Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage Monitoring Report 2008–2018 © Crown copyright, Province of , 2019

Margaree-Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 2008-2018 Department of Environment February 2019 ISBN: 978-1-55457-932-7 Contents

Executive Summary 1 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Background 4 3.0 Methodology 5 4.0 Chronology of Events 6 5.0 Natural Heritage Values 7 5.1 Background 7 5.2 Natural Heritage Values Since Designation 8 6.0 Cultural Heritage Values 12 6.1 Background 12 6.1 Condition of Cultural Values Since Designation 12 7.0 Recreation Values 16 7.1 Background and Status 16 7.2 Condition of Recreation Values Since Designation 16 8.0 Integrity Guidelines 21 9.0 Benefits of Designation 32 10.0 CHRS Commemorative Plaque Inventory Report 33 11.0 Summary and Conclusion 34 12.0 References 35

Tables Table 1 Chronology of Events since Designation 6 Table 2 Natural Heritage Values Since Designation 9 Table 3 Cultural Values Since Designation 14 Table 4 Recreation Values Since Designation 18 Table 5 Integrity Guidelines Since Designation 21 Table 6 Designation Document Recommendations and Current Status 23 Table 7 Summary of Benefits Since Designation 32

Executive Summary

The Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system in Nova Scotia was designated as a Canadian Heritage River in 1998. This report reviews what has happened over the last decade and addresses the state of the river while looking at progress and research. It examines what has happened to the river since designation, determines whether heritage and recreational values are still intact, and reports on the Canadian Heritage River System integrity guidelines. This study also reports on the degree to which river management and goals have been achieved.

Since its designation, collaborative research work has been done by the provincial government and community groups. Projects have addressed improving aquatic habitats and salmon and trout stocks. Research took place on animals and fish populations such as moose, American marten, gaspereau, and striped bass to develop management initiatives. Water quality monitoring on the river was improved through the installation of a hydrometric sampling station. Other heritage projects have been initiated, including a signage project from Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society with information on the history of sport fishing on the river.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 1

1.0 Introduction

The Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system is the largest river system on Cape Breton, measuring about 120 kilometres in length. The river runs through a variety of scenic landscapes with a dynamic mix of land uses. The river system is characterized by a unique combination of natural and cultural heritage values that reflect a rich history of human settlement on a mosaic of natural landscapes. Its northeast branch is known for populations of salmon which attract large numbers of anglers. The southwest branch has a provincially significant gaspereau run which is fished commercially.

After years of study, the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system was designated as a Canadian Heritage River in 1998.

The Canadian Heritage River System is ’s program that promotes freshwater heritage conservation and recognizes Canada’s outstanding based on heritage and recreation values. The program is a cooperative effort of federal and provincial/territorial governments. It works to ensure long-term management and conservation of Canada’s river heritage. The program requires annual reports, monitoring, and ten-year reviews to ensure that heritage rivers maintain the values for which they were nominated.

The objectives of this report are to: • Determine the degree to which the actions outlined in the management plan have been implemented. • Establish the current condition of the outstanding heritage values based on a review of values for which the river was nominated. • Determine whether the Canadian Heritage River System integrity guidelines are still being met. • Describe changes that have occurred in relation to the river over the past decade. • Review the state of the river and report on the progress or setbacks the river has experienced.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 3 2.0 Background

From the headwaters of Northeast Margaree, located to the south of National Park, the Margaree River flows south through a steep sided valley complex to Big Intervale. The river then takes a westerly shift and meanders to Margaree Forks. The Southwest Margaree begins at Lake Ainslie, the largest natural freshwater lake in Nova Scotia, and flows north to Margaree Forks to form the Margaree River. The Margaree River continues north to Margaree Harbour and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

In 1986, the provincial government reviewed 45 rivers and conducted detailed studies on the seven highest rated rivers. In 1988, a study of the Margaree River system was completed and a year later, work began to nominate the river for designation. In 1991, it was accepted for nomination. A strategy was submitted to the Canadian Heritage Rivers System in 1996 and the river was designated in 1998.

The designation work was done by the Department of Natural Resources (now the Department of Lands and Forestry). In 1998, Nova Scotia Environment assumed the lead responsibility for the Canadian Heritage River System program in Nova Scotia.

4 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 3.0 Methodology

The main approaches used to gain information about the state of the river and progress that has been made are: (i) Reviews of Canadian Heritage Rivers System guidelines, annual reports, and field reports from key stakeholders (ii) Secondary sources research (iii) Contact with key individuals

Contacting key individuals provided important information on changes, research, and activities that have taken place on and around the river since its designation. Discussions took place among Nova Scotia Environment staff, Department of Lands and Forestry staff, and key stakeholders.

New Canadian Heritage Rivers System frameworks have been developed since the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system was nominated. This report converts identified values to align with current national frameworks.

The condition of heritage values since designation was discussed along with relevant projects or partnership strategy actions. The conditions of integrity guidelines were also examined to determine whether the river was still worthy of designation.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 5 4.0 Chronology of Events

Table 1: Chronology of Events since Designation

Year Significant Events, Actions, Research or Studies since 2008

2008 The Department of Agriculture and Fisheries assumed ownership of the Margaree Fish Hatchery. 2009 Nova Scotia Environment initiated a pilot project to digitally map the hydrological features and water resources in the Margaree River Watershed.

A program was initiated to electronically track movements, habitat utilization and survival of from the Margaree River. 2010 GPS technology was used to track the natural movement/migration of the stream bed and banks in the Margaree River over time. 2011 The Margaree Landowners Group formed to advocate for the coordinated management and maintenance of the river, associated infrastructure (bridges, culverts, etc.) and adjacent lands impacted by seasonal flood events. 2013 Inverness county council banned fracking after a proposal on Lake Ainslie. 2014 Designation of Mason’s Mountain Nature Reserve, north of Lake Ainslie (831 hectares). 2015 Designation of the Black River Bog Nature Reserve, West Lake Ainslie (109 hectares).

