NOTES A

NOTES A I JUL 10 1982 "SOUTHERN AFRICA: THE TIME TO CHOOSE" Conference organized by the British Anti-Apartheid Movement in co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid (London, 11-13 March 1982) Co-Presidents: April 1982 Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, President, AntiApartheid Movement H. E. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid I. DECLARATION II. REPORTS OF COMMISSIONS III. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 82-31732 All material in these notes and documents may be freely reprinted. Acknowletigement. together with a copy of the publication containing the reprint, would be appreciated. 11/82

INTRODUCTION Steering Committee of the Conference Co-Presidents: Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, Community of the Resurrection, President, Anti-Apartheid MoVement H. E. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid Members: Mr. Jack Jones, Companion of Honour Mr. Robert Hughes, M.P., Chairman, Anti-Aparheid Movement H. E. Mr. A. B. Nyakyi, High Commissioner of the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Kingdom Mr. David Meroro, Chairman SWAPO of Namibia Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General, African National Congress of South Africa Secretary: Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Honorary Secretary, Anti-Apartheid Movement Commission I was presided over by Professor Chimere Ikoku, Chairman of the Nigerian Anti-Apartheid Committee; the report of the Commission was presented to the final plenary session by Mr. Abdul Samad Minty. Commission II was presided over by Lord Hatch of Lusby and Mr. Jack Jones CH; the report of the Commission was presented to the final plenary session by H. E. Mr. Luis de Almeida, Ambassador of the People's Republic of Angola to France. Commission III was presided over by Senator S. A. Akintoye of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Mr. Frank Dobson (Labour M.P. for Holburn and St. Pancras South and member of the Executiv Committee of the Anti-Apartheid Movement); the report of the Commission was presented to the final plenary session by Senator S. A. Akintoye.

I. DECLARATION The Conference on "Southern Africa: The Time to Choose" was organized in London from 11 to 13 March 1982 by the Anti-Apartheid Movement of the United Kingdom in co-operation with the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid. The Conference was intended to consider, above all, the responsibility of Britain in relation to the grave situation in southern Africa resulting from escalating repression and aggression launched by the apartheid r6gime of South Africa, the ominous implications of its nuclear plans, as well as the advance of the struggle of the oppressed people, including armed struggle for liberation. As the sponsors pointed out: "Britain carries a major responsibility for the situation in southern Africa. It ceded power to the white minority in South Africa in 1910. British trade and investment played a critical role in the build-up of apartheid economy and Britain remains today the principal investor in apartheid. British migration, tourism and a host of cultural and sporting relations continue to sustain the apartheid r6gime. In this crucial sense British policy towards southern Africa is of special significance; even more so today in the light of the overtly pro-apartheid policies of the United States administration." Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, the Chairman of the Conference, defined its purpose as follows: "First: to assert once again and unequivocally that we are in the last phase of the conflict between those who believe in human dignity and the rights of man and those who support and sustain a racist ideology which totally denies these things. "Secondly: to warn Britain and the West that their choice at this moment will be decisive in terms of our relationship with the great continents of Africa and Asia. A choice against an effective sanction policy is a choice for apartheid and can be nothing else. "Thirdly: to show that if the West cares about peace in our world, it must act now to root out the cancer of racism represented in its most extreme form by apartheid and that such action is within our competence... "If we choose rightly, and if we choose now, we can be certain that we shall be contributing to a future for our world in which justice and peace will be infinitely more secure. But we cannot avoid the choice. "And we dare not delay to make it." -2-. The Conference was attended by a wide spectrum of organizations in Britain including political parties, trade unions, churches, and other nongovernmental organizations. It had the benefit of the presence and participation of leading representatives of front-line States, national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia, and anti-apartheid movements from Western Europe, as well as many other Governments and organizations. H. E. Dr. Alex Ekwueme, the Vice-President of Nigeria delivered the keynote address for the Conference. He stressed the call of the African States and a large majority of the international community for the imposition of sanctions against the racist r6gime of South Africa. He said: ... We in Africa believe very strongly thatsnctions are the only peaceful alternative to the bloody war which the southern Africa problem will bring in its wake. Time is running out in southern Africa. If the international community, by default or otherwise, cannot contain the racist, illegal and aggressive activities of the Pretoria regime by imposing comprehensive and mandatory sanctions against that irascible and obnoxious regime, then ware paving the way for inevitable bloodshed in that region s '1TLe in Africa febl that the time has come when we shall no longer tolerate the disregard which some Western nations display at issues that affect us seriously, and when we can no longer continue to ignore the action of these Western nations in the southern Africa region in our respective bilateral relations with them. In other words, there must be a clear linkage between what is happening in southern Africa and our relations with these Western nations. "We believe that the United Kingdom, faithful to her best tradition of freedom and justice, can, if she has the political will, bring sufficient pressure to bear on the South African r6gime to compel her to reverse the repressive and dehumanizing system of Government which she practices and which goes by the name of apartheid. "Five years ago, all the countries of the Commonwealth met and discussed the problems created for the Commonwealth by apartheid in the matter of sporting relations. Consistent with the noble traditions of the Commonwealth, a consensus was reached resulting in the Gleneagles Agreement that member countries of the Commonwealth should sever sporting links with South Africa. Cutting South Africa off from international sporting contests would at least emphasize her moral isolation and could induce her to take the first steps towards the abolition of apartheid which has made her a pariah in the international community. We are not satisfied that Britain has tried hard enough to discourage sporting links with South Africa. Today, as we deliberate on apartheid, top British cricketers, some of whom have represented England in world-class pricket, are giving succour and entertaining the white apostles of apartheid on the cricket test grounds of South Africa! How will history remember Gleneagles? Is it a venue into the coffin of apartheid; or is it a venue where some 'smart' members of the Commonwealth

