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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication

Distribution of travancoricum Gamble (), a Critically Endangered tree species from Kerala part of Western Ghats,

V.B. Sreekumar, K.A. Sreejith, M.S. Sanil, M.K. Harinarayanan, M.P. Prejith & R.V. Varma

26 December 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 17 | Pages: 17340–17346 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5231.12.17.17340-17346

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5231.12.17.17340-17346

#5231 | Received 16 July 2019 | Final received 23 November 2020 | Finally accepted 09 December 2020

S h o r Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Gamble (Myrtaceae), a Critcally t C Endangered tree species from Kerala part of Western Ghats, India o m 1 2 3 4 5 6 m V.B. Sreekumar , K.A. Sreejith , M.S. Sanil , M.K. Harinarayanan , M.P. Prejith & R.V. Varma u n 1,2,3,5 Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservaton, Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, Kerala 680653, India i 4 c Department of Botany, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur, Thrissur, Kerala 680602, India a 6 Research Council Member, Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, Kerala 680653, India t 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], i 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected] o n

Abstract: Syzygium travancoricum Gamble is an endemic, Critcally (L.) Alston), tmber (S. aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston, S. Endangered tree species found in marshy swamps of the Western malaccense Ghats. An assessment was conducted on existng distributon patern (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry), or for medicinal and populaton structure of this species in Kerala. Most of the existng propertes (S. aromatcum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry) or populatons are mainly located in sacred groves and this tree is an as spices. In India, 54 species have been so far reported ideal example on role of sacred groves in conserving biodiversity especially IUCN red listed species. A total of 465 individuals were (Govaerts et al. 2008) with the highest concentraton recorded in which maximum number of sapling density was recorded in the Western Ghats with 48 species, among which 27 in Kalasamala Sacred grove followed by patches of Myristca swamps species are exclusively endemic to this region (Sujanapal in Kulathupuzha. Fragmentaton of populatons, habitat modifcaton, over exploitaton, polluton and invasion of exotcs are major threats to & Kunhikannan 2017). The forests of the Western Ghats, S. travancoricum. Hence urgent interventon is required for restoraton especially tropical wet evergreen and high-alttude Shola programmes, management of habitat and subsequently delistng this peaks are ideal habitats for the Syzygium, however, species from IUCN red list of threatened species. most of these species are threatened and as per the Keywords: Endemic, Kalasamala, Myrtaceae, populaton structure, IUCN (v1.18-2019) Red List, three species are Critcally southern Western Ghats. Endangered, eight as Endangered, fve Vulnerable and four as Least Concern. The species like S. palghatense and S. courtallense are known from single locality and The genus Syzygium Gaertner (Myrtaceae) S. beddomei and S. rubicundum are known only by their comprises more than 1,200 species all over the world, type collectons. Syzygium travancoricum Gamble is an distributed in tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, evergreen tree species endemic to the Western Ghats and in southwestern Pacifc regions (Parnell et al. 2007; and it was frst discovered in the swampy lowlands Govaerts et al. 2008). As an economically and ecologically (alttude <65m) of Travancore by Bourdillon (1908). Later important genus, Syzygium species are commercially Gamble described it in 1918 in Kew Bulletn and Flora of cultvated for their fruits (S. cumini (L.) Skeels, S. jambos the Presidency of Madras in 1919. According to Byng et

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 December 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Sreekumar, V.B., K.A. Sreejith, M.S. Sanil, M.K. Harinarayanan, M.P. Prejith & R.V. Varma (2020). Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Gamble (Myrta- ceae), a Critcally Endangered tree species from Kerala part of Western Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(17): 17340–17346. htps://doi.org/10.11609/ jot.5231.12.17.17340-17346

Copyright: © Sreekumar et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: KFRI Plan Grants (748/2018) supported by KSCSTE, Thiruvananthapuram.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to the Director, Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, Thrissur for providing facilites. We express our sincere thanks to Mr. Sarath, R. and Mr. Prasad, T. S. for help during the feld work.

