2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1

Ethnomedicinal Plants of Municipality Saptari,

Vijay Kumar Chaudhhary1*, Suman S. Bhattarai2 & Binod Gautam1 1Central Department of Botany, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Department of Botany, Trichandra Campus, Jamal, Kathmandu, Nepal *E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The study was carried out in Kanchanrup Municipality-06, Spatari district. The exploration of ethnomedicinal plant and their traditional knowledge practices by local people of the study area. The knowledge is far beyond any modern medicinal practice. The study area is very rich in plant diversity including medicinal plants. The plants are used by local people as different remedies are only viable in the study area. The study area was surveyed from 21 April to 13 June 2016 to collect medicinal plants and information on traditional medicinal practices by interviewing with local healers, Dhami, Jhakari, and some knowledgeable old persons who have been experiencing the particular use for the treatment of the diseases. The survey depended on semi-structured questionnaires in the local language. A total of 40 household surveys were done in the study area. All total118 plants species were identified of 93 genera and 62 families. Among these, 48 herbs, 24 shrubs, 32 trees, and 14 climbers species were documented which are used for medicinal purpose. A total of 50 types of health problems were found, which was cured by using local plants. The common health problems were sexual disorder, cough and cold, diarrhea & dysentery, gastric, skin diseases, cuts and wounds.

Keywords: Dhami, Jhakari, Local people, Traditional knowledge.

Introduction knowledge is such a type of firsthand idea and practices refined from selected knowledge through The term ethnobotany was first coined by Harshberger, thousands of years or even more (Karna, 1997; who defined it as the study of plants used by Magar & Neupane, 2016). The rural people of Nepal primitive and aboriginal people (Harshberger, 1896). continue to depend on the local therapy for their Ethnobotany is the relationship between people and health care as it is cheap, convenient, and freely plants in their surrounding area. This is common in available (Manandhar, 2002; Baral & Kurmi, 2006). Himalayan region where an enormous wealth It is interesting that whatever we have been enteredin of medicinally important plant species commonly the 21st century, 80% of villages’ residence people’s used in the society (Bajpai et al., 2016). Plant and plant products form an integral part of our life and health problem is tackled by using herbal medicine it is extremely difficult to imagine the survival prescribed by Vaidhya or traditional medicinal of humans without them. Traditional medicine is person or from guided by older people prescriptions. widespread throughout the world (WHO, 2002). The ethnobotanical research acts as a bridge between Recently 88% of the global population turns to traditional knowledge in medicinal plants. plants derived medicine as their first line of defense Many traditional systems of medicine are now for maintaining health and combating diseases being gradually documented in Nepal. It has been (Mahato & Sharma, 2015). In facts, the traditional estimated that various communities in Nepal use beliefs to the varied uses of plants are deeply rooted approximately 1000 species of wild plants in in Nepalese culture (Bhattarai, 2018). Many plants traditional medicinal practice (Chaudhary, 1998). have significance in terms of medicine (Mahato & According to Baral and Kurmi (2006) and Rokaya Sharma, 2015). et al. (2010), 1792 to 2331 medicinal and aromatic The traditional knowledge of local people has high plants in Nepal (Kunwar et al., 2013). These are ethnobotanical importance due to cultural values particularly based on true folk and ethnomedicines and faith in indigenous knowledge. Indigenous purpose (Kurmi & Baral, 2004), which pass from one

