ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY “Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi – 590 018

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“Simulation of LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER“ Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING BY MRINAL.M 1NH16EC410 KAVYASHREE.M 1NH16EC405 SHRUTI JANA 1NH15EC101 Under the guidance of Ms.SUJITHA Asst.Professor Department Of Electronics And Communication

1

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 1

1. COMPANY PROFILE

TheDRDO (Defence Research and Development Organization) is belongs to the Government of , accused of the military's innovative work, headquarters in New Delhi, India. It was started in the year 1958 by joining with the Technical Development Establishment and the

Directorate of Technical Development and Production with the Defence Science

Organization. It is under the managerial control of the Ministry of Defence, Government of

India.

DRDO is under the Department of Defence Research and Development of Ministry of

Defence. DRDO dedicatedly progressing in the direction of improving confidence in Defence

Systems and embraces plan and improvement prompting generation of world class weapon frameworks and hardware as per the communicated needs and the subjective prerequisites set somewhere near the three administrations.

DRDO is working in different zones of military innovation which incorporate flight, deadly implements, battle vehicles, hardware, and instrumentation building frameworks, rockets, materials, maritime frameworks, propelled figuring, re-enactment and life sciences. DRDO while endeavouring to meet the Cutting edge weapons innovation necessities gives adequate spinoff advantages to the general public everywhere subsequently adding to the country building.

1.1 HISTORY

2

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The DRDO was set up in 1958 by amalgamating the Defence Science Organization and a portion of the specialized improvement foundations. A different Department of Defence

Research and Development was shaped in 1980 which later on directed DRDO and its 50 labs/foundations. More often than not the Defence Research Development Organization was treated as though it was a seller and the Army Headquarters or the Air Headquarters were the clients. Since the Army and the Air Force themselves did not have any structure or development obligation, they would in general treat the creator or Indian industry at standard with their relating fashioner on the planet showcase. In the event that they could get a MiG-

21 from the world market, they needed a MiG-21 from DRDO.Manufacturing of MIG-21 aircraft and was named as Aeronautics India Limited (A.I.L). Soonthe Indian Government decided to merge the company with Aeronautics India Limited toempower all the activities of

Aircrafts to be planned and executed efficiently and economically.

DRDO began its first real task in surface-to-air rockets (SAM) known as Project

Indigo in 1960s. Indigo was suspended in later years without making full progress.

Undertaking Indigo prompted Project Devil, alongside , to grow short-go

SAM and ICBM during the 1970s. Undertaking Devil itself prompted the later improvement of the rocket under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) during the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian Ministry of Defence program between the mid

1980s and 2007 for the advancement of an extensive scope of rockets, including the rocket, Prithvi ballistic rocket, rocket, rocket and Missile. In 2010,at that point guard serve A. K. Antony requested the rebuilding of the DRDO to give 'a noteworthy lift to guard inquire about in the nation and to guarantee powerful investment of the private part in resistance innovation'. The key measures to make DRDO viable in its working incorporate the foundation of a Defence Technology Commission with the resistance serve as its chairman. The projects which were generally overseen by DRDO have seen impressive

3

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER accomplishment with a considerable lot of the frameworks seeing quick organization just as yielding noteworthy mechanical advantages. DRDO has accomplished numerous triumphs since its foundation in creating other significant frameworks and basic advancements, for example, flying machine aeronautics, UAVs, little arms, cannons frameworks, EW Systems, tanks and reinforced vehicles, sonar frameworks, order and control frameworks and rocket frameworks.

1.2Vision:-

Make India prosperous by setting up world-class science and innovation base and give our

Defence Services unequivocal edge by outfitting them with universally focused frameworks and arrangements.

1.3Mission

• Design, create and lead to generation cutting edge sensors, weapon frameworks, stages and unified gear for our Defence Services.

• Provide mechanical answers for the Defence Services to upgrade battle adequacy and to advance prosperity of the troops.

• Develop framework and submitted quality labor and assemble solid innovation base.

1.4Centre Competence

4

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

• Department of Defence Research and Development (R&D) is working for indigenous advancement of weapons, sensors and stages required by the three wings of the Armed

Forces. To satisfy this order, Department of Defence Research and Development (R&D), is firmly working with scholarly foundations, Research and Development (R&D) Centres and generation offices of Science andTechnology (S&T) Ministries/ Departments in Public and

Civil Sector including Defence Public Sector Undertakings and Ordnance Factories.

1.5LRDE

The Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) is one of the premier R&D

Establishments set up under the Defence R&D Organisation, on 01 Jan 1958, to address the

Services needs in the field of Radar and related Technologies.

The Establishment strived continually redefining and formulating its vision and objectives, and thus manifesting itself by progressively and steadily growing, to build up the right capability to serve the Services with the modern electrical and electronics equipment.

1.6LRDE: PRODUCTS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEFENCE SECTOR

Indian Doppler Radar-1(INDRA-1):-

Indra-I is a Tactical Surveillance Radar as gap filler for the air defence, especially

against aircraft threat at very low altitudes.

5

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Indian Doppler Radar - Pulse Compression (INDRA-PC):-

Indra Pulse Compression radar was developed to meet Air Defence requirements of

the Air Force. It is used for low flying object target detection 2-D radar. The radar is

mounted on three wheel vehicle, is transportable by Rail, Road and Air.