Designation of the Ruiss Noir Wilderness Area (1602 hectares).

Designation of the Chimney Croner Nature Reserve (750 Hectares). 2016 Expansion of the Trout Brook Wilderness Area (186 hectares).

Expansion of the Margaree Wilderness Area (2140 hectares). 2017 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society developed a billboard in front of the library in Margaree Forks detailing the river’s history.

The society developed a series of four pull-up panels detailing the nature of the river system and elements of designation.

They society also developed a series of panels that outlined the history of salmon sport fishing, and panels detailing the history of the gaspereau fishery in south-west Margaree. 2018 The society developed 13 road signs and a brochure with a map and historical photograph.

Nova Scotia Environment and Canadian Heritage River System began work to create an online story map to showcase natural, cultural and recreational features along the Margaree River.

6 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 5.0 Natural Heritage Values

5.1 Background

The designation of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system was based on the following key natural heritage features: • A unique alkaline bog on Black River is recognized under the International Biological Program and is under consideration for official designation under the Special Places Protection Act. The bog also contains at least five plants that are rare in the province. • The history and visibility of geological strata and features associated with the river system provide excellent opportunities for interpretation of the complex geology of the region. • The entire river is an outstanding representation of continuous fluvial geomorphological processes. • Outstanding examples of faulting and escapements depict significant events in Nova Scotia’s geological history. • It is one of the most noted salmon producing rivers in Nova Scotia and is renowned for its spring and fall runs of salmon. • The river is also a provincially significant gaspereau run. • Provincially significant wetlands on the Southwest Margaree and Lake Ainslie have outstanding wildlife values. • The Second Fork Brook International Biological Program site is a remnant of an old growth sugar maple stand. • Remnant maple and elm floodplain forests contain at least five plants that are rare in the province. • Four mammals that are rare in the province live in the steep-sided valley complex of Northeast Margaree.

The Canadian Heritage Rivers System is currently using the Framework for the Natural Values of Canadian Heritage of Canadian Heritage River 2nd edition (2001). It differs from the original framework that was in use at the time of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system’s designation in 1998. The values for which it was nominated are summarized in Table 2 according to the 2001 framework.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 7 5.2 Natural Heritage Values Since Designation

Water quality monitoring began on the Margaree River system the implementation of a water sampling station in 2000 and has been ongoing since. The river is part of Nova Scotia’s Automated Water Quality Monitoring Program.

There have been changes to the general area including the expansion of the Margaree River Wilderness Area which improves protection of water quality and mixed wood forests.

NewPage paper mill became Port Hawkesbury Paper in 2011 and is committed to using pulp that was acquired from forests that are managed in accordance with the Forest Stewardship Council’s principals and criteria.

Since 2008, Nova Scotia Environment has been involved in watershed management planning for the area. This includes investigating how to implement current policy in collaboration with communities.

8 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Table 2: Natural Heritage Values Since Designation

Canadian Heritage Rivers Natural Heritage Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats System Natural Framework Elements Description or Studies to Nomination Value(s) (2001) Themes and Sub-themes

1 HYDROLOGY 1.1 Drainage basins Bain None

Stream number 1 1.2 Seasonal bariation Period of highest flow is May. None

Period of lowest flow is May to September. 1.3 Water content An average pH level of 7.03 between 2008 and 2018.

An average temperature of 7.63 degrees between 2008 and 2018. 1.4 River size Small river or <85 m3/sec. Rainstorms and major flooding in December 2010 Length is <500 km. deteriorated some parts of the river by up to 30 metres. 2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 2.1 Physiographic regions Appalachian Acadian uplands None 2.2 Geological processes None 2.3 Hydrogeology Porous bedrock with surficial None unconsolidated materials of low porosity (fine grained clay and silt) 2.4 Topography Significant gradient None (2–5 m/km).

Height above sea level is 0-400 metres.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 9 Canadian Heritage Rivers Natural Heritage Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats System Natural Framework Elements Description or Studies to Nomination Value(s) (2001) Themes and Sub-themes

3 RIVER MORPHOLOGY 3.1 Valley types Concave-walled valleys None (rounded interfluves with significant floodplain)

Straight-walled valleys (flat/ rounded interfluves with significant floodplain) 3.2 Channel types Stream configuration: Margaree Salmon Association Improve/maintain ecological meandering conducts inventory of flow integrity. characteristics. Lake systems: feeder lake 3.3 Channel profile Pool and riffle None 3.4 Fluvial landforms Depositional landforms: Stream bank stabilization Protection from erosional oxbows and erosion control through processes. Margaree Salmon Association Erosional landforms: and Department of Fisheries undercuts and gorges and Oceans projects. 4 BIOTIC ENVIRONMENTS 4.1 Aquatic ecosystems Riverine systems: lowland Amendments to the Provides an effective tool zone Special Places Protection for considering additional Act streamline the process designations in the Margaree– to identify and designate Lake Ainslie area, which could significant ecological sites on contribute to protecting private and Crown lands. important ecological values. Planning for a comprehensive Protection of important system of protected areas. natural lands as wilderness areas or nature reserves. Planning for a comprehensive Protection of important system of protected areas. natural lands as wilderness areas or nature reserves. Moose research in Cape Maintain healthy wildlife Breton Highlands. populations to ensure ecological integrity. Continued litter and garbage Helps improve ecological pickup. integrity. Margaree Salmon Association Improved quality of aquatic has continued the stream habitat through armor rock habitat improvement project bank stabilization. (bank stabilization and pool enhancement). In 2008, the Department of Helps maintain fish population Agriculture and Fisheries while offering opportunities assumed ownership of the for public education and Margaree Fish Hatchery. scientific research

10 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Canadian Heritage Rivers Natural Heritage Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats System Natural Framework Elements Description or Studies to Nomination Value(s) (2001) Themes and Sub-themes

4.2 Terrestrial ecosystems Ecozone: Atlantic Maritime Amendments to the Off- Helps protect sensitive highway Vehicles Act. ecosystems and biodiversity. Moose Research in Cape Breton Highlands continued in 2018. Research on American marten continued in 2018. 5 VEGETATION 5.1 Significant plant Aquatic/riparian plants: Black Margaree Salmon Association Helps maintain/improve communities River International Biological inventory of stream-side ecological integrity. Program site (carex and salix vegetation. species).