17340 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al. al. (2015), S. travancoricum is conspecifc with S. stocksii Syzygium cumini and Litsea coriacea. The populaton (Duthie) Gamble, as both share long petoles, elliptc of S. travancoricum has declined considerably mainly leaves and highly branched inforescences, however, because of over exploitaton and habitat destructon. Sujanapal & Kunhikannan (2017) treated this as diferent A vast stretch of virgin forest is being converted for species and commented that detailed studies based on agriculture purpose and pressure from exotcs , molecular and populaton data are essental for fxing grazing and forest fre also caused decline in regeneraton the status of S. travancoricum. This is a medium sized (Udhayavani et al. 2013). The swampy wetland habitat tree growing up to 25m in height. The bark surface is has been widely drained and converted into paddy longitudinally fssured, grayish-brown in colour and felds have also caused the reducton of its populaton, inner bark is grey. Leaves are simple, opposite, 8–16.5 × leading to a critcally endangered state (IUCN 2019). 5–8.5 cm, exstpulate and large in size; lateral nerves are The plants are under great threat due to fragmentaton 10–15 pairs, parallel, distant, with intra-marginal nerve; of populatons, high rate of inbreeding and habitat petole 10–20 mm long, grooved above. Flowers are specifcity which accounts for poor regeneraton and bisexual, white, mostly in axillary lax cymose corymbose seed viability (Sujanapal & Kunhikannan 2017; present with peduncle 4.5–5 (8) cm long, their branches are also observaton). In this context, a thorough understanding long and ascending. Stamens are numerous, free, bent of existng populaton structure and compositon of S. inwards at middle when in bud. Ovary is inferior, two- travancoricum will be helpful in developing a proper celled with many ovules. Fruit is a berry, oblong-obtuse conservaton plan. on sides, 1 × 0.5 cm, deep violet, and pericarp juicy containing single seed (Image 1). As per IUCN Red list Material and Methods (2019), only 200 trees are found in the Western Ghats The forest areas and sacred groves in Kerala part of and treated as Critcally Endangered C2a ver 2.3. It is the Western Ghats were thoroughly surveyed during also reported that the sacred grove of Aikad reported 2016, samples were collected and identfed using to harbour four individuals and another subpopulaton relevant literature (Gamble 1919; Sasidharan 2004). All of 15 to 20 trees has been seen at Guddrikal. Nair specimens were deposited at Kerala Forest Research & Mohanan (1981) quoted that “Apparently no tree Insttute herbarium (KFRI). Several new locatons is surviving in the type locality. Recently only four were identfed and total number of individuals in a trees have been spoted in a sacred grove of Aikad in populaton, site characteristcs, important threats, Quilon District”. In Kerala, S. travancoricum have been and patern of regeneraton in each site were noted. reported from evergreen and semi-evergreen forests Moreover, all previous literature available in Kerala part and few sacred groves in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, of Western Ghats were also compiled and revisited. Pathanamthita, Alapuzha, Thrissur, and Kasaragod districts (Sasidharan 2004) and locally known as Poriyal, Results Vathamkollimaram or Kulavety. Ray (2011) reported It was found that among newly identfed populatons this species from three groves namely, Devaravatbana in Kerala, except for the populaton at Kalasamala (Matgar), Kadkod Choudammabana (Aralihonda) and Sacred grove, others are represented with few isolated, Choudammabana (Dugdimane) with high seedlings and scatered individuals. In this context, we conducted sapling density in Karnataka region. It has also been a detailed investgaton on Kalasamala populaton reported from the freshwater Myristca swamps of including total enumeraton of individuals with detailed Kaan forests of Utara Kannada (Chandran et al. 2008 vegetaton analysis, especially on populaton structure, & 2010), Kulathupuzha (Robi 2009) and from a relic species compositon and contributon of individuals. Myristca swamp at Brahma Karmali of Valpoi Taluka in This populaton might be the second largest populaton Goa (Prabhugaonkar et al. 2014). From Tamil Nadu, this represented with mature reproductvely viable species was reported in fve sites, viz., Pandiar, Nadugani, individuals distributed outside in the protected areas in Tropical Gene Pool Garden, Kilnadugani and Poonoor the state. forest areas in Nadugani Village of Gudalur Taluk in Kalasamala is situated at Thrissur District (Figure 1) Nilgiri District (Udhayavani et al. 2013) and Megamalai and the area lies between 11.1280 N & 76.1500 E at 30 Wildlife Sanctuary (Karuppusamy & Ravichandran 2016). m above the sea level with an annual average rainfall Udhayavani et al. (2013) also recorded S. travancoricum of over 2,600 mm. The major proporton (77%) of from the Nilgiri District growing in associaton with annual rainfall occurs from the south-west monsoon species like Aporosa lindleyana, Sterculia gutata, which usually starts in early June and contnues untl

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 17341 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al.

