the experiment progressed. The Continuous Versus Repeated-Seasonal Grazing grazing season ended when the ewes made no gains or lost of Grass&f alf a Mixtures weight for two successive weekly weighings in late September or at Swift Current, Saskatchewan October, or when the intermed- iate wheatgrass was grazed to J. B. CAMPBELL about a 5-inch stubble and the Experimental Farm, Research Branch, Canada Depart- other two grasses to a 3-inch ment of Agriculture, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, stubble; these criteria usually Canada coincided.

Collection and Analyses of Data This paper presents the results 1958). All fields were fenced of a dryland grazing test con- with 32-inch hogwire, with posts Ewes were weighed weekly ducted on grass-alfalfa mixtures at 18-foot centers. Water was after being placed on pasture. at Swift Current, Sask., from piped from a central supply. Records from date of shearing 1956 through 1959. The grasses only were used to analyse gain included were: crested wheat- Livestock apd Grazing Management data. grass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Yearling’ Rambouillet ewes Herbage was harvested from Gaertn. ; Russian wild ryegrass, were placed on Treatments 1, 2, six caged and six grazed l- x Elymus junceus Fisch.; and in- 3, and 4a during early May. Con- a-yard plots per treatment every tinuous grazing was practiced on termediate wheatgrass, A. inter- three weeks. When flocks were (Host.) Beauv., each in Treatments 1, 2, and 3 for 120 to medium moved from 4a to 4b to 4c at in- a mixture with alfalfa, Medicago 160 days. In the seasonally termediate dates, an additional spp. A comparison is made be- grazed paddocks the flocks were clip was taken on moving day. tween continuous and repeated moved from 4a to 4b to 4c as the The herbage was clipped to ap- seasonal grazing on each of the feed supply disappeared; each proximately a one-inch level three mixtures. It is believed was grazed once a year. Stock- with grass shears. Dry matter that the results presented are ap- ing rate6 were set at approxi- yield data were summarized by plicable to a considerable por- mately 250 pounds of live weight the Difference Method as used tion of the Brown and Chestnut per acre at the beginning of the by Linehan and Lowe (1946) to soils of the Northern Great test; this rate is comparable to estimate forage production and Plains. about 2l/4 ewes per acre. The test was designed to main- consumption. Samples were ob- Materials and Methods tained on a seasonal basis for Treatments tain the same rate of stocking from year to year, but to expect crude protein analyses. Four duplicate treatments lower gains per ewe or even Point-quadrat studies were were established as indicated in shorter grazing seasons during undertaken in May of 1955, 1957, Table 1. The site was fall culti- years of low forage production. and 1959 following the method vated in 1953, and sown to the These basic considerations were of Clarke, et al. (1942). One grass-alfalfa mixtures in 12-inch followed generally, although in thousand points in each field spacings during May, 1954. A a few insttinces it was necessary were studied to estimate the per- wheat companion crop was fall to reduce ‘the stocking rate as cent ground cover. grazed during August and Sep- tember. In 1955 the grass-alfalfa mixtures were cut for hay. Graz- Table 1. Treatments established ing commenced in May 1956 and Treatment Acreage continued through 1959. Rates.of Number % Crop Mixture Grazing Treatment Enclosed seeding were as follows: wheat, 30 pounds per acre; crested 1 Crested wheatgrass Spring through autumn 3.6 wheatgrass, 6 pounds per acre; *Alfalfa 2 Intermediate wheatgrass Spring through autumn 3.6 intermediate wheatgrass, 10 *Alfalfa pounds per acre; Russian wild 3 Russian wild ryegrass Spring through autumn 3.6 ryegrass, 8 pounds per acre; and .Alfalfa alfalfa, 1 pound per acre. The 4a Crested wheatgrass Spring Only 1.2 grass seed was secured from Alfalfa commercial sources. The alfalfa 4b Intermediate wheatgrass Mid-summer Only 1.2 was a local creeping-rooted Alfalfa strain somewhat similar to Ram- 4c Russian wild ryegrass Autumn Only 1.2 bler (Heinrichs and Bolton, Alfalfa