181 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 generation to another simply by verbal arguments. Mushar, Batar (Sardar), Malah (Mukhiya), Muslim, The WHO has been also estimated that about 80% Thakur, Horizon (Ram), Newar, Brahmin, Chhetri, of the populations in developing countries depend etc. Most of the elderly people are illiterate and no on traditional medicine for their primary health care one has a higher education degree. Agriculture is the needs. Many such plants also have other domestic major occupation. However, agricultural products uses. are not enough to meet their basic food need for the whole year. The traditional use of plants collected through ethnobotanical research plays an important role in The herbarium made from the collected plants has the practical aspect of traditional medicine. It is been deposited at the Department of Botany Tri- particularly important that studies in ethnobotany and Chandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu. ethnopharmacology continue to preserve traditional knowledge (Kurmi & Baral 2004). The aim of this study was documentations and identification of the ethnomedicinal plants and their local uses by the tribal people of the study area. The reason behind that study was various parts of the country; the ethnobotanical works have been well documented by the Governmental and Non-Governmental organizations like Universities, researchers, NGO, INGO, etc in different indigenous communities. Despite such studies, the research related to the use of medicinal plants in Kanchnrup Municipality, Saptari district is still lacking. The study was one such attempt, it documented traditional knowledge Figure 1: Map of Kanchanrup Municipality showing study area on the use of plants for curing various aliments by Field Visit and Data Collections the residents of Kanchanrup Municipality, Saptari district. The information accumulated here will be The area was surveyed frequently during the study of use to the readers, and related researchers in the period from 2016 to 2017. In each visit, the local future. healers (Dhami, Jhakari, and Vaidya) or elderly people who knew medicinal plants were requested Materials and Methods for the information about the utilization, mode of preparation of the drug, parts used the form of Study area medicines through a semi-structured questionnaire in the local language. Sampled herbs, climbers, twigs, Saptari district is located in the shrubs, and trees were identified in the field with in the Province no. 2. The total area of this district the help of locals and available knowledge-based is 1,359.28 Sq.km. The study area Kanchanrup of local informants. Municipality-06, Saptari district, Nepal was shown in Figure 1. In this district, the altitude varies from The plants were collected in their flowering and 64 - 457 m asl (above sea level). The temperature fruiting stage as far as possible from the natural varies from 7 to 40°C and the average rainfall is habitat with the help of local healers for herbarium 1,336 mm to 1,835 mm. It is situated between 26°41' preparation. The plant specimens were pressed, to 26°39' N latitude and 86°56' to 86°57' E longitude. through locally available instruments and materials The study area is frequently dominated by the Tharu with the guidance of the respective lecturer and community i.e. about 80% population of people professor of the Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, belongs to the cast and the rest are followed by Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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The plant specimens were identified with the help Acharya 2015; Magar & Neupane, 2016; Tamang of standard literature, journals, and reports accessed et al., 2017). from the central library of Tribhuvan University (TU), and the Department of Plant Resources, Government of Nepal. Similarly, the plant specimens that were collected and preserved were crosschecked with the herbarium of National Herbarium (KATH), Tribhuvan University Central Herbarium (TUCH), Central Department of Botany, and taxonomic expert. Plants with their respective uses, parts used, mode of drug preparation, the life form of plants, family, local name have been listed in Table 1. Commonly used forms of medication: Figure 2: Habit of medicinal plants in the study area. The form of medication was followed as mentioned Out of 118 identified plant species, 117 plant species by Mahato and Sharma (2015). were identified up to species level, 1 species up to genera level. All total 93 genera belonged to 62 • Decoction: It is prepared by boiling the plant families were recorded during the survey (Table parts in water to extract the drug in liquid. 