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To browse Academia. Skip to main content. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. John R Porter. Please send comments and corrections to: john. Clark, ed. Cicero: Orationes, I: Pro Sex. Roscio, De Imperior Cn. Oxford, Cicero: Pro Caelio. Bryn Mawr, Mundelein, Keitel and J. Newburyport, Tulli Ciceronis pro M. Caelio oratio. Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio. Cambridge, Allen and J. Gildersleeve and G. Note that the latter procedure can lead to potential confusion at times. In the end, there will be very few points of substance on which the texts of Clark and Englert disagree. In class, I will occasionally opt for alternate readings presented, e. Clarke, ed. If you use Perseus, you need to be wary of typos. Caelius Rufus M. Caelius Rufus frgs. For more Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio consult the commentaries by Austin with appendices and Dyck. An excellent account is also available in T. The case against M. Caelius Rufus was tried on April 56 BC. Cicero spoke for the defense, the last of three speakers. The background to the Pro Caelio is easy to lose sight of, since Cicero spends most of the speech on what are essentially irrelevant matters. When the people of Alexandria learned that he was seeking Roman military intervention to restore him to his throne, they sent an embassy of distinguished Alexandrians to plead with the Senate, led by the philosopher Dio. The Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio stopped first at the Bay of Naples, where Ptolemy arranged a series of violent mob scenes that led to the death of several of the ambassadors. Despite the constant threat to their lives, the ambassadors gradually made their way to Rome. In 57, Ptolemy grew frustrated with the various delays and left to pass his exile in Ephesus at least for a time but still saw to Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio that Dio was assassinated in his place of hiding, the home of a certain Coponius. Various official inquiries and public prosecutions followed. We know of only two Roman citizens who were charged: a certain P. Asicius who was acquitted with Cic. Cicero argues that both Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio are in fact mere fabrications, the machinations of Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio older, lascivious female who, having first seduced Caelius and then been rejected by him, is looking to take her revenge. Ciraolo, App. V and Dyck 57 re the charges against Cael. In addition to its interesting rhetorical features, it is also a highly literary Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio in that Cicero repeatedly invokes the genre of Roman comedy, in particular, to present Caelius as the sort of naive young man one meets in the plays of Plautus and Terence: a youthful dupe who is Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio by the wiles of a practiced older seductress. See J. This provides Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio interesting and useful introduction to Cic. Note on Section Numbers Modern editions employ two independent systems of marginal notation to assist the reader in identifying the discrete divisions within Cic. Neither system is satisfactory and, for some reason, this has traditionally led modern edd. I have followed Dyck in employing only the section divisions. A and cf. Austin App. Exordium II. Caeli vita et moribus I III. Caeli vita et moribus II IV. Refutatio Secunda: De crimine auri V. Refutatio Tertia: De crimine veneni VI. Instead, Cic. During this period, most public business was suspended. The defense presented its case on the opening day of this public holiday. The two clauses here are joined by asyndeton. Austin regards it as a rel. See Austin ad 2. I; Dyck 4. The choice is between 82 BC Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio N. Sempronius Atratinus, the son of L. Calpurnius Bestia whom Caelius had unsuccessfully prosecuted for ambitus electoral bribery in Feb. VI and Dyck ] ipse — picking up adulescentem i. Joined with the adj. Dyck and others read simply illius — picking up filio in 1. The three vbs. Latin tends to be more Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio in its use of the fut. The plupfct. It is the equivalent of illud quod] [As he will do more than once in this speech, Cic. The shift to the impf. As Austin notes, cuiusdam here would convey the sense of a particular individual as Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio unnamed. Caelius, was brought up as a reproach against him in various contradictory ways quod … diceretur— subj. Caelius, who is the subject of this sentence] notis ac maioribus — dat. Caelius [resumptive: provides the antecedent for quibus in 3. The substitution of hi is readily Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio for on paleographic Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio. Caelio semper summam habitam esse quaecumque dignitas in equite Romano esse possit — rel. As a result, that subject has to be restated via a resumptive use of the demonst. Maxima will be trumped by summam in the following clause. The interests of this latter group seem to have been virtually identical with those of the equites, although they apparently had a lower property qualification. Since two thirds of the jury are equites, or may