CROSS-CURRENTS OF INDIAN HISTORY AND CULTURE Volume Ten SINCE INDEPENDENCE : SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION

Dr. A.N. Kapoor V.R Gupta Mohini Gupta

RADHA PUBLICATIONS New Delhi-110002 Contents

Page No. Preface (v) - (vii) PART I SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION 1. Land and the People 3-19 Physical Background : Physical Features- Geolo- gical Structure - River Systems - Climate - Flora - Fauna. Demographic Background : Census - Population - Population Density - Sex Ratio - Literacy 2. Art and Culture 20 - 41 Visual Arts : Lalit Kala Akademi. Performing Arts : Music- Dance- Theatre - Sangeet Natak Akademi - National School of Drama - Sahitya Akademi - Fellowships and Financial Assistance - Fellowship in New Areas- Scholarship to Young Artists- Grants to Cultural Organizations - Archaeological Survey of India - Museums - National Archives of India - Marine Archaeology- Libraries- Depository Libraries - Asiatic Society- Institutions of Tibetan and Buddhist Studies - Anthropological Survey of India - Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya. Promotion of Culture : Centre for Cultural Resources and Training - Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture -. Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts - Centenaries and Anniversaries - Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti - Maulana Abut Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies - - Festivals of India - National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property 3. Education, Youth Affairs and Sports 42 - 83 Education : Education of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes - Educational Development in North-Eastern Region - Elementary Education - Education Guarantee Scheme - Alternative and Innovative Education - Mid-Day Meal Scheme - District Primary Education Programme — Operation Blackboard- Lok Jumbish Project- Shiksha karmi Project- Mahila Samakhya - Janshala Programme - Teacher Education- National Council for Teacher Education - National Bal Bhavan - Quality Improve- ment in Schools - National Population Education Project - Environmental Orientation to School Education - Improvement of Science Education in Schools- Introduction of Yoga in Schools- Boarding and Hostel Facilities for Girl Students - Navodaya Vidyalayas - Kendriya Vldyalaya Sangathan - Secondary Education - National Council of Educational Research and Training- National Talent Search Scheme - University and Higher Education - University Grants Commission - Autonomous Research Organizations - Indira Gandhi National Open University - Technical Education - Adult Education- National Literacy Mission- Non-Govern- mental Organizations - Jan Shikshan Sansthan - Directorate of Adult Education - External Scholarship - Promotion of Languages - Hindi - Modern Indian Languages - English and Foreign Languages - Strengthening of Culture and Values in Education - Sanskrit Division - Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan - Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapith - Shri Lai Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapith - Book Promotion - National Book Trust, India - World Book Capital - Copyright - International Standard Book Number (ISBN) - Intellectual Property Education, Research and Public Outreach - Copyright Enforcement in India- Cooperation with WIPO- General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) - Minority Education - Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO. Youth Affairs and Sports: National Youth Policy- Scouting and Guiding- Scheme for Promo- tion of Adventure - National Adventure Awards - Promotion of National Integration - Youth Festival- National Youth Awards - National Service Scheme - National Commission for Youth - Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan - National Service Volunteer Scheme - National Reconstruction Corps- Financial Assistance to Rural Youth Clubs/Sports Clubs/Evaluation - Scheme for Welfare and Development of Adolescents - Scheme of Financial Assistance for Promotion of Youth Activities and Training - Eligibility- Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development - Youth Hostels. Sports : National Sports Policy - Sports Authority of India - Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education - Grants for Creation of Sports Infrastructure- Scheme Relating to Awards - Award- Special Awards to Winners in International Sports Events and their Coaches - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy - Scheme Relating to Incentives for Promotion of Sports Activities - National Sports Championship for Women - Award for Lifetime Achieve- ments in Sports and Games - Scheme Relating to Talent Search and Training - Grants to National Sports Federations - National Sports Development Fund - Arjuna Awards — 4. Social Welfare 84-145 A Welfare State - Welfare of Scheduled Castes : National Commission for SCs and STs - National Commission for Safai Karamcharis - Legislation against Untouchability- Measures to Check Atrocities against SCs