1).The dominant genera wereficus (3 genera) and • Infusion: It is prepared by soaking the plant’s followed by 2 genera each for Allium, Artocarpus, parts in water overnight or for some hours. Calotropis, Clerodendrum, Cyanodon, Jatropa, • Paste: The fresh plant parts are ground in water Musa, Phyllanthus, Remusatia, Terminallia and by stone mortar and pestle. Trichosanthes. The largest family was Poaceae having • Juice: It is obtained by squeezing the plant parts 7 species followed by Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, between hands or crushing the plant parts with and Malvaceae (5 spp.) in each, Apocynaceae, a stone mortar and pestle and the obtained juice Araceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Moraceae (4 spp. in is filtered through a clean cloth. each), and others as shown in Figure 3. According • Liquid drug: The plant parts are crushed to Acharya & Pokharel (2006); Bhattarai & Acharya squeezed and the required amount of water is (2015) revealed Fabaceae was the dominant family added to dilute them. followed by Asteraceae in the second position in • Powder: It is prepared by crushing the dried plant medicinal use. parts with stone mortar and pestle

Results and Discussion A total of 118 plant species were recorded as medicinal values in the Kanchanrup Municipality - 06. The plants were written with their local name, Botanical name, uses & their mode of application in the form of medicine for curing & preventing various types of diseases that are far from any modern medicine system available (Table 1). Based on the habit of the used medicinal plants, several herbs were highly (48 spp.) used followed by the tree (32 spp.), Figure 3: Families of most useful medicinal plants shrub (24 spp.), and climber (14 spp.) Figure 2.A similar result of medicinal plant habit was recorded Among the different medicinal used plant parts, from several authors (Pande, 2013; Bhattarai & leaves (21spp.) were the most useful plant parts

183 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 followed by root (19 spp.) and others as shown in Figure 4. The study also showed that stem, bark, shoot the whole plant, flower, rhizome, hardwood, stem bulb, and root bulb were used for the medicinal purpose in the study area. According to Shah & Lamichhane (2017) and Acharya (2012), leaves were the most dominant parts prescribed for curing the health disorders. Harvesting of leaves is not very much harmful to the plants than other parts like stem, root, barks, and whole plants, and in the way for flowers and fruits available in seasonally. Figure 5: Medicinal plants used in a particular group (Human, Veterinary & both)

Conclusion A total of 118 plant species under 93 genera and 62 families were used in 50 different health problems by local peoples in Kanchanrup Municipality-6. The common health problems were sexual disorder, cough & cold, diarrhea & dysentery, gastric, skin diseases, cuts & wounds, & others tabulated in (Table 1) also very important health problems. The study area is rich in plant diversity and ethnomedical Figure 4: Number of used plant parts for medicinal purpose knowledge of plants. The plants are used by local In this study, 50 types of human health disorders people as different remedies are only viable in the were cured by using local plants and their system study area and far beyond any modern medicinal of the traditional therapeutic process. The maximum practices. number of plants i.e. 96 was reported to cure human health disorder followed by 19 for veterinary uses. Author Contributions Among them 4 plants were commonly used in both All the authors were involved in concept human health disorder and veterinary uses shown development, research designing, defining of in Figure 5. Gacchadar (2006) was also reported intellectual content and literature research. Vijay Tharu community of Lakhantari, Pakali, and Kumar Chaudhary collected and analyzed data, Jagatpur of Morang, Sunsari and Saptari districts and prepared manuscript. Suman S. Bhattrai edited respectively were used to cure 43 types of health and reviewed the manuscript. Binod Gautam was problems by the local therapeutic process using local helped in the preparation of herbarium and assisting plants. Additionally, Chaudhary et al. (2020) has in identification process. repoted37species of medicinal plants among them 25 species were used for the various health alignment Acknowledgements by Tharu community of Eastern Nepal. Similarly 93 plants reported from Manag (Bhattarai, 2006); My heartful gratitude goes to Prof. Dr. Suman Suvedi 32 from Upper Mustang (Bhattarai et al., 2009); Bhattarai, Department of Botany, Tri-Chandra 72 medicinal remedies from Dhadhing (Poudel Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu for & Gautam 2008); plants using 18 different health her kind guidance & support. I give my special aliments (Maden et al., 2008) and many more from thanks to local medicinal plants practitioner Mr. different part of the country. Kamal Bishwokarma, Mr. Kalru Sardar, & Mr.

