PANORAMA 1453 HISTORY MUSEUM EXAMPLE Fatmanur Kübra Aylana,*, Hatice Sarı Gökb Arecreation Management Department, Tourism Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey

PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH ARTICLE 2021, 3(2): 103-117 https://toleho.anadolu.edu.tr/

FACULTY OF TOURISM

PANORAMIC MUSEUM VISITS AS CULTURAL RECREATION ACTIVITIES: PANORAMA 1453 HISTORY MUSEUM EXAMPLE Fatmanur Kübra Aylana,*, Hatice Sarı Gökb aRecreation Management Department, Tourism Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey. ORCID: 0000-0002-6703-2934 / e-mail: [email protected] bDepartment of Travel, Tourism and Entertainment Services, Yalvaç Vocational School, Isparta University of Applied Science, Isparta, Turkey. ORCID: 0000-0003-0949-2593 / e-mail: [email protected]

KEYWORDS ABSTRACT Leisure Museums have moved to a different dimension as a result of the development of revolutionary new insights Recreation in classical collection exhibitions and the use of new technologies, with the understanding of Post-Modern Panorama Museums Museology. Panorama museums, which are developing as three-dimensional storytelling models of history museums and becoming increasingly common, are museums of different designs due to their exhibition Postmodern Museology conditions with their 360° panoramic painting art. Panorama museums are innovative museums open to Visitor Experience technology and interactive platforms that provide visitors with one-to-one interactive experience. Museums, as a recreational activity, are also among the points of visit for cultural purposes. Especially with its architectural features and designs, it gives visitors the impression of living that moment in a historical film, giving them a completely different world feeling. Based on this, the visitor experiences of the “Panorama 1453 History Museum” on the TripAdvisor were analysed using content analysis method. The universe of the research consists of 473 comments made by people who visited the museum between December 2011 and August 2020. The sample of the research, on the other hand, consists of the first 141 visitor comments. The remaining 232 comments were not included in the study because they consist of the comments made to the first posts. A total of 795 encodings were made in the research. In the research, it was found that the visitors were satisfied with the panorama museum visits as a recreational activity, it contributed to the learning of history and culture, they also experienced a historical journey and found it interesting and impressive. In the conclusion part of the research, suggestions were made in terms of both academic and sectoral aspects.

1. Introduction

happiness feelings can correct many negative Time is defined as the duration that a work or conditions (physical, psychological and health) of phenomenon occurs, will occur (Turkish Language the participating individuals (Leversen, Danielsen, Association, 2020). When time is examined from Birkeland & Samdal, 2012). Similarly, recreational different angles for people, it consists of three parts. activities, which are leisure activities, enable The first of these is the “time to exist” that people individuals to be relieved of the troubles in their spend to meet biological needs such as eating and lives, relax and develop themselves, while positively drinking, sleeping and cleaning. The second is the affecting themselves, their relationships and socio- “livelihood (working) time” aimed at maintaining cultural adaptation (Patry, Blanchard & Mask, 2007). life such as working, securing the future, producing, Post-Modern Museology understanding gradually and the third is “leisure time” for making use of the leads to the development and use of revolutionary existing time such as leisure, recreation, hobby, play new insights in classical collection exhibitions and the time left over from working time (Demirdağ, (Doğan, 2018). This transformation in museums has 2019: 29). Today, people spend their free time with created post-modern museums. Museums in Turkey various activities in order to relax, be happy and are classified as archeology museums, art museums, have a good time in order to get away from negative history museums, ethnography museums, natural emotions and stressful environments they are in due history and geology museums, military museums, to work or other factors (Munusturlar, 2016). Among industrial museums, specialty museums and science these activities, museum visits have an important museums according to their exhibitions (Madran, *Corresponding Author. place in leisure activities. Museums are places that Received 03.02.2021; Received in revised form 09.05.2021; Accepted 13.05.2021 make visitors happy and provide a pleasant time This article is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. with the effects such as cultural development of the e-ISSN: 2687 - 3737 / © 2021 The Authors. Published byAnadolu University. person, spending quality time, living the moment, http://dx.doi.org/10.48119/toleho.873719 witnessing the history. Leisure activities that increase satisfaction and Aylan and Sarı Gök TOLEHO, 2021, 3(2): .103-117

1999). Panorama museums are three-dimensional work” (Torkildsen, 1992: 64; Edginton, Hanson & storytelling models of history museums that are Edginton, 1992: p. 4). In short, recreation, which widespread today. Panorama museums have means regeneration, restructuring and re-creation, different design and exhibition methods compared is commonly used as a leisure time in its Turkish to other museums in terms of exhibition conditions equivalent (Şahin & Kocabulut, 2014:p. 47). In and functional requirements since they involve the literature the concept of recreation becomes 360 degree panoramic painting art (Ediz, 2019). diversified as recreation as a need; the activities Panorama museums are architecturally designed that the individual does to ensure his / her inner in cylindrical and spherical forms. With the domed satisfaction, recreation as a leisure activity; activities shells, panorama museums are able to give visitors people participate in their spare time, recreation as the feeling of another world (Zülfikar, 2020: p. 66). a value for the individual and society; activities that As the main idea, they were created with the logic of the individual does for others rather than himself/ taking a photograph of or simulating “that moment herself and recreation in the sense of re-creation; or situation” (Ediz & Akıncıtürk, 2018). There is also activities in which individuals participate in order to a high demand for panorama museums. For example, provide mental and physical calmness (Torkildsen, Panorama 1453 History Museum was visited by 2006: p. 49-50). 795.018 in 2014, 715.246 in 2015, 590.812 in 2016, It is seen that recreation activities are classified 570.177 in 2017, 578.158 in 2018 and 577.515 in based on different aspects in the field literature 2019 (Kültür A.Ş. Annual Report, 2019). (Mieczkowski, 1990; Jensen, 1995; Bell, 2001; As a result of the field scan it was seen that Edginton, Hudson, Dieser & Edginton, 2004; Mull, panorama museums were studied in terms Bayless & Jamieson, 2005; Plummer, 2008; Hazar, of architectural features (Maraşlıoğlu, 2019), 2014; Munusturlar, 2016). In general, recreation contemporary exhibition methods, vision and designs activities are classified according to the number (Zülfikar, 2020), virtual tour experience (Taşkıran & of participants, spatial differences, demographic Kızılırmak, 2019). However, it was found that the characteristics, functional aspects, time and experiences of people who visited the panorama way of participating in the activities. Cultural museums were not investigated. Based on this, the recreation activities are activities carried out aim of the study was established as determining the under the classification (according to their purpose visitor experiences for panorama museum tours as (functional)) as, semi-active recreation (according a cultural activity. For this purpose, in this study, to the type of action), indoor recreation (according Panorama 1453 History Museum was chosen as the to the place). research area, as it is the first panoramic museum Culture is a complex set of relationships that in Turkey, has a full panoramic feature and has the includes knowledge, beliefs, traditions, artistic highest number of comments on the TripAdvisor activities, moral values, law, other abilities and site. The research started on January 2021, and it habits gained by a person as a member of a society was determined that there were 473 comments (Kottak, 2001: p. 46). Culture, which is one of the made between December 2011 and August 2020 primary elements that make up today’s society, is a about the Panorama 1453 History Museum on the set of human-made values (Giddens, 1998: p. 26). In Tripadvisor site. 141 of these comments were shared this respect, culture in social sciences can be defined by the visitors, and the remaining 232 comments as expected behaviors with a set of common values consist of the comments made to the first posts For and norms (Lažnjak, 2011: p. 1012). Therefore, this reason, the sample of the research consists of the cultural values are learned by observing, listening, first 141 posts made. A total of 795 encodings were talking and interacting with different cultures made in the research. According to the results of the or societies. With cultural recreational activities, research, the panorama museums contribute to the groups belonging to different cultures can be visitors as a cultural recreational activity area in brought together in common recreational areas and terms of providing historical witnessing and teaching have similar experiences. history and culture with animation techniques (3D All activities created to spend leisure time hall, simulation, 3D display, electronic guide, effects according to the traditions and customs, knowledge, and sounds related to the conquest, etc.). It has been beliefs and moral values of a nation are defined as determined. In addition, online comments were cultural recreational activities (Gül, 2014: p. 60). mostly found to be (136 satisfaction) satisfaction. Cultural recreation is all kinds of leisure activities The study is important in terms of examining the aimed at improving the knowledge and skills 2.visitor Conceptual experiences Framework by considering the panorama of the participants (Hacıoğlu, Gökdeniz & Dinç, museums as a cultural recreation activity area. 2009: p. 41; Hazar, 2014: p. 45; Dalkılıç, 2017: p. 24). Every day, participation in cultural recreation activities is increasing (Beyers, 2007: p. 25). 2.1. Recreation and Cultural Recreation Activities Activities organized by municipalities, associations, The concept of “recreation”, derived from the educational institutions and foundations, courses of Latin word “recreatio”, was used to mean “regaining 104visual arts, crafts, foreign language, painting, dance, health” and later “regenerating the individual for music, theater courses, vocational courses, visits Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example