72 GRAZING TESTS AT SWIFT CURRENT 73

Significance of comparison of stubble, germinated, and de- dividual plants, and are caused means was estimated by the Stu- veloped into healthy p 1 a n t s neither by winter-killing of in- dent-Newman-Keuls multiple which provided pasturage dur- dividual plants nor areas in a range test as discussed by Fed- ing the summer of 1959. field. The basal cover of the erer (1955). The replacement was on an in- alfalfa stands was lower also by dividual plant basis, as each dead 1959, with less reduction in the Precipitation or dying intermediate wheat- spring and autumn grazed Treat- Greater-than-average rainfall grass plant acted as a host for ments 4a and 4c than in the con- and satisfactory soil moisture re- one or more crested wheatgrass tinuously grazed fields of Treat- serves in 1954 and 1955 produced seedlings. Few crested wheat- ments 1 and 3. vigorous stands. However, the grass plants established between An interesting observation less-than- average precipitation the row s. Consequently, the dealt with the effects of tram- from 1956 through 1959, together stand retained the appearance of pling and resting at watering and with reduced soil moisture re- a sown field. lounging sites. At these points serves, were factors which re- The alfalfa did not establish the intermediate wheatgrass was duced ground cover and yield. well with the intermediate killed completely within one Specifically, the less-than-aver- wheatgrass. Kilcher and Hein- year after grazing commenced. age rainfall during May and richs (1958) report a similar re- On the other hand, the crested early June from 1957 through sult when the seedling year is wheatgrass, the Russian w i 1 d 1959, caused drought conditions one with above-average precipi- ryegrass, and, to a lesser extent which were reflected in the re- tation, as was the case in the ex- the alfalfa, not only persisted duced production during 1958 periment being reported. It is but increased their stands; in and 1959. Precipitation and soil suggested that the rapidly es- addition, on the resting sites moisture reserves by years are tablishing intermediate wheat- these crops responded to the presented in Table 2. grass is too aggressive for the greater available fertility which slower establishing alfalfa to was supplied by the extra de- Results and Discussion develop a normal stand under posits of dung and urine. Point-Quadraf Studies very favorable growth condi- Influence of Years on Production Results of point-quadrat an- tions. The alfalfa did not in- Forage production and ap- alyses of ground cover for the crease its stand as the intermedi- parent consumption, as well as years 1955, 1957, and 1959 are ate wheatgrass disappeared, a animal gains and related data, summarized in Table 3. Sam- condition attributed to both are summarized by years in pling was completed each year drought and the preference of Table 4. Significant differences during early May, and thus the sheep for alfalfa as indicated by in apparent pasture consump- percentage cover of all crops was Troelsen and Campbell (1959) . tion, live-weight gain per ewe somewhat lower than when sam- The reduced ground covers of and per acre, and apparent con- pling was undertaken during the crested wheatgrass and Russian sumption per pound gain, are month of June. However, a wild ryegrass from 1957 to 1959 associated with the annual pas- definite trend persisted, with are quite normal in view of the ture production. ground cover increasing until summer droughts of 1957 and A considerable range in for- 1957 but showing a marked re- 1958. It should be emphasized age production from year to year duction by 1959. that the reduced stands are the can be expected. This is related These data indicate that inter- result of the smaller size of in- to the considerable variation in mediate wheatgrass is the least persistent of the three grasses Table 2. Precipitation and soil moisture reserves by months. years, and/or tested. It showed some killing by Periods, 1954- 1959. the spring of 1957 and almost a Precipitation and Year or Period Av. 37 100 percent kill on Treatment 2 Soil Moisture for 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 years by May, 1959. The same trend -----_- (Inches)------applied to the summer-grazed May 3.37 2.58 1.24 0.13 0.57 0.76 1.55 stand of Treatment 4b, but the June 3.51 1.67 3.65 1.84 0.99 4.68* 2.87 reduction was only by 60 percent July 3.55 4.06 1.45 2.72 1.89 1.37 1.96 between 1957 and 1959. Although May to July 10.43 8.31 6.34 4.69 3.45 6.81 6.38 t h e intermediate wheatgrass Annual 19.71 17.31 13.15 11.83 11.50 13.99 13.86 winter-killed, the pastures were Soil moisture maintained b e c a u se seed of reserve-May 1st ** __. . _ __ . 