Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85497-9 — the New Hegelians Douglas Moggach Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-85497-9 — The New Hegelians Douglas Moggach Index More Information

Index

1844 Manuscript, 23 rationality of, 71 symbol, distinction, 71 a priori anarchism, Leopold on Stirner, 17 as symbolic consciousness, 75 abstinence, pursuit of duty and, 59 as synonymous with symbol, 73 abstract right, Marx and, 10 altruist, Feuerbach as, 253 abstract thought ambiguity on work, Marx, 281 art, pleasure of, 87 ambiguity, secularisation of, 88 childhood, Stirner, 169 anarchy four ages of man and, 168 a posteriori truth, 180 active reason, individuality in action, 286 a priori truth, 180 adolescence consequences of core claim, 180 consciousness, sensuous world and, 170 content of vision, 181 In Memoriam (Wordsworth), 172 diversity of tradition, 178 mature adult, distinction (Stirner), 171 Hegel on, 150 parental authority and, 170 positive/negative dimensions of revolutionaries and, 171 thought, 178 afterlife, Christianity and (Feuerbach), 56 Proudhon, 162 agency of historical progress, state as, 123 status of core claim, 179 agon of history, universal self-consciousness Stirner and, 176 and, 16 as a priori anarchist, 188 Agrippa, Menenius, apology of, 109 Der Einzige und sein Eigentum, 182 Alcibiades (Stirner’s hero), 190 inﬂuence on American individualist alienation anarchism, 177 German republicanism, 118 strong anarchism, 180 labour, 10 Stirner and, 189 universalisation, Protestantism and, 131 weak anarchism, 180 urban poverty and, 18 Stirner and, 189 allegory anthropological basis of religion, 55 art and, 71 apology of Menenius Agrippa (Coriolanus), biblical interpretation 109 as immediate divine agency, 76 appropriation of Hegel, Stirner and, 16 mythical and, 76 Arendt, Hannah, 112, 314 biblical interpretation and, 76 human plurality, social contrast to, 70 conscientiousness and, 297 Feuerbach’s repudiation of allegorical labour and work, distinction between, mode, 85 271 inﬁnite, 72 labour, redemption by work, 282

325

326 Index

Arendt, Hannah (cont.) censorship of, 115 language, relating human beings to each Christian state, 101 other, 283 Christianity modern productivity description, 282 existence of non-Christians, 98 on Marx, 270 intolerance in, 98 criticism, 279 man as believer, 98 egotism of need fulﬁllment, 280 political history, princely power and, reduction of work to labour, 279 142 work a subordinate role to communal political reading of genesis, 92 relations, 284 universal hatred and, 98 Armand, Emile, Stirner and, 178 citizens, 105 art collapse of Stande¨ allegory and, 71 political theology and, 92 as demonstrated and represented idea, collective mythical consciousness 87 as alienating, 78 end of religion and, 86 conformism, 14 Goethe on symbolism, 70 crisis, critique and, 92, 93 Hettner, Herman on, 87 crisis, production of for critique, 93 Moritz on, 70 criticism, intersection of theology and pleasure of, abstract thought and, 87 politics, 101 religion connection, symbols and, 69 critique and, Christian state and, 143 republican rigorism, Bauer and, 134 critique of Strauss, 77 scripture as (B. Bauer), 78 Das entdeckte Christentum, 101 Todorov on, 70 Declaration of Rights and, 105 unity of concept and object, 87 Derrida, Jacques and, 79 artistic creation as free activity, 265 Die evangelische Landeskirche Preußens und associations, Gans on, 39 die Wissenschaft, 123 ataraxia, consciousness and, 168, 170 Die Masse, 163 aufgehoben, state, 10 dissolution of Stande¨ Aufhebung, 143 criticism and, 95 authority, Edgar Bauer and, 144 egoistic attitude toward life, Stirner’s autonomy response, 183 external, 5 exclusiveness, 92 historical process and, 128 arbitrary decision and, 97 internal, 5 emergence in religion, 100 Kant and, 8 suppression of, emancipation and, of labour, 10 102 Feuerbach and, 244 Bakunin Feuerbach as mystic, 80 study of Hegel, 149 free will and, 15 terrorism’s origins, 140 freedom as struggle, 14 Barnikol, Ernst, 112 gospel narratives, polemical design, 99 Bauer’s pseudonym use, 115 grace Barrell, John, social cohesion and, 119 liberty and, 97 Barth, Karl power and, 97 on Feuerbach, 51 predestination and, 97 realism, illusion of, 83 will and, 97 Bauer brothers Hegel critique and, 142 as advocate of revolution, 124 rationality, 143 criticism of particularity, 124 God and the State, 149 Hegel’s elevation of religion over art, Bauer, Bruno, 6, 93, 99, 102, 112, 310, 314, reversal, 86 320 Hegel’s end-of-art thesis, 86 alienation, universalistion by historical regressions, 95 Protestantism, 131 human rights, 103 art, republican rigorism and, 134 as prize of combat, 104 Berlin Democratic Society founding, 115 citizens, 105

Index 327

polemical conception of the universal, art and, 134 103 republicanism universalism and, 104 emancipation and, 134 universality of, emancipation and, 105 Jewish emancipation views, Leopold individuality and, 16, 163 on, 114 individuals as autonomous subjects, 120 Philosophy of Right and, 127 inner motivations, 125 revelation, as alienating, 78 “Instances of Theological revolution, permanent, call for, 125 Shamelessness,” 142 right and morality, distinction between, Jacobinism support, 115 132 Jewish opposition to progress, 130 scripture Jewish Question, 101 as artistic composition, 78 emancipation and, 132 individual authors’ creation, 78 Kant’s doctrine of the beautiful, 86 secularisation, Tomba on, 14 Kritik, 93 self-consciousness, 107 liberalism, 111 absorption of symbol, 86 liberty characterisation of, 122 grace and, 97 as motive force of history, 125 three deﬁnitions, Moggach on, 277 slogans, 94 “Love thine enemies,” as polemical sovereignty and, 9 parallelism between Old and New state Testaments, 99 as agency of historical progress, 123 Lutheran/Calvinist church union, 86 source of authority, 127 man Synoptic Gospels and, 78 as historical acquisition, 106 theological criticism, political criticism as historical product, 104 and, 92 mass society, 14 theory Mill, John Stuart and, 14 as strongest praxis, 93 modern mass society (Die Masse), 121 terrorism of true theory, 93 Moritz, Karl Phillip and, 78 thought, objectivity of, 134 nothing outside text (Feuerbach), 81 universal self-consciousness, 16 on Feuerbach, 245, 246 universalism organisation of Church and State, 100 emancipation and, 110 particularity and, 16 human rights and, 104 personality, free and inﬁnite as highest universalism, 108 political accomplishment, 127 universals, 16 pietism, 133 Vormarz¨ , republican rigorism and, 15 political theology, construction of, 92 Bauer, Edgar Posaune des jungsten¨ Gerichts, 124 arrogance, 158 positive liberty, 9 authority and, 144 positivity and, 89 Berlin, return to, 147 as precursor to Nietzsche, 15 brothers in struggle, 144 private interest, political sphere, 16 defense of brother, 139 pseudonym use, Barnikol on, 115 Der Streit der Kritik mit Kirche und Staat, reason, as historical acquisition, 106 147 religion dialectical phases, destruction of, 143 completion of religiosity, 143 Hindu trinity comparison, 144 inward relationship of Die Freien (The Free Ones), 139 self-consciousness to itself, 78 mock epic poem, 139 self-consciousness and, 80 Doktorklub, 138 religious alienation, 130 Enlightenment reason as precursor of progress and, 130 Bauerian critique, 157 religious feeling as alienated human on exclusion, 108 species-being, 80 freedom, 108 religious feeling as debasing, 80 Christianity and Islam, 146 religious self-consciousness, 79 humanity and, 159 republican rigorism, 15, 116 humanity, freedom and, 159

