S.M.P. 22269/38 DAR ES SALAAM,

S.M.P. 22269/38 DAR ES SALAAM, 16th February, 1937. GOVERNMENT CIRCULAR No. 5 of 1937. District Books. I am directed to refe.r to Circular No. 3 of 1928 ci the subject of District Books. 2. The primary object of these books is to enable a n'-wcomer to the district to have. in a complete and compact form, a short histoc' of the district. Many of the present books fall short of what was expected of them . some contain much .that is of passing interest only, while others are ot. n silent on mi.stt, s of importance. llie -compilation of what, in fact *.ioui, be a local history is admittedly no easy task and demands an appreciation of what is likely to be of permanent value as well as skill in sifting the wheat from the chaff, especially in regard to information obtained from native sources. M'w'b necessarily depends on the human factor and on the ab t ,c and enitnusiasi, .. the compilers, but experience has shown that the fram .drk of the books themselves is capable of improvement. There is, for example , Xisi d,!.able overlapping in the sections into which the books are divided at prgsent a,.d several of the subject headings are apt to encourage the recording of informaC so which has little bearing on the day-to-day business of administration. For these reasons it has been decided to remodel the books with a view to ensuring ciat only matters of historical permanent and practical interest are recorded. 3. A list of the"beadings and sub-headings iito which the books ;.ll be divided in future will be found overleaf, and arrangements have been made for the Govqrnment Printer to print the new headiigs and index tabs, which will be forwarded to you as soon as they are ready, together with three hundred blank pages for eacht of the books in your province. Further supplies of blank pages may be obtained from the Government Printer when required. It will not be possible to issue the new printed sheets for some months owing to the fact that the paper has to be ordered from England. 4. It will be seen that the list of chapter headings is very comprehensive and it will obviously be a matter of time before they can be completed, but much of the information is, or should be, containad in the existing books and can, therefore, be transferred to the new ones. Again, as stated above, some time will elapse before the new printed sheets are available and in the interval some of the information required for the various sections can be coll. ted. On the other hand some of the sections must necessarily remain black until an officer with the requisite knowledge of their subject matter is posted to the district. It is not every administrative officer who has studied natural history, for example, and it is better that nothing should be included under a heading than that it should be filled with misleading or inaccurate data. 5. I am to say that His Excellency attaches 'the greatest importance to these books which, if properly compiled and kept up to date, will become an indispensable work of reference, and an invaluable aid to every incoming administrative officer. This object can only be achieved, however, if district officers take a real, personal and intelligent interest in them. ' 6. In conclusion I am to suggest that any interesting notes in. these books might be worked up into suitable form for publication TTanganyika Notes and Records. D. M. KENNEDy, Chief 41eeretary to the Government

VICE PRESIDT'S O1TICE, P.O. BOX 2366, DAR PS SALAAM. 14th may, 1964. To: All Administrative Secretaries. (with copies for Area Secretaries) DISTRICT BOOKS During the last four years n number of important events have taken place in Tanganyika, of which the following are a fow:(1) On 9th December, 1961, Tanganyika became an independent count; (2) In February, 1962 the first Regional Commissioners from the political party in power replaced the colonial Provincial Commissioners and later the Area Commissioners replaced the District Commissioners; (3) Certain customary laws were unified during the year; (4) On 1st July, 1962, all Native Authorities became District Councils constituted under Cap. 65 which replaced Cap. 72 of t the laws. Under the now law the Councils have wider power;; (5) The education system was integrated abolishing the old European and Indian Education Authorities; 46) On 9th December, 1962, Tanganyika became a Republic under a now constitution; (7) On 31st December, 1962, the posts of Chiefs were abolished; (8) In 1965 District Development Committees replaced the former District Teams and are Qo mittees of District Councils. Village Development Committees sf were also formed; (9) In order to speed up development and to enable Regional Commissioners to supervise development projects more closely the large Regions were split, dividing the country into Seventeen Regions, and a few new Districts were established; (10) The Local Courts er integrated with those of the Central Government thus separating completely the Judiciary from the Executive and bringing all the courts in the country under the High Court. A**********' *.*A***'*:i (S.M.P. No. 7361/46). 00 / CIRCULAR No. 3 of 1928. To ALL PROVICIAL COMMISSIOERS. District Books. I am directed to inform you that the Governor has considered the views expressed by Provincial Commissioners in reply to Circular Letter'No. 24 of 1926, and has given instructions that District Books in the form issued herewith should be adopted for general use in the Territory. 2. The books are on the loose-leaf principle and the Government Printer will supply blank aaditional leaves (i.e. without printed headings) as required. The instructions inside the front cover of the book should be carefully followed, and the winding key kept in a safe place whe; not in use. 3. Particular care should be taken that, the history, manners, customs, etc., of each tribe are inserted on separate leaves under the standard headings, with a view to the publication of a gazetteer eventually. The object is that an o#er joining the Provincial staff for the first time may read under one cover everything that is on record about a tribe instead of having to consult perhaps a dozen covers. 4. Though it may not be possible at once to compile all the information required it must be understood that the care of the District Book is an important dnty of the District Officer. who should bp_4hclreSponaible for its custody and its posting uA to date from time to time. The District Book should be included in all hbanist over statements and the records of handing and taking over and of the inspsi of Provincial Commissioners contained in the book itself should invariably completed. 5. It is suggested that the information for the various sections should be drafted on foolscap paper before it is written up or typewritten on the loose-leaf sheets. The sheets are expensive and spoilage will thus be reducdd to a minimum. Records of temporary events should not be included but anything of permanent interest, even though it is not provided for in the standard headings, may be included at the discretion of the Provincial Commissioner. 6. As the new form of District Book is brought ito use in each District a report to that effect should be forwarded to this offic, which should contain an assurance that the contents of this circular have been brought personally to the notice of every Administrative Officer in the Province. 7. A summary of information collected from District Books by Provincial Commissioners and embodied in the Provincial volume will eventually be re for record in this office and instructions regarding the submission of this Bumm will be is ued later. THE SECRETARIAT, DAR ES SALAAM, 12th January, 1928. Ref. No. VP/A. 420/3

TANGANYIKA TERRITORY. District Book FOR THE ...... D istrict ...... E, .94ri */Y ...... Province INSTRUCTIONS. mtrucdans for worldng the mechanism, printed inside the cover, should AM.ll fll,1--l

RTCORD OF IDING AID TAKIM-1 OVR. -~1 TAKN VIR BY C.J.R.G. Cadiz (at Lohoro) W.J. Stevenson - Howarth, 1,. G. 3vans F.C. flallier R.A. Thompson C.H. Grierson G. Barnes °A.V. Hartnoll, M.10. C.H. Grierson F.WC. Lorgans 4.J Mmlillan J.F. Kenny- Dillon W.J. Mlfllan RANK I .1 I. L D.P.0. Ag:fD.P.0. D.P. 0. D.P.0. D. P.0. A.o. i/o. A.o. i/c. A.O. i/c. A.O. i/c. A.O. i/c. A.0. i/o. D.0. i/c. D.O. D.0. A.D.O. Cadet D.C. D.O. D.C. FROY Kishlngo Knondomo Lajor 2.4.1917 Dec. 1918 Jan. 1919 Sept. 1919 12.5.1920 26.10.1921 25.8.1922 5.3.1925 8.4.1925 5.2.1924 21.5.1925 25.11.1926 12.5.1927 17.11.1927 1.2.1917 June, 1917 Dec. 1918 Jan. 1919 Sept. 1919 15.5.1920 27.10.1921 24.8.1922 6.3.1925 9.4.1925 6.2.192,4 24.5.1925 24.11.1926 13.5.1927 18.11.1928 18.12.1928 18.6.1929 15. 12. 1950 2.6.1932 iA mat, tF % J Im II C4

1 1 XWCORD Or, HJ'DING A7D TÉKING OVM (Contd) TAKEN OVER BY RN_1 FOL 1 TO 1 NATIVE NAIE L.Si. Bracidell S.R.~ Tubb s ,e i4WaN Yl) H. C. N.Mgone X.A.Hf.Kyesi A.K.Ugania 3.S.Kaewende J£,CP mallv P4OC 3* ec. . t4towftr4ftr4ö 4u D.O. D.C. DC DC AC Lav La 64 P.P 25 - 8 - 1947 18 - 12- 1947 25/7/61 1/6/62 15/1/62- . CKI Z1Idr,&t 21/If- 4 -12 -1947 '9.' 1 -- r 22.. 7. ' 5 1/5/62 //i O/f~

GOVERNORS' INSPECTIONS. Utete was first visited by His Exoellency Sir Donald Cameron in May, 1926. This book was not then in existence. The second visit was by His Excellency Sir Harold Mao Michael in October, 1954. 1 1.' .. 2/

PROVINCIAL COMMISSIONERS' INSPECTIONS. This District has often been inspected by Provincial Commissioners on tour but no record of their visits have been made herein and it is for this purpose that I have inserted these pages. AZ A

AN EXTRCT FIU A MI UTE BY IS EXC.L DCY___HI ZVLN It it can be arringel I lo not think that an officer sloull stq more than 1 montus at utets. Whether (9 jae shoul. then get home leave or to be transferrel to another station ipenls on the mater. I shoull say thst, as a rule, it is not worth while senling a man to another station for a few months to oomplete his tour. 0 - M