to museums and art galleries can be examples of open to technology and are interactive platforms cultural recreational activities. that provide visitors with one-to-one interactive Cultural activities can be carried out as many leisure experience (Bostancı, 2019: p. 38). activities according to their types and characteristics Panorama, is defined as narrative continuous (Mclean & Hurt, 2012: p. 3). In addition, the cultural scenes in visual arts or the state of the earth painted structures of societies are extremely effective on on a flat or curved background (Zülfikar, 2020: p. 49). recreational activities. All over the world, people The architectural structures that played an important love to spend their free time dancing, singing, role in the birth and development of panorama sculpting, handicrafts and decorating their homes. art are panorama museums. Robert Barker (1739- Cultural resources (museums, historical buildings, 1806) was the inventor of the term panorama and archaeological sites, etc.) help societies to embrace was instrumental in the emergence of panorama their own cultural identity and to understand cultural museums. Although Barker initially made panorama diversity and richness. In this way, they contribute exhibitions mobile, over time he wanted his works to the general functioning of the society. Because to be exhibited permanently. As a result, Barker cultural resources give visitors the opportunity to built a rotanda (round or oval structure or room get to know other cultures and their own culture, with a domed top in classical architecture) named to see cultural artifacts, to participate in activities, “the Panorama” in London’s Leicester Square (Hyde, to taste local foods and to share traditions (Kurar, 2015: p. 39). A total of 126 panoramas between 2019: p. 135). In this context, museum visits are 1793 and 1861 (closed from 1861) were displayed considered among recreational activities and allow on the Leicester Square Panorama (Wilcox, 1976; people to improve their cultural background. Hyde, 1988: p. 58). Barker changed his panorama 2.2. Panaroma Museums about once a year. The eighth panorama exhibited in the grand hall was the panorama of “Istanbul Museums are democratizing, inclusive and View from Galata Tower” opened on April 27, 1801. polyphonic spaces for critical dialogue about the The panorama of Istanbul was exhibited between past and the future. By accepting and addressing 1801 and 1803 and Istanbul was the first foreign today’s conflicts and difficulties, museums secure city to be shown on the Leicester Square Panorama the artifacts and samples they are obliged to protect (Maraşlıoğlu, 2019: p. 25). The second panorama on behalf of society for future generations, and of Istanbul, “Istanbul View from the Maiden’s ensure equal access to this cultural heritage by Tower”, has been on display on the second floor of people from all walks of life. Museums are not profit the Leicester Square Panorama starting from 23 making organizations. They are participatory and November 1801 (Hyde, 1988: p. 39). transparent, and are defined as organizations that Most of the panorama museums were built in contribute to human dignity, social justice, global the 1800s with the oil painting technique where equality and global welfare, and work in active the event took place. These are half panoramic partnerships with various communities to protect, museums built vertically or horizontally. The most research, interpret, exhibit and develop works in important panoramic museums include Waterloo order to better understand the world (ICOM, 2019). Battle Panorama, Sivastopol Panorama (telling of the Museums have undergone enormous changes both Ottoman-Russian war), Napoleon’s Moscow Battle functionally and physically over the centuries. Today, Panorama, Mesdag Panorama (the oldest panorama museums have become organizations that are far museum open to visit) and Plevne Defense Panorama beyond the institutions that exist only with their (describing the Russian-Turkish war) (www.kultur. collections, protect, research and exhibit them. istanbul/panorama-1453-muzesi/). There are The presentation of social memory and cultural approximately 32 panoramic museums in the world diversity by using new technological tools increases (Kültür A.Ş. Annual Report, 2019: p. 24). the interest in museums day by day. In this context, Museum experiences that are considered as tourist studies in the field of digital museology continue experiences are a transition or exchange between at full speed. Panorama museums that convey the the museum and its visitors (Roppola, 2012). artistic and archaeological accumulation of the Sheng and Chen (2012) discussed the experience country through a kind of chronology or storytelling expectations of museum visitors in their study; theme can be given as an example of digital museum They identified it as comfort and entertainment, work in Turkey (Bostancı, 2019: 38). Panoramas cultural entertainment, self-identification, escape consist of setups built partly with painting and and historical remembrance. It has been determined partly with models. It is used in historical, military, in the studies that museum experiences differ geology and natural history museums especially according to the demographic characteristics of the to add value to the narrative (Erbay, 2009: p. 142). visitors and the dimensions of the experience also Panorama museums are designed as places that affect the visitor satisfaction (Sheng & Chen, 2012; allow a 360-degree virtual tour through panoramic Lee & Smith, 2015; Kırcova & Erdoğan, 2017). When photography. It gives the impression of living the field studies carried out in the studies related in a historical movie and living that moment. 105to panorama museums are examined, it is seen that Panorama museums are innovative museums Maraşlıoğlu (2019) discussed with an analysing Aylan and Sarı Gök TOLEHO, 2021, 3(2): .103-117

