A Collection of Sketches by C. R. Cockerell, R. A. Author(s): C. A. Hutton Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 29 (1909), pp. 53-59 Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/624642 Accessed: 27-06-2016 02:32 UTC

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This content downloaded from 128.163.2.206 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 02:32:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms A COLLECTION OF SKETCHES BY C. R. COCKERELL, R.A.

[PLATE VII.]

By the generosity of Mr. S. Pepys Cockerell the British Museum has recently come into possession of three volumes of sketches, plans, etc., made by his father, C. R. Cockerell, R.A., during the seven years (1810-1817) in which he was travelling in S. Europe and the Levant. The Collection contains about 500 sketches, a few in water-colour, sepia, and Indian-ink, the rest in pencil, and is of great interest both artistically and archaeologically. On its artistic interest I do not propose to dwell; Cockerell's merits as an artist have always been recognised, and these delicate water-colour and pencil notes, in which there is not an unnecessary or an unmeaning line, are quite up to the level of his finished work. It is to the archaeological interest of the collection that I would draw attention. As an archaeologist Cockerell has hardly been appreciated at his real value : he was not by temperament fitted for the drudgery of putting his notes into literary form, and owing to circumstances which Mr. S. P. Cockerell sums up in the concluding pages of his edition of his father's journal,1 the publica- tion of The Temnples of Aegina and Bassac was delayed until 1859, forty-two years after his return to England. Now, however, that the recent German excavations at Aegina have proved the accuracy of his original drawings and notes, some account of other drawings made during his years of travel may be of interest to a wider circle of archaeologists than those who work at the British Museum. For convenience of cataloguing the drawings are arranged geographically in three volumes, under the titles Turkey, Greece (including the islands), and Asia Minor. The drawings made in Turkey are the earliest in date and, archaeologic- ally, the least interesting : Turkey, in this case, means Constantinople and its immediate neighbourhood; Cockerell had not permission to draw in the mosques, and his sketches of the interiors are only copies of what he describes as 'fairly faithful drawings' made by a Greek for Canning, then Secretary to the British Embassy. His own drawings are mainly from memory; he says,2

1 Travels in S. Europe and the Levant, 1810- p. 286. 1817. The Journal of C. R. Cockcrell, R.A., 2 Op. cit. p. 14.

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'I had a scheme of drawing from windows, but it has failed. I find no Jew or Christian bold enough to admit me into his house for that purpose, so I have to work from memory. After having made a memorandum I develop it at home, and then return again and again to make more notes, till at length the drawing gets finished.' Most of these memoranda have been preserved as well as the finished drawings. The subjects recorded group themselves naturally under the following heads:-views in or near Constantinople, the city walls, mosques, other buildings, kiosks, fountains, domestic architecture, and sepulchral monuments. Among them may be noted a careful sketch of the castle built by Phocas at the entrance to the Black Sea, with details of ornament, including a slab bear- ing the monogram of the founder on either side of a floriated cross set within a crescent; three views of the Palace of the Porphyrogenitus, showing (1) the building from the West, (2) the South facade with a shrub growing out of the balcony, (3) the North fagade and details of its ornamentation and construc- tion; two views of the Porta Aurea (outer gate) and of the Gates of Adrianople and of Rhegium. A comparison of these drawings with the photographs given by Van Millingen 3 shows that there was little outward change in either the palace or the gates between 1810 and 1899. The most interesting sketch is a small water-colour of part of the fagade of the palace of Leo Marcellus on the Boucoleon, a row of three windows supported on either side by a marble lion. This facade was destroyed in 1871,4 and the lions placed at the foot of the steps leading to the Imperial School of Art inside the Seraglio.5 It is, however, clear that during his stay in Constantinople (June-September 1810) Cockerell was more attracted by modern Turkish Architecture than by the classical remains in the city, for though he made a careful study of the four sides of the obelisk in the Atmeidan, with notes on the materials used in its construction and drawings of the reliefs round its base, the bulk of his architectural studies are drawings and plans of kiosks, fountains, baths, etc. In September 1810, Cockerell sailed from Constantinople by way of Troy, Tenedos, etc. to Salonika. Here he sketched the remarkable monument known as the 'Incantada,' figured in detail by Stuart,6 and made a study in situ of four of its eight bas reliefs now in the Louvre.7 These are the figures re- presenting Ganymede, Leda, a Nikd and Mercury (?) ; the latter wears an ovoid cap, which misled Cockerell into drawing his attribute, a goat's head with long horns, as if it were a horse's head; otherwise the drawings are very faithful renderings of the originals. He also drew the Triumphal Arch erected in honour of Theodosius (A.D. 390) and a plan of the church of St. Demetrios, a Christian basilica which had been adapted into a mosque.8 On leaving Salonika the party cruised about among the islands, getting