1.8 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 crested wheatgrass from adja- *4.4 inches rainfall between June 26th and July 4th. cent road allowances lodged in **Soil moisture reserve equivalent to inches of water on May lst, an aver- t h e intermediate wheatgrass age date following spring run-off and prior to spring rains. 74 CAMPBELL

Table 3. Percentage Ground cover of grass-alfalfa mixtures by treatments and years Ground Cover in Percentage by Treatments and Years Crop Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3 Treatment 4a Treatment 4b Treatment 4c 1955 1957 1959 1955 1957 1959 1955 1957 1959 1955 1957 1959 1955 1957 1959 1955 1957 1959 Crested wheatgrass 6.1 7.3 5.9 3.2* 7.1 10.5 7.5 3.7* Intermediate Wheatgrass-living 7.5 6.3 0.2 8.4 9.3 3.5 Intermediate wheatgrass-dead 0.2 6.2 4.0 Russian wild ryegrass 7.2 7.3 5.6 6.9 7.6 5.3 Alfalfa 1.8 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.0 0.4 2.0 2.1 1.1 2.0 2.4 2.1 1.5 1.3 0.4 2.1 3.1 2.1 *Invader precipitation from year to year, An anomaly in the data is the earlier than usual. The extra and particularly during the greater number of sheep-days f o r a g e consumed during the months of May and June. Clark per acre in 1958 than during shorter grazing season is reflec- and Heinrichs (1957) report 1959, although apparent c on - ted in the higher live-weight grass yields from 230 to over sumption was greater during the gains during 1959. 2,000 pounds D.M. per acre in latter year. This result can be Forage, Crude Proiein and successive years, while Lawrence explained on the basis of the Livestock Yields by Treatments et al. (1960) show even larger rainfall pattern. During 1958 Forage and livestock yields by differences. A report from the light summer rains continued treatments are summarized in Range Station, Manyberries, Al- through August and September Table 5. No signif icant differ- berta (1949) indicates that the and encouraged slow g r o w t h ences were established between D.M. production from shortgrass until early October. Alternately treatments on the basis of pas- range may be as little as one- the 1959 summer rainfall was ture production trends, apparent third or as much as two and one- concentrated in a lo-day period consumption per acre or per ewe, half times average between dry between June 26th and July 5th; sheep-days per acre, apparent and wet years. Nevertheless, in these rains produced a consider- consumption per pound gain, or the test being reported it was able growth, but with no pre- stocking rate. possible to maintain the sheep- cipitation later in the season and Conversely, differences were days per acre at a relatively uni- thus on continuing growth to established w h e n live-weight form level by accepting smaller supplement the July production, gain data were an a 1 y s e d, as carryovers than desirable and the supply of feed disappeared Treatment 3 outyielded the lower live-weight gains per ewe at an earlier date and the ewes others on the basis of gain per during drought years. had to be removed some 15 days ewe and gain per acre. Heinrichs

Table 4. Influence of years on forage production and livestock yields for all crops. Apparent Apparent Apparent Pasture Pasture Average Con- Grazing Hay Year Pasture Con- Con- Days Gain Gain per sumption Season Pro- or Production sumption sumption Sheep- per Ewe Acre per pound (days) duction Item (lb./acre) (lb./acre) (lb./ewe/day) per Acre (lb.) (lb.) of gain (lb./acre) 1955 3605 1956 1910 1525 3.8 402 23.9 50 29.2 166 1957 1290 1125 3.2 370 15.9* 41* 28.1 144 1958 750 615 1.8 358 10.8 30.5 21.5 155 1959 900 810 2.5 293 18 42 19.1 140 Se: % 121012.8 102014 92.82 3569.3 16.89.3 40.810.8 24.511.2 ______.__ X PxO.05 1957>1959 1957>1959 1956>58 and 59 1956>59 1957 and 1956 and 57> 1957>58 59>1958 1958 and 59 P=O.Ol 1956>57, 1956>57,58 1956>57,58 58 and 59 and 59. and 59. 1956>1958 1957>1958 1957>1958 1957 and 59>58 *Reduced ga ins cause by dog depredations. GRAZING TESTS AT SWIFT CURRENT 75