Figure 1. Study area of Syzygium travancoricumin Kalasamala Sacred grove.

September. The north-east monsoon starts in October and lasts untl the end of November. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature is 370C and 190C, respectvely. There is a small sacred groove under private ownership in this area with an extent of 3.5 acres of land crammed with an isolated patch of S. travancoricum. For getng efectve protecton measures, the last author initated legal procedures to declare this as a ‘biodiversity heritage site’ and the process has almost in completon. Total stem count was carried out for the populaton with an area of 0.21ha which in turn divided into 21 blocks of 10m × 10m size for enumeraton of tree species. All individuals above 10cm GBH (Girth at Breast Height) girth at 1.37m above ground were measured and identfed. Populaton density, frequency, basal area, Figure 2. Girth class distributon of Syzygium travancoricum IVI (Important value index) and girth class distributon populaton in Kalasamala, Kerala, India. were calculated. Since S. travancoricum is a critcally endangered species, our survey throughout the Kerala State located of S. travancoricum was accountng for 109.37m2/ha. six new localites in which fve were represented with The basal area value is higher than the normal value may very small populaton size (<10 individuals) except be due to the presence of more number of higher girth for Kalasamala. The results of total enumeraton of class trees and higher density value. S. travancoricum individuals in Kalasamala populaton shows presence also represents the 100% frequency of distributon of 246 stems (>10.1cm) representng in 236 individuals (Table 1) and associated species are Alstonia scholaris, highlights conservaton signifcance of this area (Table 1). Caryota urens, Holigarna arnotana. In Utara Kannada This populaton covers a total area of 0.21ha and results (Chandran et al. 2008, 2010), reported the positon of of vegetaton structure shows that the vegetaton is over S. travancoricum in terms of IVI as 17th and the values dominated by S. travancoricum which represent 86.74% range from 0.1065 to 0.5483. The mean IVI of 0.3044 is of total Important Value Index (Table 1). The basal area slightly higher than 0.2988, the mean of the IVI recorded

17342 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al.

Figure 3. Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum in Kerala.

Table 1. species and their contributon to the populaton dominated by Syzygium travancoricum in Kalasamala, Kerala, India.

Density (Individuals/ Percentage of Species Basal area m2/ha ha ) Frequency IVI Relatve IVI Alstonia scholaris 3.46 14 10 11.20 3.73

Caryota urens 6.48 14 10 13.65 4.55

Holigarna arnotana 3.17 19 14 14.92 4.98

Syzygium travancoricum 109.37 1171 100 260.23 86.74

from transects in six swamps of southern Kerala. counted only 20 trees from 17 transects in six specifc In Utara Kannada (Chandran et al. 2008), reported swamps like Emponge, Karinkurinji, Marappalam Major, that Aglaia anamallayana, Calophyllum apetalum, PerumPadappy, PlavuChal, and Pullu Mala. Density was Diospyros paniculata, D. pruriens, Dipterocarpus 11 trees/ha and sixth most important positon with an indicus, Gymnocranthera canarica, Holigarna grahamii, IVI of 0.1198 girth class distributon shows that there Hydnocarpus pentandra, Hopea ponga, Mastxia arborea, was less number of individuals in the smaller girth size Myristca fatua var. magnifca, and Pinanga dicksonii as which means the lowest size class of 10–30cm gbh was the main associates of S. travancoricum. Robi (2009) less abundant and formed 5.08% of the total density. surveyed diferent swamp patches in Kulathupuzha and The highest number of individuals were record in girth

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 17343 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al.