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186 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 d r e o s V V V V V f / / / / / U H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H , g n m ) n s n o i i o i o i t l t s s s k i m a r e s o o S p t d c e n , i ( i y o , o i s d f i l b , i y i o e r r t a s i t m l r l y a b r y n i r o l n o i a e r b u i a r s B o t t e r e r b a i i A h f p e k p t t r , t p d v , , s h n n n o r e n d n i y t f s e e i h A e r o e r A d k n e s s s a c t y a i c , l n d o d , o n S y i y h p l r r o e t a o D b n , t n i J o i o e D D o i B , t d a k l o g s s , a s h n e o , y e i i a d d i e t n t T p r g o e c h y a n i d d m s n n p n i w , f e , t r n i s t g l o l a n a n e r e r i s p o c y i , y y m n v e n a c a i i a a s i i n r t i a t t g e r l i h s e a t s n u e r u e s e r e r l e v e v o c h o i m f e a e a n e a e e t t t l s r r t j t e f f i n e x m t t c a i i e p a i o h m h a c h u a d n n n s w , i m U s - s r a r r r s y y p f e e g e m t s r i i r d r r a a k n e , n n m n i h k i s r s s t t l e u d l d e a n s i i e t l a a a r e e c e o f t i s i i i r v y o y y n n o h o o i a r o o k k t u i n A S D M L D C S E R S D w W D D M T D B p a f A L I B A A m d s t r r e s t t t a r t o d r t w b b o p e m m l l o a o o o e o e o e b l u u o p t d h o t o r f u r m r s s s b b e l t , , t w , s t , , , , a t t t o i f f f f f f d d k d z o k k i o m m m U i o o o u o e e e e r a r a r h a r o a r o e a e a e a e a e a e a r t e t e t h h A F S S B S L L S L R B L s R H B L S L S R d i l n l e x o i f o s i a t o e o t , t L s a n e n n e i l , m l a c o o i r b i n n i b p d o a a o o , e r d e d d d d d d d t c t c t t i i e i i i i i i i F d e k s s e e d u u u u u u t u e x i m o u u c e c e c e w l l i i i q q q q q q q f f e g e c o i e c o e g o i i i i i i a t i o a s o u u u n n V L C D I I L O L L J J L P D J L L P S V L y t i l t i n b a a l l i P a v a C R C C R R C C C C C O O C C R R C C C C R t a t i b a H W P P P W W P W P W P P P W W P W P W W W W t i b a l H C T H T T T H H T H T S H T H H H T H H S e e a e a e y c e a a e c e a a e e c e c e l i a a a a a e e a e c e a e a d c e d e a s e h h m i i t t a a l l e a e a e c e e a r a c a e a e e a e l a e e a l a e e a a e a c n s a e h F a n a n y y l n y c e a t a c a c a c u a c a c c o a i i c v v e l a r a r a v c e a a c e a r a r c e a a c e a c e a c e a c e r l i l l l l o n t i i a a r l l e o a e a a m m r t m c a n m r p n a s u i i a p a b a b n A B R A A M P A F A U M A A M A A L F M L M i c i / d i e r e a i a i p m m k n a r o a i i a a r h n i o n t h m n h g i l a e u e t b n n n c h a t r i c h i a n i y i a n i h a h i r a n K c n a g a i d h k h r t t h h a r e k a r a r s j j o u a u n a a c m p h e j m h s a u a h a p i o u i h a c L e y a h m a b a r r t l h r t a j e c h l a t a r a l l h h h a e l a d i a s i y a r o u a r a k i B e C P K S P R L N S A B U K S S B S K G K / O K B h . t s i m d d . r a . n t u . . R a n ) r t ) . a . b a b d r . B ) s l l B . . b ( x b L l s e s B u i . ( e d t o n L u l a n ) e w e ( l J u . t s R n R i a W W S . . h b s a u . a m ) e a c n p i l t . l a s ) ) r x l a L T L . W e A . . . u n r i h u ( m L o p s c e ) N L s ( o L L L a D a h a . . i l ( s l ( R a a r l . o c n c . s s C ( n u e a r L L c a e a i s t o a i L ( u s c a i m L s ) g e x m r c p . n s i a . c s a o e s i d s e i p e s u s i i r a l u u a o e e t k L l e l n l n c n L m l u x c a c r l o u s i h ( n a o i e t a a o i i s e e u N e m c i l f a c s t m r a d d i i h a a h u v d a h u e h t e m o t m s s i a b t l a n c c t d p h s t p e l r l e p i h e h u u e x s r e B a b a c C t a u r e B a a a a o c n r p p . r o s c n r n c s n g m c a l h ) r r h D a o p c a a i o m . a g a s o a a c r a a a p l l n a l b n e n o r i . s i r b m m m u l i a m e r c c r t r r o r l o l c y e a d u e e x x h u u e e n n o r o o t i i e W t e r u i d n s a h o g g t t p a . o l l t o o s e r b b b c c c d e l l l l l m n n r r r s z a ) f R . A M A A A A A A A A A A A A B A ( A A A A A A A B M f o t n r s e e i . h m L c o i c u : n 8 e a 5 5 6 1 5 3 1 4 7 7 5 9 2 6 3 2 9 7 8 9 0 8 1 0 5 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 9 1 2 2 2 3 2 0 1 1 1 p V s S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S e l . b N a . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

