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Underground Mine Communications, Control and Monitoring

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Underground Mine Communications, Control and Monitoring Bureau of Mines Information Circular/l984 Underground Mine Communications, Control and Monitoring By Staff, Bureau of Mines UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - -- Information Circular 8955 Underground Mine Communications, Control and Monitoring By Staff, Bureau of Mines UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR James G. Watt, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Robert C. Horton. Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data : . Underground mine communications, control and monitoring. (Information circular / United States Department of the Interior, Bu- reau of Mines ; 8955) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 28.27:8955. 1. Mine communication systems. I. United States. Bureau of Mines. 11. Series: Information circular (United States. Bureau of Mines) ; 8955. TN295,U4 [Till3441 622s [622',2] 83-600288 & PREFACE Since 1969, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior, has sponsored numerous programs aimed at improving methods of underground communication. As a result of these research and development programs, a wealth of information has been made available to the mining industry. Unfortunately, some of this material is highly analytical, and most is written in terms best understood by communication specialists. Because of the volume of data (over 100 studies have been performed) and its highly technical nature, most of the information is not readily avail- able for practical application by mine operators. This manual brings together relevant data from all previous reports, studies, and other sources, and presents these data in such a way that they may be applied by the mining industry to improve communications in underground mines. This report is intended as a guideline and not as a comprehensive documentary of mine equipment. Installation of equipment in a mine should be done only by people thoroughly qualified to do such work. Installations should follow procedures recommended by the equipment man- ufacturer and should comply with good safety practices. All installa- tions should also comply with applicable codes and regulations. CONTENTS Page Preface ........................................................................ Chapter 1.--Introduction ....................................................... 1.1 History of Underground Comrmnications ......mm........................... 1.2 Productivity and Safety ................................................. 1.3 Constraints on Equipment ..............m.......m......................... 1.4 Comrmnication Requirements ...............................m.m.m.mm....... 1.4.1 The Working Section Crew ............................................. 1.4.2 The Maintenance Crew ................................................. 1.4.3 Motormen ............................................................. 1.4.4 Inspectors and Management Personnel .............................mm... 1.4.5 The Dispatcher ....................................................... 1.4.6 Hoist Communications .........................................m......m 1.5 Present Communication System ...........................m...m......mm... 1.6 Sumry.........................................m.m..........mm.m......m Bibliography ...................................................m..mmmm.. Chapter 2.--Communication System .............................................. 2.1 Introduction ............................................................ 2.2 Wired Phone System ..................................................... 2.2.1 General Telephone Theory ............................................. a . Magneto-Type Telephones ..................................... b . Sound-Powered Telephones .................................... c . Paging Telephones ........................................... d . Dial-and-Page Telephones .................................... Distribution System .................w~...............m..m.m....~..... a . Single Pair................................................. b . Figure-8 Multipair Cable .................................... c . Coaxial Cable ............................................... d . Multiplex System ........................................... i . Frequency Division Multiplexing...................... ii . Time Division Multiplexing........................... Telephone Exchanges .................................................. a . Manual Switchboard .......................................... b . Private Automatic Branch Exchange ........................... c . Computer-Controlled Switches ................................ Radio System ........................................................... General Radio System Theory ........................................... a . Amplitude Modulation ........................................ b . Frequency Modulation .......................m.m.............. Distribution System .................................................. a . Antenna Theory .............................................. i . Half-Wave Dipole Antenna ............................ ii . Quarter-Wave Antenna ................................ iii . Long-Wire Antenna ................................... iv. Loop Antenna ........................................ b . Leaky Feeder System ........................................ c . Waveguide Propagation ....................................... d . Repeaters ................................................... i . F1-F1 Repeater ...................................... ii. F1-F2 Repeater ...................................... Through-the-Earth Radio .............................................. Radio Pagers ......................................................... CONTENTS.. Continued Page Carrier Current Systems ................eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeee Trolley Carrier Phone ..............eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.eeeeeeeeeeee Hoist Kope Kadio ..................................................... Medium-Frequency Kadio ............................................... Hybrid Systems .........~...e.........e.e.eeeeee.eeeeeeee.eeee........... Improvements in System Versatility ........eeeeeeeeeeeeee.e...e..eee.. Dial Phone-Pager Phone system^.............^^^^^..^^....^...^..^^.... Other Systems ........................................................... Seismic Systems ............eeee.eee.e.eee.e.eee....e.........e..e..e. Stench System ...............e...eeeee.eeeeee.eeee.................... Hoist Bell Signaling................................................. Visual Pagers ........................e.......e..ee.eeeeeeee.......... Summary ................................................................. Bibliography ............................................................ Chapter 3... Solutions to the Communication Kequirements ........................ 3.1 Introduction ............................................................ 3.2 The Mine Entrance ...........eeeeee....eeeee.eeeeeee..e......e....e...... 3.2.1 Bell Signaling Systems ............................................... 3.2.2 Trailing Cable Systems. ..............e....ee.eee.ee..e..ee.e...e..... 3.2.3 Radio system^............^^^^^.^^^^^^.^^..^^^.... ..e.e..eeeeee.e.eee. 3.2.4 Hoist Rope Carrier Current System .............eeeee......e.eeeeeeee.e 3.2.5 Hoist Signaling Summary ..............ee.e.......ee.eee.eeeee..~...... 3.3 Permanent and Semipermanent In-Mine location^..........^^^^^ ............ 3.3.1 Single-Pair Pager Phones ..............e....e...eeeeee.eee.e..e....... 3.3.2 Multipair Systems .................................................... 3.3.3 Multiplexed Systems .................................................. 3.4 Mining Area ...............e..........eee.e.e........e..e..ee..e......... 3.4.1 Radio Systems ............eee....e.............eee.................... 3.4.2 Longwall Mining .............eeeeeee...eee.e.ee.eeee...e.............. 3.5 Haulageways ........eee.................................................. 3.5.1 Trolley Haulage ............e.eee.e......e................e........... a . Dedicated Wire ...............ee...e.eeeeee.eeeee....~~.eeeee b . Summary ............e.ee.e......eeee.ee....e................. 3.5.2 Nontrolley Haulage ............eeeee.............e.................... a. Leaky-Coax Systems ............e........e.........e.......... b . UHF Keflective Techniques in Underground Mines.... .......... c. Dedicated-Wire Radio Systems. ............................... d . Wireless Radio System ..............e.e.e.........ee......... i . Interference..............e....ee................... ii. Signal Attenuation in the Haulageway ................ iii . Signal Attenuation Around Corners ................... 3.5.3 Belt Haulage ......................................................... 3.6 Special Requirements .......ee.e..e.e....ee........ee.........e.......... 3.6.1 The Roving or Isolated Miner ......................................... a. One-Way-Voice (Pocket) pager^,...,........^^..^.^.^^.^^^^^.^ 3.6.2 Motorman-to-Snapper.. ................................................ a. Telephone and Trolley-Carrier Phone System .................. be Walkie-Talkie System .................e.eeee.eee..eeeeeee.eee 3.7 Emergency Communications ............................e......ee.....e...e. 3.7.1 Detecting and Locating the Trapped Miner ..............eee..eee.e..... CONTENTS.. Continued Page Refuge Shelter....................................................... 72 Rescue Team Communications ........................................... 73 Medium-Frequency Rescue Systems ...................................... 73 a . Specific Application
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