approach the Panorama 1453 History Museum which panoramic museum in both horizontal and vertical is open to audience with his “complete panorama” plane. The sky, starting from the upper part of presentation which he developed using examples of the picture, extends in the form of a dome in an panorama museums from Turkey and around the uninterrupted way. In this way, although it is a closed world. Zülfikar (2020) examined the “Panorama space since there are no references to grasp the reality 1326 Museum and Interaction Center” in his study. and dimensions, the starting and ending points are In the study, he prepared a proposal model for the not available, the visitor feels a three-dimensional museum. This proposal model has been prepared in outdoor feeling thanks to the atmosphere of the line with contemporary museology principles and panorama when entering this area (Maraşlıoğlu, aims to bring a new vision and design to museology 2019: p. 46). It is a place worth seeing with its literature, museum architecture and contemporary panoramic ceiling, three-dimensional parts and exhibitions. Taşkıran & Kızılırmak (2019) examined sound effects. The museum, which is established on customer experiences with experiential marketing an area of 3000 m2, looks like a 360-degree painting and technology use in virtual environment in their without borders and when viewed, it creates a three- study. dimensional effect. In order to achieve the three- 2.3. Panorama Museums in Turkey dimensional effect, the viewer was allowed to look at the picture from a platform 14 meters away. The Museums and similar structures have assumed 650 m2 area of the painting is three-dimensional the role of “external disk” of urban memory. and there are imitations of cannons, gun carriages, Panorama museums, which contain the history of powder barrels used in the siege of the area. The the city, historical buildings, and views of the cities two-dimensional painting area of 2350 m2 starts or nature, are more meaningful, more emotional right after the three-dimensional zone. There are structures that citizens can connect with (Ediz, 1304 paintings and around ten thousand figures in 2019). Panoramic museums are usually built to chart the work (Erbay, 2011: p. 103). certain events in history. Panorama museums in Panorama 1326 Bursa Conquest Museum; In Turkey are among the places worth seeing in terms order to create a recreation area in Bursa city of telling the historical events and keeping them center, a “History Park” project with the empire city alive. Panorama museums open to visitors in Turkey theme was implemented. After the implementation, are Panorama 1326 Bursa Conquest Museum, thematic gardens containing historical elements Samsun 1919 Panorama Museum, Panorama 1453 were built in the area called “Kamberler History History Museum, Konyanüma Panorama Museum, and Culture Park”. In the field, the “Panorama Bursa Kahramanmaraş Liberation Panorama Museum, 1326 Conquest Museum” project of which the chief December 25 Gaziantep Defense Heroic Panorama consultant was Prof. Dr Halil İnalcık (Oğuzoğlu, and Museum (Figure 1). Information about these 2015: p. 137) was completed in 2018. The project, museums is listed below. which stands out with the slogan of “History Project Panorama 1453 History Museum; Panorama 1453 Preserving the Green”, is aimed to be one of the History Museum was opened to visitors in 2009 in symbolic structures of the city (Toprakoğlu & Durak, Topkapı Culture Park in Istanbul. The panoramic 2020: p. 137). The domed structure is a semi-dome museum that depicts the conquest of Istanbul in structure with 40 meters exterior, 38.2 meters inner three dimensions is a first in Turkey. In the museum, diameter (Zeynalov, 2018 cited in Maraşlıoğlu, 2019: where the latest technological possibilities are used, p. 48) and a height of 14 meters from the visitor the conquest of Istanbul is animated with light and platform to the top of the picture. It is larger than sound effects with a historical panorama that can Panorama 1453 History Museum with its 2.450 be seen from all directions with a 360 degree angle m2 picture area, 700 m2 three-dimensional model (Kültür A.Ş. Annual Report, 2019: p. 24). There is a area and 3150 m2 image area. In order to apply the panoramic route in the first section of the museum, painting to the inner hemisphere, a rotating scaffold which consists of two main sections. Panorama with one leg fixed in the middle and the other two 1453 Permanent Exhibition, which is prepared legs movable circumferentially was designed. The permanently, is located on this route. There are museum, whose ceiling was built in the form of modern miniature works that start with the an ellipsoidal dome, is the second full panoramic foundation of Istanbul, depict the siege and conquest museum in the world built after the Panorama 1453 of Istanbul, the life of Mehmed the Conqueror, the History Museum (Maraşlıoğlu, 2019: p. 48). construction activities after the conquest of Istanbul Samsun 1919 Panorama Museum; It is a and the wars with original miniature, engravings museum that digitally reveals the foundation and paintings and depict the conquest with today’s of the Independence Struggle, Veteran Mustafa perspective. At the end of the exhibition, the entrance Kemal’s first step, how it was in how our struggle of the platform where the panoramic painting is for independence has been carried out since the located begins. At the end of a dark corridor, visitors beginning, and displays pictures of Samsun of that are shown the moment of entering the city at dawn day, and depicts the struggle for independence in on May 29, 1453 (Zülfikar & Ediz, 2020: p. 83). 1061919. Samsun Panorama 1919 Museum, which was Panorama 1453 History Museum is a fully opened to visitors in 2018, draws attention with its Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example