Front line Surveillance Radar - Short Range (BFSR-SR)

The Battle Field Surveillance Radar - Short Range (BFSR-SR) is a man convenient, battery worked Surveillance Radar produced for the . The radar has been created for

6

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER arrangement in the forward areas with the capacities to distinguish, track and characterize assortment of moving ground surface targets.

BFSR-SR - a solid sensor for day and night activities in every single climate condition - has made reconnaissance of forward regions viable in 24 X 7 condition and has immovably settled confidence in that class of radar. The radar can be conveyed in three man-packs.

The radar is a straightforward, simple to utilize and easy to use observation e-sensor, in that an Infantry officer can introduce and viably put the radar into task inside five minutes. It has been worked to be a solid observation and following radar to look through a particular area to distinguish and perform track while check for various targets like creeping man, single/gathering of strolling men, light/overwhelming vehicles. Sound and visual guides help recognize and group an objective. The radar is likewise a potential ground based e-sensor for Border Security Force, Coast Guard and Police for reconnaissance of assigned zones. The radar would be a very savvy border reconnaissance sensor for airplane terminals, huge mechanical and other framework.

7

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

3-D Surveillance Radar

The 3-D Surveillance Radar, Rohini is a ground based precisely filtering, beat Doppler radar for air space reconnaissance to recognize and follow air focuses with unwavering quality, even under unfriendly EW operational condition. The radar has cutting edge innovations like computerized recipient, and programmable flag processor giving high goals, exactness, reaction and data accessibility. The propelled programming calculations, various fast processors, and best in class computerized innovations have made the radar a successful yet easy to use sensor giving 24 x 7 airspace attention to the Commanders amid harmony and war time.

Weapon Locating Radar (WLR)

8

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

WLR is a lucid, electronically filtered staged exhibit radar. The radar consequently finds antagonistic cannons, mortars and rocket launchers and tracks amicable flame to find the effect purpose of well-disposed big guns discharge to issue fundamental amendments.

The radar is intended to distinguish shots with little cross segment over the fight space skyline, and has the capacity to deal with concurrent discharge from weapons sent at different areas. The fence idea of putting the bar touching the secured air space makes it troublesome for unfriendly shots to escape without discovery. The radar kills threatening firearms in the strategic fight space and claims weapons for successful shelling on assigned foe targets.

Antenna Technology:

LRDE has the experience in developing different types of antenna for different applications

Reflector Antenna: It is a double Curved side with high Gain and broad bandwidth. It

is small in size for transportation in mountainous terrain.

9

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Slotted Wave Guide Antenna: It gives a rugged structure with low SLL. Low loss, light

weight and high gain. Slotted Wave Guide antenna are developed for various bands

and applications.

1.7DIVISIONS IN BENGALURU COMPLEX

1. Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)

2. Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)

3. Centre for Military Airworthiness & Certification (CEMILAC)

4. Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE)

5. Defence Bio-Engineering & Electro Medical Laboratory (DEBEL)

10

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

6. Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)

7. Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE)

8. Microwave Tube Research & Development Centre (MTRDC)

LRDE

Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE) is one of the lab of the

DRDO (Defence Research & Development Organization).LRDE is located in C.V. Raman

Nagar, Bengaluru and its primary function is research and development of Radars and related technologies.

LRDE is mis-abbreviated as "ERDE".It is used to distinguish between "Electrical" and

"Electronic", then latter is abbreviated with the first letter of its Latin root (Elektra). The

LRDE is India's premier Radar design and development establishment and is deeply involved in Indian radar efforts. Its primary production partners include Ltd. and various private firms like Mistral in Bangalore, micro in Hyderabad and Datapatterns in

Chennai.

The DRDO's underlying ventures included short range 2D frameworks (Indra-1), yet it presently fabricates high power 3D frameworks, airborne observation and fire control radars too. The openly realized activities include:

11

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

INDRA arrangement of 2D radars implied for Army and Air Force use. This was the primary high power radar created by the DRDO, with the Indra - I radar for the Indian Army, trailed by Indra Pulse Compression (PC) adaptation for the , otherwise called the Indra-II, which is a low dimension radar to inquiry and track low flying voyage rockets, helicopters and air ship. These are fundamentally 2D radars which give range, and azimuth data, and are intended to be utilized as gapfillers. The Indra 2 PC has heartbeat pressure giving improved range goals. The arrangement are utilized both by the Indian Air Force and the Indian Army.

Rajendra fire control radar for the Akash SAM: The Rajendra is a powerful, passive electronically examined cluster radar (PESA), with the capacity ready to manage up to 12

Akash SAMs against air ship flying at low to medium elevations. The Rajendra has a discovery scope of 80 km with 18 km tallness inclusion against little warrior measured targets and can follow 64 targets, drawing in 4 at the same time, with up to 3 rockets for each objective.

The Rajendra highlights an advanced rapid flag preparing framework with versatile moving target marker, rational flag handling, FFTs, and variable heartbeat redundancy recurrence. The whole PESA radio wire exhibit can swivel 360 degrees on a turning stage.

This enables the radar reception apparatus to be quickly repositioned, and even lead all round reconnaissance.

12

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUTION

As in the few years there is a fast growth in the high speed communication systems. The high gain and fine flatness in Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) design are key components for an

Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) application. The principium requirement of the UWB systems is the low noise amplifier which plays the foremost part with respect to system awareness. As we know the LNA is the first end cog in the beneficiary composition it right to enhance the gain and reduce noise figure. While designing the LNA, we have to mull over the subsequent compulsory specification of LNA which is gain, noise figure, stability, linearity, input output matching. Gain is the dependent comparable of output to input. Matching is employed to transfer maximum capacity to the load when TL is equivalent both at load and source ends.