328 Index

Bauer, Edgar (cont.) Scriptures, origins in human indictment of, Prussion supreme court, self-consciousness, 78 147 supernaturalist theologians and, 76 Luft, Eric v.d. on, 17 Synoptic Gospels modern government as enemy, 141 Bruno Bauer, 78 Nechaev, Sergei publication, 149 Synoptic Gospels, Bruno Bauer on, 78 pub crawl with Karl Marx, 148 Volksgeist, 76 punching of Karl Marx, 148 Wilke, Christian Gottlob, 78 religion bourgeoisie, proletariat comparison, 20 oppressiveness, 145 Brauns E., 104, 312 positive, freedom from, 145 bread and wine, Feuerbach on, 85 republicanism’s radicalism, 9 Breckman, Warren, 12 revolutions Left Hegelians and, 13 Christianity as, 145, 146 Buhl, Ludwig, 139 Islam as, 145, 146 Burckhardt J., 112 Rousseauian, 141 Byington, Steven, Stirner and, 178 ruthless enemy of the civilized world, 149 Carlyle, Thomas, Past and Present, 206 Sansculottes, 144 casual labor in Manchester, 218 terrorism censorship of Bauer, 115 defense of tactics, publication, 147 Chevalier, Michel, Eduard Gans and, 38 history of, 140 childhood initial publication, 140 abstract thought and(Stirner), 169 pro-terrorist arguments, Berlin idealised rebellion of (Stirner), 169 Newspapers, 140 obedience of (Stirner), 169 University of Berlin career, 137 physical enemy (Stirner), 168 violence, 144, 165 Stoic consciousness and (Stirner), 168 beauty, Kant’s doctrine of beautiful, Bruno Christian state Bauer on, 86 Bauer, Bruno, 101 beliefs as presentation, 84 nature of (Salomon), 102 Benhabib, Seyla, ideal types, 273 Christianity Bentham, Jeremy, 151 afterlife, Feuerbach on, 56 Berlin Democratic Society, founding by allegories of the inﬁnite, 72 Bauer, 115 Christian love versus Judaic love, 99 Berlin lectures, 3 critique by Bauer brothers, 142 Bible cruelty as aberration, 98 adaptability, 63 division of humanity, 99 as self-interpreting totality (Milbank), evangelist founders, contrasts, 99 88 existence of non-Christians, 98 biblical criticism by Spinoza, Milbank on, Feuerbach 88 critique of and disappointment with biblical interpretation Hegel’s system, 54 allegorical reading, 76 emotion, 59 as immediate divine agency, 76 immediate object, 81 as historical reference, Strauss’ rejection, state of mind and, 56 77 the true beyond, 57 Christian apologists and, 76 freedom and, Edgar Bauer, 146 individual authors’ creation of form and heaven, Feuerbach on, 56 content (B. Bauer), 78 human condition and, Feuerbach on, 59 levels of meaning, 76 Humanism and, 52 literal historical referent, dissolution of, intolerance in 76 Bauer, 98 mythical, 76 Feuerbach, 98 spirit of a people or a community, 76 love for enemies, as polemical, 99 origins of Christian gospels, Strauss on, man as believer, 98 76 organised, morality and, 56 scripture as art (B. Bauer), 78 origin of gospels, Strauss on, 76

Index 329

pessimistic approach of, Feuerbach, 56 consciousness polemical essence of, 98 adolescent, sensuous world and, 170 friend and enemy, 98 four ages of man and (Hegel), 167 political reading of genesis (B. Bauer), religion and (Kant), 60 92 species consciousness (Feuerbach), 207 revolution (Edgar Bauer), 145, 146 speech and, 289 superiority of, 131 Stoic, child (Stirner), 168 symbolism, Hegel on, 75 consensus, spirit of belonging and, 297 universal hatred (B. Bauer), 98 conservatism, Left Hegelians and, 6 with us or against us, 98 constitution, people’s determination, 9 Church organisation, 100 constitutional monarchy, Gans on, 276 citizens constitutional rights of English, Hegel on, human rights of, 105 213 man comparison, 105 consumption, labour and, 272 citizenship, republicanism and, 5 cooperation, egoism and (Stirner), 198 civil society, transition to state, republican creativity, labour as expression of, 21 implications, 21 crisis class critique and (B. Bauer), 92, 93 bourgeoisie vs proletariat, 20 product of critique, 93 formation, Marx, 20 critique class differences, Manchester, 201 as practice of crisis in theory, 93 clothing, realm of necessity and, 269 Bauer brothers and, 142 collectively self-consciousness (Hegel), 224 dissolution of Stande¨ and (B. Bauer), 95 Collins, Ardis rationality, 143 individuality, 17 revolutionary politics and, 143 personal conviction and validity, 17 culture of diremption, modernity as, 12 commerce, virtue and, German republicanism, 119 Das entdeckte Christentum (B. Bauer), 101 commercial relations, political virtue and, Daub, Karl, teacher of Feuerbach, 53 9 de Souza, Jos´eCris´ostomo, 12 communal relations, work as subordinate Marx, essence, 19 role to, 284 on Feuerbach, 14 communal understanding of freedom, Declaration of Rights state and, 21 Bruno Bauer on, 105 communism libery of citizens, 105 Engels’ transformation, 206 Dempf A., 112, 314 Feuerbach on, 206 Der Einzige (Stirner) community Feuerbach, optimism of, 171 conscience of, 293 Marx, optimism of, 171 freedom and, 8 Derrida, Jacques political, as enhancement of individual Bauer and, 79 and collaborative possibilities, 8 religion as corrective to weakness of spirit created through mutual secular thought, 88 association, 21 devotion, reason and faith and, 154 state as ethical, 17 dialectic of utility. See utility dialectic community of mutuality, Feuerbach/Hegel dialectical logic, Feuerbach, 81 integration (Gould), 285 dialectical phases, destruction of (Edgar comparative republicanism, 6 Bauer), 143 competition, urban poverty and, 19 Diogenes of Sinope, Stirner on, 190 complexity, secularisation of, 88 dissolution of Stande¨ , self-dissolution, concept and object, art as unity, 87 96 Condition of the Working Class in England, divinity The, 18 nature and, 85 conformism, Bruno Bauer on, 14 symbolic intuition of, 73 conscience of community, 293 division of labor, urban poverty and, 19 conscientiousness, moral life and divorce courts, Marx on, 235 hypocrisy, 293 Doktorklub, Edgar Bauer and, 138