formal setup. In the design, with the reorganization 1920, with the Kiosks of the Independence Medal of one of Samsun’s important squares, the sports and voice narrations (Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan hall has been re-functionalized as the Digital Display Municipality, 2020). Center and Panorama Museum, and includes digital December 25 Gaziantep Defense Heroism displays and dioramas describing Atatürk’s arrival Panorama and Museum; The “25 December in Samsun (Zülfikar & Ediz, 2020: p. 84). The Gaziantep Defense Independence Heroic Panorama concept of diorama consists of the Greek words dia, and Museum”, built by Gaziantep Metropolitan which means “from one end to the end” and –orama Municipality and telling every moment of the meaning “scene-landscape”. Diaromas, whose main defense of Antep, was opened in 2020 on the 99th purpose is to give the viewer a sense of movement anniversary of the city’s liberation from enemy and time with different light and filter systems, are occupation. The struggle of Antep against the enemy used in the design of panorama museums (Böcekler, for 11 months is re-experienced with all the details. 2015: p. 139). Visitors are not in the position of In the museum, unlike other examples, not a single spectators in this museum, but feel themselves in the memory but a long process is portrayed. In addition, middle of the War of Independence with the special in the museum, all aspects of the heroic Antep film technique, sound effects and viewing method Defense are explained with the area consisting of 14 (Doğan, 2018). paintings, 3 dioramas and a panoramic oil painting of Konyanüma Panorama Museum; Konyanüma 13 meters in height and 120 meters in length by the Panorama Museum was opened for service by Russian painter Aleksander Samsonov. In addition, Konya Metropolitan Municipality in 2017. It has an the artifacts used during the war period are also intermediate form with a cone ceiling, which is not 3.exhibited Methodology in the museum (Gaziantep Metropolitan fully panoramic and, unlike its examples in Europe, Municipality, 2020). to which the sky is partially added. In addition, there are very realistic and one-to-one silicon human sculptures brought from abroad in the field of models. Qualitative research method is a concept that In the panoramic view of Konya in the middle of the includes the attitudes and strategies followed in 13th century, it gives the opportunity to the visitor to qualitative research that aims to understand how witness the life of Mevlana, the turning points of his people understand, experience, interpret and life and the life of that period in which everyone was produce the social world (Sandelowski, 2004: p. living in a cosmopolitan city as in peace (Maraşlıoğlu, 893). The most frequently used research techniques 2019: p. 50-51). When entered through the main in qualitative research can be listed as in-depth entrance door which was built based on the Seljuklu interview, focus group interview, unstructured crown doors, there are miniatures of 25 Mevlevi (uncontrolled) observation, semi-structured lodges from Turkey and around the world (Balkans, observation, case study, document review, life history, Middle East, Mecca, Medina, Cairo, Crimea) in the oral history, and grounded theory (Gönç Şavran, 2014: open court in the middle (Konya Metropolitan p. 87). In this study, document analysis technique was Municipality, 2019). The 17 domes surrounding the used, and secondary data were utilized. Secondary courtyard represent the Mevlana Lodge. It is reached data are data collected for different purposes or by by two entrance gates named Mevlana and Şems, people other than the researcher, they can be used and two stairs from the courtyard to the museum to extend existing research (Given, 2008: p. 803). section. On the embossed panel created between the In this study, it is aimed to examine the experiences entrances, there are symbols and motifs used by the gained as a result of the visits to the panorama Seljuk State (www.tarihikentlerbirligi.org, 2019: p. museums, which emerged with the post-modernism 46-47). museum understanding, as a cultural recreational Kahramanmaraş Liberation Panorama Museum; activity. In line with this purpose, Panorama 1453 Kahramanmaraş Liberation Panorama Museum History Museum was chosen as the research area was opened in 2018, the 98th anniversary of the because it was opened for the first time in Turkey, liberation of Maraş from the enemy occupation, in it is a full panoramic museum in both horizontal order to tell the Maraş national struggle that sparked and vertical planes and it has the most comments the liberation of the occupied Anatolian lands after on the TripAdvisor. Accordingly, 473 comments World War I and to immortalize the liberation struggle about Panorama 1453 History Museum shared on on February 12, 1920. The museum is located in the TripAdvisor.com by visitors to the museum between Kültür Park within the Kahramanmaraş Onikişubat December 2011 and August 2020 were reviewed. district. In the museum, the struggle for liberation 141 of these comments were shared by the visitors is first described in a normal screening and then in and the remaining 232 comments consist of the a 3D animated film (Kahramanmaraş Metropolitan comments made to the first posts. For this reason, Municipality, 2020). The exhibition scenes in the the sample of the research consists of the first 141 museum are made with oil painting portraits of the posts made. When the data of study were examined, prominent heroes of the War of Independence and it was determined that there were expressions about the weapons used in that period exhibition and the 107the field of cultural recreational activity (Figure 2) representation of the celebrations on February 12, and the visitor satisfaction status (Figure 3). These

Graph 1. Distribution of the posts of the Visitors on the TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Aylan and Sarı Gök Panorama History Museum by Years TOLEHO, 2021, 3(2): .103-117

Graph 1. Distribution of the Visitors’ Posts on the TripAdvisor for the 1453 Panorama History Museum by Years

4. Results and Discussion expressions were subjected to content analysis and proposed by Miles and Huberman (1994). coded and themed. During the analysis phase, all the data obtained were documented and analyzed by content analysis method (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2013: p. 4.1. Frequency Distributions 259-260). In content analysis, there are stages such Graph 1 shows the distribution rates of the posts as coding data, finding themes, organizing codes and shared by the visitors for 1453 Panorama History themes, defining and interpreting the findings in Museum by yearsIt is seen that the first comment the processing of data obtained through document about the museum opened in 2009 was made in analysis (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2006). The obtained 2011. Afterwards, sharing rates increase with the data were analyzed systematically by transferring increasing number of visits. As can be seen in the them to the qualitative data analysis program graph, the most posts were shared in 2015 with a “MAXQDA 2018”. The MAXQDA program helps you rate of 17% (24 shares). Due to the decrease in visits analyze various data such as interviews, reports, due to the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the number of tables, online surveys, focus groups, videos, audio comments made this year has decreased to almost files, literature, images, PDFs (MAXQDA, 2020). In the same rate as in 2011. this study, code count, frequency and percentage Graph 2 shows the distribution rates of the posts analysis and visual mapping methods in which the shared by the visitors for 1453 Panorama History relationships between codes and categories are Museum by the types of visit. In the posts, it is seen visualized were used as the unit of analysis. that 44.9% (62 shares) mostly did not specify the In order to calculate the consistency rates of the type of visit. It was determined that among those codes created in the study, the data were coded by who specified the type of visit, 24.1% (34 posts) two independent coders. This coding was done by were visited with their families the most, and the other people in a “blinded” manner, unaware of least was 3.5% (5 posts) for business visits. the expectationsGraph 2. and Distribution questions ofof thethe researcherposts of the 4.2. Visitors Titles on the TripAdvisor Site for the (Creswell, 2013: p. 253).1453 The Panorama consensus Historyamong the Museum by the types of visit. coders was calculated as 81% using the formula As seen in Figure 1, the terms conquest, panorama, “consensus / (consensus + disagreement) x 100 ˮ history, experience, impressive, Istanbul are used the

Graph 2. Distribution of the Visitors’ Posts on the TripAdvisor for the 1453 Panorama History Museum by the types of visit

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Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example