TIB FOLLOWING HAVI BN ASSISTA TS TO T fl DISTRICT OFFICUR SINCI TW- BRITISH OCCUPATION. NAME RANM FROM TO NATIV3 NMe. F.C. Hallier (Lohoro) A.P.0. 20.10.1917 Aug: 1919 Helia. - Howarth, 1.C. A.P.0. Iay,1918 Jan: 1919 :nondo1io. K. Wvner (L1ohoro) A.P.0. 25.5.1919 25.5.1921 W.F. Slingsby(hloboro) A.P.O. 19.4.1921 Nov: 1922 A V. 1jartnoll, 1I.C A.P.0. 27.11.1922 28.7.1925 Tena. (Lohoro and Utete) C.WTYorgan Cadet 14.7.1925 21.1.1926 Palepale. J.F.B. S3udrll Cadet Jan: 1926 2.7.1926 S.A. Platts Cadet 5.7.1926 15.4.1927 Usinga. C.W. 7organ Cadet 21.5.1927 25.110'1927 Palepale. R.D.H. Arundel Cadet 25.11.1927 4.4.1929 J.R.C. Priddle Cadet 9.4.1929 14.3.1930 Kioibo, G.W.S. Conan-Davis Cadet 15.3.190 15.8.1931 3nde. R.TH.R. Hayne Cadet 6.8.1931 25.9.1932 R.J. Harvey Cadet 21.9.1952 7.2.194 T. 1:. Revington A.D,O. 24.2.1954 13.8.1934 Kipepo. J.V. Shaw Cadet 8.8.1934 5.11.195 C.C. O'Hagan Cadet 15.8.1955 4,11.1957 Kirgi Y P.R. O'Sullivan A.D.O. 2.11,195 17.12.1957 S.R. Tubbsa Cadet . 15.12.1937 12.11.1958 P. Bleackley Cadet 24.8.1948 . 9.11.1938 m - 0-m

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TH3, FOLLOWING D",PARTKMNTAL OFFICERS HAV9 B1N POSTD TO TH3 DISTRICT. A GR I CULT URI. I. Brand D. Prain A.J. Wakefield W.J. Hill A.J. Wakefield T.C. Cairns J. Robertson R. Shaw H. Musk T. Sibly-4arne H. Musk H. Margland J. Robertson H. Marsland A.S. Stenhouse A.H.B. Childs F.J . Ross C.L. Bacroft A.T. Reid A.S. Adamson F.W. B41dock 1.D. Maber T.W. Lewis NA, POST FROM TO D.A.O. S.A.O. D.A.O. D.A.O. D.A.O. Cotton Instructor D.A.O. A.A. D.A.O. A.A. D.A.O. A.O. A.O. A.O, A.O. A.A. F 0 R V S T S. Forester A.C.F. 1925 1924 1927 1928 1950 1950 1951 1951 1955 1936 1955 1956 Nov. Mar. .Feb. Jan, Feb. Mar. Aug. Apr. May. Jan. Apr. Jan. Nov. Nov. 1921 Nov. 1925 June, 1924 Feb. 1927 Nov. 1927 Nov. 1928 Dec. 1929 Apr. 1950 Jul. 1951 Aug. 1955 Jan. 1954 bOt. 1954 Nov. 1955 Sept.1958 Feb. 1958 Mar. 1945 Mar. 1921

TI{ FOLLOWING D1,PARTL:,NTAL OFFICIRS HAV9 B1N POSTD TO THM DISTRICT (Contd.,) F 0 R I S T S ( Contd.,) NAM POST FROM TO D.A. Fletcher R.R. Baldwin A.T. Reid A.S. Adamson F.J. Ross A.T. Reid H.A. Lewis A.T. Reid H. Burrows H. Burrows D.E. Blunt Y.J. Norton J.F. Gabbutt Will Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester Forester G A M[ 3. Cultivation Protector Cultivation Protector Temporary Game Ranger Apr., Miar., Oct., Jan., Jan., Nov., Feb., Jan., Nov., Jan., 1951 1952 1955 1955 1956 1956 1957 1958 1958 1940 May, 1952 Oct. 1955 May, 1954 May, 1955 May, 1956 Mar. 1957 Aug. 1957 July 1958 Apr. 1940

PHYSICAL-(a) climate, (b) Soil, -(c) Geology, (d) Rainfall. Subject Sheet o Compiled and inserted by Date I. 5- J~q d6./eA S I- f. £2O,.//ow4E 3- ,L 3 ?QIAIJCVAC j?ECOA* X I

GENERAL -MOOGRAPHY. Sub-division No. See Map - E.6. The Rufiji River bisects the district from East to West. The river forms a delta with eight mouths on joining the Indian Ocean. The Mohoro River appears to have been the ninth mouth at one period but owing to silt there is now no direct connection with the river. The delta area is mainly comprised of mangrove swamps with isolated sandy areas on which the inhabitants have planted coconuts. The river is tidal to Msomeni Map Ref: E6.L2(b). The Rufiji Valley comences at Usimbe with an uninterrupted break on the north bank up to four miles beyond Nyakanzaw Map Ref: E6.FlS(b) continuing west of Nyakanza on the north bank to the Pangani Rapids, situated on the western border of the district, hills are encountered which preclude that area from being flooded during the heavy rains. The average width of the valley on the north bank is approximately 5 miles. The Kichi Hills in the southern portion of the district reach to the Rufiji River between Mpumbe - Map Ref:E6.K4(b) and Kiwili - Map Ref:E6.K2(b), causing a break in the Valley on the southern bank of river. The Tawi Hills run along the southern border of the district from east to west until they join the Kichi Hills running north an$ south. From the wetern slopes of the Kiohi hills to the Mkumbiro River - a distance of approximately 55 miles - the country is undulating and covered with sparse bush. (Note) The River, where it enters the district in the south-west corner, is named the Nkumbiro until it reaches the Pangani Rapids, and from there, where it makes a right angle turn to the east, it is known as the Rufiji. 2. In the north of the district-are the Magongo Hills inhabited by the Wandngereko. These hills are covered by dense bush and run from the coast to Koge - Map Ref:36J7(a) in the west. The country from Koge to Behobeho on the north-west corner of the district rises gradually and continues into the Kissaki area of the Xorogoro district. 5. The North bank of the old RufiJI River commences at Kooni in the west and runs east via old Mpamganya, Kilimani, Kindunguru, Rusende, Nyipara, Makoge, Nyaringwe, Kipera, ( Mbunju II., Nbunju II., to Muinja. The river follwed Ohis course up to within a few years of the advent of the Germans to the country. The present course was then a small stream. There came a large rush of water which drove the sand before it and comletely block the river at Kooni wvtoithe result that the water found its ptesent course. The flood was ,named 'KIBAKAYA'. For further details regarding floods see topographical and for famine see Census,

Geographical Distribution GlDiERAXP Tribe Sheet No. (Main Tribe, Chiefs and Sub-Chiefs Areas, etc.) R[JFiJI DISTRICT. The bouniaries of the listrict are as follows- on the east the Inian Ocean. on the west the Lubombero River. on the north an Imaginary line running from Mangisani on the coast for 5 miles to the &16 to Sakwai. prom there the bountary runs in a 5-W. lirection to a spot 2 miles north of Uchembe. It then runs lirect to the WsWs to BeboheWo. Eere it turns S.W. to Rugs, ant from there runs south to the Pangani Rapils The southern bounlary commences at Ras Pombwe on the coast, runs in a westerly lirection for 4 miles an then S.W. to the south of Kibaba. prom there it runs for 12 miles ant then N. W. for 3 miles to the south of Mbwaru. It then runs S W. to the north of Ngarambi. prom there it runs N. W. to Mowera sn then west to the Luhomberu River. The ibstrict is ivilel into three tribal area That of the Wantngereko in the north, the warufiji in the centre, ant the Wamatuwbi in the south. Tribal bouniaries run from east to west ant the following bounlaries of the warufiji will alM give the northern nt southern bouniAries of the Vamatumbi ani Waniengereko respectively. The northern bouniary commences in the eat at the Msala mouth of the Delts. It runs S. I to the north of Tunguru, continuing to the south o Ngereni, next it runs for 3 miles north resuming its south westerly itreotion to. the mouth of Tinginawa mnt on to the suth of 3okosso. prom here it turns north passing Nowire, on the west &"I then on to the Luoi River. It follows the Luhol to 3 miles south of Ngulskula ant then runs east to the north of Mromere int then on to the western bouniary of the iletriet. The southern bounlary of the Warufiji commences in the east at Ram Pombwe running west to the north of ipuru. it then runs N.W to Mnanga ant thence eastwarl to the Lubombero River passing mouth of Nyanvikis Bements, Puligansi mn LuheMbero Hill. are The tribal areas are tivilel into Alministrative/sfolows:. The Ventengereko are livilet Into four ares with alministrative contres at Kikeles Sause, N7&njatI ini Kibiti. The Wvaufiji are ivtilel into six areas, with alsmnistrative centres at Ubwer%, Mooro, Nluniu, Rusenie, litas at Kwanewwa. There is no livision of the Wamatumbi who have their alministrative centre at Tawl.

IRM,¶ MYD 13Y MRI. A.V. iir'OLC A/4 I1he three 'IrIbtd taia, desoribed in kfr 1,c iUn~ dewcriT)ti-n cd/d 1/6/28M no longer now exist, as, under Generä1 iftice 113 d/d Byftj54, the ^ePle are now ý,,roupe<' under a single tribal ommail. A map lias been omiap1d shoIsg the approxlmate position of every Ju~sete In the District and the boundaries of the %ib-divisions as In A~uust 1954. DITTI FGF 57Ot/E4.