S-3 used a form of words to deceive their colleagues and to buy time for apartheid? "We do hope that the Western countries, especially those who are members of the Security Council and who exercise veto powers therein will see the handwriting on the wall. We do hope that they will have a change of heart and agree with the majority of the international community on the urgent need to impose mandatory sanctions against South Africa." The Conference was also addressed, among others, by H. E. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid; Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General of the African National Congress of South Africa; Mr. David Meroro, Chairman of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO); Mr. Jacques Hodoul, Foreign Minister of Seychelles; H. E. Mr. Shridath Ramphal, SecretaryGeneral of the Commonwealth; H. E. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun of Algeria, Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa (Paris, May 1981); representative of front-line States; and leaders of British Labour and Liberal Parties, the Right Honourable Michael Foot and the Right Honourable David Steel; Mr. Tom Jackson, Chairman of the International Committee of the Trade Union Congress; and representatives of many organizations and experts from Britain and other Western countries. These addresses and the discussions at the Conference stressed the extreme gravity of the situation in South Africa, engulfed in an escalating conflict; the legitimacy of the struggle of the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia; the need for effective international action to secure the liberation of South Africa and Namibia; and the responsibility of Britain and the West. As Mr. Oliver Tambo, President of the African National Congress of South Africa, said in his message to the Conference: L"Because of the unavoidable intensifying liberation struggle in Namibia and South Africa, the apartheid regime is waging an undeclared and escalating war throughout southern Africa. Britain stands at the centre of the history of this situation.j The Conference took note of and shared the assessment of the Summit Meeting of front-line States held in Maputo on 6-7 March 1982: "The Front-Line States Summit notediieh ever-increasing aggressiveness of imperialism perpetrated by the racist regime of South Africa, its instrument of aggression in the region. The invasion and military aggressions, the utilization of armed bandits and agents, the acts of sabotage and economic blackmail, the massive and subversive propaganda campaigns conducted by South Africa are proof that there is currently an un&eclared war situation engendered and supported by South Africa. "These manoeuvres are aimed at increasing our dependence on South Africa, forestalling the harmonious application of our development plans and delaying at all costs the independence of Namibia and preventing the liberation of the South African people.

"The occupation of areas in the southern part of the People's Republic of Angola by the Pretoria racist forces and the attempt to promote the UNITA puppets aims at creating an international precedent which could be made applicable to any of the countries in the region. The African peoples have the right to expect a vigorous reaction from the international community, which should condemn and demand the immediate cessation of this intolerable violation of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a member State of the OAU and the United Nations. "The Front-Line States Summit noted with satisfaction that as a direct response to the ever-increasing acts of repression and crimes committed by the Pretoria r6gime, the acts of Namibia, under the leadership of SWAPO, are intensifying the liberation struggle in the country, and that in South Africa, under the leadership of the ANC, the people, through strikes and armed actions, are vigorously rising against apartheid." The Conference expressed alarm over the recent relaxation by the United States Government of the arms embargo against South Africa, as a further measure by that Government in developing so-called "constructive engagement" with the racist r6gime to the Indian Ocean territoriei he African leaders, as well as all the participants in the Conference, stressed that the West must make a choice without any further delj - between racist tyranny in southern Africa and the just struggle of the national liberation movements for a democratic and nonracial society; - between friendship and collaboration with the racist and aggressive r~gime in Pretoria, and fruitful relations with independent African States and all others committed to African liberation. They pointed out tha(all Western countries have far more important economic and other relations with independent African States alone than with South Africa under apartheid rulje They must be persuaded and pressed to support the cause of freedom and peace by effective action to isolate the apartheid regime and implement the resolutions of the United Nations. The glaring contradiction between their professed opposition to apartheid and their continued collaboration with, and protection of, the apartheid r6gime must be ended. The participants stressed in particular the importance of a total cessation of all military co-operation with South Africa, and any assistance in South Africa's nuclear plans, and the effective monitoring of such an embargo. They stressed that the arms embargo must be complemented by an embargo on oil supplies and transfer of technology to South Africa. These were highlighted among a range of essential measures including the cessation of loans to and investments in South Africa and other economic sanctions.

-5 The participants also recognized the importance of a sports boycott of South Africa, as well as a boycott by entertainers and others, as actions of special significance. They decided to co-operate in a vigorous effort towards the mobilization of Governments and peoples, during this International Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa, in support of the struggle of the people of South Africa and Namibia, and for the total isolation of the racist rgime of South Africa.

II. REPORTS OF COMMISSIONS I. South Africa's Military and Nuclear Build-Un 1. The Commission received detailed reports about the successive dramatic increases in South Africa's military expenditures and the transformations which have led to the construction of a highly militarized State whose entire apparatus is dire :.ed to serving its programme of 'total startegy'. Today, South Alfrica's military and paramilitary forces are central decision-makes - the supreme power - within the apartheid State. The military con;ponent of the South African budget is almost 40 per cent, perhaps the largest in the world; every adult white citizen is absorbed in one way or another in the military structure. A massive programme of military weapons procurement has led to the introduction of advanced systems of warfare, utilizing new and modern technologies to enable the South African armed forces to invade and occupy the territories of the neighbouring independent tates. The Commission wa3 deeply alarmed by both the scale and the objectives of So':h Africa's militarization. It is convinced that these military preparations are designed for three central objectives: (a) to employ the weapons of war to repress and destroy the resistance of the South African and Namibian people and their liberation movements; (b) to expand and acquire an imperial role in southern Africa - enforcing South Africa's dominance through the instrument of violence, terrorism and aggression and to reduce the neighbouring African States to the status of vassals; and (c) to serve as the'gendarme' of the United States and those Western powers who seek to expand South Africa's role as a regional power which is integrated into overall Western global strategy, despite the serious implications of this for Africa, the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic region, and for the preservation of international peace and security. 2. The South African regime has embarked on an ever-escalating war against independent Africa, in which outside powers are involved through their military and nuclear collaboratica, and which holds the certainty of a major casastrophe, unless the peoples and Governments of all continents are alerted to this enormous danger so they may be mobilized into decisive and timely action.