Trees: dynamic old growth sugar maples 5.2 Rare plant species Provincially rare: Sclerophora Sclerophora peronella listed as Designation of wilderness peronella, Rhynchospora special concern by Committee areas within the river’s capillacea, Carex gynocrates, on the Status of Endangered watershed helps protect Salix candida and Caltha Wildlife in Canada. two of the three Sclerophora palustris peronella sites in Canada. Salix candida listed as an endangered species in 2013. 6 FAUNA 6.1 Significant animal Fish: Atlantic salmon and None None populations gaspereau 6.2 Rare animal species Regionally rare mammals: Research on American marten. None American marten and lynx

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 11 6.0 Cultural Heritage Values

6.1 Background

While the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system was not nominated based on its cultural (human) heritage values, both the nomination document and the designation document recognized the rich cultural heritage of the region and the strong cultural ties to the river. These include:

• Mi’kmaq use • European settlement • Natural resource use • Cultural attachments to sporting and recreation

A variety of cultural values are summarized in the following table according to the new cultural values framework. The table also outlines significant actions over the past ten years, and any changes to cultural heritage values.

6.1 Condition of Cultural Values Since Designation

Improvements have been made to the cultural heritage values of the Margaree– Lake Ainslie river system since the 2008 report.

The Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society began multiple panel and signage projects between 2017 and 2018. These projects were initiated to awaken interest in the heritage status of the river.

In 2017, the society developed a major billboard in front of the library in Margaree Forks. They developed a series of four pull-up panels detailing the nature of the river system and elements of designation, and a series of panels detailing the history of salmon sport fishing. They also installed a pair of permanent panels at the Southwest Margaree hall exploring the history of the gaspereau fishery in the area.

In 2018, the society developed 13 road signs and a brochure with a map and photograph. The signs and brochure have been very successful in raising awareness within the community of the heritage status of the river.

12 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 13 Table 3: Cultural Values Since Designation

Canadian Heritage Rivers System Cultural Heritage Value(s) Significant Actions, Changes or Threats Cultural Framework (2000) Research or Studies to Nomination Value(s)

1 RESOURCE HARVESTING 1.1 Fishing Artifacts about 3000 to 5000 years Computerized inventory of None old have been found at Margaree local heritage sites. Harbour, Margaree, Margaree Forks, and Scotsville. 1.2 Shoreline resource harvesting Probably used prior to European None contact for hunting and fishing. 1.3 Extraction of water Maps from 1864 and 1898 indicate None the presences of sawmills along the river system. 2 WATER TRANSPORT 2.1 Commercial transportation Not discussed at time of designation. None

2.2 Transportation services Not discussed at time of designation. None

2.3 Exploration and surveying The area was surveyed in 1825 by None Joseph Bouchette, the Surveyor General of British North America. 3 RIPARIAN SETTLEMENT 3.1 Siting of dwellings Artifacts about 3000 to 5000 years Computerized inventory of Improved storage old have been found at Margaree local heritage sites. of and access to Harbour, Margaree, Margaree Forks information on local and Scotsville. heritage. 3.2 River-based communities Not described at the time None of designation. 3.3 River-influenced transportation Not described at the time None of designation.

14 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Canadian Heritage Rivers System Cultural Heritage Value(s) Significant Actions, Changes or Threats Cultural Framework (2000) Research or Studies to Nomination Value(s)

4 CULTURE & RECREATION 4.1 Spiritual associations Not described at time None of designation. 4.2 Cultural expression Not described at time None of designation. 4.3 Early recreation Angling for salmon In 2008, the Department of Improved aquatic Agriculture and Fisheries life and possibility assumed ownership of the for improved angling Margaree Fish Hatchery. capabilities.

5 JURISDICTIONAL USES 5.1 Conflict and military Not described at the time None associations of nomination.

5.2 Boundaries Not described at the time Designation of four None of nomination. wilderness areas. 5.3 Environmental regulation Not described at time Installation of hydrometric Continued water of designation. sampling station. quality monitoring.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 15 7.0 Recreation Values

7.1 Background and Status

The original nomination and strategy documents for the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system highlighted a range of recreational values that contributed to its nomination. These include:

• Wilderness – solitude • Angling • River travel • Scenic appreciation • Hiking • Camping

There is no national framework for recreational values. Therefore, the activities listed in the Canadian Heritage River System: Red River Background Study, 1998 were used to evaluate and summarize the recreation values for which the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage river system was designated.

7.2 Condition of Recreation Values Since Designation

Improvements have been made to the recreational values of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system since the 2008 monitoring report.

Angling continues to be the most popular form of recreation on the river. Salmon, gaspereau and bass continue to be caught by anglers from around the world in more than 54 fishing pools along the river.

In 2017, the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Society developed signs explaining the history of sport fishing on the Margaree River, thereby increasing interest.