Physical-Geology Sheet No. I GEOLOGICAL: Structural The following notes, while holding no pretension to being a geological survey, are based on observations made on tour, and deductions have been checked wherever possible. The brief topographical notes show that the distrit consists of a trough of alluvial soils bounded on three sides by hills, the third side being pierced by the river in the west, and the fourth side being open to the sea, and consisting of the Delta area. The manner in which the alluvial trough was formed would appear to have been as follows:The hills -surrounding the trough are of the same formation and character, the flora is identical, and any apparent differences in the type of agriculture followed is due not to differences in soil conditions, but to the varying tribal characteristics. The general hill contours north and south can be pictured as one whole at some period. There are two alternatives as to the manner of formation of the trough, one the.possibility that the present river is the remains of a gigantic river draining a huge land continent, its mouth being considerably more east than the present Delta. This river has then gradually silted up, until the present Rufiji has been formed running both over and between alluvial deposits. But the formation of the river at the Western end of the District does not bear out this supposition, the point of the river called the Pangani Falls (they are not falls but rapids) shows a mass of rock - the basis of the soil formations of the hills - and cutting through this rock the river runs along .a clear cut canal more than thirty yards wide and as it leaves the enveloping hills it widens out to a breadah of 2D - 500 yards and wanders through the alluvial flats. If the present river bed is the remains of an older gigantic river then this canyon - like formation would be impossible. The second supposition is that a gigantic double fault caused a subsidence over an area roughly 15 miles long and.15 broad (in the centre) widening to a breadth of 40 miles near the sea aind the two faults converging into one at the Pangani Falls and thence continuinz n a nnrrnm fiQQawvij,.

- 2- Evidence of this is given in the evidences of volcanic activity running along both sides of the double fault. For example - bordering the southern fault, there are the Chem-chem hot water springs I mile to the south of Utete Boma and situated practically on the supposed fault. On the north fault there are hot sulphur springs near Ngulakula and Lambo, also on the line of supposed fault. This faulting would also account for the formation of the channel at the Pangani Falls - the rock is a hard bluish sandstone and the rock mass displays a perfect example of columnar structure, indicating their one time proximity to eruptive rock. A further step would.be an inrush of the sea, that this did occur may be safely concluded from the presence of salt deposits. Rock salt may be found near Ngaru in the Utete Akidate. At Utete also, the Boma well is very blackish. Following this flooding by the sea, or coinciding with it, it is possible that the joining faults would result in a fissure running inland, which would top the inland lakes and rivers. Alluvial deposits could then gradually expel the sea incursion. And the present trough would be formed. Annual floods and periodic exceptionally great floods, with their consequent silt deposits, may be traced from the river banks during the dry season. These floods, as time has advanced have become less extensive, one reason being that the river has deepened its bed, and carries a greater volume.of water. At the mouth ofthe river occurs the Delta area of most recent formation which is ever extending seawards. Rock Formation:The superficial rock formations of the hills are of the Old Red Sandstone type, with grits occuring here and there. The old red sandstone formation occurs to the north (Magongo) to the south (Matumbi) and (Kichi) of (Tawi) and to the west (Mtanza). Grits may be found more e~pepially in the Matumbi and Kichi Hills to the south and also to the west. Shales of Karoo age are at Ikalinzo. Pudding stone is also found between Nyakisiku and Nkindu (Mtanza) in the west and also in the Kichi hills to the south of the experimenta station such .conglomerates occur in the lower formations as do the grits - exposure having been made by the .usual denudation of the superimposed Old Red Sandstone formations. Coral rock-may be found near the coast north of the Rufiji River.

Special Geological Features Occur at 1. Pangani Falls - snowing columnar structure of the hard sandstone and clear cut narrow channel through which the water races. They should be called Rapids. 2. Ngulakula !,ulphur Springs - About acre in extent showing stalagmites of sulphur, and Fulphurous springs. (Efephants bathe here, and will stand in the hot springs for hours). (See Note (1) p.4) 5. Rock salt hill near Ngaru - " (2) " ") 4. Chem-caem hot water springs - One mile" from Utete.( " " (3) " 5. Limestone of marine organic origin may be found near the coast at Kihita (Kikale) and also near Mohoro, at which places lime is burnt. SOILS. The soils of the district are best divided into topographical areas 1. Hill-lands.(outside the valley) 2. Uplands. (in the valley) 5. Lowlands. (" " " ) Class 1. is the oldest formation and apart from normal weathering and denudation they are completely formed and undergo no change. The soils of hill lands are uniform and their fertility depends on the weathering and washing undergone. The deep red less-weathered soils ape fertile, and carry a thick natural flora. Where denudation and weathering &more complete the soils are poor and have little fertility. Deep red fertile soils are to be found on the hill lands of Magongo and Tawi and parts of the western hills, but the latter have ferile soils. The poor more-weathered soils are to be found on theedges of the hills and extending to the riverine flats such occuring at Ngulakula, and from a point 45 miles north of. Utete extending to Kiale in the

-4 of the hills the greater will be the proportion of sand, and where far removed from the river a uniform sandy soil is formed, of poor fertility and usually carrying short grass and open bush. Where both river and hill-lands are near, then a soil consisting of both sand and alluvial silt, both in patches and alternating layers, is found. The soil of section A. of the Mpanganya Experimental Station is an example of this latter type. Class 3. The lowlands. These are flooded by any normal flood, they are not completely formed, that is, their formation proceeds year by year by the normally flooding and consequent "warping". Such areas can well be imagined as having been lakes in the past which have been silted up fairly quickly (the present Utete lake is forming a lowland area). Such soils may found locally from the extreme west to the sea, but occur in great areas in the east, practically he whole of the soils adining the Rufiji River from Kilindi to the sea being of this type including the Delta which however needs special attention, its peculiailities will be dealt with elsewhere. The lowlands are of great fertility they are usually deep soils but occasionally layers of sand may be found in their subsoils. Nte - (1) Ngzlakala Sulphur Springs. The Springs are actually situated at Hyongon! soxae 3 iles east of Ngulakula. (2) Rock Salt Hill near lg aru. Accor.ing to Stockley (1942) there is no salt deposit at Ngaru; the hot springs at Nyongoni are, however, strongly saline and natives evaporate the water and gain the salt. Ngaru is the nearest village. Stockley, states: "The natives have the m.eans of evaporating the salt in the hot spring itself: it should be ) a simple matter to place a debe or other receptacle above one of the vents and allow the heat of the spring to evaporate the water automatically."

-5 THE GEOLOGY OF RUFIJI DISTRICT, INCLUDING A SMALL PORTION OF NORTHERN KILWA DISTRICT (MATUMBI HILLS). By G.M. Stockley - Geologist. 1. General Topographic Features. 2. General Geology of the Area. 5. The Karroo Beds in Western Rufiji District. 4. The Sulphur Deposits in Northern Rufiji District. 5. The Lignite Occurrences near Kipatimu Mission. 6. List of Works to which Reference is made. During geological investigations carried out in July/August 1942 in Rufiji District and in the Matumbi Hills of Northern Kilwa District certain observations were made and the following account is a short compilation of the writer's own notes and those of previous workers. German geologists had visited the area and their observations are referred to in the various sections. COLQ UNICATIONS: Communications are poor. The best road is that which connects Dar-es-Salaam with Utete, but the section close to the Rufiji valley is commonly flooded during the rainy season. The Utete Ferry functions between the months of June and February. The Nyera Ferry which communicates with the Western Rufiji valley is usually ready in time for the cotton season, namely end of August to February. All the roads are poor; although the Dar-es-Salaam Utete road is repaired by the Public Works Department, it can only be considered a dry season track. The road to Nyakisiku from Utete is usually available for the cotton season. The Utete- lipatiml road, which connects with both Liwale and Kilwa, by way of the Matumbi Hills is very sandy and is often heavy going. There is a road from Utete to Kohoro and Kilwa. Three geological maps illustrate this report: they consist of a geologcal map of the district and the adjacent country, a geological map and sections of thearea traversedl by the writer in the Karroo region in the West-south of the Rufiji, and a geological map of the IKipatimu. (R.C.) Mission area. There is also a sketch of the ar

-6 1. GB11IMLL TOPOGAPHIC i ',"TURES. Rifiji District is governed largely by the Rufiji River and its delta, of which the latter comprises the flats in the centre of the district extending fan-shaped out to the East coast. The Rufiji descends from Ulanga District in the South-west and suddenly drops at the Pangani Rapids in its sharp curve from a North-eastern direction to that directly East. In this area North and South of the Rapids there are several isolated hills, of which Hatambulo (2170), Tagalala and Mtondusi (1580) hills are the principal in the North and Luhembero (750) in the South. All this area is occupied by Karroo rocks. In the South and North-east-central portions of the district there are two groups of hills. In the South stretching from Utete towards Kilwa District the country gradually rises to the Kichi and Matumbi Hills. These hills slope East and North- east, their steeper profiles face South-west and West. It will be shown that the rocks underlying these hills are Jurassic sandstones and grits. The Kichi Hills attain heights of 1500 feet and those of Matumbi as much as 2000 feet above sea level. The valleys in the Matumbi Hills are generally steepsided and flat-bottomed, invariably covered with dense thicket forest. Miombo forest prevails in the hilly country of Kichi. The other area to the North comprises what is termed Magongo, but, although undulating country, it is much lower than the corresponding hilly country to the South. The highest point is approximately 1000 feet above sea level. It is probable that the sandstones underlying this country are of Jurassic age. 2. GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE AREA. List of Geological Formations. Recent and Quaternary: Tertiary (Neogene)