and STs. Educational Development : Scholarship for Children - Coaching and Allied Scheme - Dr. Ambedkar Foundation - National Scheme of Liberation and Rehabilitation of Scavengers- State Scheduled Castes Development Corporation - National Scheduled Caste Finance and Development Corporation - Voluntary Organizations. Development of Scheduled Tribes : Autonomous Organizations - Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Fede- ration of India Limited- National Scheduled Tribes Finance Development Corporation - Major Achieve- ments. Welfare of Other Backward Classes : National Commission for Backward Classes - Educa- tional Development- Pre-Matric Scholarships -Post- Matric Scholarships - Hostels for OBC Boys and Girls-Assistance to Voluntary Organizations for Welfare ofOBCs- Economic Development- National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corpo- ration. Welfare of Minorities : National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation - Wakfs - The Wakf Act, 1995 - Dargah Khwaja Saheb - Maulana Azad Education Foundation- Reservation in Services. Welfare of Persons with Disabilities : Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 - National Insti- tutes - National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities- Rehabilitation Council of India - Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India - Composite Regional Centres and Regional Rehabi- litation Centre - National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation - Special Employment Exchanges - Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme - Scheme of Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase!Fitting of Aids and Appliances- National Programme for Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabi- lities. Social Defence and Child Welfare : Integrated Scheme for Street Children - Programme for Juvenile Justice - Programmes for Care of Older Persons - National Policy for Older Persons - Integrated Prog- ramme for Older Persons. Child Development : Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) - The Anganwadi Workers/Helpers- Udisha - Kishori Shakti Yojna- Creches/Day-Care Centres- National Creche Fund- National Charter for Children - Indo- UNICEF Cooperation. Women's Development : Employment and Training - STEP - Swawalamban - Swayamsidha - Swa-Shakti - Condensed Courses of Education of Women- Working Women's Hostel- Swadhar- Short Stay Homes-Family Counselling Centres - Manvi Sanrakshan Abhiyan - National Policy for Empowerment of Women - Autonomous Organizations - The National Commission for Women - Rashtriya Mahila Kosh - National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development- Central Social Welfare Board- Awards:: Stree Shakti Puraskar- Dr. Durgabai Deshmukh Award on Women's Development - Pension and Pensioners' Welfare. Health and Family: Health Plan - National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme - Malaria - Filaria - Dengue Fever!Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever - Japanese Encephalitis- Kala-Azar- Tuberculosis - Leprosy- Blindness Control- National Aids Control Organization - Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Iodine Deficiency Disorders - National Mental Health Programme - National Surveillance Programme for Communicable Diseases- Guinea Worm Eradica- tion Programme - Yaws Eradication Programme - National Cancer Control Programme. Medical Relief and Supplies : Hospitals and Dispensaries - Rural Health Infrastructure - Central Government Health Scheme - Emergency Medical Relief - Drugs - Prevention of Food Adulteration Programme- Codex Contact Point- Harmonization ofPFA with Codex - World Bank Assisted Capacity Building Project on Food Safety- Vaccine Production - Nutrition - Medical Council of India - Central Health Education Bureau- Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi- Emergency Facili- ties on National Highways - National Academy of Medical Sciences - Pharmacy Council of India - Indian Nursing Council - Dental Council of India. Family Welfare : Community Needs Assessment Approach - Strategy for Population Stabilization Programme in 210 High Fertility Districts- Health Insurance for Poor - Immunization Programme - Strengthening Primary Health Care- Initiatives for Improved Health Care to the Poor- Universal Immunization Programme- Pulse Polio Programme - Hepatitis-B Project - Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses - Training under RCH - Maternal Health Programme - Janani Suraksha Yojna - Vande Mataram Scheme - Family Planning Methods - Contraceptives - No-Scalpel Vasectomy - Medical Termination of Pregnancy - Prohibition of Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Sex Determination - Rural Health Infrastructure - Popu- lation Research Centre Scheme - Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH) - Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and •" ^Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy- Statutory Regulatory Councils - Research Councils - National Institutes - Pharmacopoeial Laboratories - Drugs