3. The Commission was presented with wide-ranging evidence which revealed that the mandatory arms embargo was being substantially breached by several Western Powers and others, including Israel and Taiwan. In practice, a vast quantity of arms, military equipment and associated military technology continues to flow to South Africa, thus making a mockery of the arms embargo. 4. The Commission expressed great anxiety and concern about the growing nuclear weapon capability of the South African regime. The detection of its nuclear test site in the Kalahari Desert in 1977 and of a nuclear explosion in the South Atlantic in 1979 has convinced the scientific community and most of the world that South Africa does have a significant nuclear weapon capability. This capability would have been impossible to achieve without the substantial collaboration of several major Western Powers. South Africa's nuclear preparations are founded on the critical assumption that nuclear weapons can and will be employed in sustaining the apartheid regime; enhance South Africa's dominant position and enable it to blackmail and intimidate Africa and the world. 5. The Commission discussed wide-ranging proposals, including the following: (a) the need to monitor all external military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa and to disseminate such information as widely as possible in order to promote action; (b) to recognize the key role of the transfer of military technology to South Africa, and the need to organize campaigns to stop such transfers; (c) the need to co-operate with the growing peace movement in the Western countries with a view to mobilizing wider public support for an end to all forms of military and nuclear collaboration with South Africa; (d) that the South African regime is in desperate need of loans and other financial support for its war machine and therefore calls for campaigns against such support to be intensified. In this respect, the Commission also called for action by churches, trade unions and other bodies to ensure that their pension funds are not invested in enterprises operating in South Africa.

-8 6. The Comnission recognized that the most effective response to the apartheid regime's war preparations, its repressive policies in South Africa and Namibia and its aggressive and destabilizing policies against the front-line and other African States, is to mobilize world public opinion and to isolate the apartheid r6gime and ensure that comprehensive sanctions are imposed against it. 7. The Commission emphasized the supreme importance of giving full support to the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia, not only to achieve their liberation from apartheid but also to ensure that Africa and the world may live in peace.

II. Military Aggression against Angola and Other Front-Line States 8. Commission II considered South Africa's policies of aggression and destabilization against independent African States, including reports on their effects, and considered appropriate national and international measures. 9. During the first session, chaired by Lord Hatch, H. E. Mr. Luis de Almeida, Ambassador of the People's Republic of Angola to France, described the escalation of South African attacks against his county during 1981. Angola was now facing "the most terrible challenge", the ultimate purpose of which was to install r6gimes without principles throughout the front-line States, and thereby to destroy the rear bases of the Namibian and South African liberation struggles. Alfred Nzo, the Secretary-General of the African National Congress, drew attention to the r6gime's intensified repression of the democratic movement inside South Africa. 10. H. E. Dr. Robert Zwinoira, High Commissioner of the Republic of Zimbabwe, stressed that Zimbabweans had always seen their own struggle as at one with those of South Africa and Namibia, and part of the wider drive for African freedom throughout the continent. It was vital that the victims of colonialism and imperialism should free themselves from the hypnosis of the artificial boundaries and divisions imposed by colonial r6gimes, and unite together against their common enemy. 11. H. E.-Mr. A. B. Nyakyi, High Commissioner of Tanzania pointed out that since the countries of southern Africa had no alternative in fighting apartheid, the argument that sanctions would hurt the front-line States was invalid. Sanctions were the only way to avoid a fight to the finish in which the southern African region would be engulfed in an even bigger conflagration. 12. Mr. Ramsey Clark, former United States Attorney General, argued in the- second session, chaired by Jack Jones, that the "overwhelming ignorance" about the situation in southern Africa which characterized the United States and other Western countries was the greatest obstacles to understanding. 13. Lieutenant Colonel Ngongo, of the Angolan Ministry of Defence, reiterated the Angolan people's determination to carry forward the struggle, whatever the price, until the whole of Africa was liberated from apartheid. He explained that the failure of the new aggression launched during 1981 to bring Angola to its knees had prompted the apartheid regime to try new approaches - such as the sabotage of the Petrangol oil refinery in Luanda, and the attempt to extend its operation into Moxico province by starting to overfly and bomb Moxico. 14. H. E. Mr. Rafael Maguni of the People's Republic of Mozambique

-10- pointed out that while the apartheid r6gime was being presented as being "liberalized", it was in reality being strengthened to the point where it was now a nuclear threat. The people of Mozambique had fought South African military aggression for nearly two decades, first the alliance with Portuguese colonial forces, then the alliance with the Smith r6gime, and finally in the form of direct attacks. Ambassador Maguni described the operations of the armed bandits which South Africa was training, equipping and infiltrating into Mozambique for purposes of subversion and destabilization. 15. Mr. John Stockwell reviewed his experiences of the CIA's involvement in Angola, and pointed out that mercenaries were currently more active in the United States than in any previous period. The CIA itself was operating at full capacity and a $19 million programme of subversion in Nicaragua had recently been announced by the Reagan administration. The CIA's involvement in Angola, which had been based on "colossal ignorance" of Africa, illustrated the extreme dangers inherent in the United States policy of subversion and destabilization. 16. In the course of questions and discussions, the Commission reviewed a wide range of suggestions and proposals for action from delegates reflecting the extreme seriousness and urgency of the situation. In particular, the Commission (a) endorsed the need for a major international effort to publicize the nature and the effects of the apartheid regime's constant and sustained attacks against the countries of the region, through all available media; (b) agreed to make every possible effort to increase solidarity with, and international support for the front-line States in their efforts to counter apartheid aggression and to rebuild their countries; (c) reiterated the urgent need for much greater and more effective international action to isolate the apartheid regime at all levels, including action by the trade union and labour movement and other organizations to break off all economic and other links; and (d) called for greatly increased levels of international assistance to SWAPO and the ANC.