- 7 - Karroo Rufiji Beds. Sandstones and arkosic grits with some System purple marls (Beaufort to Stormberg stages). Ruaha-Hatambulo Beds. Sandstones, conglomerates, arkoses, shales etc (Ecca to Beaufort stages). Basement In Ulanga, South-east Morogoro and North- west Liwale Complex districts. Chiefly gneiss, crystalline schists, marbles and various granulites. The above list of formations shows that Rufiji District is occupied by sediimentary rocks of various ages. The ages of the indivilual formations is gained by a study of the fossil flora and fauna entombed within them. Thus the Karroo rocks, which outcrop) in the Western part of the district and also both in Ulanga and Morogoro districts, are characterised largely by the fossil plants so far discovered. The characteristic plants are cryptogams, such as Equisetales, Filicales, Pteridosperms and Lycopods; but the form-genus is Glossopteris which dates the Lower and 11iddle Karroo. Karroo rocks in this area consist of lacustrine conglomerates, sandstones and grits, and shales. The chief economic mineral found in the Karroo is coal. Jurassic rocks are exposed in the Kichi and IMatumbi Hills in the South-eastern part of Rufiji District and also in the North-eastern portion of Kilwa District. They consist of marine sediments and in this district mainly of grits and sandstones. Their age is determined from the fossils found in the extension of these rocks to the South. The Tertiary rocks have not been studied in any detail owing to the lack of good exposures and their poor economic value. They are, of course, of great interest to the agriculturist as they yield the most valuable soils of the Rufiji valley and coastal regions. In addition to the sediments there are several volcanic dykes and plugs which intrude the Karroo rocks in the Luhembero Hill area in the Western part of the district. They are trachytic phonolites and by analogy with other volcanic rocks they are considered to be of Tertairy age. Other evidence of volcanicity is the existence of hot springs, some of which are sulphurous. In the West there are two hot springs in the Selous Game Reserve at the Eastern foot of Tagalala Hill. Teale determined the temperature'as 5800. and noted that the water was saline. Carbon dioxide gas was evolved with the large volume of hot Water. L.frei hot spring occurs at Nyak lla, about two miles South-east of Utete Boma. I- -~

-6 The writer mcsur.d th. -flow and calculated that some 20,000 gallons of water issue per hour. There is a snall fall of twenty feet just below the spring. The hot sulphur springs in the Luhoi valley will be described in some detail in the sequel. In the Kedai area, "bout se-en miles East of Pangani Rapids, an explosive breccia infilling a vent was found. The material composing the breccia includes sandstones, grits and silicified mrudstones and shales. It is about three quarters of a nile long and is lenticular in shape. It strikes in a North-aest direction. Geological History. The pre-history of this region is one of lake desiccation and the gradual retreat of the sea, with repeated uplift and subsidence, the movements causing which were connected with late Tertiary or Rift Valley tectonies. After the desication of the Karroo lake, which then occupied Western region of the district, the incursion of the sea conm.enced in middle Jurassic times. The Jurassic coastline then stretched from Ngerengere on the Central Railway South- eastwards to West of the Matumbi Hills and the sea gradually retreated during Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, until thecoastline occupied a site somewhat East of the present coast. Mafia Island was once connected with Tanganyika, probably as an extension of the Rufiji delta. Its separation was produced by the subsequent drowning of the coastal belt in late Pleistocene times. The uplift of the African littoral was accompanied by certain dislocations which influenced much of the evolution of the earlier topography. The Pangani Rapids and the Rufiji Gorge were effected by the two North-west faults situated respectively above and below the rapids. As a result of the faulting, the region, East of a line from Behobeho to Mpangq, s4bsided at least fifty feet, while West of M3kalinzo another subsidence lowered the country to the South-west. During these movements the river was endeavouring to carve its way down to an even grade and the level of the flats has since retreated from Mpanga to its present position just below the rapids. The Proto-Rufiji was thus compelled first to work North-westwards along the strike fault above the rapids and against the dip of the rocks, and thence by way of major joint planes found its outlet direct to the plains to the East. It is probable that the Eastern fault is principally responsible for the rapids, the downthrow of fifty feet corresponds to the actual difference of-levels above and below the rapids.

- 9 - 5. THE KARROO BEDS INl WESTEM RUFIJI DISTRICT. For many years Karroo rocks have been known to outcrop in the Rufiji River area South-east of Kissaki. The Germans explored this area in some detail and it was for a long time a favourite region for big game hunting. In 1894 the German geologist Lieder traversed the Northern bank of the river close to the Pangani Rapids. In the Sumbadzi gorge close to the rapids he found two plant fragments, but unfortunately they were lost. Bornhardt who followed him in 1897 mapped the area from Vuga Hill, between the Rufiji and Kissaki, to the Ruaha River, including areas on both banks of the river. Most of the early work has been summarised by the writer (1936) and needs no repetition here. Bornhardt could discover no coal and judging from the geology described by him its presence was considered as improbable. The beds were considered to lie horizontally, but the base was not observed, although Bornhardt considered it to lie undisturbed upon the gneiss. By analpgy with other areas it was considered to be bounded by faults. Janensoh visited the area at a later date and published his results in 1927; he raised the question of a younger age for the beds lying in 'the Luhembero Hill country, where Bornhardt had previously discovered the presence of young Tertiary volcanic dykes penetrating Karroo rocks. At Ukalinzo Janensoh discovered some fossils in a greenish fine-grained sandstone which contained some plant remains, identified by the palaeontologist Prof. W. Gothan, as Janenschia obscura and at Mkumbi his party obtained the ostracod Estheriella bornhardti. Again at Mkumbi in the bed of-the SuMbadzi river he found 1i caeous sandy shales with comminuted plant remains, among whih were Equistales, Glossopteris sP.,cf. Bothrodendron leglid Seward and Sphenopteris b He also ( records that Lieder was the first to discover at the Sunbadzi River close to its junction with the Rufiji soft laminated sandstones, somewhat micaceQus with small remnants of plants of plants most of which were stems of Equisetales. He states that, "Bornhardt observed in the valley depression of the Sumbadzi, clay-shales and

- 10 - The-object of the writer's visit was to locate a reported occurrence (1937) of coal at the Pantani Rapids and to investigate its potentialities, for commercial exploitation. The Geological Structure of the Karroo Beds. A geological map and two sections illustrate the results of the traverses in the LMpanga-LIkalinzo-Luhembero Hill region made by the writer. The lowermost beds are found at Kondo on the RUtiji about 1.85 miles North-east of Mpanga. A small quarry has been opened up and a small section also occurs on the river bank. The dip is about 7 to the gouth-west. This outcrop is North- west of a small krantz forty feet high seen on the NyakisikuMpanga track, and it lies close to the fault which marks the Karroo boundary. Here medium-grained micaceous, pinkish to greyish, sandstones contain grey shale pellets, in which are embedded carbonized plant fragments. The sandstone has nodular aspect and fractured surfaces exhibit lustre-mottling. All the area around Mpanga is very sandy and it in therefore assumed that the sand is derived by weathering from these sandstones for no other rocks outcrop until Utungi, two miles and a half North-west by West of Mpanga. Dips are seen to vary between East and South-east, and it must therefore be concluded that a slight sy-Alinal fold has bent the beds. The beds, however, resume their South-west to westerly attitude between Utungi and Kedai. These basal sandstones, outcropping in the Utungi and Kedal area, are either buff calcareous sandstones, often flibby2and wel~lbededi or tkodulre,-zai eous- .calcareouis tandstone&. ..fOne mileAndi a. quarterl5&s~t Ksd au4Wno* eersj6hx,. grits overlie the calareous sandstones. Overlying the grits are fine- grained greenish sandstones containing plant fragments, among which the following have been identified: Glossopteris indica Schimper Glossopteris communis Feistmantel Gangamopteris cyclopteroides Feistmantel S hieoneura gondwanenst Feistmantel and equisetaceous leaf sheaths and stems. Further West greenish shales and f'lagstones outcrop overlain by massive and thiqk grits. In the shales the folloing pants we idetified;

- 11 Glossopteris indica Schimper Schizoneura sp. and equisetaceous stem fragments. west of Kedai another series of greenish shales, flagstones and fine-grained sandstones lie intercalated between massive grits and coarse sandstones. Within the greenish shales a grey shale bed yielded a number of plant fragments and carbonized stems, among which the following have been recogpised: Glossopteris communis Feistmantel Glossopteris conspicua Feistmantel Glossopteris retifera Feistmantel Schizoneura of gondwanensis A leaflet of either 1dontopteris or Neuropteris, and many fragments of equisetaceous leaf sheaths and stems. Other horizons were found in these shales containing carbonized leaf remains but the enation and vascular bundles have been obliterated, rendering identification impossible. The hilly country between Kedai and Hkalinzo consists of massive grits and coarse sandstones dipping gently to the South-west and West. The banks of the Rufiji River, between the fault North of Mkalinzo and three miles West of Kedai, are occupied by massive coarse sandstones and grits. At the Pangani Rapids massive and well-jointed coarse sandstones form a small gorge about one hundred feet high. Close to the swift sliding river the sandstone is coated by a thin film of limonitic iron oxide, which has become highly polished by the action of the swift moving waters. This polished black appearance of the sandstone has suggested the possibility, to some observers, that the rock has been 'baked;' but such coating by iron oxide in the vicinity of streams is a common phenomenon. Above the rapids the Rufijiduring the' months of low water, flows through a narrow rocky channel not more than thirty yards wide. During the months of heaviest rainfall the gorge must be an impressive sight; natives state that it swells enormously and rises some fifty feet above t low water mark. The record it is said is some eighty feet above the dry en flow.