16 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 17 Table 4: Recreation Values Since Designation

Recreational Capability Description of Current Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats to Themes and Sub-themes Situation or Studies Nomination Value(s)

1 BOATING 1.1 White-water canoeing, People canoe along 80 km of None None kayaking and rafting the river corridor. Canoeing ranges from novice to class three intermediate. 1.2 Extended canoe trips Not discussed at the time None None (motor and non-motor) of designation. 1.3 Day paddling and rowing People day paddle and Emergence of paddle None paddle board on Lake boarding along the river. Ainslie, Southwest Margaree, Margaree, and Northeast Margaree rivers. 1.4 High speed boating Not discussed at time None None of designation. 1.5 Motorized pleasure Not discussed at time None None cruising / houseboats of designation. 1.6 Commercial tour boats Not discussed at time None None of designation. 1.7 Sailing Not discussed at time None None of designation. 2 ANGLING 2.1 Day angling There are more than Margaree Salmon Association Improve ecological integrity. 54 salmon pools on the conducts studies and Margaree River. maintains inventory of flow characteristics. 2.2 Weekend angling The area is very well known for Research on bass, gaspereau Increase in striped bass is its native wild-stock salmon. and brook trout. encouraging to the closed recreational fishery. The inability for smallmouth bass to breed minimalizes the negative effects on brook trout, gaspereau and landlocked salmon. 2.3 Extended angling In 1983, non-residents rated it The Department of Fisheries Helps maintain fish vacation the best salmon angling river and Aquaculture controls populations while offering in Nova Scotia. Today, it is still the breeding and stocking opportunities for public renowned for its excellent programs for the river. education and scientific angling opportunities. research.

2.4 Fly fishing The Margaree and Northeast None None Margaree rivers are fly-fishing only during salmon season, which runs from June to October.

18 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Recreational Capability Description of Current Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats to Themes and Sub-themes Situation or Studies Nomination Value(s)

2.5 Ice fishing Not discussed at the time None of designation. 2.6 Specific fish species Besides salmon, people fish for The Department of Fisheries An increase in striped bass speckled trout, brown trout, and Oceans and the Margaree population. white perch, rainbow smelt, Salmon Association partnered and striped bass. on the installation of a counting trap on the estuary of the Margaree River in October 2017.

3 WATER CONTACT/CONTENT 3.1 Swimming Not discussed at time Water is suitable for of designation. swimming. 3.2 Water skiing Not discussed at time None of designation. 3.3 Snorkel/scuba Not discussed at time None of designation. 4 WATER-ASSOCIATED ACTIVITIES 4.1 Trail use (hiking, walking, There are several provincially Improved access to local trails. None cycling) significant opportunities for hiking, scenic appreciation, and wilderness travel. 4.2 Camping There are camping The Margaree River Wilderness Improved regional opportunities within the Area was expanded in 2015. opportunities for low impact watershed. camping in protected wilderness areas. 4.3 Hunting Not discussed at time None None of designation. 5 WINTER ACTIVITIES 5.1 Snowmobiling/dog Not discussed at the time None None sledding of nomination. 5.2 Cross-country skiing Not discussed at time None None of designation. 5.3 Skating Not discussed at time None None of designation.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 19 Recreational Capability Description of Current Significant Actions, Research Changes or Threats to Themes and Sub-themes Situation or Studies Nomination Value(s)

6 NATURAL HERITAGE APPRECIATION 6.1 Wildlife Regionally rare mammals: Continued research on moose American marten and lynx in Cape Breton Highlands.

Regionally rare birds: bald eagle

Fish: salmon, gaspereau, trout and bass 6.2 Vegetation Aquatic/riparian plants: Black Margaree Salmon Association River International Biological continues to do inventories of Program site (carex and salix stream-side vegetation. species)

Trees: dynamic old growth sugar maples 6.3 Vistas/scenic quality Significant scenic Margaree Salmon Association Improved quality of aquatic opportunities exist through Stream Habitat Improvement habitats. the combination of uplands, Project is ongoing (bank lowlands, natural areas, stabilization and pool cultivated landscapes, villages enhancement). and river/ocean views. 6.4 Geological features/ Faults escarpments, uplands Canadian Heritage Rivers Increased public awareness. water features and lowlands with a variety of System signage to be water conditions ranging from implemented for Crowdis slow meandering to fast with Crossing, Old Big Intervale rips and rapids. Road, Cape Clear, Scotsville, East Lake Ainslie, and West Lake Ainslie. 7 HUMAN HERITAGE APPRECIATION 7.1 Historic sites MacDonald House historic Computerized inventory of Improved storage of/access to site (Lake Ainslie Historical local heritage sites information Society) 7.2 Cultural landscapes Not discussed at time of None None designation. 7.3 Sporting events/activities Not discussed at time of None None designation. 7.4 Cultural events/activities Not discussed at time of None None designation.

20 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 8.0 Integrity Guidelines

Natural, cultural, and recreational integrity guidelines were all considered when the Margaree–Lake Ainslee river system was nominated for its human heritage value.