Table 5. Response of crops and livestock by freahenfs (1956-1959)

Average Apparent Apparent Apparent Stocking Pasture Pasture Forage Sheep- Gain Con- Rate Hay Treatment Pro- Con- Con- Days Per Gain sumption Pounds of Yield duction sumption sumption Per Ewe per per poundLive weight 1955 (lb./acre) (lb./acre) (lb./ewe/day) Acre (lb.) Acre of Gain per acre (lb./acre) 1 1160 1000 2.78 358 14.3 35 26.25 259 3615 2 1120 880 2.72 325 14.2 36 24.25 237 3585 3 1210 1090 3.02 361 24.4* 50* 21 260 3760 4 1350 1105 2.79 373 14.5 42.25 26.5 294 3465

X 1210 1020 2.82 354 16.8 40.8 24.5 262 ______Se- % 9.0 10 6.3 6.6 6.6 7.7 7.9 9.4 ______X PEO.05 N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S. 3>1, N.S. N.S. and 2 PzO.01 3>1,2, and 4 *Reduced gains by dog depredations. and Lawrence (1958) suggest a Russian wild ryegrass when it is 6. The length of each season for reason for the greater gains on clipped three to five times per all treatments has been set arbi- the Russian wild ryegrass-alfalf a season than when one or two trarily by the dates of changing pasture; their data show that the clippings are taken. The higher pasture on Treatment 4, and is in- grass has a relatively high crude pasture yield of this species has dicated on the gain line for Treat- protein content, and a good bal- not been recognized as one of its ment 4 in Figure 1. The data pre- ance of protein, carbohydrate, important characteristics, a n d sented show that the crude pro- and mineral throughout the en- should be exploited when its de- tein content of the Russian wild tire grazing period. Troelsen and sirable qualities are being re- ryegrass-alfalfa mixture is sig- Campbell (1959) rated Russian ported. nificantly higher than for the wild ryegrass higher in nutritive Crude protein contents of the other treatments. This factor, to- value than crested wheatgrass four treatments during three gether with the slightly higher and intermediate wheatgrass years for spring, summer, and daily intake of the mixture, is after comparing the three species autumn are summarized in Table credited with the significantly in a feeding and digestibility trial. When Russian wild ryegrass- alfalfa is harvested for hay, the mixture usually yields less than crested wheatgrass-alfalfa. Al- though there is no significant difference in the pasture yields of these crops, as reported in Table 5, a slightly higher pro- ,z duction of Russian wild rye- II5 grass-alfalfa is indicated. This c agrees with the reports of Thaine 3 iii (1954) and Heinrichs and Law- 3 rence (1958)) who show that !t ‘IQ 5 Russian wild ryegrass y i e 1 d s TREATMENT. more than crested wheatgrass 105 0 CRESTED WHEATGRASS 8 ALFALFA when clipped to simulate graz- x- INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS 6 ALFALFA RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS Bi ALFALFA ing. In part, the increased pas- I : A,,,,-==rz CWG +ALF. - IWO +ALF. - RWRG +ALF. ture yield may be due to’ the 1 -II-MEAN DATE OF CHANGING FLOCK TOTHE SUCCEEDING CROP ON TREATMENT 4. closer clipping when simulated JbNE5 hJLY I ;uw I5 AUG.1 ;LUG. I5 &PT~ kEPT.15 &Xl grazing or actual grazing is prac- MEAN DATE ticed, but Thaine (1954) shows FIGURE1. Average weight of 70 yearling ewes by treatment and dates, from date follow- a significantly greater yield for ing_ shearing _ to the end of arazine season (1956 to 1959 inclusive). 76 CAMPBELL