- 12 Glossopteris indica Schimper Glossopteris cf retifera Feistmantel Glossopteris spp. and equisetaceous stems and leaf sheaths. This outcrop occurs one mile and a quarter South of ]ikalinzo. One third of a mile East of the Government Camp this shale was again found and the following plant fragments inclueded Glossopteris of indica Schimper Glossopteris conspicua Feistmantol and equisetaceous stems. rFrom a sandy buff-coloured shale one mile and a quarter on the Mkindu road the following plant fragments were recognised, Glossopteris of indica Schimper Glossopteris conspic Feistmantel and equisetaceous stems-iand leaf sheaths. Glossopteris was again found on both banks of the Hami River which cuts the iikindu road three miles East of 11kalinzo. On the West bank in a pale buff- coloured sandy shale both Gl& conspicua and GI. indica were identified. The proof of the Mkalinzo fault is revealed by the following facts, (a) the repetition of the greenish shales, flagstones and fine-grained sandstones with their fossils, (b) by the presence of a fault breccia on the face of which slickensided surfaces indicate a down throw to the South-west, and (o) by a topographic feature. Teale found evidence of faulting in the Sumbadzi river and the extension of the Mkalinzo fault North-westwards coincides with the dislocation seen in the Sumbadzi. The presence of an unconformity, as indicated in the second geological section, is unproved; but the writer observed the unconformity of similar sandstones in the Vikindu area, to the South-west of Mkalinzo. The correlation of the Rufiji Beds with those seen around Luhembero Hill and Mkindu is based on lithological similarity and the presence of abundant fossil wood. These silicified tree trunks strongly resemble those seen by the writer higher up the Rufiji and in Liwale District.. They are referred to Dadoxylon dantzii. Janensch, who visited this area, also remarked upon the .ithological difference between the lindu rocks and those outcropping on the banks of the Rufiji. The presence of purplish marls intercalated within the sandstones supports the correlation.

- 13 The rest of the track fro.,a the Haui River to Mpanga via 11kindu is sandy and no outcrops occur. Sandstones outcrop at a village to the South-west of M4kindu, but from thence South-wards no rocks outcrop for many miles. To what stage may the Karroo rocks in this region be referred? The presence of Gangamopteris in the lowest fossil horizon suggests that East of Kedai the beds may be referred to the Ecca stage, that is Upper.Carboniferous and not to the Permian. Both Neuropteris and Odontopteris extend from the Upper Carboniferous into the Permian. On the other hand Glo ssoteris retifera has a narrow range and is confined to the Lower Beaufort. The genus Glossopteris is, of course, confined to both the Ecca and Beaufort stages. It is therefore evident that those beds outcropping East of Kedai belong to the Ecca stage and those West of Kedai to the Lower Beaufort stage. Thus the palaeontoloSical evidence points to the probability that the main coal horizon (if any) of the Karroo is either absent or occurs beneath the sandstones outcropping between Kedai and Mpanga, where the base is not seen. The Prospects for finding Coal in Western Rufiji District. It has been shown that no coal occurs in the area South of the Rufiji, between Mpanga and Mkalinzo. The nearest approach to coal are the thin shale intercalations containing abundant fragments of comminuted Glossopteris and equisetaceous stems. Teale found a small lenticle of good gas coking coal in the Sumbadzi River and the writer has looked up Teales's original field notes and extracted the following. Teale started from Nlgerengere and approached this region from the Mgeta River and Mkulazi in the North. He walked over a good deal of the country and his work may be considered as a good supplement to the original fine work of Bornhardt. Definite evidence of a fault forming the North-east boundary was found between Behobeho and the ( Rufiji, at the Eastern foot of the Tagalala Hills. Evidence of faulting in the vicinity of Viranzi in the North, where the Western boundary of the Karroo is faulted against the Basement Complex, was also found. Teale noted basal conglomerates, purplish-red in colour and purple mudstones in the Viranzi stream sections. These rocks apparenly underlie Bornhardt's basal rocks (vide correlation table) and judging by the included gneiss pebbles the base of the Karroo is not far from t surface. Search was made in a larce number of stream and hill sections. Teale.also

- 14 His observations between Mpanga and the Sumbadzi River, along the Northen bank of the Rufiji, closely resemble those of the writer, although not so many fossil plant horizons were discovered. Tealds notes in the Sumbadzi River area are of interest as he found overfolding and crushed breccias further to the West, in addition to that referred to above. Glossopteris sp. was found in shales just South of Mtondusi, ten miles to the West of the faulted' boundary near Mpanga on the iorthern bank of the Rufiji; and also in the Sumbadzi River at several localities, below the junction of that river with the Mhumbi stream. Intensive searching did not yield any coal seams. In 1931 the writer explored the country around and East of Vikindu village, above the confluence of the Ruaha with the Rufiji. The base of the Karroo was found in the Kindangalila stream South-west of the village. Here massive reddish conglomerates with large boulders of gneiss rest on the Basement Complex. They are overlain by arkoses with small shale intercalations, which in turn are overlain by shales, and thin limestones and greenish fine-grained sandstones. There is a continuous section and some 1150 feet thick of beds are exposed. To the North this sequence is interrupted by fault, while to the South, the whole succession is overlain unconformably by feldspathic sandstones and purplish marls. The latter rocks, named by thewriter as the Rufiji.Bedseontinue up the Rufiji valley and occupy vast regions of Liwale and Ulanga districts. No coal has yet been found in the Rufiji Beds, and no coal of economic thicknesses was found by either Teale, Bornhardt, Lieder, or Janensch in this Western Rufiji (and adjoining areas) District. From the observations so far made it seems that the structure of the Karroo is not simple. Basal rocks occur on the Ruaha River and at Viranzi in the North. Dip angles suggest that the Karroo is folded into a major syncline with its axis * CJ lying in a North-west direction and pitching South-east towards Mpanga. vidence has been submitted that shows that this syncline has been out up by several faults. It is therefore probable that the compete sequence hs not yet been determined and that some beds have been cut out and that they may include a coal seam. The presence of hidden seams can only be proved by deep boring in seleted localities.

- 15 The geological survey should bring out precise stratigraphic markers, which will aid in the correlation of the various sequences and thus reveal if any beds are missing. In consideration of the researches already made in this region the prospects for finding economic coal seams are not very promising. 4. THE SULPHUR DEPOSITS IN NORTHERN RUFIJI DISTRICT. The sulphur deposits are situated ibout eighty miles South of Dar-es-Salaam: by road they are about ninety miles from the capital and about four to five miles East of the Utete road. There are two occurrences; the one, an impregnated sandstone at Wingayongo Hill and the other about three to four miles to the North-west, the Nyongoni Hot Sulphur Springs in the Luhoi river valley. Koert in his summary of the geology of Tanganyika (then German EastAfrica) 1915, states that, "At Wingayongo there are flatlying sulphur-bearing sandstones, which on account of their similarity with occurrences South of the Rufiji appear to be upper Jurassic." In the following year the Bulleting of the Imperial Institute published an article entitled, Economic Resources of the German Colonies (Vol.xl.No.4. 1914) which refers to the presence of sulphur in this area. , p . The sandstones of Wingayongo are impregnated with sulphur, crystals of which occur in the cavities of the rock. The amount of sulphur present in the sandstone is stated to be too low to make the rock workable as a source of sulphur.'" Both of these occurrences are located near to a motor road, which is traversable for nine months in the year. Within recent years a short bransh motor road (now disused) of five miles was constructed connecting Kibiti and Ngaru. Ngaru is one mile and a hald North of Wingayongo Hill, and the latter is about three to four miles Northeast of the Nyongoni Hot Spring. Kibiti is a Native Administration Centre and is eighty miles South-east by South of Dar-es-Salaam. For transport purposes it might be less expensive to convey the prepared material to Kikale, North of the Rufiji delta and about twenty five miles East of Kibiti. From Kilale to Dar-es-Salaam it could be carried by dhow. As the region surrounding both occurrences is well forested adequate supplies both of wood and small timber are available.

- 16 - The Nyongoni Hot Sulphur Springs. These springs are correctly marked on the 1:500,000 scale, E6, 11ohoro map, on the Northern bank of the Luhoi River. They occur below the main bank of the valley and abovc the actual river channel. Local natives state that in the rainy season the river washes around the base of the small cones from which the several hot springs issue. During the rains elephant often visit the springs and according to A. 7akefield, Agricultural Officer, enjoy bathing in the hot water and will stand in the hot springs for hours. The springs are a little difficult to get at without a native guide, as there is no track direct to them except by that from Ngaru which passes close to them. Native guides can be obtained from the Jumbes at Kiguli and at Dimani villages, on the motor road North of the Luhoi river. The springs cover an area of about four hundred feet by three hundred and fifty feet. They occur in the sandy alluviumh of the main valley and are completely hidden in the tall papyrus grass and surrounded by forest. A small outcrop of sandstone is exposed below the springs and near to the Luhoi River channel, but with the exception of the calcareous tufa forming the spring cones no other rocks occur. The writer counted some thirty points of ebullition and all these boiling springs issue from small calcareous vents. The tufa forming these cones is being deposited contemporaneously with the issuing water. The inner portions of the vents and the the streamlets flowing away from the cones are lined at water edte with small crusts of a pale yellow sulphur deposit. It is probable that some calcium carbonate contaminates the sulphur, precipitated at the same time. The water is boiling and has a clear bluish colour, when viewed from above a vent; but it is not potable. "' Neither gaseous sulphuretted hydrogen nor sulphur dioxide emanate from theboiling springs, but a slight sulphurous smell is noticeable in the area itself. ' Surrounding the calcareous tufa cones is a flattish sandy area devoid of vegettation sloping slightly to the river channel, and across this area several streamlets maketheir way. Through this and myriads of micro-vents penetrate and films of sulphur are deposited therein. The hot springs are considered to be connected with recent vulcanism althoug no volcanoes or volcanic rocks are actually known in this area. Tertiary volanic dykes are known from the Western portion of the district in the vicinityofy he o b * Hill and Ilkindu.