Table 5: Integrity Guidelines Since Designation

Canadian Heritage Rivers System Integrity Value(s) Changes or Threats to Integrity Principles, Procedures and Operational Value(s) Since Nomination Guidelines

1 NATURAL INTEGRITY GUIDELINES 1.1 The nominated area is of sufficient The Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system is None size and contains all or most of the 120 km in length and free-flowing with a key interrelated and interdependent drainage basin of 116,537.5 hectares. It is elements to demonstrate the key the largest river system on Cape Breton, and aspects of the natural processes, one of Nova Scotia’s largest river systems. features, or other phenomena which give the river its outstanding natural value. 1.2 The nominated area contains those The river’s ecosystem is unimpaired and Water quality monitoring is critical ecosystem components required for produces abundant fish, wildlife, and flora. to ongoing assessments of the the continuity of the species, features It meets water quality guidelines endorsed river’s health. It has been improved or objects to be protected. by the Canadian Council of Ministers of through local efforts and the Environment for aquatic life and recreation. installation of the permanent water sampling station. In 1998, four wilderness areas were designated in the area. Expansion of the Margaree River Wilderness Area improves protection. 1.3 There are no human-made The entire river is free-flowing with no None impoundments within the nominated impoundments. area. 1.4 All key elements and ecosystem No impoundments exist outside of the None components are unaffected by nominated section. impoundments located outside the nominated area. 1.5 Natural values for which the river is No impoundments exist in the nominated None nominated have not been created by section. impoundments. 1.6 The water of the nominated area of the Recent water quality data shows the Continued water quality monitoring river is uncontaminated to the extent Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system meets indicates that the water remains that its natural aquatic ecosystem is Canadian water quality guidelines for uncontaminated. intact. freshwater aquatic life. 1.7 The natural aesthetic value of the Past and present land uses have never Expansion of the Margaree river is not compromised by human overwhelmed the Margaree. About 30% of River Wilderness Area improves developments. the river system is in a wilderness condition. protection.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 21 Canadian Heritage Rivers System Integrity Value(s) Changes or Threats to Integrity Principles, Procedures and Operational Value(s) Since Nomination Guidelines

2 CULTURAL INTEGRITY VALUES 2.1 The nominated area is of sufficient Not discussed at time of designation. None size and contains all or most of the key interrelated and interdependent elements to demonstrate the key aspects of the features, activities or other phenomena which give the river its outstanding cultural value. 2.2 The visual appearance of the Not discussed at time of designation. None nominated area of river enables uninterrupted appreciation of at least one of the periods of the river’s historical importance. 2.3 The key artifacts and sites comprising Not discussed at time of designation. None the cultural values for which the river is nominated are unimpaired by impoundments and human land uses. 2.4 The water quality of the nominated Not discussed at time of nomination. Water quality monitoring is ongoing. area does not detract from the visual character or the cultural experience provided by its cultural values. 3 RECREATIONAL INTEGRITY VALUES 3.1 The river possesses water of a quality The Margaree River currently meets water suitable for contact recreational quality guidelines from the Canadian activities, including those recreational Council of Ministers of Environment. It is opportunities for which it is also suitable for contact recreation. nominated. 3.2 The river’s visual appearance is The system provides internationally capable of providing river travelers renowned salmon angling opportunities with a continuous natural experience, along with provincially significant or a combined natural and cultural wilderness travel and trail opportunities. experience, without significant The entire system is of outstanding scenic interruption by modern human value. Canoeing is underused on the intrusions. system, of which the southwest portion offers 23 to 26 kilometres of uninterrupted canoeing. 3.3 The river is capable of supporting The river system has supported a salmon recreational uses without significant sport fishery since the 1800s and other loss or impact on its natural, cultural or recreational uses without significant loss or aesthetic values. impact on its natural, historical, or aesthetic values. There is also a significant commercial gaspereau fishery.

22 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Table 6: Designation Document Recommendations and Current Status

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

1 GEOLOGY 1.1 Conduct a background study of the earth history of Ongoing The Geological Survey of Canada the Margaree–Lake Ainslie watershed to provide an produced three bedrock geology inventory of significant geological features of the maps from 1996 to 1997 which cover watershed area. the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system (GSC files: 3254, 3253, 3059). 1.2 Protect and manage outstanding geological Partial Protected Areas Program gives features and points of interest on Crown Land as umbrella protection. There are many necessary to maintain their natural character and geological features and points of integrity, and to enable their interpretation. interest protected in the wilderness areas within the river’s watershed. 1.3 Inform private landowners of outstanding Initiated Nature conservation on private land is geological features situated on their property, and encouraged in a brochure produced encourage the maintenance of their character by the Nova Scotia Environment. Nova and integrity through voluntary participation in Scotia Lands produced an acquisitions stewardship programs, and other incentives which map in 2013–14. might become available. 2 VEGETATION 2.1 Protect and manage sites with ecologically Ongoing Second Fork Brook International significant vegetation on Crown land as necessary Biological Program site is a remnant of to maintain their natural character and integrity, an old growth sugar maple stand. and to enable their interpretation. 2.2 Inform private landowners of significant vegetative Partial/Ongoing Wilderness areas protect ecologically features on their property and encourage the significant vegetation on Crown land. maintenance of their character and integrity through voluntary participation in stewardship The protected areas systems planning programs and other incentives which might process has led protection of 12.41% become available. of the province. 2.3 The proposed community-based group responsible None Nature conservation on private land is for implementation participate in the management encouraged in a brochure produced planning process for the candidate protected areas. by the Nova Scotia Environment. Nova Scotia Lands produced an acquisitions map in 2013–14.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 23 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

3 FISH 3.1 Conduct a comprehensive habitat survey for Ongoing The federal Department of important commercial and angling fish species Fisheries and Oceans, the provincial in the watershed. The survey would identify the Department of Lands and Forestry, important components of the river ecosystem with the Margaree Salmon Association, and respect to fish life and identify critical areas that the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian require protection and restoration to maintain fish Heritage River Society worked on populations. stream rehabilitation. Most recently, the Margaree Salmon Association used armor rock to strengthen stream banks. 3.2 Continue and, where possible, enhance the full Ongoing The federal Department of Fisheries range of management programs (enhancement, and Oceans and the provincial enforcement, assessment, habitat restoration Department of Lands and Forestry and conservation) to maintain fish species and work towards these ends. populations. 3.3 Continue and, where possible, enhance Partial The federal Department of Fisheries management policies which allow for sustainable and Oceans and the Margaree commercial gaspereau fishery and adequate Salmon Association conducted a fish spawning escapement to Lake Ainslie. population survey on the Margaree River in 2017. 3.4 Continue biological sampling for population Ongoing Margaree Salmon Association assessment to determine adequate spawning continues to study population sizes of escapement and studies on the early life history fish within the river system. of gaspereau in Lake Ainslie relative to physical, chemical and biological components of the ecosystem. 3.5 Encourage an Adopt a Stream Program or similar Ongoing Margaree Salmon Association has initiative to increase public awareness of habitat worked with the Nova Scotia Liquor requirements for trout and other species and to Corporation’s Adopt a Stream Program increase community participation in efforts to to clear debris from five tributary improve habitats. streams of the Margaree River Watershed.