This requirement gets by the conjugate matching. With suitably matched TL more signal powers are transferred to the load which improves the performance of the recipient system.Manuscripts must be in English.

2.1 WHAT IS AN LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER?

Low noise amplifier (LNA) is the important component of the RF receiver front-end

.It has been widely used in wireless communication, electronic warfare, radio astronomy, radar and a variety of high-precision microwave measurement systems

13

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

A LNA is usually the first stage of the RF receiver front-end. Its performance will directly affect the sensitivity of the whole system, so it is necessary to design a good LNA.

The LNA can work well in a wideband from 1 GHz to 10 GHz

A good LNA has a low Noise Figure, enough gain to boost the signaland a large enough inter- modulation and compression point to do the work required of it. Further specifications are the LNA's operating bandwidth, gain flatness, stability, input and output voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

For a low noise amplifier, a high amplification is required for the amplifier in the first stage.

Therefore, junction field-effect transistors and high-electron-mobility transistors are often used. They are drive in a high-current, which is not energy-efficient, but reduces the relative amount of shot noise. It requires input and output impedance matching circuits for narrow- band circuits to enhance the gain

A LNA is a key segment at the front-end of a radio beneficiary circuit to help lessen undesirable commotion specifically. Friis' equations for clamor models the commotion in a multi-organize flag gathering circuit. In many collectors, the general NF is commanded by the initial couple of phases of the RF front end.

By utilizing a LNA near the flag source, the impact of clamor from consequent phases of the get chain in the circuit is diminished by the flag gain made by the LNA, while the commotion made by the LNA itself is infused legitimately into the got flag. The LNA helps the ideal signs' capacity while including as meagre and bending as could be allowed. The work done by the

LNA empowers ideal recovery of the ideal flag in the later phases of the framework.

14

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The main technical indicators of low noise amplifier are the range of operating frequency, noise figure, gain, gain flatness, input and output VSWR and 1 dB compression point. In the design, these indicators need to be balanced in order to achieve the device operating needs.

A. Noise Figure:- Noise figure is an important indicator of the whole system. Its

physical meaning is a measure of degradation of the signalto-noise ratio

(SNR), caused by components in a RF signal chain.

B. Stability:-Stability is the most important thing which needs to be considered

when designing an amplifier. If stability is not designed properly, the

amplifier would get self-excited and it cannot work rightly. It would be

meaningless even if other indicators perform well. There are several ways to

improve the stability. Negative feedback is an effective technique and has

been widely used.

The source ground is always connected with a resistance or an inductance to

form a negative feedback to improve the stability. In the actual circuit, the

micro-strip line can be used to replace the feedback element which we can

punch a metal hole on the line and metalize the hole wall to make it ground.

And a positive impedance can be ensured when looking into the transistor

from the gate, thus the amplifier is stable.

Similarly, when looking into the drain of the second transistor, the

impedance is positive too. So no matter how much the VSWR of the devices

which are connected to the input/output of the amplifier is, the stability of

the amplifier can always be ensured.

15

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

In the design, a negative feedback network is used at source of the

transistors to increase the stability factor and bandwidth. Meanwhile a

capacitance is added between the two transistors to reduce low frequency

gain and increase the stability of the amplifier.

2.2TYPES OF AMPLIFIER:-

2.2.1POWER AMPLIFIER

A power amplifier is a speaker structured basically to expand the power accessible to a heap. By and by, speaker control gain relies upon the source and burden impedances, just as the inborn voltage and current addition.

A radio recurrence (RF) intensifier configuration commonly upgrades impedances for power exchange, while sound and instrumentation enhancer plans ordinarily enhance information and yield impedance for least stacking and most astounding sign respectability.

A speaker that is said to have an addition of 20 dB may have a voltage increase of 20 dB and an accessible power increase of substantially more than 20 dB (control proportion of 100)-yet really convey a much lower control gain.

2.2.2 Operational amplifiers (op-amps)

16

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

An operational speaker is an enhancer circuit which normally has high open circle increase and differential sources of info. Operation amps have turned out to be all around broadly utilized as institutionalized "gain obstructs" in circuits because of their flexibility; their addition, transmission capacity and different qualities can be constrained by input through an outside circuit.

Despite the fact that the term today regularly applies to incorporated circuits, the first operational enhancer configuration utilized valves, and later structures utilized discrete transistor circuits.

A completely differential intensifier is like the operational speaker, yet additionally has differential yields. These are typically developed utilizing BJTs or FETs.

2.2.3Distributed amplifiers

These utilization adjusted transmission lines to isolate singular single stage intensifiers, the yields of which are summed by a similar transmission line. The transmission line is a reasonable sort with the contribution toward one side and on one side just of the decent

17

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER transmission line and the yield at the contrary end is likewise the contrary side of the fair transmission line. The addition of each stage adds directly to the yield instead of increases one on the different as in a course design. This enables a higher transfer speed to be accomplished than could somehow or another be acknowledged even with a similar addition organize components.

18

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Closed-loop:-

Feed-back Systems uses a feedback, where a portion of the output signal is fed back to the input to reduce errors and improve stability.

Systems in which the yield amount has no impact upon the contribution to the control procedure are called open-circle control systems, and that open-circle systems are only that, open finished non-criticism systems.