330 Index

domination, liberation and, 120 emancipation of mankind, 215 dualisms, modern society and, 13 Hegel and, move from appearance to Duverger M., 105, 314 essence, 206 ignoring of Edgar Bauer, 163 economically necessary work, Marx on, industrial revolution 263 altering of term, 205 economy, state relationship, German first use of term, 216 republicanism, 118 Manchester, 200 egoism class differences, 201 Bauer on egoistic attitude toward life, depiction of, 201 Stirner and, 183 Ducie Bridge, 202 consequences, 195 Feuerbach influence, 207 continuity account, 196 Hulme, 204 cooperation and, 198 language of dehumanisation, 209 discontinuity account, 197 Little Ireland, 203 egoistic love, 196 New Town, 203 ethical (Stirner), 182 Old Town, 202 form of heteronomy, 183 Salford, 204 God as egoist, 184 Sanitary Report, 202 moral duties, 195 urban historians on, 217 ordinary egoism, 183 visible/invisible, 202 property relations and, 194 manufacture, effects on working class, self-interest, 182 200 self-mastery, 184 Mary Burns and, 204 state and, 194 mode of production, 237 trust and, 198 Moses Hess and, 215 urban poverty and, 18 on industrial revolution, 200 egotism of need fulfillment, Marx, 280 pauperism, laisser-faire and, 217 Eichorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich, Steven Marcus on, 205 139 Enlightenment electoral law, Marx on, 235 dialectic of utility, French Revolution Eliot, George’s translation of Feuerbach and, 18 work, 50 doctrines of utility, 7 emancipation faith and, 152 Jewish question, Bauer, 132 Hegel and, 7 republicanism, Bauer and, 134 Kant and, 7 suppression of exclusiveness, 102 reason and faith, tension, 152 universal, 9 reason for victory over religion, 155 universality of human rights and, 105 values, Prussians and Jews (Gans), 27 emancipation of mankind (Engels), 215 Enlightenment reason as precursor of emancipatory drive of people, 127 Bauerian critique, 157 emancipatory potential of labour, Sayers equality, freedom and, 108 on Marx’s renunciation, 21 Erlangen Lectures on Logic and embodied subjectivity (Feuerbach), 82 Metaphysics, Feuerbach on, 54 emotion, Christianity and Feuerbach, 59 eschatological interpretation of Bible, emotional aspect of religion Feuerbach, 55 76 empirical heteronomous principles essence (Kant), 125 containment of, Feuerbach, 254 Enfantin, Barthélemy-Prosper, Gans, existence (Marx), 255 Eduard and, 38 Marx Engel-Janosi F., 112, 314 de Souza on, 19 Engels, Frederick essence versus existence (Marx), 251 arrival in England, 215 ethical community, state as, 17 Condition of the Working Class, The, 207 ethical egoism, Stirner, 182 conversion to communism, 206 ethical interpretation of Bible, 76 dehumanisation, effects of, 208 ethical life, 17 early days in England, 216 universality in, 127

Index 331

ethnic allegiances communism, 206 freedom and, 8 consciousness, species consciousness, German republicanism and, 118 207 exclusion Daub, Karl, 53 Bauer (Edgar) on, 108 de Souza on, 14 German republicanism, 118 Der Einzige and, 171 Judenfrage and, 102 dialectical logic, 81 self-consciousness and, 107 diary entry at age 16, 53 state’s presupposition of, 102 difference between object and exclusiveness representation, 81 arbitrary decision and, Bauer and, 97 disillusionment of Hegelian philosophy, Bruno Bauer on, 92 54 emergence in religion, 100 emancipatory potential, Breckman and, suppression, 100 13 suppression of, emancipation and, 102 empirical individual, 56 explosives, terrorism and, 136 Erlangen Lectures on Logic and external teleology, Marx, Karl and, 9 Metaphysics, 54 Essence of Christianity, The, 50 failure, virtues and (Feuerbach), 59 essence, containment of, 254 faith existentialist-naturalist aspect, 82 as superstition, utility dialectic and, 153 faith, intolerance and, 98 Enlightenment and, 152 forfeiture of orthodox religion, 53 essence of versus theology (Feuerbach), fragments writing, 51 81 German Ideology, 172 reason and Hess on, 257 devotion and, 154 homo homini Deus, 106 fourfold schema, 153 human subject as embodied subject, 82 feudal tenure, modern property transition, idealist in the region of practical 19 philosophy, 243 feudalism, 186 immediate social transformation, 61 linguistic interpretation of society, 291 immortality, love and, 57 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 6, 106, 319 impact on Hegelianism, 50 abstinence and, 59 individuals as self-subsistent realities, 256 allegorical mode, repudiation, 85 Kant, Immanuel, ignoring of, 51 as altruist, 253 on Kant’s critique of religion, 57 Barth, Karl on, 51 Kant’s undermining of theological Bauer, opposition according to dogmatism, 58 Breckman, 14 life in the present, 56 Bernard of Clairvaux quote, 98 limitations of Christian religion, 51 Bible’s adaptability, 63 love, 59 bonds of love/friendship, 252 Marx on, incomplete materialism of, 248 bread and wine, 85 Marx’s denouncing, 246 Bruno Bauer on, 244–6 metaphysics, 250 Christ’s human failure, virtues and, 59 modernity, 13 Christian churches, pessimistic approach naturalism and, 82 of, 56 aesthetic implications, 87 Christian devotion as self-afﬁrmation, 51 orthodox Christianity, state of mind and, Christianity 56 afterlife, 56 politics, humanisation of, 61 critique of and disappointment with positivity and, 89 Hegel’s system, 54 preoccupation with Hegel, emotion and, 59 understanding of Kant and, 65 on heaven, 56 pursuit of duty, 59 human condition and, 59 pursuit of happiness, 60 intolerance in, 98 pursuit of happiness as duty, 64 the true beyond, 57 reality, acceptance of, 247 Christianity as immediate object, 81 rejection of Kant, 13

332 Index

Feuerbach, Ludwig (cont.) communal understanding of, state and, religion, 13 21 emotional aspect, 55 community and, 8 essence of, 81 conditions for (Marx), 266 fresh start in philosophy of, 60 degrees of, 265 as object of reﬂection, 81 economically necessary work, 263 philosophy of, contrast with Kant, 64 Edgar Bauer, 108 politics as, 61 Christianity and Islam, 146 reason and, 55 equality and, 108 roots of, 284 ethnic allegiances, 8 self-consciousness and, 80 Gans, Eduard sensuality of, 55 consciousness versus realisation, 46 Schelling’s positive philosophy, 81 Prussia’s failure, 46 sensuous god of the ordinary individual, humanity and (Edgar Bauer), 159 55 juridicial, 5 sensuousness, 82 labour as expression of, 21 similarities to Kant, 52 liberal possessive individualism and, 8 Stirner on, 244–6 mankind as creation of, 107 symbol, reintroduction of, 85 negative, republicanism and, 116 “The False or Theological Essence of as nondomination by external forces, Religion,” 81 116 “The True or Anthropological Essence particularism, Bauer’s republicanism, of Religion,” 81 128 theology versus essence of faith, 81 positive, republicanism and, 120 Thoughts on Death and Immortality, 54 private rights and, 8 transfer to Berlin, 53 religious allegiances, 8 transformation of religious devotion to religious consciousness and, 160 humanist devotion, 80 republican model, 5 Wartofsky on, 66 Rousseau on, 111 whole man, study of philosophy and, social bonds and, 2 53 as struggle (Bauer), 14 Williams on, 12 subjective understanding, 128 youth and enthusiasm for Hegel, 55 virtue and, 8 formal self-constitution, 16 freedom of press, public opinion and, 44 four ages of man (Hegel), 167 freedom of will, terrorism and, 18 abstract thoughts and, 168 French Revolution adolescence, coming, 170 Edgar Bauer and, 161 child as slave, 168 Enlightenment dialectic of utility and, 18 child-adolescence/slavery to stoicism Mao on, 161 (Stirner), 167 Sansculottes, 144 childhood, end of, abstract thoughts terrorists, 136 and, 168 friendship, Kant on, 60 consciousness and, 167 manhood, 171 Gans, Eduard, 6 old age, 173 application for university teaching Wordsworth’s poem, 172 license, 31 free activity, work and, 270 autobiographical material, Paris im free and inﬁnite personality as highest Jahre 1830, 36 political accomplishment British study, 37 (B. Bauer), 127 as chair at University of Berlin, 32 free time, work and, 267 Chevalier, Michel and, 38 free will constitutional debate, Prussia, 41 Bauer, Bruno and, 15 Hegel’s views on constitutional self-legislation and, 16 freedom and, 42 freedom monarchy, Friedrich Wilhelm, 42 artistic creation, 265 constitutional issue, 26 becoming of, history as, 128 constitutional monarchy, 276