24 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

4 MAMMALS 4.1 Survey rare mammal populations and their Ongoing The Department of Lands and distributions in the watershed and identify Forestry plans to release a report on associated habitat requirements. the American marten in 2018-19. It will determine a new recovery plan or potential change in status. 4.2 Protect and manage rare mammal habitats Partial Four wilderness areas have been identified on Crown land. designated around the Margaree Lake Ainslie river system: • Jim Campbells Barrens • Sugarloaf Mountain • Trout Brook • Margaree River (expanded) 4.3 Inform private landowners of rare mammal Ongoing American marten recovery plan has habitat situation on their property and encourage led to changes in forestry activities the maintenance of this through voluntary by Port Hawkesbury Paper (formerly participation in stewardship programs which might NewPage). become available. 4.4 Continue and where possible, enhance the Ongoing Ongoing monitoring of bald eagles monitoring of eagle and any other significant bird by the Department of Lands and populations and the protection of nesting sites. Forestry, local bird watchers, and the 2010 Maritime Bird Atlas. 5 WILDERNESS AND HIKING 5.1 Inventory and protect outstanding trail Initiated OHV and hiking trail opportunities opportunities. within existing protected areas have been inventoried. 5.2 Encourage and support local community groups Ongoing A 3-km hiking trail within Sugarloaf to take the lead role in trail development in order Mountain Wilderness Area has been to take advantage of provincially significant hiking up-graded with community support. potential in the area. Where private properties offer quality trail opportunities, efforts should be made The abandoned rail corridor just west to obtain permission for trail development from of Lake Ainslie is being developed as a landowners involved. Landowner participation multi-use trail. would be voluntary. 6 ANGLING 6.1 Continue efforts to maintain and enhance the high Ongoing Continued research and monitoring standard of traditional opportunities associated of fish stocks, habitats, water quality with angling. and information on popular fish pools and locations maintains the quality of angling on the Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 25 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

7 SCENIC APPRECIATION 7.1 Conduct a study to identify scenic look-off sites and Partial Viewpoints along the , document areas of particularly high scenic value. which runs through the Margaree Valley, have been opened for the enjoyment of the travelling public. 7.2 Develop information and voluntary guidelines to Partial Keep it Wild brochure encourages minimize the potential impacts of activities that people to leave no trace in wilderness could reduce the scenic value of the area. areas. 8 CANOEING AND BOATING 8.1 Conduct a study to identify appropriate None There is a boat launch at Margaree opportunities for safe and convenient access to Harbour. and egress from the river and lake. 8.2 Develop the canoeing and boating infrastructure Initiated New signage, panels and brochure to provide for access/egress points, and associated developed by the Margaree Lake signage and brochures for information and Ainslie Heritage Society provide educational purposes. Facilities would be historical information on the river established on Crown lands and public rights-of- system. way where possible, and at priority locations on existing private land through voluntary agreement with the pertinent landowner(s). 8.3 Develop clear and accurate information signage to Initiated Keep it Wild brochure encourages encourage informed and responsible user activity. people to leave no trace in wilderness areas.

Margaree Salmon Association’s Angler produced an etiquette brochure. 9 WINTER OUTDOOR RECREATION 9.1 Continue efforts to develop winter recreational Partial The Margaree Highlanders opportunities and associated user information. Snowmobile Club maintains more than 200 km of the snowmobile trail system in the area surrounding the Margaree River. 10 CAMPING 10.1 Conduct a detailed planning exercise to identify None None potential high-quality nature-based camping opportunities in the Margaree–Lake Ainslie area. 10.2 Encourage private initiatives to provide quality None None nature-based camping. 10.3 Develop information on codes of etiquette for Complete Keep it Wild brochure encourages campers. people to leave no trace in wilderness areas.

26 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

11 CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES 11.1 Conduct a cultural heritage study of the Margaree– Partial Computerized inventory of local Lake Ainslie Area. This study would look at people, heritage sites. historical events, sites and buildings, and develop themes which could be used to interpret the Series of panels created in association cultural heritage of the area both in schools and in with Margaree Salmon Museum and public information programs. MacDonald House Museum. 12 INTERPRETATION 12.1 Conduct a detailed interpretive planning study for Partial None the Margaree–Lake Ainslie System. 12.2 Conduct a feasibility study regarding the Complete The Margaree Salmon Hatchery Visitor development of a heritage centre. Centre is open to the public. 12.3 Identify and develop educational opportunities Partial Margaree was featured on the Great associated with the river system. Canadian Rivers television series which chronicled rivers that represent both the natural and cultural heritage of Canada. 13 OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPACTS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MARKETING 13.1 Prepare a strategic tourism plan and marketing Ongoing Regional and community strategy for the Margaree–Lake Ainslie area, development groups are exploring with a particular focus on the establishment of and supporting nature-based opportunities, facilities and services that would businesses including river rafting and enhance and support nature-based tourism or eco- low-impact camping operations (eg. tourism recognizing that facilities must be in place Live Life in Tents). before marketing. 13.2 Community-based implementation group review Ongoing Information is reviewed by Margaree– nationally, provincially and locally produced Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River information on the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Society as needed. Canadian Heritage River. 14 WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY 14.1 Establish a co-ordinated water quality and quantity Ongoing A hydrometric sampling station is monitoring program for the Margaree–Lake Ainslie installed on the river. watershed. 14.2 Act on recent decisions to close Kenloch landfill site Complete Kenloch landfill is a transfer station. as soon as possible in order to set aside this source of concern. This action would include monitoring the site once closed and developing alternative methods for solid waste management. 14.3 Encourage community-based water quality Ongoing Hydrometric sampling station is monitoring, involving, amongst others, local installed on the river. schools, with responsible government agencies facilitating efforts through provision of expertise, equipment and support funding as required. 14.4 Maintain the main stems of the Northeast, No changes Stems remain obstruction free. Southwest and Margaree rivers as a free-flowing unobstructed system, free from dams and diversions.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 27 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

