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Annual Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1879

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Annual Report of the State Geologist for the Year 1879 GEOLOGICALSURVEYOF NEWJERSEY. ANN UAL REPORT OF T_E STATEGEOLOGIST, FOR THE YEAR I879. TRENTON, N. J.: '_gM. S. S]|ARP I PRI_I_R A_D STR_EOTVPIIR. Z8_. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BOARD OF MANAGERS. His Excellency GEORGE B. MCCLE35Lt_, Governor, and ¢_-o_/o President of the Board ..................................................... Trenton. L CONGRE,_SIONALDE_I'RICT. Cn_,RLES E. ELM_, Esq ........................................................ Bridgeton. IIo_. AI,rDREW K. HAY .......................................................... Winslow. II.CONORESSI0_AL DISTRICT. HON. WILLL_r PAaRY ........................................................... Cinnamlnson. Ho_. H. S. LITTLE ................................................................ Trenton. m. CO_ORESSm_,L mSTmCC,r. Hm,_RY AITKFm, Esq ........................... :.................................. Elizabeth. Dr. JoH_r VOCGIIT ................................................................ Freehold. Iv. C0_GRm_,_O_,tL DISTRm'r. SELDF-'; T. SCn_,_roN, Esq ...................................................... Oxford. Tno_As L,tWRE.'_CE, Esq ....................................................... Hamburg. v. CO_OR_10.'_ DISTRICT. ]:[0r. AUG_JSTUS W. CUTLER ................................................... Morristown. _OL. _ENJA31IN AYCRIGG ...................................................... Pa_a_c. vI. CONGRESSIONALDISTRICT. _,%'ILm_ _I. FORCE, Esq ....................................................... Newark. T_O._IAS T. KI_._EY, Esq ........................................................ Newark. _Fiq,CONGRRSSIONAL DISTRICT. BE_JA,_I_ G. CLAR_, Esq ...................................................... Jersey City. %¥rLLIA_ W. Snn'rE_, Esq .................................................... Hoboken. GEOLOGISTS. GEORGE H. COOK, STATE GEOLOGIST......................................... l_ew Brunswick. JOHN C. SMOCK, ASS*ST_'Vr GEOLOGIST.................................... l_ew Brunswick. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY To His E_rcellency George B. McClellan, Governor of the State of IVew Jersey, a_d ex-o_elo President oJ the Board of 2_-?anagersof the 8ta_ Geological Survey : SII_--I have the honor to submit herewith my ammal report on the progress of the State Geological Survey for the ycur 1879, as required by the "Act to complete the Geological Survey of the State," approved March 30th_ 1864. Wifll high respect, Your obedient servant, GEORGE H. COOK, State GeologiC. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY REPORT. INTRODUCTION. The Geological Survey of New Jersey has been contluued during the year 1879 as in preceding years. Charged with work of an economic and practical character, the results of which are of imme- diate use, the annual reports are necessarily much occupied with these results. There is, however, joined to this, some work of a scientifie character, and every year something is added to the knowledge of our geology. :For the proper delineation and location of the various nat- u_al products found in tile State, good maps are needed, and it has been found necessary to give much atteution to the construction of such maps. The nature of the work of the survey will be best uuder- stood by an examination oF the list of"topics which arc discussed in this report. 1. U. S. Geodetic Survey of New Jersey. 2. Topographical map of Northeastern New Jersey. 3. Economic Geology of New Jersey, witb a map. 4. Triassic or Red sandstone formation of New Jersey. 5. List of iron mines in the State, with notes. lk 7.6. Drainage.Soils. 8. Water supply. 9. Artesian or driven wells. 10. Miscellancotrs laboratory examinations and analyses. 11. Statistics. 12. Publicotions. 13. Expenses. 14. Persons employed. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 8 ANNUAL REPORT OF 1. UNITED STATES GEODETIC SURVEY OF NEW JERSEY. The first element in the geographical de_ription of any place is its t location on the surface of the earth ; in other words_ its latitude and longitude. This has been ascertained for many places, with more or less accuracy, by means of astronomical observations made by astrono- mers and navigators_ after whicb, by measurement with bearings and distances, the locations of other places have been determined. The results of this kind of work, however, were not accurate enough to meet the requirements of the present day, either on land or along our shores. The United States Coast Survey was set ill operation for tlle benefit of navigators. Its work was to determine wltb accuracy the location of the prominent landmarks on our whole coast. It has done its work well ; it has originated new and more accurate methods fo.r ascertaining the location of points, and has computed and published, in lists and on its maps, the exact latitude and longitude of hundreds of pla_es along the coast of our country. :New Jersey is favorably situated to be benefited by this work, and along the whole eastern side of the State_ and up Delaware bay and river_ above Trenton_ the latitudes and longitudes of a sufficient number of places have been