-11- III. Southern Africa: British, European and Western Policy 17. Participants of the Commission welcomed the convening of the Conference 'Southern Africa - The Time to Choose', believing that the initiative of the Anti- Apartheid Movement and the Special Committee against Apartheid was both timely and crucial for the mobilization of international public opinion in favour of comprehensive and effective sanctions against the South African racist r6gime. The Commission believed that the aggravating crisis in southern Africa, resulting from the apartheid policies of the Pretoria regime, imposes on all the Western nations and their peoples the urgent and compelling choice of either continuing to collaborate with the apartheid regime and thereby impose on the world the certain prospect of a bloody race war in which the outside powers cannot but become involved, or the total isolation of the apartheid regime through comprehensive mandatory sanctions and thereby open the bright prospect of freedom, peace and democracy for all the southern African peoples in a common destiny of partnership and mutual co-operation. 18. The Commission viewed with the greatest alarm the recent direction of United States policy in southern Africa and the seeming willingness of European Governments to join in what appears to be a grand Western strategic design to secure for the apartheid r6gime a commanding position in the southern African region. That role is now being demonstrated in the systematic armed attacks and the organized terrorism mounted against the front-line States and in seeking to resolve the Namibian question in a way which advances South Africa's ambitions for an imperial role and of dominance over the African nations and their peoples. The Commission was also convinced that the Western policies of collaboration and support for the apartheid r6gime are responsible for the escalating violence and repression which now characterizes that regime's policies towards the South African people in their resistance to race rule. 19. It was the Commission's view that these dangerous Western policies can now only be reversed if the costs of these policies are sharply increased through the inter-action of three mutuallyrelated forces bearing on the South African crisis:(a) the further build-up of solidarity with the liberation struggles, led by the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia such that the rule by the Pretoria regime becomes increasingly untenable. The Commission was convinced that a crisis of power

-12- already exists in South Africa and Namibia, and that the crisis will become steadily more acute and desperate for the Pretoria r6gime and the Western Governments; (b) the build-up of wide and manysided manifestations of popular outrage within the Western countries against all forms of collaboration with apartheid; (c) the pursuit of concrete measures which clearly establish the choice which the United States, Britain and other Western countries must confront, that is, that they cannot retain the friendship of and their economic, political and other links with Africa and the Third World, while remaining allies of apartheid South Africa. 20. Within the area of their responsibility, the participants of the Commission discussed a number of proposals for generating campaigns in the Western countries aimed at fulfilling the objectives of the United Nations designation of 1982 as the Year of Mobilization for Sanctions against South Africa. Among the many proposals discussed, the following received particular emphasis: (a) given the organic links between the cause of liberation and the cause of world peace, to bring within the scope of the European and United States movement for peace the struggle against Western collaboration with apartheid and for solidarity with the liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia; (b) strongly encourage those favourable trends in some Western countries where Governments are beginning to distance themselves from the Pretoria r6gime and take account of the programmes of the anti-racist and anti-apartheid organizations and to establish links with the national liberation movements of South Africa and Namibia. The Commission welcomed the commitment of the British Labour Party to work for world-wide mandatory sanctions against South Africa; (c) campaign for the spread in Europe and

-13- elsewhere of the notable measures taken by Sheffield and Glasgow to declare their cities as anti-apartheid zones. Such a spread is certain to grow into parliamentary measures against collaboration with the Pretoria r6gime and thereby bring about the desired reversal of Western policies; (d) actively campaign with the support of the trade unions to restrict and bring to an end the flow of migrants from Europe to South Africa in the belief that labour migration in the apartheid economy serves to sustain the discrimination against and the poverty levels of the wage incomes of the black people. 21. The Commission voiced its total condemnation of the British media for their calculated failure to report the proceedings of this important conference. The Commission views this failure as a distressing slight on the distinquished participants of the Conference, many of whom represent Governments in Africa whose friendly relations with Britain are of the greatest value to the British people. 22. The participants of the Commission commited themselves to expand and intensify their campaigns in support of the objectives of the Conference. They believe that the time to choose is now. There is no more time left: 1982 must be made the year of total isolation of the racist South African r6gime, the implementation of comprehensive sanctions and the achievement of Namibia's independence and freedom.

-14- III. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Co-Presidents: Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, President, British Anti-Apartheid Movement H. E. Alhaji Yusuff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid SPEAKERS AT OPENING MEETING AND KEYNOTE SPEAKERS H. E. Mr. Luis de Almeida, Ambassador of the People's Republic of Angola to France Mr. Ramsey Clark, Former Attorney-General of the United States of America H. E. Dr. Alex Ekwueme, Vice-President of Nigeria The Right Honourable Michael Foot, M.P. leader of the Labour Party H. E. Mr. Jacques Hodoul, Foreign Minister of the Seychelles Mr. Robert Hughes, M.P., Chairman, British Anti-Apartheid Movement Mr. Tom Jackson, Chairman of the International Committee fo the Trade Union Congress H. E. Mr. Jose Carlos Lobo, Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of Mozambique to the United Nations Mr. David Meroro, National Chairman, South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO of Namibia) Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Honorary Secretary, British Anti-Apartheid Movement and Director, World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa Lt. Col. Roberto Ngongo, Ministry of Defence of the People's Republic of Angola H. E. Mr. A. B. Nyakyi, High Commissioner of the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations H. E. Mr. S. S. Ramphal, Commonwealth Secretary-General H. E. Mr. Mohammed Sahnoun (Algeria), Rapporteur-General of the International Conference on Sanctions against South Africa Mr. Alan Sapper, General Secretary of the Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians, and current Chairman of the General Council of the Trade Union Congress The Right Honourable David Steel, M.P. leader of the Liberal Party H. E. Mr. Robert T. Zwinoira, High Commissioner of the Republic of Zimbabwe to the United Kingdom

