Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science

33(12): 42-53, 2020; Article no.JESBS.66339 ISSN: 2456-981X (Past name: British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, Past ISSN: 2278-0998)

Personal Attribution of Millennial Generation: Contribution of Communication Style and Personality to Friendship Quality at BPK PENABUR Bandung

Rewindinar1*, Rustono Farady Marta1, Octavia Putri Tjajadi1 and Jovid Jonathan Latukolan1

1Universitas Bunda Mulia, Jalan Lodan Raya No.2, North Jakarta, 14430, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author R designed the study, performed the research analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors RFM, OPT and JJL initiated the research framework, guide the theoretical and methodological path. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JESBS/2020/v33i1230292 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Gustavo Henrique Silva de Souza, Federal Institute of The North of Minas Gerais [Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais – IFNMG], Brazil. Reviewers: (1) Mohamad Azrien Mohamed Adnan, University of Malaya, Malaysia. (2) Nazar Hussain Phulpoto, Shah Abdul Latif University, Pakistan. (3) Mohammed Nader Shalaby, Suez Canal University, Egypt. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/66339

Received 28 October 2020 Accepted 28 December 2020 Original Research Article Published 31 December 2020

ABSTRACT

Technology plays a major role in the activities of the millennial generation and is a characteristic of this productive age generation. This study stems from the assumptions of the millennial generation who were present at a time of widespread technological development. The millennial generation has communication problems that are inherent in personality. This study questioned how far the contribution of communication style and personality to friendship quality, in this case, the factors that influence individual behavior. This study aimed to see the contribution between communication style and personality with friendship quality. This study used Attribution Theory which looks at the factors affecting the behavior of others, which are situational and personality factors. The study was conducted using a quantitative methodology with a survey method. The online survey was conducted on 114 participants consisting of teachers and employees at BPK PENABUR Bandung. ______

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Rewindinar et al.; JESBS, 33(12): 42-53, 2020; Article no.JESBS.66339

The participants are the millennial generation who were born between the years of 1981-1995. Data analysis used multiple regression with P <.01. The results show a moderate correlation (r = .463) between communication styles and friendship quality. Also, it shows a moderate correlation (r = .514) between the personality types and friendship quality. The contribution of the communication style and personality variables to the friendship quality is 28.5%. This study describes communication styles and personality as fading personal factors in affecting the level of depth of relationships among the millennial generation.

Keywords: Millennial; communication style; personality; friendship quality.

1. INTRODUCTION communication can form closer bonds between individuals and other individuals. Communication 1.1 Communication and Relationships in can move relationships towards new ones from the Millennial Generation existing ones. Norton (in DeVries, [7] defines how an individual communicates with others both The millennial generation is a productive age verbally and non-verbally as a communication generation in the world of work. They play a big style. role and become a concern in the organization. This generation which is called Gen-Y is the Communication style is a way of conveying generation born from 1981 to 1995 and lived at information through language styles that involve the turn of the millennium. In their activities, they verbal (words) or nonverbal (body language, use like to take advantage of technology and are very of space, and distance), thus smoothing the dependent on it [1]. Besides, they are fluent in communication process and creating harmonious the use of technology such as cell phones and relationships [8]. Meanwhile, Cremear (in S.Choi laptops, so they can easily access information and K. Richards, [9] defines communication style and communicate with other people [2]. The as a set of interpersonal behaviors that are used presence of the internet and social media makes in a particular situation. Communication style is life values inseparable from modern life [3]. the characteristic way a person sends verbal, Technology plays a big role in the millennial paraverbal, and nonverbal signals in social generation. interactions that show 1) who he or she wants to (appear) to be, 2) how he or she tends to relate to the people with whom they interact 3) in what Raina’s research [4] shows that in everyday life way the message usually interpreted [10]. people who are classified as Gen-Y very easily express themselves by making it obvious when Interpersonal communication style is how they don't like something. However, the attitude individuals respond to other individuals, shown is different when they are in the work especially in building interpersonal relationships environment. In general, this generation has with others. According to Norton in Levrints [11] requirements and functions as active and communication style is divided into several productive members of the company [3]. styles, namely; dominant communication style, However, they must suppress true feelings and dramatic communication style, expressive emotions in both the attitudes and words used as communication style, animated communication they will create conflicts. Then, Myers and style, attentive communication style, open Sadaghiani's research [5] also shows that communication style, friendly communication spontaneous and direct communication is very style, relaxed communication style, impression important for workers who belong to Gen-Y. But communication style, and debate communication how they interact and perform these actions style. leads to credibility, speculation, and negative stereotypes. Thus, the way the millennial There is a close relationship between a person's generation communicates is a problem in communication style and personality [10]. building relationships with other people, Personality according to Feist [12] has a complex especially in the environment they are in. charateristic because the concept of personality is not only about human biosocial, body-mind, Communication plays a role in bringing about social, and psychological aspects, but also increased relationships and the patterns that relates to physical characteristics, socio- occur within them. On Rewindinar’s research [6], psychological characteristics, mental-behavioral