Index 333

conversion to Protestantism, 32 Prussian state later opinions on, 32 features of, 45 death of, 32 impatience with, 45 early relationship with Hegel, 30 state of tutelage, 45 edit of Hegel’s works, 24 public access to meetings, 44 education public opinion, freedom of press and, 44 doctorate (summa cum laude), 29 Reissner, H. G. biography, 37 early, 29 Ruge correspondences, 47 Göttingen, 29 Saint-Simon and, 35 teachers, 29 Saint-Simonians and University of Berlin, 29 God and Partner, Ltd., 39 Enfantin, Barthélemy-Prosperand, 38 intellectual confusions English translations of work, 25 (Gedankenwirrie), 37 estates, government and, 44 origins of influences, 36 freedom private property and, 39 consciousness versus realisation, 46 theory of association, 38 Prussia’s failure, 46 Vergesellschaftung, 38 freedom of press, public opinion and, 44 social question (soziale Frage), 36 Göttingen, 29 status quo criticism, 44 Göttinger Sieben and, 26 Strauss, David Friedrich and, 25 Hegel as progressive thinker, 43 theory of opposition, 43, 44 Hegel biography, 25 tutelary state Hegel’s obituary, 25 absolute state comparison, 45 house of representatives and, 44 despotic state comparison, 45 introduction to Hegel’s philosophy, 30 unpleasantness of censorship, 46 Jewish origins, 27 von Cieszkowski, August and, 25 religious instruction, 29 von Savigny, F. C., opposition to, 26 upper class, 28 Gebhardt J., 112, 314 Judaic studies, 26 German Ideology (Karl Marx), 20, 172 law of succession and, 26 German republicanism, 117 Lechevalier, Jules and, 38 assimilation of persons into class, lectures resistance, 118 1828–9 (natural law), 33 liberal possessive individualism and, 118 1832–3, 35 state and economy relationship, 118 lectures by Hegel, 30 traditionalist religious or ethnic Lerminier, Jean-Louis-Eugene, 38 allegiances and, 118 Lex Gans, 31 virtue and commerce, 119 liberalisation of Hegel’s thought, 27 Vormarz¨ , 118 Marx, Karl and, 25 German states, Hegelian thought in, 6 as mediator of cultural and political life God of France and Germany, 32 and man complete in each other, 77 natural law lectures, 33 belief in, rational outlook and (Kant), 58 Oberhegelianer, 25 existence on associations, 39 Kant on, 57 on poverty, 33 theoretical reason versus practical colonisation, 35 reason, 58 decline of individual, 33 Goethe local tax, 34 allegory natural law lectures, 33 and symbol, distinction, 71 opportuinty to work, 34 contrast to, 70 public poor relief (Armenpolizei), 34 on symblism, 70 remedies, 34 gospels, polemic design, 99 Schuld (guilt/fault), 33 Göttinger Sieben, Gans, 26 subjective aid, 34 Gould, Carol Ungluck¨ (misfortune), 33 community of mutuality, as political professor, 26 Feuerbach/Hegel integration, 285 poverty and social question, 26 Grab W., 112

334 Index

grace (Bauer on) mercantilists and, 151 liberty and, 97 modernity, 12 power and, 97 mutual recognition, 223 predestination and, 97 natural course of human life, 167 will and, 97 on anarchy, 150 “Gunpowder Plot” of Guy Fawkes, 137 on flourishing of industry, 213 gunpowder, terrorism and, 136 on symbolisation, 69 On the English Reform Bill, 213 Habermas, Jürgen parliamentray legislation, 214 consensus versus spirit of belonging, 297 personal commitment language, 290 language, relating human beings to each Phenomenology, 18 other, 283 Phenomenology of Spirit, 151 Marx, criticism of, 279 philosophies and, 151 work as subordinate role to communal physiocrats and, 151 relations, 284 privileges of English aristocracy, 213 happiness, pursuit of as duty, 64 product of people, 225 Hartmann, Klaus, 20, 227 reason, 128 heaven religion as shared activity, 154 Feuerbach on, 56 religious pretensions, groundlessness of, religious institutions and, 56 124 Hegel, G. W. F., 112, 322 resurgence in interest, 1 as advocate of revolution (B. Bauer), 124 rights of the poor in England, 214 Bentham, Jeremy and, 151 Ruge on, 226, 227 biography, Gans and, 25 Sismondi on machinery, 212 British economy, 212 Sittlichkeit, 17 collective self-consciousness, 224 social conscientiousness, expansion of corporations, Waszek on, 277 analysis, 298 criticism of particularity (B. Bauer), 124 state Edgar Bauer’s arrogance, 158 freedom and, 222 elevation of religion over art, Bauer’s usage, 221 reversal, 86 symbol, sign and, distinction, 74 end-of-art thesis, 86 system of right, 220 English, constitutional rights of, 213 realisation of spirit, 223 Enlightenment and the symbol, 67 Bauer brothers’ critique, 155 transition from Enlightenment utility to reason and faith, tension, 152 Terror, 152 Enlightment and and, 7 universal language, 224 forward to Religion in its Internal Hegel’s Doctrine of Religion and Art, 122 Relationship to Systematic Knowledge, Hegelianism/Romanticism conflict, 68 155 Heidelberg lectures, 3 four ages of man, 167 Heinzen, Karl child as slave, 168 terrorism’s origins, 140 coming of adolescence, 170 terrorist theory, 141 consciousness and, 167 helots of civil society, 12, 209 manhood, 171 Hess, Moses old age, 173 Engels and, 215 Wordsworth’s poem, 172 on Feuerbach, 257 free will, genuinely free will, 222 heteronomy, infinite self-consciousness Herrschaft und Knechtschaft and, 121 slave’s self-consciousness, 170 Hettner, Herman, on art, 87 I that is We and We that is I, 224 historical process individual development, stages of, 166 reason and autonomy and, 128 individual freedom, Marcuse on, 275 historical progress, state as agency of, 123 Jahrbucher¨ fur¨ wissenschaftliche Kritik, 31 historical regressions Jungling¨ , 171 Bruno Bauer on, 95 Marx on, 226, 227 history as becoming of freedom, 128 mature reason, 174 Hobbes, homo homini lupus, 106