-15- A. INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS United Nations United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid H. E. Alhaji Yusfff Maitama-Sule, Chairman of the Special Committee, Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations, leader of the delegation Mr. Kennedy F. Apoe (Nigeria) Mr. Vladimir Dmitrievi6h Khandogy (Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) Mr. Luis Sandiga (Peru) Mr. Wirjono Sastrohandojo (Indonesia) United Nations Centre against Apartheid Mr. E. S. Reddy, Director Mr. Yury Zybanov, Chief, Committee Services and Research Branch Mr. Amer Araim, Political Affairs Officer Ms. Rowena J. Marella, Secretary Mrs. Jean Salvador, Secretary United Nations Council for Namibia Mr. John Olorumfemi Aje (Nigeria) Mr. Theo-Ben Gurirab, Representative of SWAPO to the United Nations United Nations Department of Public Information Mr. G. Rizzo, Director, United Nations Information Centre in London Mr. U. S. Rana, Information Officer, United Nations Information Centre in London Mr. R. Kline-Thomas, Radio Officer International Labour Office Dr. Baldwin Sjollema, Equality of Rights Branch United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Mrs. Marion O'Callaghan, Division for International Development and Social Sciences

-16- Commonwealth Secretariat H. E. Mr. Shridath S. Ramphal, Kt., C.M.G., Q.C., Commonwealth Secretary-General Chief E. C. Anyaoku, Deputy Secretary-General Mr. C. R. Laidlaw, Assistant Director, Secretary-General's office Dr. N. Anafu, Research Officer Mr. T. R. Dormer, Chief Projects Officer B. GOVERNMENTS Angola H. E. Luis de Almeida, Ambassador of the People's Republic of Angola to France Lt. Col. Roberto Ngongo, General Staff Headquarters of the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) Australia Mr. L. F. Schultz, High Commission to the United Kingdom Bangladesh Mr. E. Huq, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. N. Islam, High Commission to the United Kingdom Barbados Mr. Jeffrey A. Hunte, High Commission to the United Kingdom Canada Mr. Michael Chesson, High Commission to the United Kingdom China Mr. K. A. Qiu, Embassy to the United Kingdom Cuba Mr. Cipriano Castro, Embassy to the United Kingdom German Democratic Republic Mr. Heinz Knobbe, Embassy to the United Kingdom -17- Ghana Mr. I. K. Davies, High Commission to the United Kingdom Grenada Mr. A. D. Jules, High Commission to the United Kingdom Hungary Mr. Laszlo Demus, Embassy to the United Kingdom India Mr. R. S. Kalha, High Commission to :he United Kingdom Indonesia Mr. Indra T. R. SempurnadjajR,Embassy to the United Kingdom Jamaica Mr. H. Dale Anderson, Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Jordan Mr. M. Juma, Embassy to the United Kingdom Lesotho Mr. S. M. Nkeche, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mauritius H. E. Sir Leckraz Teelock, C.B.E., High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Mozambique H. E. Mr. Joe Carlos Lobo, Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of Mozambique to the United Nations H. E. Mr. Rafael Maguni, Ambassador of the People's Republic of Mozambique to Zimbabwe Mr. Daniel Mondlane, Department of External Relations, FRELIMO Netherlands Mr. Frank R. de Bruin, Embassy to the United Kingdom

-18- Nicaragua Senor Amilcar Navarro, Embassy to the United Kingdom Nigeria H. E. Dr. Alex I. Ekwueme, Vice-President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria The Hon. Chief Patrick 0. Bolokor, Minister of State, Ministry of External Affairs The Hon. Alhaji Sani Abubaker, Chairman, House of Representatives Foreign Relations Committee Senator S. A. Akintoye, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Ambassador C. C. Uchuno, Director, International Organizations Department, Ministry of External Affairs Dr. C. C. Mbadinuju, Special Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. G. C. N. Jituboh, Special Assistant to the Minister of State, Ministry of External Affairs Alhaji M. D. Usman, Deputy Secretary (Political), Executive Office of the President H. E. Alhaji Shehu Awak, High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Commander 0. Dada, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. T. A. A. Jimoh, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. A. S. Ogwuche, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. S. I. Okonji, High Commission to the United Kingdom Brigadier P. U. Omu, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. J. K. Shinkaiye, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. Ali Udoh, High Commission to the United Kingdom Major I. Or, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. J. K. Ajayi, Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Dr. J. B. Bolaji, Deputy High Commissioner (Liverpool) to the United Kingdom H. E. Dr. H. I. N. Onoh, Deputy High Commissioner (Edinburgh) to the United Kingdom

-19- Mr. A. Usman, Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Lt. E. Y. Beredugo (NN), A.D.C. (Military) to the Vice-President Mr. P. 0. J. Okoli, Senior Private Secretary to the Vice-President Ambassador R. 0. Omotoye, Deputy State Chief of Protocol Mr. D. I. Egwudobi. Protocol Officer to the Vice-President Mr. Philip Ideh, Press Officer to the Vice-President Mr. Ben Duru, Senior Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. H. Adamu, Personal Assistants to the Vice- President Mr. Ahiamba, Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. A. Emelogu, Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. G. Igbinovia, Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. C. Kanu, Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. K. Katbi, Personal Assistant to the Vice-President Mr. A. A. Esho, Administrative Officer

-20- Seychelles H. E. Mr. Jacques Hodoul, Foreign Minister Mr. Robert Delpech, Consul-General in London Sri Lanka Mr. D. P. R. Rajapakse, Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Mr. S. B. Atugoda, High Commission to the United Kingdom Sweden Mr. Nils Krister Bringeus, Embassy to the United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania H. E. Mr. A. B. Nyakyi, High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Mrs. L. E. Howell, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. N. B. Charles Mnakangata, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. A. Nagere, High Commission to the United Kingdom Zaire Mr. Chikuru Chirezi, Embassy to the United Kingdom Zambia Mr. A. J. Fulilwa, High Commission to the United Kingdom Mr. R. S. Mebelo, High Commission to the United Kingdom Zimbabwe H. E. Dr. Robert T. Zwinoira, High Commissioner to the United Kingdom C. LIBERATION MOVEMENTS RECOGNIZED BY THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY African National Congress of South Africa Mr. Alfred Nzo, Secretary-General Mr. J. Makatini, Cheif Representative, United Nations and the United States of America -21- African National Congress of South Africa (cont'd) Mrs. Ruth Mompati, Chief Representative, United Kingdom Mr. Solly Smith, Deputy Chief Representative, United Kingdom Mr. Abdul Mohamed Bham Mr. Seretse Choabi Mr. Ismail Coovadia Ms. Frene Ginwala Mr. Z. P. Jordan Ms. Jill Marcus Dr. Mbatha Mr. Aziz Pahad Mr. Herbie Pillay Ms. Hilary Rabkin SWAPO of Namibia Mr. David Meroro, National Chairman Mr. Hidipo Hamutenya, Secretary for Information and Publicity, Member of Executive and Central Committee Mr. Shapua Kaukungua, Chief Representative, Western Europe Mr. John Amunyeta Mr. Peter Manning, Information Officer, Western Europe Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Mr. Mike Muendane, Director of Labour and Social Affairs, and Chief Representative, Mission to the United Kingdom and Continental Europe Mr. Douglas Mantshontsho Mr. P. P. Ntuli D. SPECIAL GUESTS H. E. Mr. Mohamed Sahnoun, Ambassador of the Republic of Algeria to France; Secretary-General of the International Conference of Solidarity with the People of Namibia (Paris, September 1980); Rapporteur-General of the UN/OAU Iternational Conference on Sanctions against South Africa (Paris, May 1981). Mr. Ramsey Clark, Former United States Attorney General. Member of the International Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes of the Apartheid Regime. Mr. John Stockwell, author of In Search of Enemies