187 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 d r e o s V V V V f / / / / U H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H V H H H H H y h y h t r l e t g s e i c t u s u i s e a ) r C d o h e e n c o , n c e n s g d - i n y u i r d d y i n r t a a n o m k l e J n D z i s n t a n a n a a i S , t A d i b , d a i e y y n e n s , v p i n o s m h e r t a n n e r e r i e r i t i S t y t A l o n d r a a r c t i r n n , e v r a o D d ) h e f e a e e i e E t o e a t , n o f t r h s s r g s l h c r d e a i n d i u y y g i u l r i e s A e c h s y d f P n n d a o f S i D D s i / i ( a n l i g l ( a s r s y y n e m e , a c , s C n n l a s i e r u r i D s s g r i e r e h , c o e s n u e r e s e r l a p p o e e e a e a c e n u i o t t l s r c t i i n t p h n h i a i a c h h a c h u b d b a e a n n w d d e U s d r r r t s g g p e e g s m t g r o r o b a k n m n n n n n s e d s r u n t t t u e n i i i i a a a n o o e i e r l o a u e a d i i i a s y y o i o u l l u u o a r o i k t k i k k o a u N R S S S H C J D D C E M B D J B P C W D C T w T S C S D G s s s s t t t t r s s s t t t t a a f a f t o r r r a n a n a n p e e l l l o a a a o e p p p o L L p p p d h r m , , s e l l l e e e t t t t , l l l s , a a a t t t t t o o o o i f i i f f d k k o o k z o d o i i i m m m m U o o i o o o o h h h u u u e e e e e r e r e r a r a r o o a r h e a e a e a e t h r t h r h h t r e t S A A B S S F S S L F B S A W S S W R L F R B R S S W L e l n e f o c e a b i k o i e t t o e t u a e e e J l m c t t a s m i , r e g b P S d o a a s a s v e r e r d d d d d d d d t , , e i i i i i i i i F p p d d e e d d d d u u u u t u u u u e x e x i i i i m e d c e c e c e c e c e h h w w l l l l l l i i i i i i q q q q q q q q i s s e g i a t i i i a t i i i i i r o o a s o o o o u u u u u O L F L A L J A J L J V L J P S O L P S L L J P S S L L y t i l t i n b a a l l i P a v a C C R R R C C C C C C C C C C C C R C C C C C C O R C O t a t i b a H P P P P W W W P P W P W W W W W P W W W W W P W P W P t i b a l l l r H H S H S H H S C S H T S V C H S C C H S T T H H H S H H e a e a e e a e a e y e e e a e c e c e l a e a c e a i i a a e a e a a e e a c e e a e a e e a e d a e e c e a e a e a c i m t a a o a d a c e e a a d e a n a c e a a c b i c e e a a a e e e r i a c a e i a c i e a a c l n p r t c a b e F p c e a a c e p n n i u a c e e a a c a c y o r a b a c o f i m a c i b a c s s e a e i c t c n v h l t l c u r a a c e c e a c e a b b s i s a c e e r r e r l a n a c t o m e n c u t s c p t c t l a a m a t a a y e r i s s s s e r l p r a r h o r u a n a c u u u a u a b o o e i o B V C V C B C F C S A C M C R E P S A A M C A L P V U A l / e r o t a a m o / h r n a a n a h h e s n t a h o k n s p k k a j i n K t r / a h e i o l a / y a j a a a i a n i t a r b a r i i r t n a u h a a n a n a a a t h b h a a i a n w u c r a a j a l p b i h g n g h a d e t j r a g k Y Y r m h a i a h o u a p o p e c a t a a a a i v a g n l c h a r a r d i h j k l r a h a w o r L a r r m c h m a e a n r a r h e o a b r r l i a a o m r i m e e b a r j i r g u n a t h h a i h o a d o a h a n i a t a h d a t a t A B S A p M T L M B B B K P L L G A N A M D H M U N A S B S L P . n n . o r t - . . . . . n s . D l A l C ) l e l b . . ) . i e r c h . d x D n V ) . a i L G u L b P . n o . ( M o ) r e . L . ) . t B ) ) . B a L . m i . . R m ) f . L ( U ( . . m s . t s L m m m u u L i L L . L . s A a ) a r t h a s u ( L u ( ( L r n i . i ( m b l . b e r ( u s a l g m o c n r r N a a i s . i i x L i a . x b a n l L c n a o u a s a u e l ( B r l b u f o i l d L . o t s r o t u l L E n m i b u a . e i l o ) W B i d u s n l e t n a e g m j R L . c R a n s a ( i v y s a s d L i e c p - i t n c a t a n u s o i a L i m v a p u a p o a a n a i a c l g t ( a i n r o a c m m l i r e y a n t a x g r m a v m m r a h a n n m m b r a u u s t p c i n e g p a e a n i u u i u u s d d a a y l r r a l o o s i u n s c o r p c f a e v s a l s s a r t c d d m b a i i d n o e a e a c B a e e y s u u h n m l m n r l n n a o l i a r p p o o b p i p a r h c a l i q a x N u e e o l a a b l i o o p d c a m o d d s m i r p a n s a n c l a i d d a s r r ) v a l s o t o e i i a h u n n z e u o a n t t a . s e p o c b o o u t s n n t i u n u n h t e i c c a a e s y n o o o h x r r i m s l r n m l l n p r r t e i r c r m n r a u o i y y a a y t n s e e a u r r a u a a a a a a a e e h i i i l l o o r u u y a l l o r r r h B B P B B B B B C D C D C C C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C C K n r e e . h m c o i c u n 6 7 e a 6 0 7 8 4 9 1 0 5 4 1 9 1 1 7 2 0 2 5 7 1 3 0 6 0 3 2 0 1 1 4 5 1 0 0 1 7 6 1 2 3 6 7 9 4 3 3 3 2 7 6 4 3 1 0 2 p V s S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S . N . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 S 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5