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life mechanisms, expression of social relations, communication styles on the friendship quality and functions, world transformation, rights and built in the millennial generation. Meanwhile, the obligations, ethics and social standards. Feist second problem wanted to answer the extent to also explained that the inner personality structure which personality affects the friendship quality can be seen from the character, temperament, that is built on the millennial generation. Besides, trait, type attribute, and habit. Personality factors, this study also wanted to know how far the namely a person's internal factors, affect how contribution of the two variables to the quality of people communicate and cannot be separated friendship. from external factors concerning how a person relates to others [13]. 1.2 Fritz Heider Attribution Theory

Relationships are something that millennials Interpersonal communication is communication need to think about carefully. In a relationship that involves interaction between individuals, that demands commitment, for example, they between two or sometimes more than two, that have a very cautious attitude. Apart from seeing occurs reciprocally and encourages mutual the parents’ experience and legal issues, they dependence between one another [18]. So that prefer to wait a long time and make sure that the the process that occurs involves the delivery and person is the right person. Therefore they follow reception of messages between sender & the prenuptial counseling process and make a receiver of the messages. Interpersonal prenuptial agreement. Self-focus related to communication will ultimately affect relationships career and finances is the first priority [14]. that occur interpersonally [19].

In relationships with groups, millennials want a Attribution theory is included in the interpersonal balanced relationship. This can be seen in the communication theory introduced by Fritz Heider research of Tina McCorkindale, Marcia W. in 1958 [20]. Although this theory is an old DiStaso, and Hilary Fussell Sisco [15], on 900 theory, it is still often used and the formula is millennial Facebook users in America, they focus relevant for the current study. Attribution theory on very specific things like how, with whom, and studies how someone takes an action and what why they want to be involved. Millennials identify is behind one's actions. It can also be stated that reasons why they will actively cut ties with the attribution theory explains the background of a group. The form of relationships and the factors person's behavior and how a person in building relationships are important for understands an event. Attribution involves people millennials. who communicate as active individuals because they have knowledge construction through their Basically, every individual is a social being who interactions with the environment [21]. is motivated to seek, build, and maintain strong social relationships. The inevitable relationship is The attribution process occurs between the a relationship built through interpersonal relationship of the two communicating parties communication. One of them is a friendly and affect on the behavior that will occur, namely relationship that is a necessity for every the relationship between the two [22]. Weiner individual. [23] explains the reasons or causes of relationship failure through attribution theory. Even so, friendly relationships do not just happen These reasons are related to property and but are built through the participation of each antecedents. Property involves external factors other [16]. The conversations that are such as locus, location, as well as those outside inseparable from each individual keep them the person. Meanwhile, antecedents concern connected. How deep and how many aspects of factors within a person such as trust and friendship such as openness, the time given, communication as the centre of the relationship. including the positive behavior towards friends will build the friendship quality [17]. Heider [20] in his view explains that in order to understand the behavior of individuals and Based on the symptoms shown through others, the tendency is to observe how each researches on the millennial generation individual behaves. The assumptions in mentioned above, it is clear that communication attribution theory [24] namely, there are factors and personality affect relationships. Therefore, that affect the behavior of others, which are this study aimed to answer the following research situational and personality factors. Situational questions. First, to what extent of the effect of factors include factors that can put pressure on