B

A C

D E

Image 1. A—habit | B—fowering branch; C—inforescence | D & E—fruitng twigs. (© A–C - M.S. Sanil | D–E - V.B. Sreekumar)

class 30–60 and 60–90 cm gbh which is accountng for distributon in fve sites of Nadugani Village (Udhayavani 49.14% of the total density and the density of large et al. 2013) shows that 37% of mature stems, 50% sub- trees (girth >180cm) was 6.36%. The study on size class adults, 13% saplings. Here in the present study, the size

17344 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al.

Table 2. Details of existng status Syzygium travancoricum reported from forest areas and sacred groves in Kerala.

Number of Place Current status of the populaton References individuals Alteraton of swampy habitat, moderate 1 236 Kalasamala, Kunnamkulam, Thrissur Present study regeneraton, very low seedling establishment. 2 2 Konginichal Kavu, Alakkadu, Kannur No regeneraton, poor fruit set Present study Mazhuvancheril Sree Khandakarna Kavu, Vaikom, 3 2 No regeneraton, poor fruit set Present study Kotayam 4 2 Paliyerikavu, Kannur No regeneraton, poor fruit set Present study

5 2 Ponnakkudam Sacred grove, Ernakulum; Kerala No regeneraton, poor fruit set Present study

6 16 Vazhachal forests, Thrissur; Kerala No regeneraton. Present study

7 2 Andallur Kavu, Dharmadam Kannur No regeneraton, poor fruit set Present study

8 5 Pariyaram, Kannur Habitat modifcaton, Present study

9 4 Aickad Sacred grove Kodumon, Pathanamthita No regeneraton and unhealthy trees IUCN, 2017

10 20 Goodrical, Kerala Populaton was not traced IUCN, 2017 Emponge, Karinkurinji, Marappalam Major, Habitat modifcaton, moderate regeneraton and 11 153 PerumPadappy, PlavuChal, Pullu Mala and other Robi 2009 fruit set. swampy patches, Kulathupuzha (Kerala) Kuzhumathikkad Chirakkadavu Bhagavathi Temple 12 8 No regeneraton and unhealthy trees Present study Sacred grove, Kollam Mampuzha Shri Indaliyappan Temple, Kotamkara, Invasion of exotcs, very low fruit set and 13 5 Present study Kollam regeneraton 14 3 Moonamkadavu Sacred grove, Kasaragod district Habitat modifcaton Present study

15 5 Asramam, Kollam Habitat modifcaton Present study

class distributon of tree species shows that inadequate the populaton is degradaton of swampy habitat due or poor regeneraton status with most of the trees to intense soil erosion from the top hill. Table 2 shows in medium to large size class and few are young trees the compilaton of number of individuals recorded so (Figure 2) which need to be investgated thoroughly. far from diferent localites of Kerala and a total of 465 In Kulathupuzha, the girth class distributon for S. individuals were counted in which the maximum number travancoricum (Robi 2009) shows reduced number of of sapling density was found in Kalasamala followed by individuals in the lower girth classes and the graph ploted Myristca patches of Kulathupuzha. Figure 3 shows that is an almost perfect ‘J’ instead of the expected inverted the current distributon locatons of S. travancoricum in ‘J’. Whereas, in the Utara Kannada sub-populaton of Kerala region. As a part of this study, we could revisit S. travancoricum, graphical representatons of girth all populatons reported by the previous authors (Table class distributon return an almost perfect inverted ‘J’ 2), except the populaton in Goodrical which is not indicatng a healthy regeneraton patern (Chandran et traceable. In most cases, alteraton of swampy habitat al. 2010). Similarly, the seedlings density reported from is the major factor for poor seedling establishment the sacred groves of Karnataka (Ray 2011) is 8235.44/ha which gradually result in declining total number of the (Matgar, Devarabat Bana), 4549.52/ha (Aralihonda, individuals. Kadkod Choudamma Bana) and 52.736/ha (Dugdimane, In conclusion, disjunct distributon patern, alteraton Choudi Bana), however, in the present study, observaton of habitats, changes in landuse patern and poor fruit of phenological patern indicates normal fruitng set afected the distributon patern of S. travancoricum. and seed germinaton paterns for S. travancoricum, In Kalasamala, the swampy habitat of this species has whereas germinated seedlings do not survive afer the altered due to depositon of silt and waste as a result of two-leaf seedling stage as other studies (Chandran et al. constructon actvites and other human interventons. 2008; Robi 2009) and consider that swamps might be The State Biodiversity Board has already taken urgent inundated at the tme of fruit fall and seed germinaton. steps to declare this site as ‘heritage site’, and to It was also presumed that fungal atack in the intense support the temple management for protecton of humid nature of swamp conditons is the major problem this highly threatened species. As a frst step towards of the survival of S. travancoricum. In Kalasamala, eco-restoraton programmes, Kerala Forest Research seedlings are totally absent and the main threat to Insttute (KFRI) has raised sufcient seedlings, around