Index 335

homo faber, 247 Engels on, 200 house of representatives, Gans on, 44 Engels’ use of term, 216 Hugo, Gustav, Gans and, 29 machinery’s relation to unemployment, Hulme Manchester, 204 210 human condition, Christianity revolution of industry, 210 (Feuerbach), 59 wage cuts, Irish immigration and, 211 human failure, virtues and (Feuerbach), 59 industrialisation, pauperism and, 19 human rights inﬁnite self-consciousness, 121 Bruno Bauer on, 103 insurrection, egoists and (Stirner), 192 as prize of combat, 104 intolerance, 98 polemical conception of universal intuition, primacy of rational concept, 19 and, 103 Islam citizens and, 105 as revolution (Edgar Bauer), 145, 146 universality, emancipation and, 105 freedom and, Edgar Bauer, 146 human spirit, national spirit and, 285 humanisation of politics, Feuerbach, 61 Jacobins, as terrorists, 136 Humanism, Christianity and, 52 Jesus, insurgent versus revolutionary, 192 humanity, life in stages, 166 Jewish myth, biblical interpretation, 76 humans Jewish Question naturalisation of, self-creation and, 120 Bauer on, 101 philosophically theistic religion, as Bauer, emancipation and, 132 necessary component, 153 Marx’s challenge of Bauer, 129 Jews I That is We and We that is I (Hegel), 224 emancipation, Meyer, Michael and, 28 idealist sociology (Stirner), 191 opposition to progress (B. Bauer), 130 illegitimacy of state, anarchist thought and, Prussian Jews, as citizens of state, 28 179 Prussians and illegitimacy of state, Stirner, 193 Gans, 27 Ilting, Karl-Heinz, 4 salons of Berlin and, 28 immanence of the universal, 10 Judaica, Gans, Eduard, 26 immaturity and immortality (Kant), 57 Judenfrage, 101 immortality Jungnitz E., 102 immaturity and (Kant), 57 juridical republicanism, 15 love and, Feuerbach, 57 juridicial freedom, 5 morality and, Kant, 57 nonsensuous (Kant), 57 Kant, Immanuel, 93, 320 In Memoriam, Wordsworth, 172 autonomy and, 8 individual freedom, Hegel, Marcuse on, Christianity and, Feuerbach and, 51 275 compared to Hegel, 3 individual in action, active reason, 286 Copernican revolution, 7 individualism, Bruno Bauer, 163 doctrine of the beautiful, Bruno Bauer individuality on, 86 Bauer, Bruno on, 16 empirical heteronomous principles, Collins, 17 125 Stirner and, 17 Enlightenment and, 7 as vehicle for universal, 122 Feuerbach’s rejection of, 13 individuals Feuerbach’s similarities to, 52 absorption into dynamic (Stirner), 278 friendship, 60 adrift outside ordered society, 156 God as autonomous subjects, 120 belief in within rational outlook, 58 decline of, poverty and, 33 existence of, 57 stages of development (Hegel), 166 immortality state and, feudalism, 186 immaturity and, 57 state and, sovereignty over (Stirner), 187 morality and, 57 state as enemy (Stirner), 186 nonsensuous, 57 industrial revolution. See also working class love, virtue and, 60 Engels’ changing of term, 205 morality, love and distance, 59

336 Index

Kant, Immanuel (cont.) sociality of, work dynamic and, 292 pursuit of happiness as duty, 64 law of succession, Gans and, 26 rational heteronomous principles, 125 Lechevalier, Jules, Gans, Eduard and, 38 religion Left Hegelians as moral anthropology, 52 Berlin lectures, 3 Bible’s adaptability, 63 Breckman on, 13 Feuerbach on Kant’s critique, 57 conservatism and, 6 fresh start in philosophy of, 60 Heidelberg lectures, 3 human consciousness and, 60 liberalism and, 6 morality and, 52 religion, 18 organised, 56 republicanism and, 6 philosophy of, contrast with social analysis, 18 Feuerbach, 64 tradition and, 6 politics in, 61 Leopold, David, Stirner’s appropriation of pure religion of reason, 62 Hegel, 16 pursuit of virtue, 59 Lerminier, Jean-Louis-Eugene, Gans, reason for reading Bible, 63 Eduard and, 38 skeptisism on Bible, 62 levels of self, 16 Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Lex Gans decree, 31 Reason, 52 liberal possessive individualism theological dogmatism, undermining, freedom and, 8 Feuerbach on, 58 German republicanism and, 118 as way station between Luther and Marx, liberalism 52 alternatives, Hegel on, 295 Kantian philosophy Bruno Bauer on, 111 relation to natural world and, 7 Left Hegelians and, 6 relation to social world and, 7 Marxism debate and, 283 Kantian transcendental project, 3 Nietzche on, 111 Karlsbad Decrees, 4 liberation Kempski, J. von, 99, 316 domination and, 120 K¨oppen, Karl Friedrich, 139 essence of, 120 Kritik (B. Bauer), 93 liberty dissolution of Stande¨ , 95 Aristotle thought, 5 negative character of criticism, 96 grace and, Bruno Bauer on, 97 Machiavellian thought, 5 labour Moggach on Bauer, 277 alienation of, 10 positive liberty, Bruno Bauer and, 9 Arendt on, 273 protectiveness, 5 autonomy of, 10 republicanism and, 116 casual labor in Manchester, 218 struggle for, 112 consumption, 272 thought and, 107 as expression of freedom and creativity, transformativeness, 5 21 liberty and transformative powers of, bread and positive/negative, republicanism and, wine, 85 117 work and linguistic interpretation of society, 291 Arendt on Marx, 279 literal interpretation of Bible, 76 redemption (Arendt), 282 literary phenomenon, Young Hegelianism work, distinction, 271 as, 68 language Little Ireland, Manchester, 203 articulation of laws and customs, 289 love Hegel’s phenomenological account of, distance and, 59 Marxism debate and, 296, 297 egoistic, 196 personal commitment language excessive demonstration, 60 (Hegel), 290 Feuerbach, 59 relating human beings to each other, Feuerbach on, 60 283 virtue and, Kant, 60

Index 337

Löwith, K., 112, 317 essence Lübbe, H., relative political reconciliation, de Souza on, 19 43 existence, 255 Luft, Eric v.d. final ideal, 259 on Edgar Bauer, 17 essence versus existence, 251 on religion, 18 external teleology and, 9 Luther, Martin, Kant as way station Feuerbach between Luther and Marx, 52 as altruist, 253 Lutheran church denouncing of, 246 secularized incomplete materialism of, 248 urban poverty and, 18 Feuerbach’s effect on, 50 union with Calvinist, Bruno Bauer on, 86 Feuerbachian individuals, 256 Lutheran clergy, SKKS on, 160 freedom, conditions for, 266 Gans and, 25 man German Ideology, 172 citizen comparison, 105 on Hegel, 226, 227 as historical product (B. Bauer), 104 Hegel, conversion to Hegelianism, 220 Manchester homo faber, 247 casual labour and, 218 idealist account of law, 236 class differences, 201 ignoring of Edgar Bauer, 163 Ducie Bridge, 202 Jewish Question, challenge of Bauer, 129 Engels’ depiction of, 201 Kant as way station between Luther and Hulme, 204 Marx, 52 invisible, 202 labour and Little Ireland, 203 Capital, 21 New Town, 203 Critique of the Gotha Programme, 21 Old Town, 202 material needs, time devoted to Salford, 204 satisfying, 269 Sanitary Report, 202 materialist account of law, 236 urban historians on, 217 men’s need for one another, 258 urbanisation and, 218 mode of production, 237 visible, 202 new Hegelians and, 7 manhood, four ages of man and (Hegel), objectification of subjects, 249 171 productive forces, 237–9 mankind as creation of its own freedom, productivity as material conditions of 107 need fulfillment, 280 manufacture, effects on working class proletariat, rejection of conditions of (Engels), 200 life, 250 Marcus, Steven, on Engels, 205 pub crawl with Edgar Bauer, 148 Marcuse, Herbert, Hegel on individual punched by Edgar Bauer, 148 freedom, 275 rational concept, primacy over intuition market regulation, urban poverty and, 19 or perception, 19 Martucci, Enzo, Stirner and, 178 realm of freedom, 262 Marx, Karl, 6, 93, 112, 314, 320 realm of necessity, 262 1844 Manuscripts, 9 expansion, 269 abstract right, 10 right of ownership and, 10 Arendt, Hannah on, 270 self-realisation, 228, 230, 232 unity of social life in dynamics of work, spontaneity, 9 279 state class formation, 20 essence of, 228, 230, 232 conflicting strands, 261 spiritual animal kingdom, reduction Der Einzige and, 171 to, 232 divorce courts, 235 spiritual nature and, 220 egotism of need fulfillment, 280 system of right (Hegel), 220 electoral law, 235 work emancipatory potential of labour, ambiguity about, Chitty on, 281 renunciation, Sayers on, 21 fulfilling activities beyond, 266