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others. The next situational factor is in the way a [26], totalling ten questions where each person does things that will result in the dimension consists of two questions. possibility of what will happen in the future. Inadvertency is unlikely to affect what happens The next questions that cover the friendship next. While the personality factor is the nature of quality refer to Bukowski (in Ponti et all, a person's personal behavior. Personal [27].These questions consist of five dimensions, attribution in Hayder's understanding is shown first is companionship, which refers to the when the environment provides a variety of amount of time spent together, second is conflict, behaviors. Thus, attribution can predict behavior. namely the frequency of disagreement with friends, third is help that consists of assistance 2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY and mutual aid and protection in the face of injustice and oppression of others, fourth is security, which includes reliability and the ability This study aimed to explore the unique to overcome the problems or conflict, and the communication styles of the millennial generation fifth is closeness, which is an aspect related to and the personality correlated to friendship the strength of emotional relationships and quality. This exploratory study aimed to gain a attachment to a friend. better understanding [25]. For this purpose, the method used is survey research. The second step to take was determining the location of this study, namely the private The steps taken were first to make a educational institution BPK PENABUR Bandung questionnaire. The questionnaire in this study (PENABUR Bandung Christian Educational consisted of questions that could be answered Institution). In educational institutions, teachers using five interval scales, namely Strongly are the main employees. As a teacher, Disagree, Disagree, Uncertain, Agree, and communication and relationships are established Strongly Agree. The questions are to measure with various parties, including students, parents, the three variables, namely communication style, and management of the foundation. In particular, personality, and friendship quality. a teacher also collaborates with other teachers at each grade and level. They become colleagues The questions that cover the six dimensions of with each other and work together on an ongoing communication style refer to RE de Vries [7] basis with other teachers until their students namely with the acronym PRESENT. graduate. Preciseness includes clarity, conciseness, efficiency, and (businesslike) composure. BPK PENABUR Bandung is located in Bandung, Reflectiveness refers to engagement, analytical the capital city of West Java Province, Indonesia. reflectiveness, and philosophical/poetic reveries. Bandung is the third-largest city in Indonesia in Expressiveness refers to talkativeness, certainty, terms of population, average population density, energy, and eloquence. Supportiveness consists and economic growth indicator. BPK PENABUR of accommodation, admiration, supportiveness, Bandung was founded in 1959 and in 2020 it and stimulation. Emotional tension is a manages 29 schools in Bandung. component of sadness, irritability, anger, and Based on the Higher Education Test Institute, tension. Niceness includes components of SMAK 1 BPK PENABUR Bandung won the best extraversion, uncritical, modesty, and SMA ranking in West Java province in 2020. This cheerfulness. Lastly, the threateningness factor achievement is based on the average score of includes components of abuse, threateningness, the Computer-Based Examination held by the and deceptiveness. state [28].

Meanwhile, the next questions are the part that Teachers and employees of BPK PENABUR covers five dimensions adopted from the BFI (Big Bandung who are the millennial generation and Five Inventory) test tool introduced by John become the population in this study were as (1990). This study used five dimensions, namely many as 600 people. Samples were taken from 1) conscientiousness which is competence, 2) the population using the Slovin method with a agreeableness consisting of trust and altruism, 3) confidence level of 90%. Through this method, a neuroticism, namely anxiety, 4) openness to sample of at least 100 people was generated. experience which includes fantasy and action However, due to the enthusiasm of the and 5) extraversion, namely warmth. These respondents, the final number of samples dimensions were later abbreviated as OCEAN collected was 114.

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The researchers conducted a questionnaire test people) are employees. 47% (54 people) of first on thirty respondents. This questionnaire test whom are married, while the remaining 53% (60 was conducted to determine the reliability and people) are single or unmarried. At the education validity of the instrument. The reliability test result level, 96% (110 people) are S1 (bachelor’s) shows the Alpha Cronbach index of .904. The graduates, while 4% are S2 (master) graduates result of the validity test using the KMO index (4 people). Meanwhile, 54% (62 people) are from and Barlett's test was .680, significant .000. Bandung, which is the area where BPK These results indicate that the instrument used in PENABUR Bandung is located, while 46% (52 this study is very reliable and valid. people) are from outside the city of Bandung.

