GeoActiveGeoActive 373 OnlineOnline DOCKLANDS: POST- by Sylvia Wood LDDC DEVELOPMENTS

To A11, M11 To Stratford – international station for Eurostar. T S To Stratford and M12 Site of 2012 Olympic B To M25 M U Village CITY OF A R H D R.Lea A COM E MER T 13 LONDON R CIA T A L B R RO A O D A E D Bank M Canning G EAST INDIA DOCK RO C I AD

N Tower Gateway D Town E O To West End I To

O G R T E LR ER L A CR . R D T W O TH B S A I NK O SI M LI L NG SE O E I S WAY LIMEHOU ExCeL ST OWER HILLE R IGH RE N H London City R.Thames E E N T S B H T O Tower of Airport T Tunnel S R Canary D London News Tobacco N E T O N Wharf R Dock TH International W W O O London OL D W L O ICH ROAD City Hall A T O R HERON A W IC QUAYS A Canada E M Thames Bridge JA R.Thames Water S to Green Park Gateway T ISLE

& Waterloo F OF

E L Offices with retail London Thames O

R DOGS W underground Arena Barrier E R

R

R Y To D

Greenwich R Cubitt Town –

D ISLAND GARDENS residential and Key Greenwich open space N Pan Peninsula Foot Tunnel residential Jubilee Line LDDC boundary 0 2 km

LEWISHAM Figure 1: Regenerated Docklands

HE bomb damage caused during the LDDC Annual Report DEVELOPMENT SecondGeoActi Worldve War Series (1939–45). 18 Issue 3 T 1981 1997 CORPORATION (LDDC) was Fig 373_01 Mac/eps/illustrator 11 s/s • SomeNELSON land was THORNES contaminated PUBLISH fromING Land area (ha) 2,225 2,225 wound up between 1997 and formerA rtiindustries.st: David Russell Illustration 1998. It had been established in Derelict land (ha) 1,000 223 • The transport network was Population 39,400 80,000 1981 by the Conservative inadequate. Government as a way of Private investment – £6.5 billion encouraging the private sector to • There was a lack of recreation and Public investment – £1.8 billion green areas. invest in regenerating an area of Companies 1,000 2,450 Office/commercial/ London east of the City (Figure 2 1). Regeneration means ‘to renew’ How the area was industrial/floorspace – 2.3 million m or to impart new life to regenerated Homes 15,000 35,600 something. The Government established an Private housing 5% 43% Urban Development Corporation New/improved roads (km) 0 113 Why the area needed to be (UDC), a non-elected New/improved railways (km) 0 29 regenerated corporation, the LDDC, with annual total control over an area of passengers – 727,600 • The docks in London, built between 2,226 ha (8.5 square miles), with Figure 2: Key facts from the 1997 1700 and 1921, were closed by powers to make rapid planning LDDC Annual Report 1981, as they were too small for decisions without consulting the modern container ships, which were Source: Dockland News, August 1997 local councils. Much of this area using (downstream) and Felixstowe on the east coast. also became an Enterprise Zone, The area today is controlled by which qualified commercial and three broad groups: • Unemployment was high, especially industrial projects to receive among unskilled, former dockers. • The local authority – In 1994 the government grants and tax relief first part of the LDDC area in • Houses and flats, many owned by for a period of time. Figure 2 was returned to the local authorities such as Tower summarises the changes brought control of the local authority, Hamlets, Southwark and Newham, about during the life of the followed in 1997 and 1998 by the were of a poor standard. LDDC. rest, in Tower Hamlets and • Derelict land still remained from Newham. This means that

Series 18 Summer issue Unit 373 London Docklands: Post-LDDC Developments © 2007 Nelson Thornes GeoActive Online This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only. Page 1 of 4 Today, because of the threat of terrorism, security for these multi-storey office blocks is of paramount importance. Guards are mounted on entrances, credentials of those entering are