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2020 | 12(17): 17340–17346 17345 J TT Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Sreekumar et al.

100 seedlings were restored at Kalasamala initally and IUCN (2019). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-2. planning to restore 2,000 seedlings in diferent sites of Downloaded on 11 May 2020. Karuppusamy, S. & V. Ravichandran (2016). Diversity Assessment of sacred groves involving ofcials of concerned panchayat, Woody Plants of Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni District, Tamil temple management, students as well as through public Nadu. Bio Bulletn2: 74–89. Nair, N.C. & C.N. Mohanan (1981). On the rediscovery of four support. threatened species from the sacred groves of Kerala. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 2: 233–235. References Parnell, J.A.N., L.A. Craven & E. Bifn (2007). Maters of scale: Dealing with one of the largest genera of angiosperms, pp. 251-274. In: Hodkinson, T. & J. Parnell (eds.). Reconstructng the Tree of Life, Bourdillon, T.F. (1908). The Forest Trees of Travancore. The Travancore Taxonomy and Systematcs of Species Rich Taxa. Boca Raton, FL. Government Press, Trivandrum, xxxii+456pp. Taylor & Francis, 368pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420009538 Byng, W.J., P.G. Wilson & N. Snow (2015). Typifcatons and Prabhugaonkar, A., D.K. Mesta & M.K. Janarthanam (2014). First nomenclatural notes on Indian Myrtaceae. Phytotaxa 2: 101–116. report of three red-listed tree species from swampy relics of Goa Chandran, M.D.S., D.K. Mesta, G.R. Rao,S. Ali, K.V. Gururaja & T.V. State, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 6(2): 5503–5506. htps:// Ramachandra (2008). Discovery of Two Critcally Endangered doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3376.5503-6 Tree Species and Issues Related to Relic Forests of the Western Ray, R. (2011). Developing Strategies for Conservaton of Threatened Ghats. The Open Conservaton Biology Journal 2: 1–8. htps://doi. Endemic Biodiversity of the Sacred Groves of central Western Ghats org/10.2174/1874839200802010001 Project report. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Insttute of Chandran, M.D.S., G.R. Rao, K.V. Gururaja & T.V. Ramachandra Science, Bangalore. (2010). Ecology of the swampy relic forests of Kathalekan from Robi, T.J. (2009). Floristc structure and diversity of Myristca swamps at central Western Ghats, India. Bioremediaton, Biodiversity and Kulathupuzha in a GIS perspectve. Dehradun University, viii+148pp. Bioavailability, Global Science Books 4: 54–68. Sasidharan, N. (2004). Biodiversity Documentaton for Kerala Part 6: Gamble, J.S. (1919). Flora of the Presidency of Madras, Adlard and Flowering Plants. Kerala Forest Research Insttute, Peechi, 702pp. Son, Ltd., London, 480pp. htps://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.ttle.21628 Sujanapal, P. & C. Kunhikannan (2017). The Genus Syzygium in Western Govaerts, R.H.A., M. Sobral, P. Ashton, F.R. Barrie, B.K. Holst, L. Ghats. In: Nair, K.N. (ed.).The Genus Syzygium: Syzygiumcuminiand Landrum, K. Mastsumoto, F.F. Mazine, E.M.N. Lughadha, C.E.B. Other Underutlized Species. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 288pp. Proenca, L.H. Soares-Silva, P.G. Wilson & E. Lucas (2008). World https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315118772 Checklist of Myrtaceae, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. Udhayavani, C., V.S. Ramachandran & H.A. John (2013). Ecology and Assessed on 03 April 2019. htp:// apps.kew.org/wcsp. populaton study on Syzygium travancoricum Gamble (Myrtaceae) - IUCN (2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2. A critcally endangered species from Nilgiris. NeBIO 4: 68–71. Downloaded on 05 May 2018.