Table 6. Crude protein in percentage by seasons and treatments supply sufficient for live-weight increases as well as maintenance. Mean of Spring Summer Autumn Forage and livestock produc- Treatment & 3 seasons Statistic Mean1 Mean Mean for 1956, ‘7,8 tion results for Treatment 4 are summarized in Table 7. Forage ------(Percent) ------production on Treatments 4a and 12.98 10.42 8.10 10.5 4c followed expectations; when 11.45 8.30 7.65 9.13 harvested for hay. However, the 14.00 12.80 11.65 12.82 forage yield on Treatment 4b was 11.32 6.98 9.88 9.4 less than expected during all X 12.44 9.62 9.3 years; this is attributed to the se_ % 5.69 7.36 7.61 rather poor catch of alfalfa, and X -__ to the loss of the grass during PEO.05 3>2, 1>2 1958. and 4 3>1 Although the forage yield of PzO.01 1>4 3>1, Treatment 4b was less than ex- 3>2, and 2 and 4 pected, the stand had a relatively high carrying capacity as indi- ‘Each mean yield represents the analyses of three samples, one at the be- cated by the sheep-days per acre ginning, one at the middle, and a third at the end of each grazing period. reported in Table 7. Troelsen and Campbell (1959) suggest a rea- greater gain per ewe and per and rate of stocking than Treat- son for its relatively high graz- acre. ments 1, 2, and 3. Both criteria ing capacity, as they show that Losses from dog depredations were particularly high during intermediate Lvheatgrass is less occurred d u r i n g mid-August, the first two years of the test acceptable to sheep than either 1957, on both replicates of Treat- when f o r a g e production was crested wheatgrass or Russian ment 3. Four ewes were killed above average. However, under wild ryegrass. The data pre- and both flocks worried. The dry conditions as in 1958 and sented in Tables 5 and 7 suggest worried animals did not settle 1959, these same measurements that the intermediate wheat- after this incident; they did not indicated a lower grazing capac- grass-alfalfa mixture was the graze in a normal manner, were ity for Treatment 4 than for least acceptable of those tested easily excited, and made no Treatments 1 and 3. This result when apparent consumption per gains from mid-August to early is associated with the rate of ewe-day was the unit of meas- October. Conversely, unmolested autumn growth in relation to the urement. ewes on Treatment 4c, which was acreage available. The s 1 o w Figure 1 presents the mean producing the same mixture, in- growth on the small fields (1.2 weight of the ewes by semi- creased their mean live-weight acres) after the pasture reserve monthly intervals. Thz first by seven pounds. No allowance disappeared produced little more weight is that on the day follow- was made for the loss of the ewes than enough feed to maintain the ing shearing. Other than the nor for the expected gain during flocks. On fields three times the greater gains recorded by Treat- this period. This disturbance re- size, particularly Treatment 3, ment 3, the interesting point pre- duced the ewe gain and the live- the slow autumn growth plus the sented is the slow rate of ewe weight gain per acre for the disappearing reserve provided a gain during July and early Au- Russian w i 1 d ryegrass-alf alf a - mixture. Nevertheless the mix- ture was still outstanding. Table 7. Forage and livesiock production on treatment 4 from 1956 through Treatment 4 produced rather 1959 inconclusive results. Although Apparent Apparent forage production, apparent con- Consumption Live- Con- Sheep sumption, grazing capacity, and Treatment Forage (lb./ weight sumption lb. Days sheep-days per acre were higher Production ewe/ Gain forage per per than for the other treatments, (lb./acre) (lb./at.) day) (lb./acre) lb. of gain Acre live-weight gain per ewe was no 4a 1560 1325 3.0 55 24.1 400 greater than for Treatments 1 and 4b 1340 1060 2.05 32 33.1 398 2, and much less per ewe and 4c 1145 940 2.2 40 23.5 322 per acre than for Treatment 3. X 1350 1105 _____. 42.25 ______The data presented in Table 5 Se_ % 9.2 8.1 _.____ 9.3 _-____ _-.--- indicate that Treatment 4 had a slightly higher carrying capacity P=O.x05 4a>4c 4a>4c _.____ 4a>4b ______.__._ in terms of sheen-davs ner acre and 4c GRAZING TESTS AT SWIFT CURRENT 77 gust on all treatments. This char- One fault of the repeated sea- the native grass pastures in South- acteristic of yearling ewes was son treatment showed up ern Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Can. Dept. of Agr. noted during all years of this strongly during the drought Pub. #738. test as well as during previous years of 1958 and 1959. With very trials. little autumn precipitation to CLARK, K. W. AND D. H. HEINRICHS. 