Agence Francais de Securité Sanitaire des Produits de checked and bags have to go Santé through X-ray machines. Alvarez & Marsal The Bank of New York Bear Stearns International Jobs have also been created in Burlington Resources retailing, supplying the needs of Clearstream Banking/Deutsche Burse AG Clydesdale Bank office workers with food, drinks, Coutts & Co magazines, newspapers, clothes Curvalue International Ltd and footwear. Most of the shops E Trade Securities Ltd Euler Hermes UK Plc are sited underground, although European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries some bars and restaurants are by Association Figure 3: , including Global Sage parks or pedestrian areas. Some the One building Hartford people are still employed on International Grains Council construction projects. Around statistical information for the area International Sugar Organisation that was formerly controlled by the Kilpatrick Stockton LLP UK 80,000 people are now LDDC is now incorporated into Knight Frank employed in the Canary Wharf that for the boroughs and is not KPMG complex. Maersk Company Ltd collected separately. The local Médecin du Monde UK councils are now responsible for National Westminster Housing maintaining council dwellings, Novartis Europharm Ltd In 1981 it was estimated that public open spaces, parkland, Primus Telecommunications 83% of homes in the London Quadrant Capital lighting, river frontages and for Regus (UK) Ltd Docklands were council owned. overall planning. The local councils State Street Bank London In 1998 it was estimated that receive revenue from council tax SWX Swiss Exchange UK Ltd 45% of homes were owner- and business rates. Teach First Telegraph Group Ltd occupied and the rest rented or • Private investors – The local Trinity Mirror Group Plc under shared ownership. authority does not have Virt-X responsibility for buildings like the Much local authority housing in 50-storey Canary Wharf building Figure 4: Office tenants at , Canary Wharf Tower Hamlets, Newham and (Figure 3). International investors Southwark has been refurbished, in such properties have included an Source: Press Office American media tycoon, a Saudi GeoActive Series 18 Issue 3 such as the Barley Mow Estate in Fig 373_04 Mac/eps/illustrator 11 s/s Arabian prince and the Canadian The tenants of One Canada at a cost of £10.5 NELSON THORNES PUBLISHING million, funded jointly by the developer Paul Reichman. Many SquareArtist: (see David Figure Russell 3), Illustration are listed companies rent entire blocks or in Figure 4. The HSBC (Hong floors of new office buildings Kong and Shanghai Banking RISING HIGH (Figure 4). Corporation) chose to put its • Other bodies – British Waterways corporate headquarters in a 41- Several of the new buildings planned for took over responsibility for bridges storey building in Canary Wharf Canary Wharf will, unusually, be in the former Docklands in March rather than in the City of residential tower blocks rather than offices. It seems that many of the workers 1998, when the LDDC handed London. An accountancy firm, in this part of London – Japanese, over control of the area. Littlejohn Frazer, had moved Americans and Asians – are accustomed from the to to living in high-rise luxury and will be Key characteristics of Docklands by the 1990s because prepared to pay the high prices demanded for the apartments here. Docklands of spiralling rents on office space One of these new buildings, Pan in the City, attractive river views Peninsula, will become one of the tallest Employment at the new venue, and nearness residences in Europe, with 50 storeys, of the firm to big clients and the and about 155 metres tall. It will comprise There has been a growth in 820 apartments, most of them with their tertiary sector jobs. Financial Lloyds insurance market. own open-air balcony. institutions, legal companies, oil Overnight accommodation is Prices will range from a modest companies, news companies and provided for banking staff in £230,000 (‘studio’) to £850,000 (two some office blocks where bedrooms) – but parking is an extra medical and pharmaceutical £30,000 (and not available to the lower- companies have all begun to take employees need to be present for priced properties). up office space in Docklands, the opening hours of stock and some clustering of functions exchanges throughout the world. Figure 5: Adapted from a national is evident. newspaper, November 2005