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PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

December 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 17 | Pages: 17263–17386 Date of Publicaton: 26 December 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.17.17263-17386

Artcle Buterfies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of the undivided Midnapore District, West Bengal, India: a preliminary report Genetc and reproductve characterizaton of distylous Primula reinii – Anirban Mahata, Niladri Prasad Mishra & Sharat Kumar Palita, in the Hakone volcano, Japan: implicatons for conservaton of the Pp. 17347–17360 rare and endangered plant – Masaya Yamamoto, Honami Sugawara, Kazuhiro Fukushima, Occurrence of Corica soborna Hamilton, 1822 (Clupeiformes: Hiroaki Setoguchi & Kaoruko Kurata, Pp. 17263–17275 Clupeidae) in the Godavari basin, India – Kante Krishna Prasad, Mohammad Younus & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 17361–17365 Review

A review about fsh walking on land Notes – Arumugam Kumaraguru, Rosete Celsiya Mary & Vijayaraghavalu Saisaraswathi, Pp. 17276–17286 Strobilanthes afnis (Acanthaceae): a new additon to the fora of Manipur, India – Sanjeet Kumar & Rajkumari Supriya Devi, Pp. 17366–17369 Communicatons A new species of the genus Opius Wesmael, 1835 (Hymenoptera: Diversity, distributon and conservaton status of the Adder’s-tongue Braconidae: Opiinae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India ferns in Goa, India – Zaheer Ahmed, Ahmad Samiuddin, Altaf Hussain Mir & – Sachin M. Patl & Kishore Rajput, Pp. 17287–17298 Mohammad Shamim, Pp. 17370–17373

An inventory of the natve fowering plants in East Siang District of Larvae of the blow fy Caiusa testacea (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as egg Arunachal Pradesh, India predators of Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 (Amphibia: Anura: – Momang Taram, Dipankar Borah, Hui Tag & Ritesh Kumar Rhacophoridae) Choudhary, Pp. 17299–17322 – W.G.D. Chathuranga, K. Kariyawasam, Anslem de Silva & W.A. Priyanka P. de Silva, Pp. 17374–17379 Crepuscular huntng of swiflets (Family: Apodidae) by Besra (Family: Accipitridae) in the urban areas of the Andaman Islands, India Blank Swif Caltoris kumara moorei (Evans, 1926) (Lepidoptera: – Amruta Dhamorikar, Dhanusha Kawalkar, Prathamesh Gurjarpadhye Hesperiidae) in Dehradun Valley, Utarakhand, India: a new record & Shirish Manchi, Pp. 17323–17329 for the western Himalaya A study on diversity of mammalian species using camera traps – Arun Pratap Singh, Pp. 17380–17382 and associated vegetaton in Mizoram University Campus, Aizawl, Mizoram First photographic record of the Asiatc Brush-tailed Porcupine – J.H. Zothanpuii, Sushanto Gouda, Abinash Parida & G.S. Solanki, Atherurus macrourus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Rodenta: Pp. 17330–17339 Hystricidae) from the Barak Valley region of Assam, India – Rejoice Gassah & Vijay Anand Ismavel, Pp. 17383–17384

Short Communicatons Book Review Distributon of Syzygium travancoricum Gamble (Myrtaceae), a Critcally Endangered tree species from Kerala part of Western A look over on Red Sanders Ghats, India – S. Suresh Ramanan, Pp. 17385–17386 – V.B. Sreekumar, K.A. Sreejith, M.S. Sanil, M.K. Harinarayanan, M.P. Prejith & R.V. Varma, Pp. 17340–17346

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Threatened Taxa