188 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 d r e o s V V f / / U H H H H V H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H r m e n e n e o r d m m e f f r s , o o d c o o r l ) y a s t e w w e , e , e o i g i a n t t r m d c i i d o t t r u d s a l r h a r e d e d t d s e e o g u e a l c t s e s r t s l n u p p a n t n e r e r i a e a i c a A n r v l v a s d y n d h c a i i a p a p e , e e F r h o h s n f f e a e r D y i y , o e l e l g t i t M ( s o o l o h n d d u E ) c t d i i d n , m a d d t a n l o s s e ( e d d e l l d d i e r e e a t h s s l o f c o o e s r l s l t l t d i d h i i c n n o o n o n , u y b i r c o c o C o n l l i e s f d h h c o o s o y e e o c a f n o o a i i , , i i D c c s o i r d d d g g g t o t m t h d s r a s s s d y t l e m e e , s b i r r a a p a s g e r u s r s i i s e r d d l s e c a n a n a n o o e c e i s e r e s u e s a n l r r u p u p a n o e e a y f i f f f t l s a r r r l d d n n r o t d h h h s n a c h a c h h n a n d a n n n a w d d n h c c U s a i c i r g g e g d i i e t c a c a u g o r o u g a k a k n n n n e r s e d u u n m s s u e n n e o y i i i a t n o e e o o u i i e r r e a d r e a d a n i y i o o o l o l o y o o y i o k e x k r e x R C F E f D D C B B W M M H U S W C H H M D B W S S c o T T E T s s s s s t t t t t r s s s t t t a f t t r r a n a n r a n a n n p b l l l l o o a a a l o e a p p p p o o i p p p d u r r L e l l e e l e e b c t , , t e r , l l l l s a a a t t t t o f f f i i i k d k o o o o k k d i w m m m U o o o o h h h h u e e e o e c o e r e r e r a r a r o o a r a r o e a e a e a t e t t h l r e D L S A L B S S L B A W W A S S R W F F R W B B S R d n e x i t f e d l o e i i a o l k o t u s k L o a n n n q e c , , m c i t i o o o m i r i n i n g i s L P d o a s o o n e r d d d d c t c t , c t , i i i , e i i i i F p d s s e e e d d d d d d d u t u u t t u i e x i i i i i m u u c e c e c e c e h w l l d l l l l i i i i q q q q f f e c o e c o s e c o i a t i i i o o u o o o a s a s a s o o u u u u n n D S S P I D S I J L L S J S P L L P P A J D P L J S y t i l t i n b a a l l i P a A v a C N R C C R C C O C C C C R R C C C C O C C C O R C t a t i P P b / / a H P W W W W P W P W W W W W W P W W W P W W P W W W t i b a l l r l l H S T T S S H S C T S H C H T T S H H H C T S S C H C e e a e a e a e c e a y e a a e l a c e a a i l d e a e a a e e a a c a c e a c e e a e i c e e e e a c i i i u m t a e a a e e a b b a c b i v a c c e a c a a e a e a e e r e e e e e a n l r r r t e c a b h h F a c e t i c e a c e a c e a a c y o o t o o r a c t r p a c s a a a a c e v h h h v i r o a c e a c e a c e c e a c e a c e a c e a s r r r e r a n l o p c u n p p p t l y a a a a a o o o a c a n r s c a n p r y u o u u u a b a u a b o a b a b o o o o A E F S E D M M B E F C F M P L A L M P A P A C C P n i s a a e d n k h a m g s g a n h a u l t a a / u a h g o r n L n a d e b i s g a g a n d i i o a o s l / y e e a s h n d a g a r m h i k s o i a e a a i r a n i r i m y l s i o a a c p i a d n y h a g i a n a r l s l u h a i i m a a m o a B t k i w h d i m m s h a k g u a m a d a r p p b t i k i r w L u a k o l a u m j r a h a h h o a t s r a r a r h h h u u o o a g a k h h h a n a u a l a t a s e i a a j e M J A D B P D K P K B D C L C B S D D O S K S L B B M . s E - . . e . s a ) . . C n N c h n e r i s t l i ) u . P s . e x . o i e n . e r z L B ) . i . t . . o ( L g a t L b m . s l M e . L a b n L i i B ( t . e ) a . G x a i q ( . . x s L i R c a c o , m L l ) L m a N ( a o l n K . . L L n n . e i a a o a o . u n l R ( e u i . r e f a R r i r o a J L f L n s L h a a n l c t e s . ( m a e o d n n o b . L i u i l c s e a t i y e i a a s r b i u b l s r o L u t t o o a d a b L a a p e - l e n a u v u s a y n c u h H a n c i i c r y l s m c a n t . a s g i m p M t t r o a a a a i r m i s u b ) . r s c b o t a a p s r . t e d a l a s d i s s d i u a a a r a i s o o a s a h s o l o n g t z d o c l g i l a r m c e x a l n i a r p a i n r d i i c h s B s a i s i n g i s l e s . o i s p s h a o a i a m c h e r b a l i s p e r u g a h W n r o u a h d r . u o l p e n a r g h s r u o r r e r a r m a i i l h i . ) c r i t p p o t o o r o n e r a . u c y l s s s s u s d c h d b A d r i p o o n e p h e i i c b r i a c a t i u u u u m c h n l t l l r r b m n g o a p l p g l y b p u d t t s e c c c c a o a a a e o r l i o y a u y y c l u u i i i a e e t a a u p S C C D D D a n D D E E E H E F F F G H H H H ( I J J J L S L L M n r e e . h m c o i c u n 6 e a 2 8 3 6 4 9 3 7 4 8 4 1 8 5 2 7 0 9 2 1 0 5 8 3 9 1 6 4 6 3 4 8 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 4 4 5 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 7 1 p V s S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S . N . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 S 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