338 Index

Marx, Karl (cont.) mythical consciousness, as alienating labour and, 279 (B. Bauer), 78 separating humans from animals, 264 mythical interpretation of Bible separation from nature, 264 allegorical and, 76 unity of social life in dynamics of, 279 spirit of a people or community, 76 work in human life, 263 mythological argument to biblical world as sensuous activity, 252 interpretation, 76 Marxism language, Hegel’s phenomenological national spirit, human spirit and, 285 account of, 296, 297 natural course of human life (Hegel), 167 liberalism debate and, 283 natural law lectures of Gans, poverty and, self-representation, 242 33 Mary Burns, Engels and, 204 natural world, relation to Kantian mass society, Bauer’s dichotomy, 14 philosophy and, 7 mature reason, 174 naturalisation of humans, self-creation Maza, Sarah, homogenous identity of and, 120 citizens in French Revolution, naturalism 119 aesthetic implications, 87 mechanisation, urban poverty and, 19 Feuerbach and, 82 mediation, terrorism, 164 nature mercantilists, Hegel and, 151 divinity and, 85 metaphysics, Feuerbach’s criticism, 250 as symbolic, Novalis, 85 Meyen, Eduard, 139 Nauwerck, Karl Ludwig Theodor, 139 Meyer, Michael, emancipation of Jews and, Nechaev, Sergei 28 Edgar Bauer publication, 149 Michalson, G. ruthless enemy of the civilized world, Feuerbach and Kant, 52 149 Kant as way station between Luther and negative freedom, republicanism and, 116 Marx, 52 New Hegelians Milbank, John formation, 2 Bible as self-interpreting totality, 88 naming, 2 secularism and, 88 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 112, 310, 322 on Spinoza’s biblical criticism, 88 Bauer as precursor, 15 Mill, John Stuart, Bauer, Bruno and, 14 on liberalism, 111 Mirabeau H. G. R., 102 Novalis mode of production, 237 nature and divinity, 85 modern mass society, 121 nature as symbolic, 85 modern productivity (Arendt), 282 symbolism, 73 modernity Hegel on, 12 Oberhegelianer (Gans), 25 illusion of realism and, 83 objective institutions, republican Moggach, Douglas, Bauer’s reversal of emancipation and, 132 Hegel’s elevation of religion over objectivity of thought (B. Bauer), 134 art, 86 old age monarchy, limited to absolute, French Hegel, 173 Revolution and (Stirner), 186 Stirner, 173 moral self-transcendence, 5 Old Town Manchester (Engels), 202 morality opportunity to work, Gans on poverty, 34 immortality and (Kant), 57 organised religion, Kant on, 56 Kant, love and distance, 59 ownness, Stirner, 16 religion and Christian organisations, 56 Paletta W., 106, 319 Kant, 52 Parker, Sidney E., Stirner and, 178 Moritz, Karl Phillip particularism allegory, contrast to, 70 Bauer, Bruno on, 16 on art, 70 freedom based on, Bauer’s Bauer and, 78 republicanism, 128

Index 339

pauperism colonisation, 35 England, growth of, 210 decline of individual, 33 Germany, anxiety over, 212 local tax, 34 industrialisation and, 19 natural law lectures, 33 laissez-faire and (Engels), 217 opportunity to work, 34 Pentecostalism, urban poverty and, 18 public poor relief, 34 Pepperle, H., 96, 301 remedies, 34 Pepperle, I., 96, 301 Schuld (guilt/fault), 33 perception, primacy of rational concept, 19 subjective aid, 34 perfectionism, utilitarianism and, 126 Ungluck¨ (misfortune), 33 permanent revolution, call for (B. Bauer), German republicanism, 118 125 political significance of, Waszek, 11 personal commitment language, 290 rights of poor in England, 214 personality wealth and, 212 free and infinite as highest political power of law (Stirner), 191 accomplishment, 127 power, grace and, Bauer and, 97 Stirner and, 17 predestination, grace and, Bruno Bauer pessimistic approach of Christian on, 97 churches, Feuerbach, 56 private interest Phenomenology (Hegel), 18 Bauer, Bruno on, 16 Phenomenology of Spirit, 151 private interests, republican politics and, 9 philosophes, Hegel and, 151 private rights, freedom and, 8 philosophical justification of terrorism, 140 productive forces (Marx), 237–9 philosophy productivity, modern (Arendt), 282 as countercultural phenomenon, 137 professor, political (Gans as), 26 Feuerbach’s study, 53 progress Philosophy of Right, 4 Jewish opposition to (B. Bauer), 130 republicanism of Bauer and, 127 religious alienation and, Bauer, 130 Philosophy of Right (Klaus Hartmann), 20 proletariat physiocrats, Hegel and, 151 bourgeoisie comparison, 20 pietism, 133 children, producing, 211 Plato, work and free time, 267 rejection of conditions of life, 250 pleasure of art, abstract thought and, 87 property, modern property transition from pleasure, pursuit of duty and, 59 feudal tenure, 19 polemical essence of Christianity, 98 Protestantism, Gans’ conversion, 32 friend and enemy, 98 Proudhon, anarchism and, 162 Love thine enemies, 99 Prussia political community as enhancement of Hegelian thought in, 6 individual and collaborative Karlsbad Decrees, 4 possibilities, 8 Prussian Jews, as citizens state, 28 political professor, Gans as, 26 Prussians, Jews and, Gans and, 27 political sphere, private interest and, 16 pub crawl, Edgar Bauer and Karl Marx, 148 political theology, Christianity and public access to meetings, Gans on, 44 couplet identity-exclusion, 102 public opinion, freedom of press and, 44 political virtue, commercial relations and, public poor relief (Armenpolizei), 34 9 pure insight, reason and, 153 politics pursuit of duty, Feuerbach, 59 as religion, Feuerbach, 61 humanisation of, Feuerbach, 61 radicalism of republicanism, 9 in religion, Kant, 61 rational concept, primacy over intuition or positive freedom, republicanism and, 120 perception, 19 positive liberty, Bruno Bauer and, 9 rational heteronomous principles (Kant), positive philosophy, Schelling on, 89 125 positivity, 89 rationality as foundation of state, 157 poverty rationality of allegory, 71 conditions of poor, 214 realism, modernity and illusion of, 83 Gans on, 33 realist fiction, effective symbolism and, 83

340 Index

reality, Feuerbach’s acceptance of, 247 pure religion of reason (Kant), 62 realm of freedom, Marx, 262 pursuit of virtue (Kant), 59 realm of necessity, Marx, 262 reason and, Feuerbach, 55 clothing, 269 religious thematics, importance of, 18 expansion, 269 representation and, 69 reason roots of (Feuerbach), 284 active reason, individual in action, 286 sensuality of (Feuerbach), 55 as criterion, 288 sensuous imagery and, 69 as historical acquisition (B. Bauer), 106 as shared activity, Hegel, 154 as lawgiver, 288 solitariness and, 154 faith and symbolism in, 74 devotion and, 154 terrorism and, 164 fourfold schema, 153 religion of utility (Christensen), 156 Hegel, 128 Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason historical process and, 128 (Kant), 52 mature reason, 174 religion. See also Feuerbach, 50 pure insight and, 153 religious alienation, Bauer on, 130 self-legislation of, 5 religious allegiances reason and religion, Feuerbach, 55 freedom and, 8 rebellion in children, Stirner, 169 German republicanism and, 118 Reformation, SKKS on, 160 religious consciousness Reissner, H.G., Gans’ biography, 37 freedom and, 160 relationships movement toward philosophical Stirner, 193 consciousness, 75 subjectivity and, 2 symblisation and, 70 relative political reconciliation, 43 religious institutions, heaven and, 56 religion. See also Christianity religious instruction, Gans’ Judaism, 29 abstract concepts and, 69 religious self-consciousness anthropological basis, 55 Bruno Bauer on, 79, 80 art connection, symbols and, 69 content, 79 Christian devotion as self-afﬁrmation, Feuerbach on, 80 51 republican emancipation as corrective to weaknesses of secular degrees of rigour, 132 thought, 88 objective institutions, 132 Edgar Bauer subjective consciousness, 132 freedom from positive, 145 republican politics oppressiveness, 145 private interests, 9 emotional aspect, Feuerbach and, 55 universal emancipation and, 9 end of art and, 86 republican rigorism, 15 essence of, Feuerbach, 81 Bauer, 116 exclusivity origins, 100 Bauer, art and, 134 Feuerbach on, 13 distinction between right and morality, Feuerbach’s forfeiture of orthodox, 53 117 human consciousness and, Kant, 60 republicanism inward relationship of self-consciousness Bauer to itself (B. Bauer), 78 freedom based on particularism, 128 Left Hegelian project and, 18 Philosophy of Right and, 127 limits of Christian, Feuerbach on, 51 Bauer’s views on Jewish emancipation, Luft on, 18 Leopold on, 114 morality, Kant, 52 citizens’ personalities, 116 necessity of to humans, 153 comparative, 6 as object of reﬂection (Feuerbach), 81 emancipation, Bauer, 134 organised freedom Kant on, 56 as nondomination by external forces, morality and, 56 116 philosophy of, Feuerbach versus Kant, 64 negative freedom, 116 politics and, Kant, 61 German republicanism, 117 politics as (Feuerbach), 61 Vormarz¨ , 118