3 Byzantine Constantinople, pp. 110, 111, 112; 6 Antiquities of Athens, iii. chap. ix , Ps. 68, 78. I.-XIII. 4 lb. p. 272. 7 Frohner, Sculpture Antique, pp. 52-57. Byzantine Constantinople, p. 273.

This content downloaded from 128.163.2.206 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 02:32:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms A COLLECTION OF SKETCHES BY C. R. COCKERELL, R.A. 55 as far south as Melos (see below, p. 57) and finally arrived in Athens about the beginning of December (1810). The drawings made in Greece number, roughly, about 250, and are arranged in four groups under the headings Athens, South Greece, North Greece and the Islands including Crete. Cockerell was thrice in Athens for long periods, in 1811, in 1813, and in 1814; the excavations at Aegina took place in April and May of 1811, and during that year he made a long tour in the Morea (August to September) and spent a month in Crete. In the winter of' 1813-1814 (Nov. 29-Feb. 3rd) he travelled from Athens, through North Greece as far north as Janina, and in July 1814 spent a fortnight in the district between Athens and Euboea. His last journey in Greece was made between January and April 1815, when, on his way to Italy via Patras, he again visited Corinth, Argos, Bassae, and various other sites explored during his first journey in the Morea. The drawings of Athens number sixty, and include many panoramic views of the city and of the and some suggestions for the restoration of the buildings on it. Of the Parthenon itself there are only two small sheets of pencil drawings, one showing it from the West, the other containing notes for the drawing reproduced as a frontispiece to Part VI. of Museum Marbles. A large water-colour sketch of the Erechtheion (Plate VII) shows the loft constructed in the upper part of the building, a detail which is not recorded by any other visitor. The sketches of the Olympieion, the Theseion, the 'Porch of Augustus' and of the monuments of Lysicrates and of Philopappus show that their condition had not materially changed for the worse since Stuart's visit.8 Among the smaller drawings is one to scale of an Aula of the Ionic Temple on the Ilissos (figured by Stuart 9 but destroyed in 1785) and a rough sketch of the marble lions at the Peiraeus. The only drawings relating to the excavations at Aegina are a pencil sketch of the Temple of Aphaia and two sketches of the Temple at the port, reproduced as the head-piece of Part V. of The Temples of Aegina and Bassae. On his first journey in the Morea Cockerell and his party crossed over from Zante to Pyrgi, and starting from Olympia made their way by Andrit- zena and Phigaleia, where Cockerell planned the excavation of the temple, to the South of Laconia and the Mainiote peninsula, and back by Sparta, Nauplia, Tiryns and Mycenae to Athens. As records of this tour and of the journey made partly over the same ground in 1815 (see p. 59) there are drawings and plans of the following ancient sites: Olympia, a small plan of the Temple of Zeus with notes and measurements. Bassae: four sketches of the Temple of Apollo. Megalopolis : a plan to scale. Messene: an elaborate series of plans to scale showing the acropolis with its gates, walls and towers; the theatre and the stadium with a note on the size of the seats. On the back of one of these drawings is a sketch of the theatre at Sparta and of one of the seats in it. Mantinea: a plan of the walls, gates and theatre.