1957. Grass-legume mixture trials. Summary and Conclusion promote new grass growth, the Canada Dept. of Agr. grass reserve created by the Southwestern Saskatchewan is practice disappeared quickly DOMINION RANGE EXPERIMENT STA- a naturally low rainfall region. from the restricted acreage. Al- TION, MANYBERRIES,ALBERTA. 1949. In addition, the period from 1956 Progress Report, 1937-1947. though plant growth was no Queen’s Printer, Ottawa. to 1959 was one of less-than-av- greater on the continuously erage precipitation. Neverthe- grazed pasture, the large acreage FEDERER,W. T. 1955. Experimental less, this paper reports the rela- design. The Macmillan Co., New provided a sufficient supply to York. tively satisfactory grazing ca- maintain the flock till later dates pacity of environmentally in October. HEINRICHS,D. H., AND J. L. BOLTON. adapted grasses and legumes 1958. Rambler alfalfa. Can. Dept. The creeping-rooted strain of of Agr. Pub. #1030. during those dry years. alfalfa used in this test main- A Russian wild ryegrass-al- tained its stand in the spring HEINRICHS,D. H. AND T. LAWRENCE. falfa sward grazed from early 1958. Russian wild ryegrass. Can. grazed paddocks and persisted Dept. of Agr. Pub. #991. May through mid-October was strongly in the autumn pastured outstanding in stand mainte- KILCHER,M. R., AND D. H. HEINRICHS, fields, but decreased on the con- 1958. The performance of three nance and live-weight gains per tinuously and summer grazed ewe and per acre. Equal in grasses when grown alone, in mix- pastures. No bloat was experi- ture with alfalfa, and in alternate stand maintenance and grazing enced on any treatment. rows with alfalfa. Can. Jour. capacity, but significantly lower The conclusions deduced from Plant Sci. 38: 252-259. in live-weight gain per ewe and this test are as follows: (1) that KILCHER, M. R., R. W. LODGE,D. H. per acre, was a continuously Russian wild ryegrass, crested HEINRICHS,J. B. CAMPBELL. 1956. grazed crested wheatgrass-al- wheatgrass, and the creeping- Pasture and hay crops for the falfa pasture. Both mixtures are Southern Canadian Prairies. Can. rooted strain of alfalfa included Dept. of Agri. Pub. #980. recommended for dryland pas- in the mixtures are suitable pas- ture on the basis of this test, ture crops for Southwestern LAWRENCE,T., D. H. HEINRICHS,AND R. B. CARSON. 1960. An evaluation which confirms recommenda- Saskatchewan and presumably tions based on simulated grazing of Altai Wild Rye Elymus angus- would be useful in adjacent dis- tus Trin., as a forage crop. Can. experiments reported by Kilcher tricts within the Northern Great Jour. Plant Sci. 40: 295-305. et al. (1956). Plains; (2) that intermediate The intermediate wheatgrass- LINEHAN, P. A., AND J. LOWE. 1946. wheatgrass cannot be recom- The output of pasture and its alfalfa pasture produced well mended for long-term pastures; measurement. Jour. Brit. Grassl. during the first two years. How- and (3) a repeated seasonal pas- sot. Vol I. l-29. ever, winter-killing of the grass ture employing the crops listed THAINE, R. 1954. The effect of clip- after three years of grazing re- in Treatment 4 cannot be recom- ping frequency on the productiv- duced the productivity of the mended over continuous pastur- ity and root development of Rus- sward. Although the loss of the sian wild ryegrass in the field. ing of Russian wild ryegrass-al- Can. Jour. Agric. Sci. 34: 299-304. grass is attributed to winter-kill- f alf a or crested wheatgrass-al- ing, undoubtedly the grazing f alf a pastures. TROELSEN,J. E., AND J. B. CAMPBELL. treatment predisposed its disap- 1959. Nutritional qualities of for- pearance. Therefore, the mix- age crops adapted to Southwestern LITERATURE CITED Saskatchewan as determined by ture cannot be recommended for CLARKE, S. E., J. A. CAMPBELL,AND their digestibility and dry mat- pasture of more than three J. B. CAMPBELL,1942. An ecologi- ter intake when fed to sheep. years’ duration. cal and grazing capacity study of Can. J. Plant Sci. 39: 417-430.

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