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The London Corresponding Society and the Ascension of Popular Politics" (2015)

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The London Corresponding Society and the Ascension of Popular Politics Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2015 London Calling: The London orC responding Society And The Ascension Of Popular Politics Frank L. Petersmark Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Recommended Citation Petersmark, Frank L., "London Calling: The London Corresponding Society And The Ascension Of Popular Politics" (2015). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 1161. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. LONDON CALLING: THE LONDON CORRESPONDING SOCIETY AND THE ASCENSION OF POPULAR POLITICS by FRANK L. PETERSMARK III DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2015 MAJOR: HISTORY Approved By: ______________________________________ Advisor Date _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY FRANK L. PETERSMARK III 2015 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This paper was a labor of love for the author, and could not have been completed without an equal affection for the love of labor, particularly for those in my life who toiled so that I might someday do something like this. For that I thank my parents, Pat and Frank, and my other parents, Bob and Kay. For everything else – inspiration, patience, encouragement, persistence, and even proofreading – I thank my kids Caitlin and Chris, and most especially my wife Jerilyn. She above all others helped to keep me on the track that would become this paper, even as she willingly participated in research trips and tolerated piles upon piles of notes and books in one particular corner of our house. For this, along with countless other things, she has my everlasting gratitude and love. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would very much like to acknowledge several people without whom this project would never have been completed. I have had several classes and professors in and from the Wayne State History Department that provided the intellectual inspiration and academic guidance for this dissertation. Chief among them are those that agreed to serve on both my Masters and PhD committees: Professor Philip Abbott, Professor Eric Ash, Professor Denver Brunsman, Professor Janine Lanza, Professor Aaron Retish, and Professor Brad Roth. Professors Ash, Brunsman, and Lanza were kind enough to shepherd me through my early graduate career and Wayne State and for that they have my sincere gratitude and thanks. In particular, Professor Ash has been a steady hand on the tiller for me, playing both good and bad cop as needed, but always encouraging me to carry on. For that, and all of the countless hours at Traffic Jam, he has my eternal thanks. Finally, I’d like to thank the too numerous to thank colleagues of mine along the way – fellow students, section leaders, graduate assistants, and all the rest, who each in their own way has provided inspiration by example. In particular, I’d like to thank our small but powerful PhD writing group – John Moore, Sue Ward, David Hopkins, and Dave Collins – for their support, encouragement, and for occasionally picking up the tab. Godspeed to you all. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication…………………………………………………………………………............ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..v Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter One - Fertile Ground……………………………………………………………16 Chapter Two – The French Connection ……………………………………………….62 Chapter Three - The LCS Introduces Itself……………………………………………...96 Chapter Four - Membership & Decorum……………………………………………….135 Chapter Five - The “Order of the Day”………………………………………………...163 Chapter Six - Accusations & Recriminations…………………………………………..215 Chapter Seven - Trial by Fire…………………………………………………………..247 Chapter Eight – The LCS After the State Trials: Philosophies & Finances……………293 Chapter Nine – The LCS in Decline: Radicalizations, Recriminations, and Reputations………………………………………………………..338 Conclusion – The LCS in History: Lessons Learned, Lasting Legacies, and the Ascension of Popular Politics………..............…………………376 Epilogue………………………………………………………………………………...405 Appendix A: Chronology of the London Corresponding Society……………………..411 Historiography & Research Comments………………………………………………...413 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………423 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………435 Autobiographical Statement……………………………………………………………438 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Thomas Hardy. A print of LCS Secretary Thomas Hardy at his trial for treason in 1794. Image from the British Library, London……………………..….205 Figure 2. Citizen Maurice Margarot. Officer of the London Corresponding Society, and delegate to the British Convention at Edinburgh. Margarot was convicted in the Scottish sedition trial following the convention. Image from the British Museum, London…………………………………………….….206 Figure 3. Copper half-penny. A token issued in the name of the London Corresponding Society depicting the fable of the bundle of sticks, 1795. Such coinage was another form of propaganda for the LCS and other reform societies, and served to quickly identify fellow members. Image from the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge………………………………………………………………...…207 Figure 4. John Thelwall. From a portrait attributed to William Hazlitt. Thelwall was a leading spokesman for the LCS, and an LCS member for a time. He was one of the defendants acquitted in the state treason trials of 1794. Image from the National Portrait Gallery, London………………………………………..…208 Figure 5. Copenhagen House. A 1795 caricature by James Gillray of the meeting held by the LCS at Copenhagen Fields on November 12, 1795, to protest the Twin Acts legislation. Gillray has portrayed the three platforms used by the LCS at this meeting, with John Thelwall speaking in the right near foreground, John Gale Jones to the left, and William Hodgson on the center platform in the center background of the caricature. Image from the British Museum, London…………………………………………………………………..….208 Figure 6. Petition. A cover sheet from an LCS sponsored petition to the King arguing For parliamentary reform in April of 1793. The LCS created, sponsored, and delivered many such petitions during the 1790s, however there is no evidence that any of them ever reached the King. Image from the University of California Davis……………………………………………………………209 Figure 7. The Cobbler Turned Preacher, A satirical caricature depiction of Thomas Hardy upon the founding of the LCS by Isaac Cruikshank, 1792. The image depicts Hardy using his cobbler’s bench as his pulpit, and his tools and materials for oratorical emphasis. Image from the British Museum, London…………………………………………………………………….210 v Figure 8. Copenhagen House. An alternate depiction of one of the Society’s large outdoor meetings from the artist James Gillray, 1795. This is part of the same depiction as Figure 5, but was cropped to fit into the many newspapers covering the event. It also provided a more detailed view of the sorts of citizens in attendance. Image from the British Museum…………………..211 Figure 9. The Reformers Dinner, 1809, by Samuel de Wilde. This is a depiction of the interior of the Crown and Anchor Tavern, where many of the early LCS meetings were held, particularly in 1793 and 1794. The Tavern was actually quite large compared to the smaller pubs the LCS initially met in, and was used for general membership meetings as the Society grew in London. Image from the Newberry Library, Chicago………………………………………212 Figure 10. Le Coup De Maitre by James Gillray, 1797. This is a print drawn by Gillray from the original that ran in several French newspapers. It depicts Charles James Fox, a reformist Whig who supported the LCS, dressed as a French revolutionary sans-culotte, taking aim at the constitutional target of the Crown, Lords, and Commons. This image, along with many others, was used by opponents of the reform movement to connect the LCS and other reform societies and politicians to the French Revolution. Image from the British Museum……………………………………………………………………212 Figure 11. Debating Society (Substitute for Hair Powder), Isaac Cruikshank, published by Laurie & Whittle, May 5, 1795, etching and engraving. In yet another satirical stab at the LCS and the kinds of men who were members, this etching depicts the scene at a generic debating society meeting whose members are vigorously debating the proper finishing touches for a man’s wig. The members are portrayed as unruly and undisciplined, and the triviality of the topic is meant to suggest the lack of political seriousness and consequence such men were capable of. Image from Yale University.….213 Figure 12. London Corresponding Society alarm’d, -Vide Guilty Consciences. James Gillray, hand-colored etching and aquatint, 1798. In this satirical caricature Gillray portrays LCS members as brutal and coarse, as they listen intently to the newspaper’s account of the arrest of several of their colleagues at Margate in 1798 and plot their next moves. The figures are almost non-human, and on the wall behind them hang portraits of John Horne-Tooke and Thomas Paine. Image from British Museum………………………………………………213 vi Figure 13. The Hopes of the Party, prior to July 14th. – “From such wicked Crown & Anchor dreams, good Lord deliver us.”
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