Regulation - Ayurveda and Unani Drugs Manufacturing Unit- National Medicinal Plants Board- Standards of Education - Standardization and Quality Control of Drugs - Research and Development - International Collaboration and Cooperation. Housing : National Housing and Habitat Policy- Housing Finance - National Building Organi- zation — Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organization- National Cooperative Housing Federation - Hindustan Prefab Limited — Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited - Contribution to 'Two Million Housing Programme' - Contribution of VAMBAY. Poverty Alleviation Schemes : Low Cost Sanitation Scheme - National Slum Development Programme - Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna - Urban Self-Employment Programme - Urban Wage Employment Programme - Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna - Urban Reforms Incentive Fund- Two Million Housing Programme - Building Materials - United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation vis-a-vis India - NRI- Investment- Development of Indicators Programme- Monitoring and Management System 5. Mass Communication 146 - 183 Broadcasting : Prasar Bharati - All India Radio - News Services Division - Audience Research Unit - Family Welfare- Commissioning of New Stations- Akashvani Annual Awards - Staff Training Institute (Programme) - AIR Resources- Digital Broadcasting - External Services Division - National Channel - Transcription and Programme Exchange Service - Central Monitoring Services - Marketing Division - Doordarshan - Satellite Television - Doordarshan Today - DD National - DD News - Doordarshan Regional Channels - DD Sports - DD Bharati - DD India - Gyan Darshan - Doordarshan Commercial Service - Development Communication Division - Narrowcasting. New Initiatives : Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting- Direct-to-Hpme Broadcast- Ku-Band Transmission - Doordarshan Archives - Doordarshan Awards- Press and Print Media : Registrar of Newspapers for India - Press Information Bureau. News Agencies : Press Trust of India - United News of India - Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool- Press Council of India - Research, Reference and Training Division - Reference Library- National Documentation Centre on Mass Communication - (xiv)

Training - Photo Division - Publications Division. Audio-Visual Media: Films Division - Central Board of Film Certification — National Film Development Corporation - Directorate of Film Festivals - National Film Archive of India - Children's Film Society - Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity - Press Advertisements- Audio-Visual Publicity-Print Publicity- Exhibitions- Outdoor Publicity-Mass Mailing- Studio- Directorate of Field Publicity - Song and Drama Division. Training : Film and Televi- sion Institute of India - Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute - Indian Institute of Mass Communication 6. Scientific and Technological 184 - 258 Developments Science and Technology Infrastructure : Science and Technology Policy, 2003 - Programmes of the Department of Science and Technology- Research and Development Programmes - Infrastructure Development - Human Resource Development - Technology Development and Related Programmes - Technology Development Board- National Accredi- tation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories - Science and Technology Programmes for Socio- Economic Development - Natural Resources Data Management Systems - State Science and Techno- logy Councils- Science Communication and Populari- zation - Vigyan Prasar - Science and Technology Resources Information - International Cooperation - Meteorological Services - Survey of India - National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization - Autono- mous Scientific Institutions - Department of Scientific and Industrial Research - Technology Promotion, Development and Utilization (TPDU) Programme - National Research Development Corporation - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative - Human Resource Development- Intellectual Property Management. Nuclear Energy : Atomic Energy - Nuclear Power Programme - Nuclear Power Programme (Stage-!) — Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors - Nuclear Fuel Cycle - Front-End Fuel Cycle - Heavy Water Production - Heavy Water Upgrading - Survey and Exploration - Mining and Ore Processing- Nuclear Fuel Fabrication - Back- End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle - Fuel Reprocessing - Nuclear Waste Management- R&D Support to Nuclear Power - Electronics and Instrumentation - Nuclear Power Programme (Stage-ll) — Fast Reactor Programme- Fast Reactor Fuel Fabrication - Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing- Fast Reactor Techno- logy Development - Nuclear Power Programme (Stage-llf) — Thorium-Based Reactors - Safety and Environment- Environment-Friendly Technologies- Radiation Technologies and Applications - Research Reactors - Radioisotope Production and Processing - Applications of Radioisotopes- Nuclear