Figure 1. FigureWord Cloud 1. WordAnalysis Cloud of the Titles Analysis of the Visitors’ of the Posts Titles on theof theTripAdvisor Posts forof thethe 1453 Visitor Panoramas on Historythe Museum TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Panorama History Museum most. İstanbul; “1453 Panorama Visit in Istanbul” “Witnessing History”. The main theme of “Learning (2019). “The last day in Istanbul” (2017). “Visiting History and Culture” consists of 58 statements. Under point in Istanbul” (2016). Panorama; “1453 this main theme, 5 expressions formed the sub- Panorama Visit in Istanbul” (2019). “Panorama theme of “Educational Trips”. The expressions about exhibition” (2017). “Incredible technology” (2014). the theme of educational trips that are especially “Very well designed” (Not Specified). “Excellent beneficial for children are discussed under the sub- workmanship” (Not Specified). History; “Live the theme “For Children”. history” (2018). “An enthusiastic history museum” The main theme of “Witnessing History” consists (2016). “A good look at our history” (2016). of 31 visitor expressions. Under this main theme, “Conquest is not told and it is lived” (2016). “History there is “Animation” sub-theme with 18 expressions. smell” (2015). “Reliving history” (2015). “A historical The animation sub-theme is also divided into 8 sub- visit” (2014). “For those who want to experience the themes under the title of animation techniques as spirit of conquest” (2013). “Conquest Istanbul” (Not “3D Hall” (3 statements), “Simulation” (1 statement), Specified). Admiration; “It’s great” (2017). “Visual “3B Exhibition” (6 statements), “Electronic Guide” (8 feast” (2015). “Beautiful” (2015). “Very Impressive” statements), “Effects/Sounds Related to Conquest” (2014). “Interesting As It Is Different” (2014). “Pride” (24 statements), “Pictured Related to Conquest” (2014). “An amazing experience” (2013). “Magnifical” (19 statements), “Video Related to Conquest” (1 (2014). “We were very impressed” (2013). “Great statement) and “Written Information Related to Atmosphere” (2013). “Incredible” (2011). “I loved Conquest” (1 statement). it” (Not Specified). Recommendation; “A must see 4.4.“You Learning can learn History the andhistory Culture of the city you are in museum” (2019). “You Will Not Regret” (2015). by visiting the museum located in Topkapı district “Must go” (2015). Negative; “A small museum” (Not of Istanbul, a rare museum where the conquest of Specified). Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1453 is animated 4.3. Panorama Museum Tour as a Cultural with sound and visuals” “They reflected Recreational Activity the conquest of Istanbul and the1 effects2 of this conquest on Istanbul in great detail” (Z3 , 2020 ). “When you In Figure 2, the distribution of the posts of the first enter the museum, you start seeing the conquest visitors for the panorama museum tour as a cultural of Istanbul with the visuals (Z47, on the 2016). walls, the main recreational activity is given according to the themes. movie starts when you climb the spiral staircase. You Visitor posts under the category of “Panorama cannot recover for 1-2 minutes. What a magnificent Museum Trip as Cultural Recreational Activity” were picture it is, unbelievable, I congratulate all those classified under the themes “Learning History and who contributed” “The conquest of Culture” and “Witnessing History”. These themes Istanbul is narrated. It’s a visual feast. The text and are divided into sub-themes according to visitor pictures describing (Z46,the history 2015). are in the museum expressions, and sub-themes are divided into sub- section in the entrance” “An unexpected themes according to their subjects. There are 68 atmosphere and a magnificent virtual sky await you. statements on the theme of “Learning History The conquest of Istanbul (Z66,can only 2015). be enlivened so well and1 Visitor Culture” code and 112 statements on the theme of after centuries. If you love our history and history in 2 Year of sharing general, you must definitely visit” “People 109 (Z81, 2014).

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Figure 2. Classification of the Visitor Satisfaction Status of the Visitors’ Posts on the TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Panorama History MuseumFigure 2by. theClassification Number of the ofCoded the SectionVisitor Satisfaction Status of the Visitors' Posts on the TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Panorama History Museum by the Number of the Coded who are interested in history, especially OttomanSection They have succeeded in shedding history, should see it” “It is a must-see light on history with such a beautiful and impressive detail that will provide you with some information decor.For Don’t Children; forget “ to take the kids This about the conquest of (Z74, Istanbul, 2014). with great details. lovely museum is great for kids with its history” The 360 degree panoramic view also fascinates you” “We wanted to visit cultural (Z15,places 2018). that could “An excellent museology to explain the be beneficial for children during our Istanbul trip (Z124, and conquest of Istanbul and the opening of an era to 2017).Panorama 1453 was at the top of our list. The children (Z61,people 2014). of all levels with high technology” were very impressed, we liked it very much, the three- dimensional images were very successful. I think it (Z112, Not should be seen” “Ten thousand human Specified).“Panorama 1453, which we came with 8th grade figures are drawn. Especially ideal for children” studentsEducational on our Trips school trip, was very beautiful. I never (Z43, 2015). guessed it would be done this way. They animated it (Z43, almost exactly with sound effects, visuals and models. 2015). Thank you to the owner of the idea and to those who 4.5.A Witnessing beautiful themuseum History for those who want to made it” “We went many times with experience the conquest of Istanbul You students, it is a very beautiful and different work, can“ feel yourself in the war” “A museum the place (Z44, to be 2016).seen, especially you should find the among the trees right next to the walls,(Z14, 2019).the artists Fatih silhouette hidden by the artists in the clouds on trying to make everything look (Z41, like 2019). reality make you the ceiling” “It’s kind of like the power feel like you are in history, you need to go see it and of visual education” “1453 Conquest get that feeling” “Those who want to is told, a useful (Z38, place2016). for students” experience the conquest must definitely see it. You “This museum, which (Z72,we went 2015). to on a school trip, find yourself in the (Z17, middle 2018). of the conquest” is very impressive with the scene of the (Z66, conquest 2015). of “You feel yourself in a 360 degree war” Istanbul. The detailed siege of conquest is interesting. “It is recommended to be seen at least (Z51,once Explanatory information about the conquest is given 2016).and to relive history vividly” “A perfect (Z65, in the tables on the walls between floors” 2015).place. You can feel the conquest of Istanbul again” “It is a very interesting (Z59, 2015). and beautiful (Z86, Not 110 specified) (Z63, 2015). Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example museum where the conquest of Istanbul is described of Istanbul is animated in 3D and receives quite a with a panoramic picture. Panorama 1453 was lot of visitors” “It is a wonderful place recently built. It’s realistic as if you were watching the that reveals all the details of the conquest from the conquest of Istanbul in the middle of the war. Sound moment you first (Z62, enter, 2015). makes you feel like you are in effects are provided. Very beautiful and interesting” the middle of a war with 3D drawing and is supported “The person feels proud and feels like he by the sounds of cannons, swords and horses” lived that moment” “It is a great place “Those who want to experience the conquest of (Z83,for those 2014). who want to experience the conquest of Istanbul in 3D with sound should definitely go” (Z85, Istanbul up close. It (Z75,was designed2014). really well” 2014). “An atmosphere of conquest is given in the “They give headphones for (Z75,a fee museum. Everywhere from the earth to the sky (Z89,gives 2014).to listen to the historical story, and they narrate you 2013).the impression of 1453. It seems as if Fatih Sultan in Electronicfront of each Guide; Picture” “If you prefer, Mehmet will appear in a moment, it was a very nice you can get an electronic guide inside for a low price” work, worth seeing If you want “Do not forget (Z6, to 2019).take a headset at the to live the conquest of Istanbul once again” entrance from the door, it will be very useful to guide (Z79, Not specified). (Z64,you inside” 2015). Animation (Z111, Not “It is a Specified). “It is the place where the conquest of Istanbul place where (Z79, the conquest Not specified). of Istanbul is told. Supported is animated in the Istanbul Topkapı district, with withEffects/Sounds sound effects” Related to the Conquest;“The conquest of pictures and effects and videos” “This Istanbul is described with pictures and sound effects. museum, which tells about the conquest of Istanbul, It’s realistic, it’s beautiful. (Z4, 2020).They give headphones for has been very good. The animations (Z2, are 2020). very nice. a fee to listen to the historical story, and they narrate A place that smells of history so abundantly” you in front of each Picture” “With “As you enter inside, your eyes look completely panoramic ceiling painting, the Conquest of Istanbul different, your ears hear completely different. There (Z19, is kept alive both visually and audibly(Z6, 2019). through ball 2018).is a very good animation show inside. I suddenly sounds” “You find yourself directly in found myself in a state of war, and cannons and rifles the conquest of Istanbul. The atmosphere, the sounds, exploded with sounds. In short, it is very nice to tell the place (Z36, are beautiful” 2016). “The music and history in this way, to make it feel, thanks to those sound system created an ambience that really enlivens who made it” “A place that transforms the environment and adds (Z42, vitality” 2016). “An the moments of conquest of Istanbul into sound, exemplary museum with everything, the Conquest of breath and image (Z73, (Not2015). Specified). They portrayed Istanbul in 1453 could only be felt (Z100,in an atmosphere 2012). the conquest of Istanbul in 360 degrees. Nice work in which it was described with such a magnificent The animations inside are beautiful” painting, sound, light and objects, it could not be done “Soldiers, horses, sultans ... They. better” “A place that transforms (Z101,thought 2011). and designed everything perfectly the moments of conquest of Istanbul into sound, (Z104, 2011). A real battle field. A real place, a war breath and(Z91, image” Not specified). museum. Unlimited space, sounds, atmosphere (Z107, are “The conquest Notvery specified). of Istanbul is presented (Z101, Notwith Specified). pictures and sound effects”Pictures Related “It to was the Conquest;picturesque and detailed, exciting. Imagination is high, you feel like you’re at war!” (Z135,“At theNot entrance Specified). of the museum, written (Z7, 2019).“It is a great place, there are panels andAnimation visual themes Techniques that give historical information withand pictures many drawings, on the walls especially at the firstthe ceilingentrance” and sky” about3D Hall; the conquest welcome you, on the last floor (Z113, “It 2019). was designed very nicely, the setting is really there are visuals that you will admire, and you feel as beautiful, the paintings are better than those of(Z11, the if you are living those moments exactly with the 3D 2019).painters who are considered the most important in sound system to better reflect the war on the walls” the World” ”When I saw the paintings in “Capture depiction of 1453 real combat which the conquest process was animated, I realized and 360° Constantinople in 3D and very lifelike that the sky (Z29, was also 2017). a painting” (Z28,images” 2017). “It is the place “This is a historical animation hall that where the conquest of Istanbul (Z48,is animated 2015). in the smells of (Z77, heroism 2014). through the eyes of the Ottoman IstanbulVideo Topkapı Related district. to the Demonstration Conquest; is made with Empire.Simulation; Historical sculptures, paintings, narrations. pictures, effects and videos” The 7D simulator at the entrance is quite enjoyable; recommend to try it. It can change your view of life” “At the entrance of the museum, (Z3, 2020). written and visual themesWritten that Information provide historical Related information to the Conquest;about the I “We walked to a large park to reach conquest welcome you” (Z49,the panorama. 2015). Upon entering, you will be surrounded by3D a 3D Exhibition; view of the battle with sound effect. You can (Z28, 2017). see the historical wall outside” “This 4.6. Visitor Satisfaction Status small museum opened in 2009, where the conquest (Z116, 2019). 111 In Figure 3, it is seen that the visitor satisfaction status is examined under two themes: satisfaction