Then, the questionnaire was distributed online in The data on the respondent's demographic January 2021 via WhatsApp groups which were information in this study were collected in coordinated by school principals at each level. educational institutions, thus the majority of Teachers and employees are given time to individuals in this study are teachers. As provide answers at the latest so that the data can teachers, they have the knowledge how to be retrieved by the researchers. The data educate students. Not only in terms of teaching obtained by the researchers were then profession but they understand their audience performed with multiple regression analysis. according to their characteristics. Through the introduction of the students' psychological 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION development, they understand that they position

Table 1 is the respondent's demographic themselves as teachers and as friends. Besides, information obtained by the researchers from teachers also work collegially with other teachers field data. The total sampling amounted to 114, to educate their students. Therefore, they will consisting of 39% men (30 people), 61% women work as partners with other teachers, thus they (84 people). Profession as a teacher is the must build good relationships because it involves largest, namely 82% (94 people), while 18% (20 the learning success of their students.

Table 1. Respondent demographics

Description Percentage Sex Man 39% Woman 61% Profession Teacher 82% Employee 18% Maritals status Married 47% Single 53% Education level S1(bachelor’s) 96% S2(master) 4% Origin Bandung 54% Outside the city of Bandung 46% N = 114

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Fig. 1. shows the frequency of use of social The results of the study show that both media that respondents have on a scale of often, communication styles and personality types have rarely, and never. Instagram is the most used a low correlation with the quality of friendly social media compared to other social media. relationships. Through this description, even Facebook is the second most used social media. though the millennial generation has their own While Discord, Snapchat, LinkedIn are never communication styles and personality types that used, —or the least used. The data illustrate at are different from the previous generation, the least six social media owned by every teacher form of relationship built through these two and employee belongs to the millennial variables does significantly affect it. Even so, generation. Thus, these teachers and employees basically, communication can affect the form of are very familiar with the use of technology, relationships that occur between individuals. according to their characteristics. This correlation is based on the calculation of This is supported by Fig. 1. which provides an Pearson's correlation of several main variables in overview of the frequency of use of seven social this study. In general, it can be said that the media in the millennial generation. Although correlation betweent heva riables studied has a millennial generation is very dependent on moderate effect but still significant. technology – where they use a lot of text languages, they have different ways of building Communication style is a message that is relationships. conveyed when someone interacts with other people. This message is not only visible from Table 2 is the Pearson Correlation where the words through the ideas or opinions conveyed. data illustrate the moderate correlation between But, it can also be seen more strongly through communication styles and friendship quality (r = the nonverbal (factors). For example, the tone of .463). Meanwhile, the correlation between a person speaking, high or low – and these differ personality and friendship quality also shows a from one another because they have their own moderate category (r = .514). The correlation uniqueness [29]. The expression shown through between communication style and personality is nonverbal factors is an important factor in the also on the moderate category (r = .625). This relationship, especially when giving each other study shows that the relationship between the time. Besides, expressions also have an impact two variables, namely communication style and on a sense of security, namely trust in one personality, are similar variables. another.

Frequency of use of 7 social media

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Facebook Twitter Instagram Tiktok Snapchat Discord LinkedIn

Often Rarely Never

Fig. 1. The frequency of use of the seven social media in the millennial generation

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Before performing the multiple regression styles and personality variables is still very small calculations in this study, several things need to compared to the maximum index of 10. be formulated first. The main tests before the multiple regression were performed were the Table 4 shows the effect of communication style data normality test and the multicollinearity test. on the friendship quality which contributes 29.7% The results of data normality are that it is evident (R Square .297). Thus, the contribution outside that the level of data distribution is normal with the communication styles variable, which were the following calculation. not observed is 70.3%. Then the two variables, namely communication styles and personality, if Fig. 2. shows the normal distribution curve. The the two are combined, they contribute to the frequency distribution of each variable, namely friendship quality by 28.5% (Adjusted R Square communication styles, personality and friendship .285). Therefore, 71.5% outside the variables quality, is shown through the normal distribution observed in this study contribute to the friendship curve in Fig. 2 (Mean = 3.27E16, Std. Dev. = quality. 0.991, N = 114).

After the data normality test, the multicollinearity 4. DISCUSSION test between variables was performed. This test aims to make sure that there is no overlapping Bandung itself is a big city, but of course it has a between variables. The results are presented in different culture from Jakarta as the capital city. Table 3. This factor certainly cannot be separated from the communication styles that exist in the Based on the data in the table above, it is known millennial generation in Bandung. The next that there is no multicollinearity in the study findings are the result of elaboration of conditions variables. This can be seen from the VIF index of and other studies that support the findings of the 1,642, where the VIF index of the communication current study.