17 The writer found an explosion vent with silicified bruccia cutting through Karroo grits; and this may be taken as a volcanic i.anifestation. On general grounds it is probable that these springs are connected with Tertiary volcanic activity. It is possible that both this Hot Sprin: and that occurring East of Utete are connected with Quaternary faulting, but there is no direct evidence to support this suggestion. A large quantity of hot water, with a high salt content, flow away from the springs and a certain amount of sulphur is precipitated as soon as the temperature of the water falls, but the sulphur content appears to be very small. The proportion of sulphur in the sand and in the calcareous tufa appears to be too low for commercial exploitation. Wingayongo Sulphur bearing Sandstone. With the eception-of a coastal strip the only rock that is exposed in Northern Rufiji and Southern Temeke districts occurs on Wingayongo Hill. A small patch of sandstone, similar to that at Wingayongo, occurs - close to the hot spring at N.ongoni, but natives state that no rocks outcrop until the the c'oast is reached at Kihita Hill near Kikale in the East and in the West close to the Selous Game Reserve. Wingayongo Hill consists of a more or less flat-bedded sandstone, medium- grained and dead-white in: colour. The sandstone is cut by both vertical and horizontal joints, which latter may be parallel "with the bedding planes. The topographic feature, forming the ridge stretching Northwards from Wingayongo Hill towards Kibiti and facing Eastwards, suggests either a fault scarp or a dip towards the West and North-west. It is probable that a fault is responsible for the scarp facing Eastwards, downthrowing , the area to the East, where a flat plain stretches to the sea. Wingayongo Hill is not more than fifty feet above the level of the North-Loi track which passes close to the hill. The sandstone is limited to a small area of 120,000 square feet, that is a little less than a quarter of a sQuare mil.

- 18 Sulphur occurs in the cracks and joints of the sandstone both as encrustations and small infillings. Masses of sandstone, when broken or fractured, often reveal tiny vugs of sulphur. The sandstone is also impreganted for a short distance from the joint or cleavage surace where it ap ears to replace the original calcareous cement. In addition to sulphur a blackish hydrocarbon is associated with the sulphur and this ingredient must be considered as having a delereious effect. It adds to the difficulty of obtaining a clean separation. Both the sulphur and the hydrocarbon are not limited to any special stratum but appear to have emanated from depth. "1n analysis of the balckish hydrocarbon is given in the Bulletin of the Imperial Instituter previously referred to in another section. It is as follows, "An occurrence of material described as bitumen has been observed at Wingayongo Hill. I gave on analysis, Carbon ...... 20.29% Hydrogen ...... i.750 Oxygen ...... 0.99" Nitrogen ...... 102 Sulphur ...... 1.89" Water ...... 1.85" Asha ...... 72.21" The high percentage of carbon and the low percentage of hydrogen in the ash free portion of this material would appear to indicate that it is more in the nature of coaly material than true bitumen: and the occurrence is not such as can be regarded as an indication of the presence of petroleum." The association of an hydrGaon with the sulphur is of interest. On general grounds it is safe to conclude that the sulphur has originated from a deep- seated source, that is accompanying juvenile emanations. Small amounts of hydrocarbons have been known to occur in volcanic rocks. p-seated material ejected by Vesuvius in 1904 contained hydrocarbons. Hydroarbons are found in the Drakensberg lava in South Africa and Basutoland and some authorities consider

- 19 A small mass of sandstone, considered to be in situ is partly hidden by blocks by sand washed down the hillside. As in the hill occurrence the sulphur occurs in the joints and in the sand in the depression. It is also associated with the black material containing hydrocarbons, which appears to be admixed with the sand. This occurrence needs opening up before any reliable estimate can be made. It is probable, however, that it is comparable with the Wingayongo Hill deposit. No analyses have been made of the sulphur content in the sandstone and an estimate of the probable quantity available must therefore wait: but the indications fo not suggest any workable deposit. Age of the Sulphur. Both Koert and Bornhardt consider these sandstones to be of Jurassic age. The sands derived from the weathering of the sandstones Bornhardt considered to be of Tertiary age and places them in the Kikindani Beds. On a map showing the solid geology, it is evident that he thought these sands to be purely eluvial in origin: and therefore there is no reason why all these sand hills should not be mapped as Jurassic. Although there is no direct palaeontological evidence to prove their age these sandstones seem to be continuous with those of Matumbi hills to the South, which have been proved on plaeontological grounds to be of Upper Jurassic age. As the sulphur occurs both in the sand and the sandstone it must be considered to be younger than the sands: that is it is post Mikindani Beds. The presence of a sulphur spring active in the near vicinity suggests a common origin and it is, therefore, probable that the sulphur is sub-recent if not of recent age. 5. THE LIGNITE OCCURRENCES NEAR KIPATIMU MISSION. Kipatimu (R.C.) Mission is situated in the heart of the Matumbi Hills in Northern Kilwa District, not far from its boundary. -It is. forty-four miles from Utete and a motor road connects the two localities. Reports of the presence of lignite (brown coal) in this area made it imperative to investigate the possibilities of these depositi as a source of fuel. Geology of Kipatimu Mission area. Traverses were made in. three directions (a) South-wes to the Tawa River and Mango Cave, (b) North-east to Bulwer Stre re lignite had

- 20 Most of the exposures are found either in the larger streams such as the Bulwer and Ngwina or along native tracks. Good sections occur on the H1anleter motor road. Practically the whole of the Matumbi Hills is covered by a dense bush and most of the flat-bottomed valleys yield no or very poor sections. The lowest rocks consist of massive oolitic limestones with a variable sand content. Interbedded within the limestones are calcareous sandstones, which pass laterally into limestones and vice versa. Above the Kwandule Gorge, to the Southwest of Kipatimu Mission, about two hundred and fifty feet above the streum, is a richly fossiliferous calcareous sandstone. The oolitic limestones contain numerous fossils, but the majority are rhynchonellids and terebratuloids; the calcareous sandstones on the other hand are rich in mollusca and some corals. In the Tawa River close to Maengo Cave the following have been identified in the oolitic limestones, Zeilleria (Ornithella) depressa Sahni (among other terebratulids) Kallirhynchia concinna (J.Sow.) Astarte of voltzi Ziet. Pecten sp. At Kwandule Gorge the following fossils were collected from the oolitic limestones just above the river, Zeilleria XOrnithella) depressa Sahni (among other terebratuloids) Kallirhynchia conoinna (J.Sow.) Rhynchonella of praestans C.Reed and Rhynchonella sp. Pecten sp. Berpulae. From the calcareous molluscan bed above the oolitic limestones the following mollusea have been identified, Trigonia of duplicata Sow. Trigonia v costata Lycett. Trigonia sp. Astarte seemani de Lor Astarte a, Pecten s, Pecten (Camptonecte) M., If Ceromy 2 An aptychus of a gastropod and numerous internal casts of what appear to be Pleuromya . and Pholadomya Overlying the oolitic limestones and fossiliferous calc areous sqndtones are a series of soft buff sandstones with occasional purplish-red mdstones. Within the sandstoQnes two nodular caceosbdweefn, the one enrot to the Bulwer stream and the otep utblwHneeIsin Bt fteebd contain numerous ostria an nta0t5.dt w pcmeso iat

- 21 were recognised. Within the sandstones casts of tree branches are comaonly found and in many localities fossil (calcified) wood was picked up, obviously weathered out of the sandstones. In the Bulwer Stream fossil tree trunks were found in situ associated with the sporadic fragments and miniature seams of lignite. Carbonized woody fragments were noted in many localities in all horizons of the sandstones. The sandstones are usually massiye, current-bedded and contain lenses cemented by calcite. Within one of these harder lenses the following fossils were collected on the Nandete motor road, about two miles North-west of Kipatimu Mission, Modiolus sp., Gryphaea sp., Ostrea sp., Astarte sp., internal casts of Pleuromya sp., and what appears to be Echinotis echinata (W.S -th The last mollusc has the ornamentation characteristic of that form but as the hinge area is not discernible the identification is uncertain. This sandstone is remarkably like that collected at above Kwandule Gorge, although its stratigraphical position must be higher. The Geological Age of the Kipatimu Beds. The above fossil assemblage indicates that these rocks are of Upper Jurassic age and it seems most probable that they may be assigned to the lower stages namely from Bajocian to Argovian. The rhynchonellids represented by Kallirhynchia and Rhynchonella of praestans indicate a Bathian stage. Pecten (Camptonectes) lens Sow. is considered a distinctive fossil of the Stonesfied Slate and the specimen collected closely resembles this species. the Trigonias suggest the stages; for Tr. duplicata and Tr.V costata are characteristic of the English Inferior Oolite (Bajocian and Vesulian stages). Zeilleria (Ornithelia) depressa comes from the Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian stages of India; but according to Sahni (1939) there is some uncertainty with regard to its ( systematic position. It is possible that it may be eventually relegated to the Upper Inferior Oolite (Vesulian stage). The small Astarte voltzi is known from the middle Jurassic and therefore suggests a. relationship with the older stages., The larger Astartes are rearbly like those known from the Inferior Oolite but owing to the diagnostic features being obscure