15 BUILDINGS AND DEVELOPMENT 15.1 Inform private landowners of the importance of Ongoing This has been done informally vegetative buffers along the river with regards to through the permitting process for bank stabilization and erosion prevention, and construction and through efforts by encourage the establishment of buffers on their the Margaree Salmon Association. own initiative through voluntary participation in stewardship agreements, or with the benefit of other incentives which might become available. 15.2 Manage Crown land parcels directly fronting Complete/Ongoing There are four wilderness areas the river and lake to support the objectives designated around the Margaree Lake of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River. Ainslie River System: The future of all Crown land in the watershed • Jim Campbells Barrens would be addressed through the designation of • Sugarloaf Mountain protected areas, where warranted, and through the • Trout Brook integrated resource management plan. • Margaree River (expanded) 15.3 As a first step towards preparing a municipal Initiated Zoning bylaws required to address strategy, request that the municipality provide residential development on flood more information to the community regarding plains. the process, implications and potential of a municipal planning strategy and land use by-law in supporting river conservation objectives. The municipal planning strategy is a process which is separate and apart from the Canadian Heritage River designation and provides for extensive public consultation. 16 AGRICULTURE 16.1 Continue efforts to foster environmentally sound Ongoing Resources available from the agricultural practices, and encourage compliance Department of Agriculture: with associated guidelines. • Environmental Regulations Handbook • Codes of Practice for the Application of Non-Agricultural Organic Waste on Agricultural Land • Siting and Management of Hog Farms in Nova Scotia • Manure Management Guidelines 16.2 Develop a comprehensive erosion control plan Initiated/Ongoing Margaree Salmon Association has for the river. This plan would set priorities for initiated a river bank stabilization highly valued agricultural land, as well as for program using various methods: salmon pools, buildings, structures and roads, • Vegetation while also conserving the natural functions of the • Deflectors river. An important objective of the plan would • Armour rock be to establish criteria and set priorities aimed at • Gabion baskets and mats ensuring that available erosion control funding can • Used tires be utilized to maximum advantage. • Logs and trees 16.3 Continue to address pressing erosion control Initiated/On-going Margaree Salmon Association has problems. initiated a river bank stabilization program

28 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

17 FORESTRY 17.1 Prepare an integrated resource management plan Ongoing In 2015, Port Hawkesbury Paper to guide land and resource use activities on Crown implemented their 100-year strategic land within the watershed. This plan would be management plan. The plan adheres comprehensive in recognizing all resource values to the principles of adaptive forest such as forestry, minerals and wildlife, and place management and continuous a high priority on the maintenance of biological improvement. diversity and the ecological integrity of the watershed. 17.2 Consider methods in the integrated resource Ongoing In 2015, Port Hawkesbury Paper management plan of harvesting aimed at implemented their 100-year strategic minimizing potential downstream impacts on management plan. The plan adheres water quality and quantity in the river system, and to the principles of adaptive forest consider scheduling of harvesting to ensure that management and continuous large portions of forest cover are not removed over improvement short periods of time one important aspect in this regard. It is necessary to use harvesting methods that ensure the integrity of the ecosystem. 17.3 Review the Forest/Wildlife Guidelines and Ongoing Province sponsored an independent Standards in the integrated resource management review of forest practices in Nova plan and establish guidelines as a necessary for Scotia. The final report with maintaining the ecological integrity of steep slopes recommendations was submitted and on Crown lands. government responded in 2018. 17.4 Encourage private landowners and land uses Partial/ongoing The Department of Lands and Forestry to follow existing Forest/Wildlife Guidelines policy offers regulation and protection and Standards. Provide them with information to wildlife habitats and watercourses. on the impact of harvesting on steep slopes as The department has codes of forest well as general information on the relationship practice and sustainable forestry between forest management activity and regulations. the integrity of the watershed. Develop new guidelines for management on steep slopes with private landowners consultation. These new guidelines would be recommended for private lands which receive government funding for forest management and encouraged on other private lands.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 29 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

18 MINING 18.1 Evaluate mineral, petroleum and aggregate Ongoing The public and subject matter experts extraction and subsequent reclamation proposals comment on mining proposals via the to ensure the ecological and recreational integrity environmental assessment process. of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River and surrounding watershed. In 2013, Inverness County council banned fracking after a proposal for Lake Ainslie. 18.2 Recognize the values for which the river system Ongoing The public and subject matter experts was nominated as a Canadian Heritage River in comment on mining proposals via the environmental impact assessments undertaken in environmental assessment process. the watershed. In 2013, Inverness County council banned fracking after a proposal for Lake Ainslie. 19 COMMERCIAL FISHING 19.1 Continue efforts to develop voluntary Ongoing Regulations governed by the housekeeping guidelines for gaspereau fishing, Department of Fisheries and Oceans and associated site maintenance and upkeep. change based on population analyses.