Be that as it may, the objective of any electrical or electronic control framework is to quantify, screen, and control a procedure and one manner by which we can precisely control the procedure is by observing its yield and "encouraging" some of it back to contrast the genuine yield and the ideal yield in order to diminish the mistake and whenever bothered, take the yield of the framework back to the first or wanted reaction.

19

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

3.2FEEDBACK CONTROLLER: The proportional controllers accelerate the closed-loop system response, but it produces offset for all processes except those having desegregation terms (1/s) in their transfer operate.

Integral management eliminates offset however, the transient of closed-loop system response shows higher most deviation from its set point.

High gain price ensures quicker response however, at the price of a lot of oscillation, a lot of sluggish behaviour and sometimes a lot of tendencies towards instability.

Spin-off action anticipates future error and takes management action prior, but howling response could mislead such action. Spin-off action introduces a stabilizing impact on the closed-loop system response.

20

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Where

21

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

3.3PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:-

In Pulse width modulation, the width of the pulse carrier wave is varied as per the instantaneous of the message signal.

It is a strategy for lessening the normal power conveyed by an electrical flag, by viably slashing it up into discrete parts. The normal estimation of voltage (and current) sustained to the heap is constrained by turning the switch among supply and burden on and off at a quick rate.

The more extended the switch is on contrasted with the off periods, the higher the all out power provided to the heap. Alongside MPPT greatest power point following, it is one of the essential strategies for decreasing the yield of sun powered boards to that which can be used by a battery.

22

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

PWM is especially appropriate for running inertial loads, for example, engines, which are not as effectively influenced by this discrete exchanging. Since they have idleness they respond slower.

The PWM changing recurrence must be sufficiently high not to influence the heap, or, in other words that the resultant waveform seen by the heap must be as smooth as could reasonably be expected.

3.4DUTY CYCLE:-

The term duty cycle depicts the extent of 'on' time to the standard interim or 'period' of time; a low duty cycle compares to low power, on the grounds that the power is off for more often than not. Duty cycle is communicated in percent, 100% being completely on.

At the point when an advanced flag is on half of the time and off the other portion of the time, the computerized flag has a duty cycle of half and takes after a "square" wave. At the point when a computerized flag invests more energy in the on state than the off state, it has a duty cycle of >50%.

At the point when an advanced flag invests more energy in the off state than the on state, it has a duty cycle of <50%. Here is a pictorial that represents these three situations:

23

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

3.5: CMOS AMLIFIER

A N-Channel MOSFET is a sort of MOSFET in which the channel of the MOSFET is made out of a larger part of electrons as present bearers. At the point when the MOSFET is initiated and is on, most of the present streaming are electrons traveling through the channel.

This is as opposed to the next sort of MOSFET, which are P-Channel MOSFETs, in which most of current transporters are openings.

Previously, we go over the development of N-Channel MOSFETs, we should go over the 2 types that exist. There are 2 sorts of N-Channel MOSFET’s,enhancement-type MOSFETs and depletion-type MOSFETs.

A consumption type MOSFET is ordinarily on (most extreme current streams from channel to source) when no distinction in voltage exists between the entryway and source terminals. Be that as it may, if a voltage is connected to its entryway lead, the channel source channel turns out to be increasingly resistive, until the door voltage is so high, the transistor totally close off. An improvement type MOSFET is the inverse.

It is ordinarily off when the door source voltage is 0 (VGS=0). In any case, if a voltage is connected to its door lead, the channel source channel turns out to be less resistive.

24

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The resistors for both ace XOP1 and slave XOP2 are at first picked for an addition of - 1. What's more, assume the circuit is controlled by a solitary +5V supply. Voltage VREF essentially gives a reference halfway between the supply rails at +2.5V.

What creates this voltage?

In a genuine circuit, you can string a voltage divider over the 5V supply and cradle it with a solidarity gain operation amp. Or then again, on the off chance that you anticipate that a great deal of current should stream in or out of VREF, a voltage controller will carry out the responsibility pleasantly. For the enhancer's information flag, VS produces a 5 V p-p 1 kHz sine wave.

CIRCUIT INSIGHT Run a reproduction of H-BRIDGE POWER AMP.CIR. Investigate the two yields V(4) and V(7). On the off chance that all went well, you should see two 5 Vp-p signals with inverse extremity.

Be that as it may, the genuine result is the flag the heap sees. Plot the distinction between yield voltages (the voltage over the heap) by including follow V(4,7) or V(4)- V(7). From a solitary 5 V supply, the heap gets a 10 Vp-p bipolar flag!

HANDS-ON DESIGN of gain is required, you can arrange the ace amp to give it. Lift the increase to 10 or 100 by changing the R2/R1 proportion. Appropriately, decrease the pinnacle input voltage in the SIN capacity of VS.

On the other hand, in the event that you wish, change the ace intensifier to a non-upsetting design. In the event that you have the advantage of double supplies like ± 5V, change the enhancer to a bipolar one by setting VREF to 0V or evacuating it out and out.

3.6 MOSFET

Verifiably, bipolar semiconductor gadgets (Diode, transistor, thyristor, GTO and so forth) have been the leaders in the mission for a perfect power electronic switch. As far back as

25

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER the creation of the transistor, the improvement of strong state switches with expanded power dealing with capacity has been of enthusiasm for exhausting the utilization of these gadgets. The BJT and the GTO thyristor have been created in the course of recent years to serve the need of the power electronic industry. Their essential preference over the thyristors have been the better exchanging velocity and the capacity than intrude on the current without inversion of the gadget voltage. Every single bipolar gadget, in any case, experience the ill effects of a typical arrangement of impediments, to be specific,

restricted changing rate because of impressive redistribution of minority accuse

bearers related of each exchanging task;

Moderately huge control necessity which confuses the control circuit plan.