-22 Mr. Jack Jones, C. H., former General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers Union and Chairman of the Trades Union Congress International Committee Dr. Frank Barnaby, former Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Mr. Paul Stephenson, former member of British Sports Council E. SOUTHERN AFRICAN ORGANIZATIONS South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SAN-ROC) Mr. Sam Ramsamy, Chairman South African Congress of Trade Unions Mr. Stephan Lee Ms. Janet Love Committee on South African War Resistance Mr. Bill Anderson Mr. Gavin Cawthra Mr. Jean-Philippe Wade F. INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS Afro- Asian People's Solidarity Organization Mr. Kamal Bahana El-Din, Secretary Commonwealth Trade Union Council Mr. Carl Wright, Director International Association of Democratic Lawyers Mr. Jeremy Smith International Commission of Inquiry into Crimes of the Apartheid Regime Mrs. Paulette Pierson-Mathy, Secretary-General International Committee against Apartheid, Racism and Colonialism in Southern Africa Mr. Toine Eggenhuizen, Administrative Secretary International Confederation of Free Trade Unions Mr. A. M. Kailembo, Director, African Affairs

-23- International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa Mrs. Phyllis Altman, General Secretary Mr. Barry Feinberg, Director of Research, Information and Publications Mr. Tony Drew, Head of Research Mrs. Maud Henry, Treasury Officer Mr. Horst Kleinschmidt, Fundraiser Ms. Beverly Gosling, Publications Promotions Officer Mr. Ian Robertson, Audio-Visual Assistant Ms. Zodwa Dabengwa, Publications Secretary International Youth and Student for the United Nations Ms. Jane Carter Socialist International Mr. Bernt Carlsson, General Secretary World Campaign against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa Mr. Abdul Samad Minty, Director World Council of Churches Mr. Prexy Nesbitt World Peace Council Mrs. Jean Pavett G. NATIONAL ANTI-APARTHEID AND SOLIDARITY MOVEMENTS FROM OUTSIDE THE UNITED KINGDOM Belgium Belgian Committee against Apartheid: Mrs. Paulette Pierson-Mathy Denmark Danish Association for International Co-operation; Mr. Eric Erichsen France French Anti-Apartheid Movement (MAA-CAO): Mr. Phillippe Boursier, National Secretary Movement against Racism and for Friendship among Peoples (MRAP): Ms. Jutta Crabolle, Mr. Christian Bourkel Federal Republic of Germany Anti-imperialist Solidarity Committee: Mr. Peter Wahl, Secretary Anti-Apartheid Bewegung:, Ms. Ingeborg Wick, Secretary

-24- Hungary Hungarian Solidarity Committee: Mr. Ervin Reti, Member of Presidium Ireland Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement: Mr. Simon O'Donohoe, Field Officer Italy Movimento Liberazione e Sviluppo (MOLISV): Mr. Vanni Rinaldi Jamaica Jamaican Anti-Apartheid Movement: Mr. Roderick Francis Netherlands Anti-Apartheid Movement (AABN): Mr. Fons Geerlings Werkgroep KAIROS: Mr. Cor Groenendijk, Chairman; Mr. Gerrit Schellingerhout, Treasurer Holland Committee on Southern Africa: Mr. Sietse Bosgra Shipping Research Bureau: Mr. Janwillem Rouwele New Zealand HART - New Zealand Anti-Apartheid Movement; Mr. David Williams New Zealand Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa: Mrs. V. M. Bogle, Secretary Ashburton Anti-Apartheid Group: Ms. Heather Schofield, Secretary Nigeria Nigerian Anti-Apartheid Committee: Professor Chimere Ikoku, Chairman; Ms. Funlayo Anjorin, Secretary Norway Norwegian Council for Southern Africa: Mr. Trond Henriksen, Secretary; Ms. Kari Ravnass, Ms. A. Eidhauuer Namibia Association of Norway: Mr. A. Breidlid, Ms. Lund Portugal Movimento Portuguese contra o Apartheid: Ms. Vicki Hartnack, National Secretariat Romania Romanian League for Friendship with Afro-Asian Peoples: Mr. Dumitru Tancu

-25- Spain Comitg Contra Racismo (Espana), Mr. Pablo Valls, General Secretary Sweden Africa Groups of Sweden, M. Soren Lindh, Ms. Lena Johansson Switzerland Swiss Anti-Apartheid Movement, Ms. Patricia Bell H. BRITISH ANTI- APARTHEID MOVEMENT Officers Archbishop Trevor Huddleston, Cl., President Robert Hughes, HP., Chairman Vella Pillay, Vice-Chairman Abdul Samad Minty, Honorary Secretary Tony O'Dowd, Honorary Treasurer Mike Terry, Executive Secretary Chris Child, Deputy Secretary Fred Carneson Frank Dobson MP Chris Easterling Christabel Gurney Suresh Kamath Ethel de Keyser Margaret Ling National Committee Alan Brooks Brian Bunting Lorna Edwards Betty Northedge Anna Ridehalgh Des Starrs Ned Walsh