de- termined as part of tile work of surveying the coast. In addition_ the field of operations of the coast survey has been enlarge(1 so that it now has the work of determining latitudes and longitudes across the conti- nent from the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific, aud it also has authority to aid States which are conducting geological or topographical surveys --ascertaining for them, at the expense of the general government, the geographical positions of places hi such States away from the coast. Under thls authority its work has been going on, to a moderate ex- tent, in our State for the last five years. The systom of primary trl- angles which was originally marked out across middle of the State, from New York to Philadelphia_ and thence down the coast, has now been extended so as to take in the whole of the northern end of the State ; the reconnaisance has been made_ the principal and many of the secondary and tertiary pohlts have been located, and a sufficlent number NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE STATE GEOLOGIST. 9 of observations have been made from several of these points to compute their position accurately. The labor and expense attending this work are very great. These will be better appreciated when it is remembered that the sides of the triangles are some of them nearly 30 miles long, and in our hazy atmospbere the signals which mark the angles cammt, on the average, be seen accurately one day in the week, and tile times wben they can be seen are entirely uncertain, so that constant watch has to be kept; that each angle has to be measured at least seventy-two times, and these msasurements must not vary from each other more than 6_ and tile sum of the angles tllus carefully averaged must not vary 2 _r from 180 ° plus the computed spherical excess. As angles of several triangles (8 to 12) are measured from the same station, it may require three or four months of patient observations to complete the work at one such station. When this work is done_ however, and the computations completed, thc positions of tile points on which observations have been made are lcaown to within a very few inches--in some cases_ which have been verified, not more than i or 2 inches, on lines which were several miles long. For tile work in northern _ew Jersey eleven primary stations have been established, in addition to t e two old stations which were occu- pied in conneetiug these stations with the work formerly done. Of these eleven primary stations, work has been completed on three besides the two old ones, and that ou a fourth is two-thirds done• Tile reconnaisance of northern 1New Jersey is chiefly done, and the work of observations is. not quite half done• The field in southern h'ew Jersey is not so large as in the northern part of tile State, and _k has not yet been begun. It is to be hoped that the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, with its completely organized methods of work and its admirable equipments for field operations_ will carry their survey of :New Jersey through to its completion, so as to give us au accurate basis for our maps. NEW JERSEY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY l0 ANNUAL REPORT OF 2. TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS. Tile topographical map of tlle country between the Hudson river t and the mountains west of Newark, and extending from the Raritan to Paterson, was well advanced last year. This year it has been extended so as to take in the country west to tile main range of the Highlands. It now covers an area of 746 square miles. It has been drawn on a scale of 3 inches to a mile, aml tile elevation of the surface is shown on the map by contour lines at every twenty feet of elevation in the hilly parts, and at every tell feet ill parts nearer level or where the rise is more gentle. To insure the acoumcy of this map in those parts over which the United States Geodetic Survey had not yet extended, it was found necessary to extend their triangulation over a small part of the country covered by tile northwestern part of this map ; and 13 ,I tertiam" points have been observed upon by our survey, so as to make sure of the accuracy nf the basis of this map. The result shows the necessity for this preliminary work, for the old county and State maps are found to be fully one-thlrd of a mile out in their locations on those parts of tile map farthest from the stations of tile geodetic survey. This work has involved labor and expense, but they are well repaid, and it is believed that the map is now right ill its location to within a small fraction of 1"; and the elevations are marked so nearly that there is no spot on the whole 746 miles of the map where tile height of tile surface above sea level cannot be seen within 3 or 4 feet. ] I This map covers the ground which' is occupied by more than half the population of the State. The country is developing very fast, and the increase ill popolation mid wealth is rapid and steady. The map furnishes needed information in regard to locations, drain,_e, laying out roads, and for local and general improvement and embellishment. For engraving, it can he reduced to a scale of 1 inch to the mile without much ecowding of the material, and will make a map about 3 feet square.
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