Index 341

history of, 5 Sass, H. M., 93 juridical, 15 Say, Jean Baptiste Left Hegelians and, 6 competition, 211 liberty response to Sismondi, 211 positive/negative, 117 revolution of industry, 210 liberty and, 116 Sayers, Sean positive freedom and, 120 Marx’s idea of labour, 10 right and morality, distinction between, Marx’s renunciation of emancipatory 116 potential of labour, 21 Ruge compared to Bauer, 118 Marxist productivity as material resurgence in interest in Hegel’s conditions of need fulfillment, philosphy, 1 280 revelation as alienating (B. Bauer), 78 Schelling, F. W. J. revolution on symbol, 71 Christianity as (Edgar Bauer), 145, 146 positive philosophy, 89 egoists and (Stirner), 192 symbolism, fusion and identity, 72 Islam as (Edgar Bauer), 145, 146 symbolist doctrine, 72 permanent, call for (B. Bauer), 125 the symbol, 67 revolutionaries, adolescents and, 171 Schlegel, Friedrich, symbol and allegory as revolutionary agitation, as literary synonymous, 73 phenomena (B. Bauer), 68 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Ernst, revolutionary politics, critique and, 143 142 right of ownership, Marx and, 10 scripture as art, Bauer, 78 Robespierre, The Incorruptible, 162 secularism Robinson, John Beverly, Stirner and, ambiguity and, 88 178 complexity and, 88 Roman Catholic hierarchy, SKKS on, 160 Milbank on, 88 Romanticism religion as corrective to weakness in, Hegelianism conflict, 68 88 symbolic intuition of divinity, 73 self, levels of, 16 symbolisation self-consciousness absolute status of, 70 abasement of human powers, 128 naturalisation of, 85 as motive force of history (B. Bauer), the symbolic, 67 125 Rorty, Richard, on philosophy, 84 Bruno Bauer on, 107 Rosen, Z., 112, 320 characterisation of (B. Bauer), 122 Röttgers, K., 93, 320 collective (Hegel), 224 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques exclusion and, 107 freedom, 111 infinite, 121 Robespierre and, 150 religion and Ruge, Arnold, on Hegel, 226, 227 Bauer, 80 Runze G., 99, 320 Feuerbach, 80 Scriptural origins and, 78 sacred historical interpretation of Bible sentient beings and relationships, 14 (typological), 76 slave’s, Herrschaft und Knechtschaft Saint-Simonians, 11 (Hegel), 170 Gans and, 35 symbol, absorption of (B. Bauer), 86 intellectual confusions self-constitution, formal, 16 (Gedankenwirren), 37 self-development, work and, 265 private property, 39 self-interest, Stirnerian egoism and, 182 God and Partner, Ltd., 39 self-legislation, free will and, 16 theory of association, 38 self-legislation of reason, 5 stock corporation analogy, 38 self-mastery, egoism and (Stirner), 184 Salford, Manchester, 204 self-realisation Salomon, G., 102, 310 Marx on, 228, 230, 232 nature of Christian state, 102 work and, 265 salons of Berlin, Jews and, 28 self-relation, spontaneity as, 16 Sansculottes, Edgar Bauer and, 144 sensuality of religion (Feuerbach), 55

342 Index

sensuous god of the ordinary individual, economic rationality as foundation, 157 Feuerbach, 55 economy relationship, German sensuous symbolic expression, ambiguity republicanism, 118 and, 74 egoists attitude toward (Stirner), 190 sensuousness, Feuerbach and, 82 emancipatory drive of people, 127 sentient beings, relationships, as enemy of individual, Stirner on, 186 self-consciousness and, 14 essence of, Marx, 228, 230, 232 sign as ethical community, 17 progression from symbols, 74 exclusion, presupposition of, 102 symbol and, 69 freedom and symbol and, distinction, 74 communal understanding, 21 Sismondi, Simonde, 210 Hegel, 222 conspicuous wealth, extreme poverty Hegel’s usage, 221 and, 211 hostility toward, Stirner’s, 185 Say’s reponse to, 211 illegitimacy of Sittlichkeit (Hegel), 17 anarchism and, 179 SKKS Stirner, 193 gullibility of believers, 160 individual’s duty to overthrow (Stirner), Luthern clergy, 160 191 reformation mentality, 160 individuals and Roman Catholic hierarchy, 160 feudalism, 186 table of contents, 158 sovereignty over (Stirner), 187 terrorism, 161 Marx on theologians, 160 spiritual animal kingdom, reduction slave’s self-consciousness in Hegel’s to, 32 Herrschaft und Knechtschaft, 170 spiritual nature, 220 slogans, Bruno Bauer on, 94 oppression of individual and, 157 Smith, Adam, 210 organisation, 100 social analysis, Left-Hegelian project and, social relations of production, 20 18 source of authority, Bruno Bauer on, 127 social bonds Stirner and, resistance of requirements as condition of emancipation, 6 of law, 190 freedom and, 2 sublation of, 10 social cohesion, John Barrell on, 119 as transcendent univeral, 127 social conscientiousness transition to from civil society, Hegel’s analysis, expansion of, 298 republican implications, 21 human plurality and, 297 union of egoists and (Stirner), 194 social consciousness, rebirth, 151 state of tutelage, Gans on Prussian state, 45 social world, relation to, Kantian status quo, criticism by Gans, 44 philosophy and, 7 Stedman Jones, Gareth, poverty, 44 society Stepelevich, Lawrence, Stirner’s connection, 2 appropriation of Hegel, 16 mass society, Bruno Bauer and, 14 Stirner, Max, 8, 112 sovereignty a priori anarchism, Leopold on, 17 monarchical, 9 adolesence, mature adult, distinction, popular, 9 171 species consciousness (Feuerbach), 207 Alcibiades and, 190 speech, consciousness and, 289 anarchism and, 176 Spinoza’s biblical criticism, Milbank on, 88 as a priori anarchist, 188 spiritual animal kingdom, state as, 232 Der Einzige und sein Eigentum, 182 spontaneity inﬂuence on American individualist Marx and, 9 anarchism, 177 as self-relation, 16 strong anarchism, 189 stages of human life, 166 weak anarchism, 189 state appropriation of Hegel, 16 as agency of historical progress, 123 child to adolescence/stoicism to slavery critique by Bauer brothers, 142 comparison, 167