aspire to be, Cicero can try to hobble his opponents by asserting that they have contempt for equites. In this formula, nam has no explanatory force but merely serves as a continuative particle: moreover. On this reading, quod is a straightforward rel. This clause serves as the dir. Caelius has assumed the formal attire of grieving and supplication: the toga pulla. Hence the overt reference to the squalor dirtiness, meanness of his attire and the clear marks of grief that he presents to the viewer praesens maestitia quam cernitis. The two images, of Cael. Caelio — the comparative construction is introduced by maiores. The force of et would have been made clear in the delivery. Austin notes that this vb. On the other hand, Cic. For a young man, violations of pudicitia would have involved: a sexual relations that brought disgrace on another freeborn Roman citizen i. See E. Fantham, EMC 10 In this way Cat. 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Cicero's Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio for defending Caelius are uncertain, but various theories have been postulated. The speech is regarded as one of the best examples of Roman oratory known and has been so regarded throughout history. It is noteworthy as a prime example of Ciceronian oratorical technique. Caelius was charged with vis political violenceone of the most serious crimes in Republican Rome. Caelius' prosecutors, Lucius Sempronius AtratinusPublius Clodius Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio has been suggested to be Publius Clodius Pulcherbut it was more likely a freedman or relative[1] and Lucius Herennius Balbus, charged him with the following crimes:. Caelius spoke first in his own defense and asked Marcus Licinius Crassus to defend him during the trial. Cicero's speech was the last Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio the defense speeches. The magistrate Gnaeus Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio presided over the trial. Marcus Caelius Rufus was born in 88 or 87 BC, at Interamnia in Picenumwhere his father was categorised as a member of the eques knight class, a wealthy middle class placed just below the patrician upper class. Throughout that apprenticeship, he became familiar with life in the Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio Forum. It is unclear whether or not Caelius supported Catiline after the latter had lost the election and taken up arms, but he was not among the people prosecuted for their involvement in the conspiracy. As a young man, that was a very good opportunity for Caelius to see the world and make a little money. However, Caelius still wanted to make a name for himself in Rome, and in April 59 BC, he brought prosecution against Gaius Antonius HybridaCicero's colleague in the consulship of 63 BC, for extortion. Cicero disapproved of the prosecution and took up Hybrida's defense. However, Caelius won the trial and gained recognition among Roman citizens. As a result, Caelius was able to move to the Palatine Hill and rented an apartment from Clodius. His apartment was located near Clodius's sister, Clodia, who was then 36 and widowed. Caelius and Clodia soon became lovers. In late 57 or early 56 BC, Caelius broke from the Clodii for some unknown reason. Clodius and Clodia were determined to punish Caelius Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio leaving them. Cicero came to Bestia's defense and successfully acquitted him four times already and doing so once again against Caelius. However, Caelius would not admit defeat and made a second charge against Bestia, who was running for the praetorship once again in the elections of 56 BC. Bestia's son, Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, did not want his father's trial to take place and so he made a charge against Caelius. If Caelius was convicted, Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio could proceed with his prosecution against Bestia. Atratinus charged Caelius in the violence court quaestio de vi to prevent any delay in the proceedings of the trial. After he had been deposed, Ptolemy fled to Rome, where he pleaded with the Senate to give him an army so Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio he might reclaim his throne. However, the Alexandrians were not interested in giving Ptolemy back the throne of Egypt and sent a deputation of citizens, led by the philosopher Dio, to the Roman Senate to hear their case. Ptolemy reacted by bribing, intimidating and even murdering members of the deputation, which angered Roman citizens. However, an oracle was found in the Sibylline Books that forbade Ptolemy's restoration, and the Senate was forced to rescind its decree. Exhausted from his attempts to reclaim his throne, Ptolemy retired to Ephesus. In Rome, Pompey waited for the command to claim the throne of Egypt. In 56 BC, Dio was murdered. The public directed most of their anger toward Pompey, whom they believed to be responsible for the murder. At first, Publius Asicius, who was supposedly an agent of Pompey, was prosecuted for the murder of Dio. However, after Cicero successfully defended him, Asicius was acquitted, and Caelius was prosecuted for the murder. The actual trial took place April 3—4, 56 BC. The prosecution spoke first, and Atratinus attacked Caelius's character and morals, Clodius described the charges in detail, and Balbus spoke against Caelius's behavior