GeoActive Online Series 18 Summer issue Unit 373 London Docklands: Post-LDDC Developments © 2007 Nelson Thornes Page 2 of 4 This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only. LDDC, Tower Hamlets Council • The Jubilee Line tube extension to The future Stratford was opened for the and the Government’s Estates At present the London Action Programme. millennium. This is deep underground and runs between Docklands is thriving. Stratford in the east and Stanmore Development theories involving Old warehouses have been growth poles and the multiplier converted, and a two-bedroomed in north-west London, with important stations at Canary effect can be applied to show freehold property with off-street Wharf and Westminster. how success feeds success (Figure parking was offered for sale in • London City Airport, originally 6). Future economic growth, July 2006 for £675,000. especially eastward along the Currently, Alan Selby & Partners called Stolport, was opened in November 1987. It has a single , may depend and Savills are marketing runway on the central quay in the on: apartments in Pan Peninsula, a . Because of the high-rise block to be completed • a buoyant, national economy and constraints of space only small political stability in 2009. Figure 5 is from a passenger aircraft can be report on this development. accommodated during weekdays, • the demand by international Property prices are very high, flying to nearby European cities companies, perhaps from the new reflecting the demand for homes such as Paris, Brussels and Dublin. European Union members, for and a buoyant economy. Passenger numbers reached 1.9 prestigious sites in London, which million in 2005 and could reach is a world-renowned business centre Although new, affordable housing 8 million by 2030, creating over has been constructed in some 4,000 jobs. • the continuing demand for more areas of London, such as south of homes and jobs in south-east The environment and leisure the Dome on the Greenwich peninsula, little is apparent in the Simon Jenkins wrote in The • developing the infrastructure, for , around Canary Evening Standard in 1998 that example finishing the Eurostar rail Wharf. However, Tower Hamlets has the richest link into King’s Cross and building attracted government, European gallery of modern architecture in Cross Rail to link west and east and private sector funding in the Europe. One Canada Square, the London late 1990s to build new homes in tall iconic building in Canary • the success of the bid to host the the borough. Wharf (Figures 3 and 4), was 2012 Olympics Games in the lower designed by the Argentinean Lea valley at Stratford. Transport architect Cesar Pelli. Norman One of the criticisms made of the Foster and Richard Rogers are LDDC was that it failed to other famous architects who G New economic activity develop or improve transport have designed buildings in the links adequately. Rather belatedly area. this is being remedied (see Figure G attracts more 1). Mature trees have been planted investment • New roads have been built, such as in open spaces and beside roads, the 1.8 km Limehouse Link which especially in the Isle of Dogs. G Green, public open spaces, often increased services, eg was opened in 1993. This link is an shops and transport east–west route to relieve the with fountains or running water, links (acquired congested A13. Road traffic is such as Jubilee Park above the advantages) concentrated on the outer edge of Jubilee Line underground the Canary Wharf complex while station, allow workers to relax pedestrian areas and cycle tracks during the working day. Bicycle G increased local market link areas within it. parks are provided with the (workers spend their • The Docklands Light Railway expectation of more people money) (DLR), constructed cheaply during cycling. There are facilities for the 1980s, is a computerised, water sports, for example at the G attracts workers driverless train service, mostly Royal Victoria Docks Water travelling overground and linking Sports Centre. the Isle of Dogs with the City. In G New economic activity December 2005 an extension to the (growth pole) network, from to The ExCeL exhibition centre, by North costing £140 Custom House station on the DLR, hosts events such as the million, was opened by Mayor Ken Think what might happen if there is Livingstone. One of the stops on 2006 British International an economic recession and one the line is for London City Airport Motor Show which for many very large company closes ... and with trains every 10 minutes years was staged in . passengers can reach the City in Figure 6: The upward spiral of only 22 minutes. growth and the multiplier effect

Series 18 Summer issue Unit 373 London Docklands: Post-LDDC Developments © 2007 Nelson Thornes GeoActive Online This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only. Page 3 of 4 Key Felixstowe Extent of Harwich Activities N 1 Make a copy of Figure 7. Add R. Lea to it the City of London and the M25 LDDC area. Label your map, explaining why the regenerated R. Thames Southend-on-Sea Docklands area has attracted offices of international LONDON Tilbury companies. Give your map a title. M25 Dover 2 (a) Use the information in Figure 2 to draw four separate Channel diagrams: Tunnel Calais (i) comparing the population of Docklands in 1981 and 1997 (ii) comparing the number of English Channel companies in Docklands in 0 50 km 1981 and 1997 (iii) comparing the number of Figure 7: South-east England homes in Docklands in 1981 and 1997 (iv) comparing the percentage GeoActive Series 18 Issue 3 international newspaper,Fig 373_0 for7 Ma ac/eps/illustrator 11 s/s of private housing in Docklands bank seeking employeesNELSON in THORNES PUBLISHING in 1981 and 1997. Canary Wharf. Artist: David Russell Illustration Include a title with each diagram. 5 In groups, discuss the (b) Imagine you are a newspaper following statements: reporter. • Without the LDDC, Either: regeneration of east London • Write a short report Docklands would not have describing the changes in happened so quickly. Docklands from 1981 until the • The success of the LDDC was wound up. redeveloped Docklands depends or on a growing economy in south- • Report the changes that have east England. occurred in Docklands from • Winning the bid for the 2012 1997 to today. Olympic Games will bring more prosperity and environmental 3 Study Figure 4. improvements to the Lea Valley (a) How many of the companies and Thamesside. listed are banks? (You may need • It is necessary to improve the to check this on the internet.) environment, service and (b) Use the internet to research transport links before three other companies on the developing housing along the list. Thames Gateway. (c) What other businesses might Now write down your provide services to those conclusions from your working in the offices in One discussions. Canada Square? 6 Use your library or the 4 Either: internet to find out about (a) Design an advertisement for another regenerated urban area a newspaper for use by an estate in the UK, such as in agent trying to sell an apartment or . Decide in Pan Peninsula. whether that scheme has or fulfilled its aims. (b) Design a job advertisement, to be placed in a national or

GeoActive Online Series 18 Summer issue Unit 373 London Docklands: Post-LDDC Developments © 2007 Nelson Thornes Page 4 of 4 This page may be photocopied for use within the purchasing institution only.