-26- Anti-Apartheid Movement Women's Committee Cate Clark Sue Longbottom Amanda Sackur Anti-Apartheid Movement Scottish Committee Brian Filling, Chairman Brian Clymie, Trade Union Secretary Peter Hoad Local Anti-Apartheid Groups Barnet: Chris Bakhurst Liz Bakhurst Alan Brooks Joan Darling Brent: Maike Verrifs Bristol: C. E. Howard, Steven Kitson Cambridge: Jack Hyams Camden: Dett Glyn, Freda Katz Edinburgh: Maureen Potter Highgate Archway: Gloria Swanepoel London (City): Carol Brickley Somerset: Rob Hasson, Candida Saccenti Southampton: Anna Ridehalgh South Hertfordshire: Ben Turok Walsall: Andrew Painter West London: Christabel Gurney, Betty Northedge, Richard Pond I. OTHER BRITISH PARTICIPANTS Political Parties Conservative PartZ Ms. Hazel Mills, Research Officer, International Office of the Conservative Research Department (Observer) Labour Party Rt. Hon. Michael Foot, MP., Leader of the Labour Party Ms. Joan Lestor, MP., Chairman, International Committee Mr. Martin Plaut, Africa Secretary

-27- Liberal Party Rt. Hon. David Steel, MP., Leader of the Liberal Party Mr. Jeremy Joseph, Office of the Leader of the Party Plaid Cymru Mr. Alud Eirug, Researcher, Parliamentary Officer Scottish National Party Ms. Isobel Reid McHarg, Treasurer, London Branch Social Democratic Party Mr. David Stephen, Member of Policy Committee Communist Party Mr. Gerry Pocock, Head of International Department Socialist Workers Party Mr. Neil Faulkner Members of Parliament House of Commons Hon. Michael Foot, Leader of the Labour Party Frank Dobson, Labour (Holborn and St. Pancras South) Robert Hughes, Labour (Aberdeen North) Joan Lestor, Labour (Eton and Slough) Ernie Roberts, Labour (Hackney North and Stoke Newington) William Pitt, Liberal (Croydon N.W.) Hon. David Steel, Leader of the Liberal Party House of Lords Lord Anthony Gifford Lord Hatch of Lusby Local Government Rt. Hon. Dr. Michael Kelly, Lord Provost of Glasgow Councillor M. J. Hynes, Greater Manchester County Council, Labour Group

-28- Churches British Council of Churches, Division of International Affairs Rev. Brian Brovn, Executive Secretary (Africa) Church of England, Board for Social Responsibility Rev. Peter Haynes Representative of the Lord Bishop of Oxford Rev. Canon Maurice Brunsden Personal representative of the Lord Bishop of Chelmsford Fr. Michael J. H. Rothwell, Diocesan Development Representative Representative of Diocese of Portsmoth Canon Duffett Representative of the Bishop of Wakefield Rev. J. Stuart Pearson, Adviser for Social Responsibility Representative of Coventry Cathedral's International Ministry Canon Peter Berry Representative of the Bishop of Southwark Fr. Barry Naylor Church of Scotland, Overseas Council Rev. Ian A. Moir Pax Christi Ms. Jenny Hunt United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Canon John Kingsnorth, Deputy Secretary Volunteer Missionary Movement Mr. Paul Gudge Council for World Mission Mr. Brian H. Bailey, Secretary for Communication Quaker Peace and Service Ms. Janet Clements, Secretary, Africa Section Fellowship of Reconciliation Rev. Leslie A. D. Hayman Craigmillar Justice and Peace Group Mr. David Boag

-29- Trade Unions Trade Union Congress: General Council Mr. Tom Jackson, Chairman, International Connittee Mr. Norman Willis, Deputy General Secretary Mr. Michael Walsh, Read of International Department Mr. Tony Shaw, International Department National Trade Unions Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians Mr. Alan Sapper, General Secretary Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers, Constructional Section Mr. John Gaines, Executive Council Member Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers; Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section Mr. P. A. J. O'Reilly, Vice President Mr. Des Starre, Executive Council Representative Mr. Bruce Sanderson, Divisional Organizer Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union Mr. B. Griffin, Executive Council Banking, Insurance and Finance Union Mr. S. Gamble, Assistant Secretary Civil and Public Services Association Mr. Andy Bell, Research Department Mr. G. Lobo General and Municipal Workers' Union Mr. F. A. C. Payne, Executive Council Mr. F. C. Selby, Executive Council Inland Revenue Staff Federation Mr. Ian Stewart National and Local Government Officers Association Mr. E. Dingle, National Executive National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education Dr. Ron Press, Member of International Advisory Panel

-30- National Graphical Association Mr. J. C. Ralph, Vice-President National Society of Operative Printers, Graphical and Media Personnel Mr. H. T. Ball, President Mr. J. K. Martin, Executive Council Mr. Mike Eatwell, Executive Council National Union of Public Employees Mr. Roger Poole, Assistant National Officer, Health Service National Union of Teachers Mr. Malcolm Home, Executive Member Society of Civil and Public Servants Mr. Chris Easterling, Assistant Secretary Mr. Mike Sparham, Negotiations Officer Union of Communication Workers Mr. R. Devine, Executive Council Mr. J. Jacques, Executive Council Mr. Frank Osei-Tutu, Executive Council Trades Councils Hounslow Trades Council Mr. G. C. Pavett Maidstone Trades Council Mr. A. W. Page, Union delegate and Executive Committee Member Mrs. F. C. Page, Executive Committee Member Norwich Trades Council Ms. Jeanette Harkins Local Trade Unions Association of Professional, Executive, Clerical and Computer Staff London, City and Central General Branch Mr. Al Cook, Assistant Secretary Ms. Margaret Morrissey, Minute Secretary