Furthermore, bipolar gadgets cannot be paralleled effectively. The dependence of the

power gadgets industry upon bipolar gadgets was tested by the presentation of

another MOS entryway controlled power gadget innovation during the 1980s.

The power MOS field impact transistor (MOSFET) advanced from the MOS coordinated circuit innovation. The new gadget guaranteed incredibly low info control levels and no inalienable constraint to the exchanging speed. In this manner, it opened up the likelihood of expanding the working recurrence in power electronic frameworks bringing about decrease in size and weight. The underlying cases of unbounded current addition for the power MOSFET were, in any case, weakened by the need to structure the entryway drive circuit to represent the beat flows required to charge and release the high information capacitance of these gadgets. At high recurrence of activity the required entryway drive control ends up generous. MOSFETs likewise have similarly higher on state opposition per unit territory of the gadget cross area which increments with the blocking voltage rating of the gadget.

26

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Thus, the utilization of MOSFET has been confined to low voltage (not exactly around 500 volts) applications where the ON state opposition achieves worthy qualities. Naturally quick exchanging rate of these gadgets can be successfully used to expand the exchanging recurrence past a few hundred kHz. From the perspective of the working rule a MOSFET is a voltage controlled greater part transporter gadget. As the name recommends, development of greater part transporters in a MOSFET is constrained by the voltage connected on the control cathode (called entryway) which is protected by a slim metal oxide layer from the mass semiconductor body. The electric field delivered by the door voltage adjust the conductivity of the semiconductor material in the locale between the principle flow conveying terminals called the Drain (D) and the Source (S). Power MOSFETs, much the same as their coordinated circuit partner, can be of two kinds (I) consumption type and (ii) Improvement type. Both of these can be either n-channel type or p-channel type contingent upon the idea of the mass semiconductor. The underneath Figure demonstrates the circuit image of these four sorts of MOSFETs alongside their channel current versus door source voltage qualities (exchange attributes).

27

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

It tends to be presumed that exhaustion type MOSFETs are typically ON sort switches i.e, with the door terminal open a nonzero channel current can stream in these gadgets. This isn't advantageous in many power electronic applications. Hence, the improvement type MOSFETs (especially of the n-channel assortment) is progressively well known for power hardware applications

Operating principle of a MOSFET

At first look no doubt there is no way for any current to stream between the source and the channel terminals since somewhere around one of the p n intersections (source – body and body-Drain) will be switch one-sided for either extremity of the connected voltage between the source and the channel.

There is no plausibility of current infusion from the entryway terminal either since the door oxide is a generally excellent encasing. In any case, use of a positive voltage at the entryway terminal as for the source will clandestine the silicon surface underneath the door oxide into

28

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER n type layer or "channel", hence associating the Source to the Drain as clarified straightaway.

The door district of a MOSFET which is made out of the entryway metallization, the door (silicon) oxide layer and the p-body silicon shapes a superb capacitor.

At the point when a little voltage is application to this capacitor structure with entryway terminal positive concerning the source (note that body and source are shorted) an exhaustion area frames at the interface between the SiO2 and the silicon as appeared in

(a). Depletion layer formation

Free electron accumulation :-

29

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Formation of inversion layer.

The positive charge instigated on the door metallization repulses the lion's share gap transporters from the interface area between the entryway oxide and the p type body. This uncovered the adversely charged acceptors and a consumption area is made. Further increment in VGS causes the consumption layer to develop in thickness. In the meantime the electric field at the oxide-silicon interface gets bigger and starts to pull in free electrons as appeared in (b). The quick wellspring of electron will be electron-gap age by warm ionization. The openings are repulsed into the semiconductor mass in front of the consumption district. The additional openings are killed by electrons from the source. As VGS increments further the thickness of free electrons at the interface ends up equivalent to the free opening thickness in the greater part of the body area past the consumption layer. The layer of free electrons at the interface is known as the reversal layer and is appeared in (c). The reversal layer has every one of the properties of a n type semiconductor and is a conductive way or "channel" between the channel and the source which licenses stream of current between the channel and the source. Since flow conduction in this gadget happens through a n-type "channel" made by the electric field because of door source voltage it is designated

30

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

"Improvement type n-channel MOSFET". The estimation of VGS at which the reversal layer is considered to have shaped is known as the "Entryway – Source edge voltage VGS ". As VGS is expanded past VGS the reversal layer gets somewhat thicker and increasingly conductive, since the thickness of free electrons increments further with increment in VGS. The reversal layer screens the exhaustion layer neighbouring it from expanding VGS. The consumption layer thickness presently stays steady.

How to Turn on N-Channel Depletion-Type MOSFET?

To turn on a N-channel Depletion-type MOSFET, to take into account greatest

current stream from channel to source, the entryway voltage ought to be set to 0V.

At the point when the door voltage is at 0V, the transistor directs the most extreme

measure of current and is in the dynamic ON locale. To decrease the measure of

current that streams from the channel to source, we apply a negative voltage to the

entryway of the MOSFET.

As the negative voltage increments (gets progressively negative), less and less

current directs opposite the channel to the source. When the voltage at the

entryway achieves a specific guide, every single current stop to spill out of the

channel to the source.