and morality. The defence speeches began with Caelius making witty jeers at Clodia. Then, Crassus defended against the actual charges, and finally, Cicero attacked Clodia. Cicero's speech took place on April 4, the second day of the Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio. He made accusations that Clodia was no better than a prostitute and claimed that Caelius was a smart man to disassociate himself from her. By centring his speech on attacking Clodia, Cicero avoided setting himself against public opinion or damaging his relationship with Pompey. In the end, Caelius was acquitted of all of the charges. Bruun's scholarly observation provides background on the defence case of Marcus Caelius Rufus, suggesting that Caelius's scornful lover Clodia, the sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, brought charges against him and proclaimed that he had attempted to use poison on her. Bruun also concludes that Cicero, who remained the legal defender of Caelius, ultimately used the conceptual phrase aqua inceste uterere in "referring to the commonly known possession of a water supply by some brothels in Romewhile at the same time implying that Clodia was a prostitute. Cicero recalls Appius's construction of the Via Appia and attempts to connect Clodia's immoral desecration of "this deed of her ancestor by walking on it in dubious company and for dubious purposes, indeed by "walking the street"; in effect, he proclaims her Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio a prostitute. Bruun finds that passage not to be sufficient amd suggests instead that "it seems baffling that the use of water, should have been connected to Clodia's allegedly loose morals". Again dispelling Cicero's connection of Clodia to water and sexual immorality, Bruun proclaims thaf to be antithetical to Clodia's case by stating that Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio evidence from the Roman world for ritual cleansing with water after sexual "pollution" is very meager and different in character". Bruun argues within his next sub-point that more compelling evidence exists on Clodia's immorality in connection with water in the late Roman Republican period, ultimately by providing an analysis on Marcus Caelius Rufus's speech on illegal water conduits. Brunn provides Frontinus' De aquaeductu Urbis Romae from AD as an example of the "various illegal uses to which public water in Rome was being diverted". Bruun suggests that as a Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio find by a contemporary author, Caelius actually gave a speech in 50 BC when he was a curule aedile and ultimately proclaimed "the worst misappropriation of public water in Rome", which was due "all the brothels, were Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio an illegal supply of running water". Furthermore, Bruun concludes that although those possible arguments can explain why Cicero attempted to connect Clodia to immorality and water, he simply used that argumentation to suggest that Clodia's case against Caelius was unfounded. Bruun finally suggests that Cicero's oratorical ploy was developed for convenience and to supply a "witty invective that referred to known malpractices in Rome". Matthew Leigh 's "The Pro Caelio and Comedy" suggests his thesis remains centreed on "proposing a fresh approach" to the comedy in Pro Caelio but not in directly refuting past literary scholarship, like Katherine Geffcken's monograph, "Comedy in the Pro Caelio". According to Leigh, Geffcken identifies Cicero with "the wiles and verbal ingenuity of the comic hero" and in effect "the jury becomes complicit in his successful bid to talk his young associate Caelius out of a distinctly tricky situation". Leigh postulates that Cicero attempts to make the jury study what he claims to be the central issues in the case, as if they were watching a comedy. Leigh suggests the focus of his thesis remains not to identify the "role comedy takes in the Pro Caelio as what it might mean for our understanding of rhetorical practice Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio state that comedy takes such a role". Leigh further suggests that the role in his work is to answer "what, in particular, is the relationship between comic morality and the locus as a unit of rhetorical argumentation, and what is the evidence for its historical development at Rome? Leigh names Pro Caelio and other contemporary legal cases with similar constructs centered Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio this type of prosecution as "New Comedy". According to Leigh, the jury at Caelius's prosecution would have recognised "both stock types Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio from the comic stage": both Caelius and Clodia. Leigh also provides historical and literary evidence for the comic construction of the relationship between the Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio Clodia and her young lover Caelius by referencing Plutarch 's discussion of that as erotic entertainment and its use as a rhetorical device. Dorey claimed that the prosecution of Caelius was an attempt at delaying the second charge against Bestia, and was caused by Caelius' new attack against the family of Bestia and Atratinus. Throughout the speech, Cicero Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio the cause of the attack on Clodia, instead of an attack on Atratinus, to