8 Antiquities of Athens, iii. SId. I. ii. Pll. I.-VIII.

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Troezen: a plan of the Temple of Poseidon and a copy of an inscription. Epidaurus: a sectional drawing of the water-conduit in the Sacred Grove, and a plan of the ancient wall surrounding the promontory. Tiryns: a plan of the citadel with notes, details of the east galleries, a section of the south galleries and the threshold of the Great Gate. Mycenae: the gate of the Treasury and its entrance, plans to scale of the Tholos, the inner chamber and the Dromos. Corinth: the sketches include a plan of the amphitheatre and two views of the Temple. Cockerell did not select quite the same point of view as Stuart 10 and it is therefore difficult to institute a comparison between their drawings, but the Temple seems to have suffered a good deal of damage in the interval between their visits; it is certainly more built in by houses, and the wall between the columns is built up to four-fifths of their height. In addition to sketches of ancient sites, there are views of the mediaeval castles of Patras and Karytaena, of places in the Mainiote peninsula and of the districts round Andritzena, of Troezen and of the Argolic plain. Cockerell made his first tour in North Greece in the winter of 1813-14 (November to February), when he went with a party to Albania. The route from Athens to Janina lay through Plataea, Orchomenos (whence Topolias and Lake Copais with its two remaining Icra/860paL were visited), Panopeia, , , and Pagae to Salona. From here, on account of the plague, the travellers took ship to Arta and thence to Janina. After some stay there and an excursion to a site which they identified as Cassiopeia, the return journey was made by land over the ranges of Pindus, deep in snow, by Mezzovo and Meteora through the Pass of Thermopylae and many plague-stricken villages, to Livadia and back to Athens. The sketches made include elaborate plans to scale of Plataea, Panopeia, Daulis, Chaeronea and Cassiopeia, with detailed drawings of the masonry, etc.; plans of the Acropolis, city and Treasury at Orchomenos, with drawings of the Acropolis gateway, of the stone over the doorway of the Treasury and a copy of an inscription in the church. At Delphi a note is made of the probable position of the hippodrome and a sketch of the Castalian spring. Of the return journey there are only four records, a sketch of Mezzovo under the snow, and three views of Meteora; but this is hardly to be wondered at, as Cockerell says: 'What between the cold, the horror of the plague and the fatigue, it had been an appalling journey.'" During the latter part of July in the same year (1814) a tour, with two friends, was made in Euboea, under much more pleasant conditions. The party went first to Marathon; of the plain we have three views, and a plan to scale with notes on some walls. The next halting-place was Rhamnus, where they saw the temple, but made no sketches, as it had been recently surveyed by Gell. At a village near they discovered the site of the ancient Tanagra, of which Cockerell made a plan to scale, showing the theatre, construction of masonry, etc.; he also copied an inscription and made a drawing of a portion of a frieze. A day or two later he notes the finding

10 Antiquities of Athens, III. vi. P1. I. 11 Travels, p. 251.

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at Delium of a capital of the same stone, probably brought from Tanagra. From Aulis the party crossed to Euboea, and among the sketches is the original drawing of the 'Temple of Zeus on Mount Ocha,' published by Walpole." The next ancient site visited was Eretria, which, Cockerell says,13 had not been seen by modern travellers; here he made plans to scale of the city, the theatre and the port, with notes on matters of detail. From here the party returned to Athens. The sketches of Cockerell's cruise among the Greek Islands in October and November, 1810, are almost all views of scenery or of the figures and costumes seen at the ports; but among them the following have archae- ological interest: two views of the square tower at Andros, and of another square tower at Myconos; four sketches of ancient sites at Delos, a plan of the temple with architectural details, a plan of the theatre, views of the entrance to a 'cyclopean house,' and a drawing to scale of a sun-dial. At Zea (Ceos) he made studies of the colossal lion and of a church, both of which are reproduced in Brijnsted's account of the island.14 The sketches of Melos, one of which is dated October 23rd, 1810, are the only records of his visit to that island. In December, 1811, he spent a month in Crete, intending to go thence with a party to Egypt. The chief feature of the stay was a visit to the Labyrinth, of which Cockerell published an account with a plan and view,15 the rough sketches for which are in the collection. The party rode via Retimo, from Canea to Candia, where they were wind-bound for nearly three weeks, and when they got away on December 26th were first becalmed among the Cyclades and then delayed by bad weather, so that Mr. North, who had planned the expedition to Egypt, lost patience and decided to give it up. The party separated at Scio, Cockerell and a friend going off to Smyrna, where they arrived, after many unpleasant adventures, in February, 1812.16 With the exception of five sketches of Troy, made in September, 1810, just after leaving Constantinople, all Cockerell's drawings in Asia Minor were made between February and June, 1812. The first ancient sites explored were Teos, Gera and Clazomenae: of which plans were made, that of the harbour and district being labelled 'a bad plan of Teios.' Cockerell notes in his journal 17 that the Temple of Bacchus -at Budron had suffered very much since Chandler's time (1775). In March he started alone for a tour of the Seven Churches, but of the many places visited we have sketches of three only, Pergamos, Hierapolis and Ephesus. Those of Pergamos include two general views of the city and two of the castle from the south-west. There is a rough general plan of the site of Hierapolis, a plan to scale of the theatre with notes, and one of the gymnasium; a view of the theatre at Ephesus and one of the modern town

12 European and Asiatic Turkey, ii. pp. " Walpole, op. cit. vol. i. pp. 402-409. 285-293. 16 Tracels, p. 134. 13 Travels, p. 255 17 Id. p. 136. 14 Voyages et Recherches, i. Pls. X., XI.