Aylan and Sarı Gök TOLEHO, 2021, 3(2): .103-117

Figure 3. Classification of the Visitor Satisfaction Status of the Visitors’ Posts on the TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Panorama History MuseumFigure 2by. theClassification Number of the ofCoded the SectionVisitor Satisfaction Status of the Visitors' Posts on the TripAdvisor Site for the 1453 Panorama History Museum by the Number of the Coded Sectionfor children during our Istanbul trip and Panorama 1453 was at the top of our list. The children were and dissatisfaction. While there are 136 statements very impressed, we liked it very much, the three- about satisfaction, there are 50 statements about dimensional images were very successful, I thought it dissatisfaction. It has been determined that visitor would be a bigger area, I found it a bit small compared posts mostly contain“It is admirationa perfect design.expressions. A beautiful to what I thought” “It is an indispensable museumSatisfaction for thoseStatus who want to experience the destination if a cultural trip is to be made in Istanbul. conquestAdmiration; of Istanbul” “It was the first First of all, it is an (Z43, absolutely 2015). indispensable stop to time we went as a family. A really different ambience, understand the spirit of Istanbul” a different environment, (Z14, people 2019). are fascinated. It is “What matters is the panoramic a small place but it is really well thought out” dome that completely surrounds you (Z92, and 2013). covers your “It was designed very nicely, the setting is field•Dome of vision. Design; The sights and sounds enliven the event, really beautiful, the paintings are better than those (Z29, of but the real highlight is the painted background that 2017).the painters who are considered the most important gives a true meaning of the mechanics of the battle in the world, I liked it very much as a person who saw with over 10,000 figures” “A magnificent the Louvre museum abroad” “I liked dome design” “Panorama 1453 Museum everything, the colors and drawings are great” is a new and very modern (Z118, museum. 2019). The conquest of (Z57, 2016). Istanbul is the (Z34, most 2017).interesting part of the panoramic “You can make commemorative (Z104, coin dome representing the 1453 conquest by Fatih Sultan 2011).inside” “There is a gift shop and a Mehmet” souvenirSouvenirs; coin vending machine” “The entrance fee is very (Z30, 2017). “Transportation is very easy affordable”(Z138, Not Specified).“The entrance fee was a very with metrobus and rail system from (Z42, anywhere” 2016). smallReasonable amount of Price; 5 TRY” “I found the Easy “Transportation Accessibility; is very easy by metro or tram” museum fee (Z27, very reasonable”2017). (Z51, “The museum (Z138, located 2016). around Topkapı 2016). “A museum that you can is really impressive. Although (Z48,it has 2015).a small area, you (Z60,visit as 2015). a family and must be seen” “We canImpressive; feel you are climbing up to sky through a dark wantedA recreative to visit cultural activity; places that could be beneficial staircase. You will encounter an area that enlivens the (Z63, 2015). 112 Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example battlefield and surrounds you. You must experience this” “I did not expect such a place. The moment you step in, you are truly enchanted” activities in which people participate voluntarily (Z35,“When 2016). you step onto this platform in the according to their interests, are among the museum, you may experience a shock that will last (Z72, for cultural recreations. Museum visits contribute to 2015).10 seconds” “It is a truly extraordinary communities’ getting to know their own culture and experience, the animations are beautiful” history, embracing cultural identity and increasing “Once (Z81, inside, 2014). it is not easy to go upstairs and cultural accumulation. Panorama museums, which not be impressed by that magnificent ceiling. It (Z105,makes are designed in accordance with the Post-Modern 2011).people dizzy officially” Museology concept, carry the understanding “Topkapı’s mess ended thanks to this of museology far beyond exhibiting classical museum and that region (Z104, has Not great specified). potential. The collections. Functions such as keeping pace with museumInteresting; is quite interesting and definitely worth the developing technologies, digitalization, and visiting” “Looking up while finishing the providing interactive experiences to the visitors are stairs, I suddenly found myself surrounded by clouds. increasing the visitor interest in panorama museums I couldn’t (Z37, perceive 2016). it for a few seconds and thought I day by day. was outside. Then, when I saw the paintings in which In the research, 141 comments made by people the conquest process was animated, I realized that who visited the museum on TripAdvisor.com the sky was also a painting. It was a very interesting website about “Panorama 1453 History Museum” moment. The pictures are incredibly successful and were analysed. The highest number of shares was realistic” made in 2015 with 17% (24 shares). It is seen that “No one should miss out on this the first comment about the museum was made in amazing experience(Z48, 2015). It is definitely one 2011Comments were shared at an increasing rate of Recommendation;the places to visit” “It is a great loss from 2011 to 2015, and it was determined that there that people living in (Z114,Istanbul 2019). or who somehow come was a decrease in the number of comments in the to Istanbul have not (Z65,seen 2019).Panorama 1453” years after 2016. When the types of visits of the “It is definitely one of the places to see” commentators are examined, it is seen that those who “It is among the must-see places in Istanbul (Z78, visit with their families with a rate of 24.1% and as 2015). I recommend everyone to see, Perfect (Z78, a couple with a rate of 13.5Visitor experiences have 2015).place to see” been analyzed under two categories: “Panorama (Z84, 2013). Museum Trip as Cultural Recreative Activity” (Z111, 2012). “It is not an easily and “Visitor Satisfaction”. Under the category of accessibleDissatisfaction place dueStatus to its location” Panorama Museum Trip as a Cultural Recreational “InterestingDistance/Transportation; place to see, however it is too far away” Activity, there are 112 statements on the themes of (Z22, 2018). “Witnessing History” and 68 statements “Learning “There can be a lot of queues for visits History and Culture”. There are expressions about (Z138,on busy Not days” specified). “It receives crowds of the animation technique in the museums “3D visitors”Crowded; “When it is very crowded, one Hall, Simulation”, “3D Display”, “Electronic Guide”, feels confused while (Z41, wandering. 2016). Therefore, it is better “Conquest Related Effects / Sounds”, “Conquest to visit when (Z62, it 2015).is empty” Pictures”, “Conquest Video” and “Conquest Written “There is no Information”. Although the comments shared about animation, only a half-sphere (Z73, 2015). sized picture on the the visitor satisfaction status mostly included wallsAbsence of the ofplace, Simulation/Animation; you try to listen with headphones. satisfaction (136 statements), it was determined that Better read from the book, no need to get tired” there were also comments containing dissatisfaction “I think it should be enriched more visually” (50 statements). Expressions of satisfaction; It is “Some movies, animations would (Z10, be easy to access, it is a recreational activity, the dome 2019).great but are missing here design, the price is affordable, the opportunity (Z18, 2017).“I am not sure about the originality of the to buy souvenirs, and it is impressive. In case of items put there” .“ (Z130, 2015). dissatisfaction, crowd, distance / transportation, Artifacts; “It is a bit lack of simulation / animation, being paid (museum bad that it does not (Z22, accept 2018). museum card, but it is very card not passing), small physical area can be given goodNot overall” accepting prepaid/museum“It is a disadvantage card; not to as examples. enter with a museum card” When the studies on museums in the literature (Z23, 2018).“The museum was very nice, were examined, it was found that there were similar but the inside was a little small, (Z21, it2018). could have been a and different results with the related study. Korkmaz largerBeing museum” small physically; “A small museum in (2020) examined the Troya Museum electronic Topkapi (Z21, 2018). We went with great expectation, visitor comments in terms of service features, it was a little small” (Z19, 2018). satisfaction and advice. In line with this study, it 5. Conclusion has been determined that the visitors are satisfied (Z40, 2017). with the museum visitors. The dissatisfaction issues determined by Zanibellato et al. (2018) in their study 113on their museum visit experiences on TripAdvisor Museum visits, which are among the recreational have been different with this study. Aylan and Sarı Gök TOLEHO, 2021, 3(2): .103-117