build his defense of Caelius. In his article, Dorey claims that the prosecution's aim was that "even if Caelius were acquitted, Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio was the chance of his emerging so discredited as seriously to jeopardize his prospects of success in his renewed action against Bestia". To do so, the prosecution charged him with two attempted murders. The charges would have been indisputable because Clodia had previously provided Caelius with funds before, and there was "little doubt" that Caelius had taken part in the intimidation and persecution of the Alexandrian envoys; Cicero even admitted it in his speech. Even though Cicero tried to "ridicule" Licinius and the slaves of Clodia's rendezvous at the baths to defend Caelius, there was no doubt that the event took place and that "a casket containing some substance to be administered to Clodia" was exchanged. Dorey argued in the article that Clodia's involvement in the trial as "vindictive spite and the desire to revenge herself on Caelius for casting her off" was a part of Cicero's strategy in his defense Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio Caelius. By proving that Clodia was attacking Caelius out of spite, he proved Caelius's innocence. In fact, the prosecution's strategy hinged on the jury's acceptance of Clodia's evidence. Cicero's strategy then depended on his ability to disprove Clodia in three ways: by proving that the case was brought against Caelius because Clodia was being vindictive, by casting doubt on the reliability of witnesses and by discrediting Clodia completely. Therefore, Cicero unleashed a cruel attack against Clodia in his defense, but the attack had been provoked. Clodia had helped loot Cicero's house during his exile after the Catiline events, and in 60 BC, Cicero wrote a letter to Atticus in which he "[indulged] in an extremely lewd witticism at Clodia's expense". Anne Leen's Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio "Clodia Oppugnatrix: The Domus Motif in Cicero's Pro Caelio" argued that Cicero's use of the Roman institution of the domus, or home, established the respectable reputation of Caelius and the ghastly reputation of Clodia. The domus in Latin literature "is charged with precisely gendered social, cultural, and political significance". It is mentioned within the speech at least 27 times. Clodia's house is mentioned the most and it "a problematized space in which traditional Roman expectations of domestic behavior are egregiously violated". Leen then argued that to be a strategy of Cicero in which he attacked Clodia and defended Caelius. In Latin literature, the domus was the sphere of influence for women that displayed the Roman qualities of "chastity, Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio, and wifely obedience" to the husband. Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio the speech, Cicero did not try to disprove the allegations completely that Clodia had brought against Caelius, but he aimed to disprove her through destroying her reputation with the domus imagery. By doing so, Cicero cast Caelius on the "positive side of Roman values" and put Clodia in an "abyss of sexual license and its metonymic counterparts, public chaos and political anarchy". Cicero also brought the history of the Clodian family into his speech to discredit Clodia by contrasting Clodia's present behavior with the behaviour of her "great Republican lineages". Men in Ancient Rome were to have a full, busy household; however, women were not supposed to have a busy household like Clodia's domus. Her household reflected "personal disrepute, sexual misconduct, and social disorder". By having her own household, she was taking what was rightly owned by men in Ancient Rome and so she blurred the lines between men and Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio. Cicero claimed that was a threat to the Republic as a whole. Insulting a guest would hurt the host's reputation, and Cicero did not let Clodia forget that she had done so. However, Cicero did not let the jury Cicero: Pro Marco Caelio that he was the best witness of Clodia's schemes by telling his story at the end of the speech. His once-great house, which housed Caelius first, no longer existed after Clodia. Among Cicero's orations, Pro Caelio is particularly celebrated for its connections to the poetry of Catullus. Popular critical consensus has long identified Clodia Metelli, who features so prominently in the speech, as Catullus's famed lover Lesbia. However, recent critics have assailed that connection with various degrees of success. In his book Catullan QuestionsT. Wiseman argues that the identification of Lesbia as one of Clodius Pulcher's three sisters is undeniable. Hyginus had contact with several men associated with Catullus, who very likely knew Lesbia's true identity. Moreover, scholars agree that the repeated word pulchermeaning "pretty", in Catullus's poem 79 is a pun on Clodius's cognomen, Pulcher. Thus, the Lesbius in that poem is Clodius Pulcher, and Lesbia must be one of his three sisters. However, all three sisters possessed the name Clodia and so difficulties arise in proving that Catullus's lover must have been the Clodia featured in Pro Caelio. The most common evidence for that connection is the implied charge of incest usually detected in Catullus 79 in comparison to the charges of incest against Clodia in Pro Caelio.