The oolitic limestones may therefore be assigned to the Inferior Oolite, or Bajocian and Vesulian stages. The Lignite Occurrences. There are three localities in the Kipatimui Mission area where lignite has so far been discovered. The largest is found in the Bulwer Stream, on the main Kibata track, which crosses the stream about three miles and a half North-east of the Mission. A small seam a few inches thick is seen in a small cave or overhanging ledge. Most of the rock enclosing the lignite is sandstone with harder rock formed by a calcareous cement. Fossil wood or fragments of tree trunks are associated with the lignite; some of the wood is carbonized and shows no organic structure. Much of the wood is calcified. -A traverse, above and below the track-crossing, following the stream beds yielded no further occurrences, although the rock cuttings are numerous. Bulwer stream was followed down to its junction with the Ngwina and the latter was followed up back to the track-crossing. In neither case was any further outcrops of lignite seen. Local natives showed the writer two other occurrences, the on in a tributary valley of the Bulwer about one mile and a half abovu the track-crossing. At this spot a coarse sandstone contains a small fragment of carbonized wood, but there are no indications of any other ligniferous wood occurring near. The third lignite occurrence reported to the writer was located at a village called Mwika, which is situated about three miles and three quarters North-west of Kipatimu Mission. A small lens of lignite in soft current-bedded sandstones was found: the largest slab was two to three inches thick and two to three feet long.> The examination of the Bulwer and Ngwina stream sections, which are developed along the strike, and the excellent road section on the Nandete (and beond) road, which are developed across the strike diagonally, shows that no lignite seam occurs. The occurrences of lignite so far unearthed prove to be small sporadic fragments without continuity and with no suggestion that a seam may be found. Finally the palaeontological evi-dence shows that these sandstones are marine with some deltaic intercalations, but the prevailing conditions of deposition exhibited by these rocks were either off-shore or bordering on deltaic conditions. The impression gained during this study is that the general horizon was either deep marine as suggested by the oolitio limestones or less deep

Barker, R. de Bornhardt, W. Cox, L.R. Janensch, W. Koert, W. Sahni, M.R. Stockley, G.IM - 25 6. LIST OF WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE. la B.1957.The RVfiji River. Tanganyika Notes and Records. No.4. pp.10 - 16. 1900. Zur Oberflachengestaltung und Geologie Deutsch-Ost-afrikas. Deutsch-Ost-Africa, Band VII. Berlin. 1940. The Jurassic Lamellibranch Fauna of Kuchh (Ciftch). Pal. Indica, Series 11. Vol.III. Part 5, pp 92 - 96. 1927. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Karru Schichten im bitlichen Deutsch-Ostafrlka. Palaeontographia. Suppl.VIII Reihe, Teil I,P; 107.. 1913. Ergebnisse der neuren geologischen Forschung in den deutsch ostafrikanishen Schutsgebeiten. Berlin. 1959. The Mesozoic Braohiopoda of the Banu District. Pal. Indica. New Series. Vol, XXVII Memoir No.l. p.8. 1956. A Further Contibution on the Karroo Rocks of Tanganyika Territory. Q.J.G.S., Vol.10II. pp. 1 - 51. ------

- 24 - 4-' 0 r_4ä+ a> 4 0 0C 0 00~0 4 H( 0 l 0 . r4 o o ci4 -9L 0 Vii 0I 1 4m 4, >4) r -1 1-" ed~ tio 0 0 4> 000 .~ -~ ~ ~ 0 *r4~ .q-~ 43 4 0 443 Cd q as o gr-I4 03~ U)'~1-4 00 m 3 ta c e/ Q)0 1 (n > <*24 14 ~c Pi cn 04 4a +n 3 . . räl .1 4049. 0 433 4 4(1 43 0 ý 0 124. co ca> .-4 0 0 o 00 Q) 0s as +' C'i4 90 41-4 P, -4 V 0.l ta-4 cl c ) d A C >4-0 t-

GEOLOGICAL MAP 0ý RUFiJI DISTRICT AND ADJACENT AREAS -th- Idt 000,000

GEOLOGICAL RECONNVSSANCE MAP OF THE MPANGA.MKALINZO AREA, WESTERN RUFIJI CT ilt jý F^ 8 F-6 J*IONS EXPLAJNINr, 57RU,

ýi h GEO, Oýýy oF < LIGNITF OCC',jw:ý ý,rgS ScAIE,0ý iNýE INCH I.Idex up.Ék, "PASSIC BEDS b~t,. lt-.ý A N D U f, 061M. GAV£ RUFIJI RIVER FLOODS. There is little exact data about Rufiji River floods but there is evidence that floods sufficiently great to endanger human life occurred during last century. One is said to have caused the river to change its course from the north edge of the valley to the south edge about 1875 in the region north of Utete. Another such flood, which caused a second change of course in the same region, is said to have occurred just after the German occupation of this area, about 1890. Floods which have occurred during the present century are well remembered, and are given special names, although the names may differ in different parts of the valley. (a) The 1905 flood is known as "Faya". This is the local name for a machine-gun, and the flood is remembered by that name because natives saw such a gun for the first time in that year, in use during the "Maji-maji" rebellion. (b) The 1917 flood, the largest in living memory, is remembered as "Ndege", because natives saw aeroplanes for the first time that year. In parts of the delta it is called "Konombo" after a steamer which entered far into the delta whers at the height of the flood. (o) The 1950 flood is called "Lilale" meaning famine, in memory of the famine conditions which resulted from the floods. ... J " ' (d) The 1936 flood is known as "Ifakara" because a large canoe was swept away from Ifakara and retrieved at Utete (It is now in the Nyera ferry). 2. A river gauge was first used at Mpanganya Experiment Station in 1926 in order to study river behaviour. It was used 'mtil June, 1958, when the station was closed down. At that time a gauge was set up at Zombe Experiment Station, 12 miles east of Mpanganya. The two gauges were oorrblated before the Mpanganya one was abandoned, but it must be noted that the river is narrower at Mpanganya than at Zombe, so that the readings cannot be strictly comparable. Actually, a quick rise and fall of the river level at Mpanganya records a smaller rise and fall at Zombe, but maintained high levels at Mpanganya result in a higher rise being recorded at Zombe, This is probably explained by a flattening out of the river fall at or below Zombe. 5. A close study of river behaviour together with the available rainfall statistics fram the Rufiji catobment was made by Mr. R.de Z. Hall, Ag. District Officer, Rufiji, in 1957, and he indicates the following time-lag between up-country rainfall and the reaction of the river to such rainfall at Mpanganya river gauge:RAINFALL 'AT:- T 0-LG Mahenge - Kiberege 2 to 5 days falling to less thai two days when the river is in spate.

- 2- RAINFALL AT:- TIME-LAG:Iringa and vicinity 6 to 8 days dropping to 5 days when the river is in spate. Malangali 7 to 10 days dropping to 6 days. Njombe and Songea 9 to 12 days dropping to 7 days. 4. It is not possible to predict river behaviour with any accuracy, because it depends more upon the distribution of the up-country rainfall than on total precipitation. This is shown by the 1957 flood which was well above average, but the rainfall in the Rufiji catchment was 9% below average in that year. Again, if all tht main tributaries of the river produce normal floods simultaneously, then there will be an excessive flood in the Rufiji valley, because it is unusual for all the tributaries to.be in high flood at one and the same time. 5. From the point of view of the Rufiji dwellers, the duration of the floods is just as important as the height to which they rise. This is clealy shown if the floods of i930, 1955 and 1950 are studded. In 1955, the loods rose quickly, maintained high levels for a vsrrsbort period, and them receded just as quickly. No appreciable damage was done exoept'in the west of the valley. In f950 and 1958, the levels recorded on the gauge f XpaiuV'a were little different from those of 1955, but high levels were maint df a long period and both floods were disast*rous. Actualy tha*19O peak 1evel was 6 inches lower that the 1955 peak level, and the 1956 pea 2#vel Wgonly one inch more than the 1955 peak level. The explanation of ts beaou lear when the sections of the vplle.V made in 1928 by Mr. Telford (Report, on the Deyelopment of the Rufiji and Kilombero Valleys by Alexander M. Ielord) are studid. Generally the river banks are slightly higher than much of the surrounding country. If therefore, extensive flooding is to take place, the i1ter evel must remain above the level of the banks for some time. This a40 3 why up-river areas may experience damage to crops, wtle down-river areas may get very little rise in water level if the flood recedes quiciky AU depre; ssions and backwaters 'in the up-river areas must have time 'toi ap , mletely before down-river areas will experioe floods, and thii taki t1sal"If the. floods reach eastern areas at the tine of the spring tide, that-the delta will. be extensively flooded.