189 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 d r e o s V V f / / U H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H V H H H H V H H H H H s f e ) o t c ) f o i e l h o n s o n i l n b o g r e o i s o p t i a e u t i ( t a i i P s r e k ( d o - p l i o , i D r i a s d e s l a t t C n L i , o g e o g i n n , r a r s o g H n b i n a i d V e e i s p i b n , A t o p r d n i , d n i d J n , s i a r y t y u n o b o t a h a l i o n k o d i b c e n d r d t i c e e i i k s o l t e i o a S e k n i i h h n g e r d o r s m a S d ) o b p , a t r d l J e o e n e p t n a k a t , o r a s k s l i i l , l g y n o n h c n a n n e e n a i a i n b i c o i N a u d c t o o s o o o n S o f m n P d o n o i i G f J , i i d i i e a o r i i t t s ( D o r d , t t e d t n f r t , i , y t n l s e b a a e I , d l p g g a s N t s a s n u s g i u e b s l i i e c a n e c n d e a t , n n n n u e r , e i u p m m t e i l c n y f o f o i i t s a r t t c a t i s r i i t t e x r t h n i i i p o a i t m t n b n a l n n i i e y s a d m m w U d s a r r i i t s s c g a d p e m s t i n a o a o e t n n e , n l n h e r m m e d r s n l l u e u r e e e c e i i t d h t o p d r c e l f f e a r e p a n i r r a s o o o y o l h h y y i i s a i x a r k i a u n n i e x I H I V T C B E V H J R H S P K f w E T L U M a p T a n A G E D E m s s s t t t , r s t a f t t r a n a n p l l o o a e a p p o o p d r r L e l e e t e r t e r , e r , l l , s a t t t t t o o f i f f d d d d o k k d d o i i i w w w m m m U o o o o h h u u u o e o e o e e r o a r a r o e a e a e a e e h l e h e r e t e l r t r l t S S S F L S A S S R W F B B L S S S F F W S F L F R S e n t l e f o i t s i o e o t a t a s a n P n m c P i a s o , i r n i n , P d o o o e r e r e r d d d d d d d c t , i i e e d i i i i i i i F n d d d s e s d d d d i k u u t u u u u u i e x i e x i i m c e u u c e w w w l l l l l l o i i q q q q q q q f f i e c o i e s i i a t i a t i i i i o o o o a s o o o u u n n L S O L J P P R S L I D c o P I L O S S P L J L L L L y t i l t i n b a a l l i P a A v a C C C C N C R C C C R C R C C R C C C C C C C R C C t a t i b a H P P W P W P P W P W P P W W P W W P W W W W W W P W t i b a l H S T T T H S C T H H T T S H H T T H T T H H S H H S e a e e a a e a e e c e a e y a a e a e e a e a e e l i a c a e i l a c e a c e e c e a a c e c e a c a c e a c e e a e a e a r u e e i i i m a h l h a a c t t a e a e e a a c e i b e a d d a a e a e n u e e e a c a c i n n r e h i o h F t c e a a c e d c e a d c e a y u a r o a r c e a c a n a n a c t p n i a a g l p a l a a t c l n h i t l l a c e a c e c e a c e a c e a o o r s s e r y o n o a c a c c a a m p l y i a y a a g i y u u p r r p n n x y a n i a c a b u r i a b o h c r a b a p p h o M L R A P A E F B A P P E S O M F S C S N A M P P A a r m i h t u u j e u s t a h l u m p c / a i a o / c h t a a n r s t l K r o s r a r i n n o k r c h e r n n / e h i h a a l a a a r a S l j a e a r a c h a n j k p S k i a a a k h k e D / r a a h a i l a r l i w c / a y a k K n j y y g a r n u y r t a n i i y a i i a y o g a o h u a m i y i a l m i r g h t h r i r g n n w h h h s n a u a n i h a i s L d r j s m s i e l s k i a a k a r m a t a a t a a r a t n u o u h h i i a g a n a j a t u a l a a t i s M M C I P A B A N L L T P A A B S R L K K K M B A R O K , n ) e . k t . ) t m . z O g L r ) . a o i r . i . . , ) h L u L . . o b w ( c L r e n m n . P x e . K a t S u o m u . . o L s m ) L m o e H m u a e r . L a K L u . i l R u r . a ( a L t l a ( n L r m a d . e u . ( o L L a ( a . o m n N a r o u h G a l b i . a L i c L l t t i a u l . t a L a i r C r s f a n r u l m a t s r . L l a n i i t a c a n a a L e c a o r a a a o o u b b a c n n i n c a f e L c k i p l l t e i s i r v i e c c n a i f u u o f n p i o l m i n u e n i a i a g a . c d o v a r s p a a j e r i c o o d o i i m a a c y l u n b e n n s i L v t r s u h v d i n s s s i u d s u n o i o a m n i m o t d a l u e u e u u n a d r m r m b a a a l o o t a a n m g B p l r i i p t h h e l e i r u o u a . c m s t t o a t t e f r a a e y f h e d r c i c n e l a a m a a t b s f i n n d m a l i b p b r a c a s u i o o s s r t s t e . l i o u u a a o c u y c t i a m l h r o l l h g g i u u r a a e k n l e w n x d l l d o e l p m c e u y c b i c d n s s d u o i a m l o y y l u o m m i c m g h o a p c i a a a u u c p r x e r o e i h h i o s a e e h i c h a c c e H M V M M M M M M N N O O O O P P P P P R R R S R R S S S S n r e e . h m c o i c u n 0 6 5 e a 6 4 1 4 8 6 6 0 7 6 9 4 7 9 2 1 8 5 0 0 8 2 3 1 7 5 6 5 7 8 9 7 8 9 6 5 6 7 8 4 7 9 7 9 8 1 8 1 1 8 9 8 p V s S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S . 0 1 2 N . 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0 S 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1