So with an adequate positive voltage, VDD, and no voltage (0V) connected to the

base, the N-direct JFET is in greatest activity and has the biggest current.

31

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

As we increment the negative voltage, current streams gets decreased until the

voltage is so high (negative), that all present stream is ceased.

How to Turn-Off an N-Channel Depletion-type MOSFET?

To kill the N-channel Depletion-type MOSFET, there are 2 stages you can take. You can either remove the predisposition positive voltage(VDD) , that controls the channel. Or on the other hand you can apply adequate negative voltage to the door. At the point when adequate voltage is connected to the entryway, the channel current is halted. MOSFET transistors are utilized for both exchanging and enhancing applications. MOSFETs are maybe the most prominent transistors utilized today. Their high information impedance makes them draw almost no info current, they are anything but difficult to make, can be made little, and expend next to no power.

3.7LC FILTER

What is an LC filter?

A LC channel joins inductors (L) and capacitors (C) to shape low-pass, high-pass, multiplexer, band-pass, or band-dismiss sifting in radio recurrence (RF) and numerous different applications. Latent electronic LC channels square, or decrease, clamor (EMI) from circuits and frameworks, and isolated, or condition, wanted signs. While perfect channels would pass wanted flag frequencies with no addition misfortune or mutilation, and totally hinder all signs in the stop-band, genuine channels have DC and AC protections that add to inclusion misfortune, requiring cautious segment determination. Choosing the precise estimations of the parts for a specific application requires brilliant segments just as complete determinations and execution models.

32

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The most straightforward to plan and actualize are the low-pass and high-pass types. Coil-craft high-Q, tight-resilience, surface-mount RF chip inductors and air-centre inductors help you accomplish top execution in these LC channel classifications. A LC filter consolidates inductors (L) and capacitors (C) to shape low-pass, high-pass, multiplexer, band-pass, or band-dismiss separating in radio frequency (RF) and numerous different applications. Latent electronic LC filters square, or decrease, noise (EMI) from circuits and frameworks, and discrete, or condition, wanted signs. While perfect channels would pass wanted flag frequencies with no addition misfortune or twisting, and totally obstruct all signs in the stop-band, genuine channels have DC and AC protections that add to inclusion misfortune, requiring cautious part choice. Choosing the accurate estimations of the parts for a specific application requires excellent segments just as complete particulars and execution models. The least difficult to plan and actualize are the low-pass and high-pass types.

3.8PROBLEM STATEMENT

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER WITH A FREQUENCY RANGE OF 1Ghz TO 6Ghz.

Why are we using this ultra wide band frequency?

We are using it because this frequency range from 1Ghz to 6Ghz is not widely used and it can be used for defence and military purpose.

The low-noise amplifier (LNA) is based on the noise-cancelling LNA topologies are used , itis confirmed by: an closed loop stage and a noise-cancelling stage ,To lower the power

33

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER consumption, acurrent-reuse scheme was used for both stages . This increases the equivalent trans-conductanceby stacking a NMOS transistors and allowsone to halve the current for the same input impedance andnoise figure.

34

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 4

WORKING

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:-

WORKING STEPS OF LNA:-

4.2 INPUT SIGNAL:-

35

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Input signal we are giving a sine wave with a frequency of 2000Hz and 25000Hz with an amplitude of 5 volts. Input signal is considered as a message signal. The signal is then given as input to the summer.

4.3 SUMMER:-

The summer is used to add the two message signal .The Sum block performs expansion or subtraction on its sources of info.

The Add, Subtract, Sum of Elements, and Sum squares are indistinguishable squares. This square can include or subtract scalar, vector, or network inputs.

It can likewise fall the components of a flag and play out a summation.

4.4 PS-S BLOCK:-

PS-S BLOCK is used to convert Simulink signal to physical because it Simulink signal does not hold any value.The PS-Simulink Converter block changes over a physical flag into a Simulink yield flag and the other way around.

Utilize this square to interface yields of a Physical Network outline to Simulink scopes or other Simulink squares.

36

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

4.5FEEDBACK CONTROLLER BLOCK:-

FEEDBACK CONTROLLER: The proportional controllers accelerate the closed-loop system response, but it produces offset for all processes except those having desegregation terms (1/s) in their transfer operate.

Integral management eliminates offset however, the transient of closed-loop system response shows higher most deviation from its set point.

High gain price ensures quicker response however, at the price of a lot of oscillation, a lot of sluggish behaviour and sometimes a lot of tendencies towards instability.

Spin-off action anticipates future error and takes management action prior, but howling response could mislead such action. Spin-off action introduces a stabilizing impact on the closed-loop system response.

The FEEDBACK CONTROLLER is sub-divided into PWM converter, in this block the message signal is converted to pulse modulated signal and the PWMH and PWML is taken as an output, the block is the shown below

37

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The input signal is taken as an reference signal and it is given as an input to the subtract block and the feedback signal is taken as the measured signal. PS-Subtract block is used to separate the reference signal and the measured signal and it is given to the feedback compensator. The PS Subtract block subtracts one physical flag contribution from another and yields the distinction

4.6 FEEDBACK COMPENSATOR:-

The input signal is the error signal, the signal is then passed to the PS-Gain (Kp), the gain block is used to multiply the signal with a constant.

38

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

To check the error of the signal e signal is converted from Physical signal to Simulink and the signal is checked for the error.

The 1/S block is used to continuous time integration to the signal and the corrected signal is obtained by adding both the PS Gain and integration signal by an adder and the corrected signal is obtained.