Margaree Salmon Association continues habitat maintenance for salmon, trout and gaspereau. 19.2 Continue the orderly development of aquaculture Ongoing The Margaree Salmon Hatchery is in the watershed under the provisions and controlled by the province. procedures in the Aquaculture Act and the licensing and review process. The combined effort from the hatchery and Margaree Salmon Association allows for development of aquaculture. 20 LAND USER AND LANDOWNER INFORMATION 20.1 All government agencies, land users and Ongoing Projects from Margaree Salmon landowners work in cooperation to develop Association have helped raise river and disseminate information to increase the awareness. The interpretation at the knowledge and understanding of functions and fish hatchery has also created better interconnections within the river ecosystem. understanding. Increased awareness of impacts and land uses and activities on the river system will enable land users and landowners to make informed decisions regarding day tod ay activities. 20.2 Produce clear and concise information for land Initiated The Margaree Watershed Panel has owners about options for voluntary stewardship potential to act on this objective. agreements to formal management agreements, and to practice conservations on their own initiative.

30 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River: A Degree of Achievement Actions/Notes Partnership Strategy (1996) • Not yet initiated • Initiated / underway • Completed / addressed • Ongoing

21 ANNUAL ASSESSMENT OF CANADIAN HERITAGE RIVERS SYSTEM VALUES 21.1 Establish a process to identify and determine Addressed Nova Scotia Environment submits significant changes in the heritage value of the annual reports as appropriate. Margaree Lake Ainslie River system in order to complete the Canadian Heritage Rivers System checklist for annual report submissions and the ten-year detailed assessment. Results of the assessments are made available to the public.

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 31 9.0 Benefits of Designation

A requirement of the Canadian Heritage Rivers System – Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines is for monitoring reports every 10 years to report on conservation, stewardship, economic, and cultural benefits resulting from designation. The greatest benefits from the designation are that, in the past few years, the Margaree–Lake River System has had its history widely recognized through various signage projects, and has continued to maintain a healthy salmon population through the help of stewardship groups such as the Margaree Salmon Association and the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society.

Table 7: Summary of Benefits Since Designation

Type of Benefit Description

Environmental benefits • Water quality generally improved in recent years. • Salmon, trout and gaspereau populations remain healthy with the combined conservation efforts from Margaree Salmon Association, Margaree Salmon Hatchery, and other stewardship groups. • Expansion of the Margaree River Wilderness Area allows for increased protection of the watershed. Cultural benefits • Designation has led to improved recognition of heritages sites along the river. • Increased knowledge on Mi’kmaq use of the river. • Information on cultural heritage sites is now widely computerized. Recreational benefits: • Increased public awareness for hiking, scenic appreciation. • Newer water recreation activities have been initiated, such as paddle boarding and tubing. Improved knowledge: • General knowledge of the history has improved with the Margaree–Lake Ainslee Heritage River Society signage projects Monetary benefits (increased access to • Canada 150 funding allowed for the society’s signage projects in funding; increased revenue, etc.) 2017-18. Increased stewardship (increased • The society became active in 2016 after being defunct for more involvement in stewardship activities, than 6 years. Since its, revival many signage projects have been number of activities / events, etc.) completed. • Margaree Salmon Association continues to be a key stakeholder in stewardship efforts. Have there been any downsides to • None obtaining the designation?

32 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 10.0 CHRS Commemorative Plaque Inventory Report

Name/job title of inspector Dave Williams, Protected Areas Coordinator Plaque title Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River plaque Location Margaree Forks GPS coordinates 46.3339, −61.0968 Size of plaque 30" (76 cm) × 35" (89 cm) Date of installation 1998 Description of location Plaque is mounted on a large stone slab in the small village of Margaree Forks. Photo inventory

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 33 11.0 Summary and Conclusion

The Margaree–Lake Ainslie river system remains a scenic area that is highly valued by local residents and visitors. Much of the activity that has taken place along the river as been focused on aquatic habitat improvements, research, and public education initiatives. The river is well known by anglers because of its Atlantic salmon and gaspereau fishing opportunities, and because of the maintenance done by stewardship groups annually. The river continues to tie together many residents and landowners with growing engagement by the public, government, stewardship groups, and business partners in enhancing the its many positive attributes.

This report has determined that the cultural, natural and recreational values of the Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River have generally remained intact or have been improved since the first 10-year report. Based on this report, the Margaree–Lake Ainslie River System is deemed worthy of continued designation as a river of national significance within the Canadian Heritage River System.

34 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 12.0 References

Canadian Heritage Rivers System. A Cultural Framework for Canadian Heritage Rivers, 2nd Edition. 2000 Canadian Heritage Rivers System. A Framework for the Natural Values of Canadian Heritage Rivers, 2nd Edition. 2001 Canadian Heritage Rivers System. Principles, Procedures and Operational Guidelines. 2016. Canadian Heritage Rivers System. CHRS Strategic Plan 2008-2018. 2018 Canadian Heritage River System 10-year Monitoring Report. 2016 Canadian Heritage River System Margaree River 10-year Monitoring Report. 2008 Port Hawkesbury Paper. Annual Monitoring Report. 2017 Port Hawkesbury Paper. Long Term Plan. 2015 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society. “Come Discover” Brochure. 2017 Margaree–Lake Ainslie Heritage River Society. Heritage River Signposts. 2018 Margaree Salmon Association. Geomorphic Assessment of Margaree River. 2017 Margaree Salmon Association. Margaree Watershed Stream Health Report. 2018 Margaree Salmon Association. Stream Bank Protection Project Report. 2013 Nova Scotia Environment. Margaree River Wilderness Area Designation of Additional Lands. 2015

Margaree–Lake Ainslie Canadian Heritage River Monitoring Report 35