Index 343

childhood republicanism’s radicalism, 9 abstract thought, 169 revolution, egoists and, 192 idealised rebellion of child, 169 right to abuse another, 162 mind of child, physical enemy, 168 state obedience of child, 169 as enemy of individual, 186 personal, 169 as ethical community, 17 punishments, 170 hostility toward, 185 Stoic consciousness, 168 illegitimacy of, 193 consequences of views, 195 individual’s duty to overthrow, 191 Der Einzige, 171 resistance of requirements of law, 190 Feuerbach, optimism of, 171 sovereignty over individuals, 187 Marx, optimism of, 171 Stoic consciousness of child, Stirner, 168 Diogenes of Sinope, 190 Stoicism, developed, adolescence and, 170 early years, 169 Strauss, David Friedrich Edgar Bauer’s change of masters, state allegorical reading of Bible, 76 and, 188 biblical interpretation egoism, 182 allegorical versus mythical, 76 alternative, relationships of uniting, as historical reference, rejection, 77 197 Das Leben Jesu, 76 Bauer on egoistic attitude toward life, doctrinal significance of critical life of 183 Jesus, 76 consequences, 195 Gans and, 25 continuity account, 196 God and man complete only in each cooperation and, 198 other, 77 discontinuity account, 197 historical narrative of God-Man, egoism as form of heteronomy, 183 necessity of, 77 egoist’s attitude toward state, 190 origins of Christian gospels, 76 egoistic love, 196 strong anarchism, 180 God as egoist, 184 Stirner and, 189 moral duties, 195 struggle, freedom as (Bauer), 14 ordinary egoism, 183 subjective consciousness, republican property relations, 194 emancipation and, 132 revolution versus insurrection, 192 subjective understanding of freedom, 128 self-interest and, 182 subjectivity, relationships and, 2 self-mastery and, 184 sublation of state, 10 state and union of egoists, 194 symbol trust and, 198 art and, 67 “Ein Menschenleben,” 168 Hegel on, 67 father figure references, 169 naturalisation by Romantics, 85 French Revolution of the infinite, 72 transformation of limited monarchy to reintroduction, Feuerbach, 85 absolute monarchy, 186 Romantics on, 67 idealist sociology, 191 Schelling on, 67, 71 individual, absorption into dynamic, 278 fusion and identity, 72 individuality, 17 self-consciousness and (B. Bauer), 86 insurrection, egoists and, 192 sign and, 69 Junghegelianer, 171 as synonymous with allegory, 73 mature reason, 174 symbolisation natural course of human life, 167 religion consciousness and, 70 old age, 173 Romantics and, absolute status of, 70 on Feuerbach, 244–6 symbolisation, Hegel on, 69 ownness, 16 symbolism personality and, 17 as translatable and transitive, 75 political obligation, rejection, 188 bread and wine, 85 power of law, 191 Christianity and, Hegel on, 75 relationships, 193 Goethe on, 70 uniting, 197 nature as symbolic, 85

344 Index

symbolism (cont.) transcendent entities, personification and Novalis, 73 subjectification of, 90 progression to signs, 74 true beyond, Feuerbach, 57 realist fiction and, 83 trust, egoism and (Stirner), 198 in religion, 74 Tschizewskij, D., 112, 322 sensible expression, 74 tutelary state, Prussia as (Gans), 45 sensuous expression, ambiguity and, 74 typological interpretation of Bible, 76 symbol and sign distinction (Hegel), 74 symbolic intuition of divinity, 73 universal symbolist doctrine, 72 as explicit identity, 10 symbols, art and religion connection, 69 immanence, 10 Synoptic Gospels, Bauer’s critique, 78 universal actu, thought and, 108 system of right (Hegel) universal emancipation, republican politics Marx and, 220 and, 9 realisation of spirit, 223 universalisation of alienation by Protestantism, 131 terrorism universalism (Bauer), 108 Bauer, Edgar on, 17 emancipation and, 110 defending, publication, 147 universality of human rights, emancipation definition, 136 and, 105 freedom of will and, 18 universality, ethical life and, 127 “Gunpowder Plot of Guy Fawkes,” 137 universals (Bauer), 16 history of universal self-consciousness, 16 Bakunin, 140 University of Berlin, Bauer, Edgar, 137 Edgar Bauer, 140 University of Göttingendismissal of Heinzen, Karl, 140 professors, 26 Weitling, Wilhelm, 140 urban destitution, 11 mediation, 164 urban poverty origins of use, 136 alienation and redemption, 18 philosophical justification of, 140 competition and, 19 religiosity of, 164 division of labour and, 19 SKKS, 161 egoism and, 18 theory, Karl Heinzen, 141 feudal tenure, transition to modern theological criticism, political criticism property, 19 and, Bauer, 92 Lutheranism, secularised, 18 theology market regulation and, 19 critique of, mirroring of political and mechanisation and, 19 theological categories, 98 Pentecostalism, 18 essence of faith and (Feuerbach), 81 utilitarianism, perfectionism and, 126 SKKS on theologians, 160 utility dialectic, 152 theory of association, Saint-Simon’s, 38 faith as superstition, 153 stock corporation analogy, 38 pure insight, reason and, 153 theory of opposition, Gans, 43, 44 rebirth of social consciousness and, Thibaut, A. F. J. 151 Gans and, 29 religion of utility (Christensen), 156 Napolean’s code civil, 30 thought Varnhagen, K. A., on Gans’ death, 32 liberty and, 107 Vattimo, Gianni, religion as corrective to objectivity of (B. Bauer), 134 weakness of secular thought, 88 universalism actu and, 108 Vergesellschaftung, Gans and, 38 Todorov, Tzvetan, intransitiveness of art, violence, Edgar Bauer, 144, 165 70 virtue tolerance, 102 commerce and, German republicanism, Tomba, Massimiliano 119 on Bauer and modernity, 15 freedom and, 8 on Bauer and secularisation, 14 human failure and, Feuerbach, tradition, Left Hegelians and, 6 59

Index 345

love and free activity, satisfying, 270 Feuerbach, 60 free time and, 267 Kant, 60 fulﬁlling activities beyond (Marx), 266 pursuit of (Kant), 59 human life and (Marx), 263 von Arnim, Bettina, pietism, 133 integration of active rationality, 288 von Cieszkowski, August, Gans and, 25 labour and von Savigny, F. C. Arendt on Marx, 279 Gans and, 29 redemption (Arendt), 282 Gans’ opposition, 26 labour, distinction, 271 Vormarz¨ , 6 Marx on, unity of social life in dynamics of, 279 Walker, James, Stirner and, 178 self-development and, 265 Wartofsky, on Feuerbach, 66 self-realisation and, 265 Waszek, Norbert, 11 separating humans from animals, 264 Gans and, 11 separation from nature, 264 Hegel’s corporations, 277 sociality of language and, 292 poverty, 11 as subordinate role to communal weak anarchism, 180 relations, 284 Stirner and, 189 working class wealth, poverty and, 212 conditions of poor, 214 Weitling, Wilhelm, terrorism’s origins, 140 ignorance of workers, 208 Wigand, Otto, 139 labourers displacing artisans and Wilhelm, Friedrich III, constitutional peasants, 210 monarchy, 42 life not worthy of human beings, 208 Wilke, Christian Gottlob, biblical manufacture’s effects on (Engels), interpretation and, 78 200 will marriage, lower of age, 210 determination, rational heteronomous wage cuts, Irish immigration and, 211 principles and, 125 workers turned to machines, 208 grace and, Bauer and, 97 Williams, Howard, 12 Young Hegelianism, as literary on Feuerbach, 12 phenomenon, 68 Wordsworth, In Memoriam, 172 Young Hegelians, allegory and symbol, work 75 ambiguity by Marx (Chitty), 281 economically necessary (Marx), 263 Zube, Kurt Helmut, Stirner and, 178