES SOLEARIS Proc. extensorius for the m. extensor diggitorum comm.

Forman Sulcus nutrieuns parietalis

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-6.html https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:

A. PARS MEDIALIS:

1. Sulcus parietalis medialis

2. Porcessus palmaris medialis

3. Foramen processus palmaris medialis

4. Incisura processus palmaris medialis SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:

B. PARS LATERALIS:

1. Sulcus parietalis lateralis

2. Porcessus palmaris lateralis

3. Foramen processus palmaris lateralis

4. Incisura processus palmaris lateralis

Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius, 2 Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris, 4 Incisura processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis, 6 Foramen parietale, 7 Margo solearis, 8 Crena marginis solearis, 9 Margo coronalis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone#/media/File:Hufbein-Pferd.jpg SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES SOLEARIS IN HORSE:

1. Facies flexoria

2. Linea semilunaris Linea semilunaris 3. Planum cutaneum

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

Facies flexoria

Linea semilunaris

Planum cutaneaum

http://m.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-distal-phalanx-ventral-view SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES SOLEARIS IN HORSE:

4. Sulcus solearis medialis

5. Sulcus solearis lateralis SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS:

FACIES SOLEARIS IN HORSE:

6. Foramen soleare mediale

7. Foramen soleare laterale

8. Canalis solearis SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:

9. Margo coronalis

10. Processus extensorius

11. Margo solearis

12. Crena marginis solearis

https://holistichorse.com/hoof-care/seedy-toe-or-white-line-disease/

PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:

13. Cartilago ungularis medialis

14. Cartilago ungularis lateralis

http://enlightenedequine.com/2011/09/12/what-makes-it-natural-hoof-care/

http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab04/Img4-13.html SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

OSSA SESAMOIDEA:

- increase the surface of the interdigital joints

1. OSSA SESAMOIDEA PROXIMALIA

- two bones on the palmar aspects https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb – in the articulatio metacarpophalangea

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-4.html http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-2.html SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT

2. OS SESAMOIDEUM DISTALE (navicular bone)

- in the articulatio interphalangea distalis

- one bone on the palmar aspect of each phalanx

https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab03/Img3-2.html THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

VETERINARY

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

1. R. Nickel, A. Shummer, E. Steiferle: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band III., 2. Auflage

2. Klaus-Dieter Budras, Patrick H. McCarthy , Wolfgang Fricke : Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog, 5th revised Edition

3. Klaus-Dieter Budras , W.O.Sack, Sabine Röck : Anatomy of the Horse 5th revised Edition

4. Klaus – Dieter Budras, Rober E. Habel: Bovine Anatomy, 1st Edition

5. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog, 4th Edition

6. König – Liebich: Anatomie der Haussäugetiere, 4. Auflage

7. König – Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 4th Edition

8. Saunders W.B: Veterinary Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd Revised edition