The museum experience of the visitors is addressed study that the panorama museums are places that in terms of entertainment, escape, education, allow the audience to have a good time and learn culture, exploration and history. In the study, something, and to travel somewhere else. visitors’ statements stating that panorama museum As• a result of the research, a few suggestions are tours are a tool to learn about culture and history are made to both the industry and the academy below: as follows; “A rare museum where the conquest of Based on the visitor’s comments about the Istanbul by Fatih Sultan Mehmet in 1453 is animated small size of Panorama 1453 History Museum, with sound and visuals, you can learn the history of increasing the simulation / animation the city you are in by visiting the museum located • applications and expanding them physically in Topkapı district of Istanbul” (2020). In the study, will increase visitor satisfaction. learning history and culture, education, witnessing Since panorama museums are both a cultural history, and animating dimensions were determined recreational activity area and an important as the dimensions of the museum experiment. element of attraction in destination marketing, Similarly, Sheng ve Chen (2012) discussed the it is necessary to increase their promotional dimensions of reminder, culture, animation, and • activities and to prepare their own websites education in his study. with detailed and up-to-date information. In his study, Bostancı (2019) stated that the It is seen that panorama museums in Turkey panoramas are made up of mechanisms that are mainly reflect historical elements. In order to partly composed of pictures and partly models, and • diversify these museums, panorama museums that they are used in historical, military, geological should be built on natural history and geology. and natural history museums especially to add In future studies, an examination can be made value to the narrative. Similarly in the study There with new technological tools to determine the is a statement of “Istanbul is already a great city. Referencesemotions that panorama museums evoke in Panorama 1453 is a historical museum that must be the people who visit them. seen. There are panoramic images that look real, and Bell, S. (2001). Design For Outdoor Recreation Second the sounds of cannons, bullets, swords. War scenes, Edition, Midas Printing, China. historical images in which the Ottoman Empire Beyers, W. B. (2007). Cultural and Recreational Industries in fought heroically. It was amazing, I recommend you Rural America: Opportunities for State Legislators. 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Sanat different, your ears hear completely different. There Tarihi Dergisi, 24 (2), 139-160. is a very good animation show inside. I suddenly Büyükşalvarcı, A., Balı, S., and Ay, E. (2018). Kültürel Amaçlı found myself in a state of war, and cannons and Rekreasyon Faaliyeti Olarak Uşak’ta Müze Ziyaretleri rifles exploded with sounds. In short, it is very nice [Museum Visits in Uşak as a Cultural Purpose Recreation to tell history in this way, to make it feel, thanks to Activity]. Eurasian Academy of Sciences Eurasian those who made it”(2015). Bostancı (2019) stated Business & Economics Journal, 16, 113-126. in her study that she gave the impression of living Clauzel, A., Riché, C. and Vidal, M. (2016). Visitors’continental that moment in a historical movie, and there are origin and museum experience: Anintercultural expressions supporting this result in the study. approach of online reviews. 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SAGE, London. Araştırma Yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in Mull, R.F., Bayless, K.G., and Jamieson, L. M. (2005). the social sciences]. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. Recreational Sport Management, Human Kinetics, Yıldırım, A. and Şimşek, H. (2013). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Champaign. Araştırma Yöntemleri [Qualitative research methods in Munusturlar, S. (2016). Boş Zaman ve Rekreasyon Kavramı the social sciences]. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. [Leisure and Recreation Concept]. Müge Akyıldız Zanibellato, F., Rosin, U., and Casarin, F. (2018). How the Munusturlar (Ed.), In; Rekreasyon Yönetimi [Recreation Attributes of a Museum Experience Influence Electronic Management] (pp. 2-27), Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Word-of-Mouth Valence: An Analysis of Online Museum Eskişehir. Reviews. International Journal of Arts Management, Oettermann, S. (1997), The Panorama: History of a Mass 21(1), 76-90. Medium, Zone Books, NewYork. Zeynalov, Y. (2018). “Konyanüma” ressamı ve “Panorama Oğuzoğlu, Y. (2015). Panorama 1326 Bursa “Beylikten Cihan 1453” ile “Panorama 1326” figürlerden sorumlu ressam. Devletine” [Panorama 1326 Bursa “From Beylik to World Zülfikar, A. B. (2020). Değişen Müze ve Müzecilikte State”]. Furkan Ofset, Bursa Sergilemenin Teknoloji Boyutunun İncelenmesi: Patry D. A., Blanchard C. M., and Mask L. (2007). Measuring Bursa Panorama Müzesi Örneği [Investigation of the University Students Regulatory Leisure Coping Styles: Technological Dimension of Exhibiting in the Changing Planned Breathes or Avoidance. Leisure Sciences, 29, Museum and Museology: The Case of the Bursa 247-265. Panorama Museum]. Master Thesis, Uludağ University Plummer, R. (2008). Outdoor Recreation, Routledge, New Institute of Science and Technology, Bursa. York. Zülfikar, A. B., and Ediz, Ö. (2020). Değişen Müze ve Müzecilikte Roppola, T. (2012). Designing for the Museum Visitor Sergilemenin Teknoloji Boyutunun İncelenmesi: Experience, Routledge, UK. Bursa Panorama Müzesi Örneği [Investigation of the Sandelowski, M. (2004). “Qualitative Research”, Lewis-Beck, Technological Dimension of Exhibiting in the Changing M.; A. Bryman & T.F. Liao (Ed.). In; The Sage Encyclopedia Museum and Museology: The Case of the Bursa of Social Science Research Methods, Thousands Oaks: Panorama Museum]. Lycus Dergisi, 2, 67-100. SAGE. Sheng, C. W., and Chen, M. C. (2012). A Study of Experience Expectations of Museum Visitors.Tourism Management, 33(1), 53-60. Şahin, İ., and Kocabulut, Ö. (2014). Sportif Rekreasyon Faaliyetlerine Düzenli Katılımı Engelleyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi: Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Turizm Fakültesi Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma [Investigation of the Fatmanur Kübra Aylan is an Assistant Factors that Prevent Regular Participation in Sports Professor in the Department of Recreation Recreation Activities: A Study on Students of Akdeniz Management in Faculty of Tourism at the University, Faculty of Tourism]. Journal of Recreation Selçuk University. She received her PhD and Tourism Research (JRTR), 1 (2), 46-67. and MS in Tourism Management at Selçuk Tarihi Kentler Birliği Müze Özendirme Yarışması, (2019), University and Bachelor’s degree in from https://www.tarihikentlerbirligi.org/wp-content/ Hospitality Management Teaching at uploads/TKBMuzeOzendirmeYarismasi_2019_.pdf, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University. Dr. (Retrived 18.10.2020). Aylan also worked as receptionist in Taşkıran, Ö., and Kızılırmak, İ., (2019). Deneyimsel Pazarlama tourism sector before working at university. Dr. Aylan has many Kapsamında Sanal Turların Müze Ziyaretlerine Etkisi: academic publications (articles, conference papers, book chapters) Panorama 1453 Örneği [The Effect of Virtual Tours on related tourism. Her research areas include responsible tourism, Museum Visits in the Scope of Experiential Marketing: recreation management and destination marketing. She also serves Panorama 1453 Example]. Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler on the board of referees for few national and international journals. Dergisi, 3 (1), 1-19. ORCID: 0000-0002-6703-2934 Toprakoğlu, H., K., and Durak, S. (2020). Bursa’da Kentsel Gelişime Yön Verme Amacıyla Düzenlenmiş Mimarlık Yarışmaları [Architecture Competitions Organized with the Purpose of Directing Urban Development in Bursa]. Paradoks Ekonomi, Sosyoloji ve Politika Dergisi, 16 (1), 119-145. Torkildsen, G. (1992). Leisure and Recreation Management, 3. Edition, London. Torkildsen, G. (2006). Leisure and Recreation Management (5th. ed.). USA: Routledge Turkish Language Association (2020). Zaman, from https:// sozluk.gov.tr/, (Retrived 12.11.2020). 116 Panoramic Museum Visits as Cultural Recreation Activities: Panorama 1453 History Museum Example

Hatice Sarı Gök was born in 01.04.1981 in Kızılağaç neighborhood of Manavgat, Antalya. I completed my primary education at Kızılağaç Primary School. I completed my secondary and high school education at Manavgat Girls Vocational and Anatolian Vocational High School. I completed my undergraduate education in 2004 at Gazi University, Faculty of Commerce and Tourism Education, Department of Travel Management and Tourism Guidance. I completed my master’s degree in 2007 at Gazi University, Department of Tourism Management Education. Gazi University and Selçuk University joint program Tourism Management completed my Ph.D. I am continuing my career as a lecturer in Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Department of Tourism Travel and Entertainment Services.

ORCID: 0000-0003-0949-2593

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