4.7BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:-

This block imposes upper and lower bounds on the output signal. At the point when the information flag is inside the range determined by as far as possible and Upper most parameters, the info flag goes through unaltered. At the point when the information flag is outside these limits, the flag is cut to the upper or lower bound.Both the input and the output are physical signal ports. to 0.95 is used to maintain the low noise

4.8 CONTROLED VOLTAGE SOURCE:-

The controlled voltage is used to convert the input Simulink signal into an equivalent voltage source.

39

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

You can instate the Controlled Voltage Source hinder with a particular AC or DC voltage. In the event that you need to begin the recreation in consistent express, the Simulink input must be associated with a flag beginning as a sinusoidal or DC waveform comparing to the underlying qualities.

4.9 CONTROLLED PWM BLOCK:-

In controlled PWM voltage block, the input signal is converted to pulses with the help of Pulse Width Modulation with a carrier signal frequency of1Ghz to 6Ghz. The negative the reference signal is given to ground. The output signal is taken as a PWMH and PWML, to the accurate message from the message signal. This block represents a Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM) voltage source across its PWM and REF ports that depends on the reference voltage Vref across its +ref and -ref ports. The duty cycle in percent is given by 100*(Vref-Vmin)/(Vmax-Vmin) where Vmin and Vmax are the minimum and maximum values for Vref. The output voltage is zero when the pulse is low, and is set equal to the Output voltage amplitude parameter when high. At time zero, the pulse is initialized as high unless the duty cycle is set to zero or the Pulse delay time is greater than zero.

40

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The PWMH and PWML is given as a input to the CMOS amplifier, which is an two input amplifier.

This block forces upper and lower limits on the yield flag. At the point when the info flag is inside the range indicated by as far as possible and Upper utmost parameters, the information flag goes through unaltered. At the point when the information flag is outside these limits, the flag is cut to the upper or lower bound. Both the information and the yield are physical flag ports.

4.10 INPUT/OUTPUT RESISTANCE:-

• The block implements a simplified model of a CMOS NOT logic gate. Set the Input low, Input high, Output low and Output high parameters for the supply voltage used. Default values are for a supply voltage of 5 volts.

The outputs PWMH and PWML Is given to as the inputs to the CMOS amplifier block.

4.11 CMOS AMPLIFIER:-

CMOS amplifier has two inputs and it works at the voltage of 30v, in this CMOS amplifier block we are using two amplifiers. They are,

(I) H-BRIDGE AMPLIFIER. (II) DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER.

41

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

An N-Channel MOSFET is a sort of MOSFET in which the channel of the MOSFET is made out of a larger part of electrons as present bearers. At the point when the MOSFET is initiated and is on, most of the present streaming are electrons traveling through the channel.

4.12 H-BRIDGE AMPLIFIER:-

Here, in the amplifier we are using four N-Channel MOSFET. The four N-channel MOSFET is connected diagonally to the PWM inputs. The N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 2 is connected the input pin of PWMH(PULSE WIDTH MODULATION HIGH) The N-channel MOSFET 3 and N-channel MOSFET 4 is connected the input pin of PWMH(PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LOW) The drains of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 3 is connected to VCC (30v). The source of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 3 is connected to drain of N-channel MOSFET 4 and N-channel MOSFET 2. The source of the N-channel MOSFET 4 and N-channel MOSFET 2 is connected to GND (ground).

42

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The source and drain of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 4 is connected to an L-C FILTER. The source and drain of the N-channel MOSFET 2 and N-channel MOSFET 3 is connected to an L-C FILTER.

4.13 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:-

Here, in the amplifier we are using four N-Channel MOSFET. The four N-channel MOSFET is connected diagonally to the PWM inputs. The N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 2 is connected the input pin of PWMH(PULSE WIDTH MODULATION HIGH) The N-channel MOSFET 3 and N-channel MOSFET 4 is connected the input pin of PWMH(PULSE WIDTH MODULATION LOW) The drains of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 3 is connected to VCC (30v). The source of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 3 is connected to drain of N-channel MOSFET 4 and N-channel MOSFET 2. The source of the N-channel MOSFET 1is connected to GND (ground).

43

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

The source and drain of the N-channel MOSFET 1 is connected to an L-C FILTER. The source and drain of the N-channel MOSFET 1 and N-channel MOSFET 2 is connected to an L-C FILTER.

4.14 L-C FILTER BLOCK:-

L-C FILTER block is used to convert digital signal to analogue signal.

A LC filter joins inductors (L) and capacitors (C) to frame low-pass, high-pass, multiplexer, band-pass, or band-dismiss separating in radio frequency (RF) and numerous different applications. Detached electronic LC filters square, or diminish, noise (EMI) from circuits and frameworks, and independent, or condition, wanted signs.

While ideal filters would pass desired signal frequencies with no insertion loss or distortion, and completely block all signals in the stop-band, real filters have DC and AC protections that add to addition misfortune, requiring cautious part determination.

44

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Selecting the exact values of the parts for a particular application requires high quality components as well as complete specifications and performance models.

The simplest to design and implement are the low-pass and high-pass types.

The analogue signal is them passed to the Voltage and Power block.

4.15 VOLTAGE AND POWER BLOCK:-

Voltage and power block is used to check the voltage in the load.

The voltage block is subdivided in to voltage sensor.

4.16 Voltage sensor:-

Voltage sensors the essential capacity of voltage sensors is to identify and quantify AC and/or DC voltage levels. At the point when the weight of voltage is recognized, the sensors give a yield as simple voltage signals, current dimensions, recurrence and balanced recurrence yields or perceptible sounds.