Agriculture - Crop Improvement - Food Processing - Nuclear Medicine and Health Care- Industrial Applications of Radioisotopes- Beam Technologies- High Power Pulse Electron Accelerators- High Power Electron Beam Units for Thermal Processing- Laser Systems and Applications - Plasma Devices and Systems - Fusion and Other Plasma Technologies. Basic Research : Mathematics and Computation - Physics - Seismic Studies- Superconductivity- Astronomy -Chemistry- Biology. Research Education Linkage : UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research - Funding of Extramural Research - Grant-in-Aid to Institutions and Cancer Hospitals - International Research Collaboration - Intellectual Property Protection- International Relations. Indian Space Programme : INSAT System - Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System - Launch Vehicles - Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) - Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) - Launch Infra- structure - Space Science - Space-Industry Coope- ration - Interface with Academic and R&D Institutions - International Cooperation - ANTRIX. Electronics and IT : Major Initiatives in Information Technology Sector - E-Governance - Community Information Centres- Rural Connectivity- Indian Computer Emergency Response Team - High Performance Computing- Braille Transcription- Task Force on Human Resource Development in IT - On-line Election Results, Budget and Examination Results. (xv/)

Ocean Development : Antarctic Expedition and Polar Science- Ocean Observations and Information Services- Ocean Observing System (OOS) - Ocean Information Services (OIS) - Ocean Dynamics and Modelling and Satellite Coastal and Oceanographic Research (INDOMOD and SATCORE). Marine (Non- Living) Resources - Marine (Living) Resources : Assessment of Marine Living Resources - Drugs from Sea. Marine Environment and Coastal Zone: Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction System Programme (COMAPS) - Coastal Research Vessels - Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management - Development of GIS-based Information System for 11 Critical Habitats - Development of Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment - Development of Model ICMAM Plans for Chennai, Goa and Gulf of Kutch - Marine Research and Capacity Building. Coastal Community Programmes: Island Develop- ment- Marine Archaeological Findings in the Gulf ofCambay. International Programmes : Law of the Sea - Delineation of Outer Limits of Continental Shelf - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission - COMNAP/SCALOP/ATCM Meetings -Bilateral Programmes. Tenth Plan — New Initiatives : Comprehensive Swath Bathymetric Survey of Entire Indian EEZ- Gas Hydrates Exploration and Techno- logy Development- Geophysical Study of Laxmi Basin - Acquisition of New Research Vessel. Autono- mous Institutions Under the Department: National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) - National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR) - Indian National Centre for Indian Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). Biotechnology: Bioinformatics - Agricultural Biotechnology- Biofertilizers - Biological Control- National Bioresource Development- Plant Biotechnology - Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Animal Biotechnology - Aquaculture and Marine Biotechnology- Seri-Biotechnology- Environmental Biotechnology - Medical Biotechnology - Biotech- nology for Societal Development - Food Biotech- nology - Microbial and Industrial Biotechnology - Biotech Parks International Collaboration. Autono- mous Institutions (xvii) PART II SYSTEM AND ITS WORKING 1. Genesis and Principles of Indian 261 - 327 Constitution The Making of the Constitution - Important Articles of the Constitution - Outstanding Features of Our Constitution - Nature of Indian Federation : Dual Government - Distribution of Powers - Supremacy of the Constitution - Authority of Courts. Procedure for Amendment - Amend- ments to the Constitution : Amendments carried out between 1950 and 1963 - Amendments carried out between 1963 and 1972- Amendments carried out between 1973 and 1978- Amendments carried out between 1980 and 1989 - Amendments carried out between 1990 and 1999 - Amendments carried out between 2000 and2003. The Philosophy of the Constitution - National Symbols : National Flag- State Emblem - National Anthem - National Song- National Calendar- National Animal - National Bird - National Flower- Presidents of India- Vice-Presi- dents of India - Prime Ministers of India - Chief Justices of India - Chief Election Commissioners of India. Civilian Awards : - Padma Awards - Padmavibhushan - Padmabhushan - Padmashri - Recipients of Bharat Ratna 2. An Assessment 328 - 342 Achievements - How to Evaluate the Working of the Polity ? Sovereignty- Socialism and Justice- Secularism 3. Attempt to Reform the System 343 - 356 Fundamental Rights - Role of Citizens - Elections - Political Parties - Parliamentary Reforms - Judiciary - Union-State Relations and Local Governance Institutions

INDEX 357