-31- Inland Revenue Staff Federation Brighton Branch Mrs. Veronica Olssen London North (Taxes) Branch Ms. Susan Adcock, Committee Member Mr. Rafiq M. Raja, Committee Member and Member of Branch Magazine Editorial Board National and Local Government Officers' Association Basildon Branch Mr. Ken Cadoo Doncaster Branch Mr. Kevin Buckley Hertfordshire Mr. Stuart Vincent, Steward Hillingdon Branch Mr. Christopher Smith, Shop Steward Lewisham Branch Mr. G. Msimang Mr. Earl Mr. R. Jones Transport and General Workers' Union Kilburn Branch Mr. John Maher, Branch Secretary Norwich Branch 1/742 Ms. Jeanette Harkins South West London Branch (ACTSS) Ms. Rosemary Page Society of Civil and Public Servants Metropolitan Branch Mr. David Desmutch Mr. Steve Saunders Mr. Nigel Bellamy, Vice-Chairman

-32- National and Local Organizations Africa Centre: Ms. Wendy Davies, Programme Organizer Africa Education Trust: Dr. Tim Matthews, Director Azania Solidarity: Dr. Costa Gazidis Bradford 12 Mobilizing Committee: Mr. Raju Bhatt Campaign against the Namibian Uranium Contract (CANUG): Mr. Alun Roberts Campaign to Stop the War against Angola and Mozambique (SWAM): Ms. Kate Gifford, Secretary; Lord Gifford CRS Political Committee, London Region; Mr. Len Weiss End Loans to South Africa (ELTSA): Mr. Terry Shott Haldane Society of Socialist Lawyers: Mr. Jeremy Smith Holburn and St. Pancras South Constituency Labour Party: Mr. Nirmal Roy International Voluntary Service: Mr. John Roberts Liaison Committee of Women Peace Groups: Mrs. Richenda Barbour, Mr. Eileen Bernal s Liberation: Ms. Joan Hymans Mozambique, Angola and Guinea Information Centre (MAGIC): Mr. Colm Foy, Ms. Marga Holness, Dr. Jan Marsh, Mr. Richard Holmore Namibia Support Committee: Mr. Simon Stocker, Mr. Terry Shott, Mr. Brian Wood, Ms. Eumanuelle Daviand OXFAM: Mr. David Bryer, Mrs. Margaret Bryer, Ms. Elizabeth Welsh, Ms. Anne Yates Palmers Green Racial Harmony Group: Mr. Sunas Khale Red Lion Setters: Ms. Norma D. Kitson Returned Volunteer Action: Lesley Rigg Revolutionary Communist Group: Mr. Chris Fraser Royal Arsenal Co-operative Society: Ms. Mary Moneyball, Political Organizet Scottish War on Want: Mr. Peter Hoad, Projects Officer Southern Africa - The Imprisoned Society (SATIS): Mr. Des Starrs, Ms. Cate Clark, Ms. Sonia Bunting United Nations Association: Ms. Brigid Titzgerald, Mr. Leslie Hayman

-33- War on Want: Mr. Simon Stocker Watford Community Relations: Mr. Iram Siraj World Development Movement: Mr. David Ward ZED Press: Mr. Roger Van Zwanenberg Youth and Students British Youth Council: Mr. Alan Watson, International Committee Central London Polytechnic Students Union: Mr. Arthur Adaareva Durham University Third World First Society: Ms. Susan Richards, Mr. Richard Acklam Edinburgh University Anti-Apartheid Movement: Mr. George McAlpine Hertfordshire College of Higher Education, Students' Union: Ms. Joanna French, Vice-President Leeds University Students Union Anti-Apartheid Society: Ms. Carol Miers, Mr. S. Nthako, Mr. Howard Long Leicester University Students' Union Anti-Apartheid Group: Mr. Joseph Savage, Ms. Anne Moorhouse, Mr. Patrick Earle, Mr. Kevin Horn, Mr. Eugene Anderson London School of Economics African Liberation Support Committee: Kofi Dwinfour, Treasurer/Secretary; Liz Morgan-Gray, Victor Selormey Moslem Students Society: Mr. Hassan National Organization of Labour Students: Mr. Peter Crockford Queen Mary College Students' Unions: Mr. Adrian Wilson, Mr. Stephan Ollerton, Mr. Tony O'Brien South Bank Polytechnic Students Union: Mr. Godfrey Mthethwa, Mr. C. Pachiva Student Christian Movement: Ms. Carola Towle, Regional Secretary Surrey University Students' Union Anti-Apartheid Movement: Mr. Shobhna Mehta United Nations Association Youth: Mr. Mike Covoher, Ms. Elizabeth Salt, Mr. Kamla Kewlani - City University Branch University College, Cardiff Students' Union: Michael Shrimpton, President University College of North Wales Students Union: Mr. Steven Minihane Young Christian Workers: Mr. John Sheen

-34- Young Liberals: Ms. Janice Turner Individuals Ms. Julie Ackerman Ms. Caroline Allison, Research Officer, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex Mr. Kevin Arthurs Mr. A. Bizanti J. M. Brown Ms. Nancy Dick Mr. Reghab Dijahila Ms. Annick Dunbar Ms. Deirdre Fitzpatrick Mr. Peter Gilberd Mr. V. C. Gnanamuttu Lady Hatch Mr. Neil Henderson N. Henrickse Ms. Margaret Kerr Ms. Mari King Mr. Kukuri Ms. Joan La Dell Ms. Priscilla Marcus Ms. Bella Marshall Ms. Cyril Marshall C. M. Pilgrim Ms. Peggy Preston Ms. Sonia Ramsey

-35- Mr. S. Rawang M. Ratna Salithy Mr. Brian Scheepers C. Southey Ms. Hannah Stanton Mr. Donald Swann Mr. P.E.A.R. Terry, MBE Arne Tostensen, Research Fellow, Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Sweden Mr. Ben Turok, Adademic Staff, the Open University Ms. Helen Wolstencroft