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(Aiasuluck) from the ancient site. From Ephesus he went to Samos, where he was detained by bad weather, but finally got back to the mainland and to Priene. He was much struck by the site and attempted several 'restora- tions' of the ruins; he also made a plan of a piece of the marketis and drew one of the lion-head gargoyles. The next ancient site visited was Miletus, of which we have a general view, and two views of the Temple of Apollo. From Geronta (the modern seaport) he went by way of Cnidos and Rhodes to Patara, the drawings of which include a view of the arch and a plan to scale of the theatre. At Myra he also drew a plan to scale of the theatre and made a 'restoration' of the proscenium. From Myra he sailed by Porto Genovese and Phaselis (of which he made sketches) to Satalia (Adalia), on the way to which he fell in with H.M.S. Fg'ederiksteen (Captain Beaufort), and was persuaded to transfer himself from his coasting vessel to the frigate and to make the rest of the tour in her.19 Among the sketches at Satalia are views of the port, of the tower at the south-east angle of the walls and a reconstruction of the Gateway of Hadrian. A stay of four days at Side gave him the opportunity of making elaborate plans of the theatre, with sugges- tions for its restoration, and several sketches of the walls. Among the other sites visited are Alarah, Selinti (Trajanopolis), Anemurium, Selefkeh (Seleucia), Manaret and Pompeiopolis; the views of all these places given in Beaufort's Karamaania, though apparently not Cockerell's work, agree with the sketches made by him, the most interesting of which are the drawings of Trajanopolis and of Seleucia and the plans and sketches of Pompeiopolis. The tour ended unfortunately; 2 on June 20th the Turks attacked a party which had landed at Ayas, killed a midshipman and wounded Captain Beaufort so severely that the Frederiksteen was ordered back to Malta, whither Cockerell also went, more because he hoped to be of service to her captain than because he himself wished to go there. At Malta he had a bad attack of fever, and it was not until the end of August that he was able to get away to Sicily, where he remained until the spring of 1813; the collection does not, however, contain any record of his visits to the various ancient sites. In April, 1813, he returned to Greece and spent the summer and autumn near Athens, chiefly occupied with making drawings for the projected publication of the Aegina and Phigaleia marbles. This work was interrupted by a very serious attack of fever, but in November he was well enough to take part in the Albanian tour recorded above (see p. 56). In May and June he was in Zante superintending the sale of the Phigaleia marbles, and returned to Athens in July in time to accompany his friends to Euboea (see p. 57). Another attack of fever followed, and as, owing to the abdication of Napoleon, Italy was now open to Englishmen, he decided to leave Greece. During the autumn he went to Aegina and made some interesting measurements of the columns of

18 Wiegand-Schrader, Priene, PI. XIII. 20 Id. pp. 194-196. 19 Travels, p. 171.

This content downloaded from 128.163.2.206 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 02:32:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms A COLLECTION OF SKETCHES BY C. R. COCKERELL, R.A. 59 the temple at the port,21 and on January 15th, 1815, finally left Athens for Italy, travelling by Corinth, Argos, Andritzena, Bassae, Olympia, Patras (see p. 55) and Corfu. He arrived at Naples on April 15th, but, beyond a few sketches made in Rome, this collection contains no work done during his two years' stay in Italy. The Roman sketches are: three views of the Forum from the Arch of Titus, the first drafts of one of his best-known compositions; rough sketches for his restoration of the Forum, the Capitol and the Palatine; a bit of the Theatre of Marcellus and an elaborate drawing of the High Altar in the Church of S. John, Lateran. He returned to England in June, 1817, after an absence of rather more than seven years. It is, of course, impossible in this brief account to discuss in what respects Cockerell's drawings and plans of less known sites differ firom or agree with those of other travellers; my object is merely to bring the collection to the notice of those to whom it may prove useful. In conclusion, I desire to thank Mr. S. P. Cockerell and Mr. Cecil Smith, late Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum, for permission to study the drawings and to publish this account of them. C. A. HUTTON.

21 Travels, pp. 263, 264.

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