190 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 h t d r o e o s V V V V V f B / / / / / U H H H H H H H H H H H V H H H H = V / n H s o e , i n r t d i e o e a t y y i r b n , d d t l s c t u r m a a e r e r g s e a e o l v v o l s r r s c o c t s i i y i e e e b a e D r r l d d t e l e l e a d d n o , a c p r r r s o d d o c e i i h n i a n i t g o o p n r t d d r t i m s s l o o o t e r e r i c t i i h o r s y t o a t t d e d d a r g o f f e m e o a t a s f l a r r t a a u o P h o c G n n n n n o r e i G f B o i , i o , f o o e f n , P r c , i i i m m i n i d g t V t t e s r y , y , y y o o m e o U a a a s s s i u u r = i i i t e c a n e , u u e r e r c h e r e r r m m o p o f t t s t s t s r r r c a V t t n i h s s a c h e s n n n y n y n w d ' ' h t U s s r i o t e e e g e , t c a g o y y u n n a l a l i s s s s s s e o i n n o i e e o d e a d a s y y y y i l y o a r a r o a b a b a n R M E M D B P D H P G I T D P M b M D b m f u e a H s t L = r , t a k H r p a e a r ; p d l B m e l a e r t , s a t t t n o i d d d z o d d d d i w m m U o i o o o u o e e e r o h o i e l e h e t e t e e e r s R S F A S S S R R S S S S S S F a c e n c c o i i n O u f o c t , J i o d t , = i c o a l n m e c O o o i r n i n n D S d o , e o o o e r e r e r d e c t , i i , e i i e t F k d d d n s e s s e d d d i s r u t t i i o i m u u c e u c e w w w l l a l a i i q f f f e c o e s i o a s o o o o m a s o P u u n n n R I L S P D P S I J P I P S J P , R S = y t R i l t , i n b n a a o l l i P a m v a C R C R C C C R C R C C C C C R m o t c a t i = b P / C a ; H P P W W W W P P P W W W W W W W d t e i t b n a l l l a l H H T T S T T H T H T S T C C T C P d a e a e n e e e c e e e c e a a a y e i l e a e a e a e a e a p d i r l a e e a e m e a e a a e e i a c a c a c a c a c m t t t t r c a e a e r c e i i a c e a a a e a c e e a c e i o a p r r b b W n F a c e n i c e a r b a c r s r n a c i b b i i a e t m v a a l a c e t b r g = l n a n i m m a c u c u g l m p y a n e l e r i p P h o o u u o i e d o / P U R M C A M L Z S C V D C M C W , i i e d r r l a a i m k k a n W a h a h i l i t e r = a a m a m n l a i c l n e r a a a r a h a e i j w a a s W o r y i l r a u a r h r i g r m m a k L j e c r a , l m n a i a d a t o o u h a i a r e h i a l d i a k a u a e T B O H B B S K A J K J B G S L t n ) r . . a r u l d . e ) o a ) P . r c t S . L s n ( = u d t ) r l . c h r e l a . a l P t F i e S . . n L m z . e a a e , ; k c ( a . a L d W s i e m e t S . m i i G n ( . L o h a t ( u e a p ) R . r m . c c r L a s p a g a R i i s a N i r l a L u m n l e T c a e l l l e ( l a m M c i m a a o l . a i u a = i i r f c a o G o a . r t i i c d t b L n o v t w i i l h T m n d i e a l n - L r i h n t r u s s o T a n e e t x h , u c s m i a a . e e o d i . b c n u t t m a r d b u u f ) c . h h n n f a n r o a l t t o c b a a y u m u . x e n o i i a b d n n s a n B r r o l l p g r p s o r m m a a o r . A a h a a s s e l e m o f s s u e n e u u n , n y n n a u n i u S p s . t o o h . i i b i a h h e m s i g n u k h W r h h p b c x = n r c m m a g o g a y a c c y o g y e x e e r m r r o l i i S a d i s z t z n n t r l r o o i e e i r r r i i p e h o t y e , S S S a n S S T R T T H T S T T W U U V Z Z b V r n r e e d e . h n H m c o i a = c u n 1 1 4 1 2 9 3 9 1 5 8 e a n 1 0 0 3 3 0 6 2 3 1 4 0 2 2 0 0 H 1 1 1 9 1 1 9 8 8 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 p a V s S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S : m e . t u 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 N o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 H S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 N ( Note: H=Herb, S=Shrub, T=Tree; P=Planted, W=Wild, W/P= Wild and Planted; C=common, R=Rare, O= Occasional; H=Human, V=Veterinary and H/V= Both (Human V=Veterinary and Planted; C=common, R=Rare, O= Occasional; H=Human, Wild W/P= W=Wild, P=Planted, T=Tree; Note: H=Herb, S=Shrub, Veterinary).

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