45

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

A common sensor includes a needle or pointer, while the advanced adaptations an element an alphanumeric interface. The sensors being used incorporate handheld voltage sensors, DIN rail mounted sensors and PCB mounted voltage sensors.

The voltage sensor can quantify the nearness of a voltage without reaching protected wires. A voltage sensor comprises of a resistive voltage divider. The incorporated resistors, installed in a threw gum (for voltages between 1-72Kv)

4.17 PS-S BLOCK:-

PS-S BLOCK is used to convert Simulink signal to physical because it Simulink signal does not hold any value.The PS-Simulink Converter block changes over a physical flag into a Simulink yield flag and the other way around.

Utilize this square to interface yields of a Physical Network outline to Simulink scopes or other Simulink squares.

4.18 ANTI-ALIASING FILTER:-

It is a channel used before a banner sampler to restrict the transmission limit of a banner to generally or thoroughly satisfy the Nyquist– Shannon inspecting theory over the band of interest.

46

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Since the speculation communicates that unambiguous propagation of the banner from its models is possible when the force of frequencies over the Nyquist repeat is zero, a certified foe of partner direct trades off among transmission limit and partner. An achievable foe of partner channel will regularly either give some partner to occur or else tighten some in-band frequencies close beyond what many would consider possible. Therefore, various sensible structures test higher than would be theoretically required by a perfect AAF in order to ensure that all frequencies of interest can be reproduced, a preparation called oversampling. A technique known as oversampling is normally used in sound ADCs. The musing is to use a higher widely appealing modernized test rate, with the objective that an about impeccable propelled station can distinctly slice off partner near the main low Nyquist repeat and give better stage response, while a significantly less troublesome straightforward station can stop frequencies over the new higher Nyquist repeat. Since straightforward channels have respectably astonishing cost and limited execution, releasing up the solicitations on the basic channel can phenomenally decrease both partner and cost. Additionally, in light of the fact that some fuss is discovered the center estimation of out, the higher testing rate can humbly improve SNR. Then again, a banner may be intentionally oversampled without a center repeat to diminish the necessities on the counter accepted name channel.

4.19 MATH FUNCTION:

U^2

47

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

MATLAB function is a function which is used for mathematical expressions over a range of values.

They are called function functions because they are functions because they function that accept a function handle (a pointer to a function) as an input.

Each of these functions expect that your objective function has a specific number of input variables.

4.20 TO WORKSPACE:-

Workspace

The workspace square composes input flag information to a workspace. Amid reproduction the square composes information to an interior support. When you delay the re-enactment or the reproduction finishes, that information is kept in touch with the workspace . Information isn't accessible until the recreation stops or stops. The workspace square normally composes information to the MATLAB base workspace. For a simulation order in a tangle lab work, the workspace square sends information to the workspace of the calling capacity, not to the MATLAB base workspace. to send the logged information to the base workspace, utilize a doling out order in the capacity

48

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

4.21 SATURATION:-

Saturation is the totally coordinating state in a semiconductor crossing point. The term is used especially in applications including diodes and transistor.

Saturation (utilizing Simulink) the saturation square forces upper and lower limits on a flag. At the point when the info flag is inside the range determined by as far as possible and furthest farthest point parameters, the information flag goes through unaltered.

The saturation square delivers a yield flag that is the estimation of the information flag limited to the upper and lower saturation esteems. The upper and lower limits are indicated by the parameters maximum points of confinement and lower limit.

4.22 SAW FILTER:-

This bundle differentiations and thinks about the reaction of saw filter to client indicated BPSK codes dependent on finger number, transporter recurrence, temperature contrast, recurrence movements, and substrate. Likewise included is a saw channel structure module and fundamental multi-strip coupler plan module.

49

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

4.23 SCOPE:-

Scope squares and Floating Scope squares both showcase recreation results, however they contrast by the way you join flags and spare information. You can get improved signs. Scope watchers are connected to flag lines. Information logging.

50

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

5.1 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:-

5.1.1 H-BRIDGE AMPLIFIER:-

OUTPUT VOLTAGE.

ERROR

PULSE

51

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

5.2 S-parameter:-

Input Stability (S11)

Output Stability(S12)

52

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Gain(S21):-

Noise(S22)

53

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

5.2 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:-

Input Stability (S11)

54

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

Output Stability(S12):-

Gain(S21):-

Noise(S22)

55

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

OUTPUT:-

ERROR

PULSE

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

56

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

COMPARISON

S-Parameter H-bridge Differential amplifier Amplifier S11 -30dB -40 dB S12 -60 dB -70 dB S21 -60 dB -70 dB S22 -25 dB -29 dB Error 0.1v 0.15v Output voltage -3v -1.5

57

ANALYSIS OF LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER

CHAPTER 6

Conclusion

I conclude by saying that, this project was a useful experience. We have gained new knowledge, skills and met many skilled professionals. We achieved several of our learning goals.

Furthermore we have experienced that it is of importance that education is objective and that we have to be aware of the industrial aspect of the topics taught in our academic duration.

The project was also good to find out what our strengths and weaknesses are. This helped us to define and understand about our skills and knowledge we have to improve in the coming time to be a part of a professional industry. We can confidently assert that the knowledge gained is good enough to contribute towards our future endeavours. At last, this has given us new insights and motivation to pursue a career in core electronic departments.

58