Histogram Dependent variable: friendship quality

Fig. 2 Normal distribution curve

Table 2. Pearson correlation

Variabel independent Variabel dependent Pearson Correlation Communication styles Friendship Quality .463 Personality Friendship Quality .514 Communication styles Personality .625 P < 0.01

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Cultural factors, namely the norms that exist in Good knowledge of an activity process affects society, cannot be separated from how a person the level of anxiety [31]. Therefore, knowledge communicates. Niceness is a major factor in the becomes an important factor in the level of one's relationship. The tendency is for Indonesian relationship. If someone has good knowledge, it culture to prioritize politeness and hospitality. will increase trust in building relationships. Referring to one of the professions of In line with this, culture and communication respondents, namely teachers, they basically expert, Stuart Hall in his idea, divides or have knowledge, especially about the categorizes culture into two parts, namely high development of students. Thus, as a context and low context (Nishimura et al., 2008). communicator, teachers understand the According to Hall, the high context knowledge of their audience. communication style is affected by the proximity factor in the culture itself and is usually covered Building closeness is greatly affected by by existing norms. In high context culture, the openness. This open personality is another community does not provide information directly, important factor in relationships. Openness has a but the communicant is expected to see and read fairly high degree of correlation for the situation about what the communicator really companionship. Openness also has an effect on wants to convey. Communication involving trust in relationships. Boertien [32] in his messages from the communicator is usually research, shows that relationship satisfaction is implied in nonverbal expressions. High context built from the communication that occurs. Apart communication style upholds the values and from understanding the background of each of norms of a person. these individuals, openness in communication is key, especially in preventing conflict.

Whereas in the low context of communication the Extraversion is the key to emotional closeness, communicator prefers to speak and convey the where the correlation shows. Sukawati’s message in a straightforward manner. Low research [33] shows that teachers can build good context communication delivers messages relationships with students – in which it can affect directly. In contrast to the high context, which the success of their students. However, this talks one by one, the low context is more open relationship is carried out in informal and does not rule out the possibility to interrupt communication, outside the school where they each other in a conversation. The interactions are doing activities together. Fluent and smooth that occur between the two parties take place language styles can build emotional dynamically. Thus, although communication interpersonal relationships. styles can be measured through six dimensions as in the measurements made in this study, Personality has a complex characteristic, culture is an important factor in communication because apart from being able to be styles. To see how this factor works in a distinguished from the OCEAN types, it is highly communication style it is necessary to look at the influenced by the processes in one's life. context in which the communication takes place. Jayawickreme’s research [34] shows that a person's life changes, such as a person's Extraversion is another important factor in traumatic experiences, greatly affect personality. personality variables that affect the friendship Changes in demographic variables, occupation, quality. Personality related to cognition, emotion, or marital status will have an impact on how a and motivation [30]. Personality also affects person adapts to the environment which in turn relationships, including the relationships between can make their personality change [35]. teachers and students. The personality of teachers who tend to build good and harmonious Forty six percent of the respondents in BPK relationships is very much needed in PENABUR Bandung, which is half of the interpersonal, performance, and professionalism samples in this study, are from outside Bandung. in their daily profession as teachers. Teachers This factor can have an impact on personality in work collegially with colleagues. So, trust is adapting to the environment. Thus, in their needed between one individual and another. profession as teachers, they will adapt mainly not Therefore, the agreeableness factor, namely only because of their personality but (because) trust can have an effect on a person's sense of they must build good relationships with security and closeness. colleagues and students.

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Table 3. Coefficientsa

Standardized Unstandardized Coefficient Coefficient Collinearity Statistics Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig. Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) 20.903 10.408 2.008 .047 Communication Style .330 .144 .233 2.281 .024 .609 1.642 Personality 1.157 .320 .369 3.617 .000 .609 1.642 Dependent variable: Friendship Quality

Table 4. Regression analysis

Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Change Statistics Square Estimate R Square Change F Change df1 1 .545a .297 .285 10.847 .297 23.481 2

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5. CONCLUSION COMPETING INTERESTS

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