-5- 6. It must also be realised that the valley is narrow in the west and wide in the east, so that the rise of the river is greatest in the west. At the Pangani Rapids there is evidence that a rise up to 80 feet is usual in the flood season. At Mpanganya, the difference between the lowest recorded dry season level and the highest recorded flood level is 17 ft. 9 ins. and in the east of the valley where not affected by the tides, it is doubtful if the rise caused by an excessive flood is more than 8 or 10 ft. 7. FLOODS IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURE:- After the floods recede, excellent crops of cotton, maize and pulses can be obtained from the flood lands. Such crops are called "LAO" crops, the word being the name of the seasob - the end of the rains at which planting takes place. These crops mature in the dry season without rainfall. The irlier they can be carried out after the floods recede the better. A flood which recedes in April, or early May allows early planting and very good crops can be obtained, especially if the grass had been cleared from the field before the onset of the floods. 8. Extensive floods mean extensive floodland plantings. This must not be mistaken for increased cultivation. It is only the native method of trying to compensate himself for the loss of his rice crop destroyed by the floods. Generally it is the land which would have borne a rice cropwhich is planted. In some areas there are fields which flood every ye= and natives prepare such fields for MLAO planting with cotton and food crops before the onset of the floods. Others depend onlight floods in their rice fields, and before the rice harvest, they plant their maize and cotton in * ~ the mature' rice. The rice is the main crop; the others are catch crops in the eyes of the natives. This explains why destruction of the rice crop usually means very extensive floodlend plantings of cotton and a large ncrease in cotton production. e~ear To get a large rice crop and a large cotton crop in any on__s very diffict. 9. It has been noted that the behaviour of the river is unpredictable, so that natives should never be encouraged to depend upon floodland plantings. Cotton is not a popular crop, and natives when asked to plant it will say they are waiting for the 1LAO season to plant it. If this is allowed and no Mods are experienced, therey. °4 be no cotton. The higher areas should be planted up during the rainy season' in thenormal way and floodlands plantings should be regarded as a valuable extra t be taken fall advantage of when counitions are propitious. In years of disastfrous floods " * * flood len -

-4 floodland plantings of both food and cash crops become of paramount importance in order tost~va off fsaine and poverty.

POPULATION-(a) Distribution (general), (b) Tribal units (particular). Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by *I~ I J A t. X A'. mv4',. Date If 37. Subject II Z' Population-Distribution (general) .The boundaries of the Rufiji District (excluding the Mafia Island group) are. On the North., The boundary is a beaconed line, the exact description of which is not on record. It commences at Mangisani on the coast of the Indian Ocean: thence up the Kopeki stream in a N.W. direction for 5 miles to Sukwai: thence generally westerly through the Kingoma Forest Reserve and to a point slightly to the north of the most easterly point of the tita Forest Reserve: thence in a N.W.N. & S.S.W. direction approximating to but not coterminous with the northern boundary of the tita Forest Reserve to Kisegese village: thence to a point five miles W.N.W. of Behobeho. On the West. S.W. to Ruga: thence to the Pangani Rapids: thence up the Rufiji and Luhombero rivers to the aumbiro stream. On the South. Up the IMumbiro to its source, thence in a South-easterly direction to a point about 1i miles south of the junction of the Lukililwa (Lukililo) and Lugonya rivers: thence south-east to the Ngarambi river at a point approximately 2 miles north of Ngarambi village. thence up to the Ngarambi river to its source, the junction of the Liwale, Kilwa and Rufiji District, thence eastwards to the junction of the Kitunda-Nyandela and Kitunda Nyandete paths, as shown in map E 6: thence to the most southerly point of the Kirengoma Forest Reserve, No.21 in the schedule of forests in the Rufiji District, as shown in Blue 18 Print Q : thence along the southern boundary of this reserve to its most easterly point: thence to the most southerly point of the Nandundu Forest Reserve, No.20 in the schedule of forests in the Rufiji District, as shown in Blue Print E -10 : thence by the Nakibihi 181 valley and Nanjenjema valley to the summit of Kibaba Hill: thence along the path through Miyumbati to Marendego village: thence in a easterly direction a point south of Kiwowo village: thence in a north-easterly direction down the Ndekeo river to the tidal inlet from the sea, called Betchi. On the East. The Indian Ocean from Betchi to Mangisani. These boundaries contain an area of about 5100 square miles, with a native populati 0i951 census), of 79,461 or about 16,square mile. The bulk of the population is concentrated on the river Rufiji, the settlements in the West being scattered and only a few hundred yards deep, and the area of effective occupation widening aS the river nears the coast until the delta fen is reached, The inner portion of this is heavily and evenly populated. There follows an uinhabited stretch-of grass land and bush succeeded by mangrove swamps and finally by the coasta strip -*1re the population is highly concentrated wherever there is space f it. The Magongo Hills in the north-east are fairly heavily populated on the eastrn e Sheet No. I escarpment shading off towards the west: while the coastal plain between them and the sea is virtually empty except for a narrow fringe on the coast itself. The Kiohi - Matumbi Hills in the south are very thinly populated. The western half of the District virtually empty except for the riverine strip and a fdw seattered households. A.I

-, .J.. one , - I "ii' , "ust have i a . i.. , . 3of Vi{c loer aa: C :tk .,,,.. I... i;. . . > af l> u l 1 y a f . 'Pana 2asa. h7 only fo' 11. as a, ..au - ar Li ii. 2hre hai a: 1.21 ) 1ia.I....,a onl-s o" Le ic toot thir Liadi aal sol to it- slavery Li rlor to obtain t'o ,,f oy to buy food. the-. esideace .ieru a,,d ,a., ,fled, botIL o, the iay to Ingau a.d in this ilstrlct. Another faaine occurrcdi i9. 06 anid was known as IINjaa ya Maji llajill. This was caused by the (eriaans destroying all crops and resulted in the death of hundreds, and the emigration of thousands. Early in 1914 many lost their lives through a isitation of Bubonic Plague, and again niy los their lives i 1916 through an epidemic of Cerebro Spinal Meningitis. Add to this the conscripting of over 15OO porters by the Germans during the war of whom only 3000 returned and the depopulation of the district is accounted fo., . There has been R certain amount of emigration in recent years accounted for by a shortage of water in the hills and also by a close supervision to p7revent evasion of taz. This latter has been reported and as neighbouring districts are keeping a closer watch on tax defaulters, many of the emigrants are returning.

HISTORICAL-(a) Tribal legends, (b) History before British occupation, (c) History since British occupation, (d) Antiquarian (e.g. ancient ruins and burial grounds, subjects of historical and/or "sacred" interest, stone implements, rock pictures etc.). (e) Note of any isolated European graves. Subject W'9 "'9 74'"A/ 0'9,&qZR WA#uo q0 --oJ., .,V6'. , 40 ,...g 4 Mff'r19A% , /9/E7A .?nMA y ( Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by sm. 1 1. 1 ~ I ~.I. P i '~f4eyj4 ~ -~ £.3-

The , oiitjon of Ut, t. ori 'o , i., .. "-r cLr te Avlatio i' Latit 8.01' , si 2 Lo itude 380.48, . ts9 altituh i fot given as ,3 felt. The .3na itself therm f o is about 20 . sea level. OrdginFlly 'ohoro wan flb th inistrative cntre of the District. 1fter the '.ajima.Ji rebellion in 1905 rem sentatiolos were nace by the plauters in the est round Losr(-loue and else,,here that -ol oro was tou far away to af 'oru ti t. irotco- .on / from oossible native risi8::. Their deiands fou.id favour and the p r.sent builLp was begun, and completed in 1913, and District heauduartgrs aoved here (1). well was dug in the Boma yard as an eni-ergrcy water suyly. pu ip was installed and the water Pui qAed upstairs. It was so brakikh however that it was only used for indoor sanitatio !urposes. The pu.iip and well were demolished in 1956. The ' i1ungu' tree in the courtyard is a comparatively recent and useful as et. It was planted in 193) by the then District Officer, Lr. .V. Hartnol], and has flourished exceedingly since it was on a 4 to 5 ft. sapling when planted. .-Ohoro, of which now nothing remains except the foundations, continued to be used as an outstation until April, 1925 when it was closed, British troops entered Utete in Jenuary, 1917, meeting with little resistance. MJohoro was occupied later in the same wontb. There followed the usual interregnum of a ailitary occupation and it was not until June, 1917 that Capt. Stevenson arrived asDistrict Political Officer (2). In the delta was fought the historic naval action between the German cruisr, the Konigsberg and the British Monitors. The Konigsberg lies up a creek not far from, 4ikale. A full account of this action is contained in a book entitled "The "Konigsberg" Adventure' by E.Keble Chatterton,of which a copy was presented to District Office by H.E. the Governor Sir Lark Young in 1941. The Island of 'afia was transferred from the Daressalaam to the Rufiji DistiQt, in January, 1950 and although nominally a part of the District in practice itwa Hleadquarters 1. ---

Tribal History and Legends. .//0? R (I /// - Tribe Sheet No. WARUPI'I. Tie mistory of tie district is somewhat involved anl it has been difficult to obtain orier out of chaos Taere appears to be little dolt at a large portion of tae listrict, w" uninhabitel up.tn 400 years ap. The first immigrants were from Kilwa in the souts. The cief of Kilwa had a brother namel Kilinlo, witk whom he was not on frienily terms. Kilinlo enleavourel to Meal tke breack but, failing to do go, leciie to eigrate. He sent people to prospect in thie north, south, and west, and after receiving their reports, lecilel on Kisitabia - Map Ref:E6,L3(b) in tke Rufiji District as ais new home. Sme few years after this invasion a Muhehe cief name, Wambanguru arrived at Kisihju in the Dar-es-Salaam istrict to sell his ivory. It is estimated taat ais party was 5oo strong, incluling porters and spearmen, ani from this it is presumed that ae was a man of some influence and social standing. During their stay at Kisilju they were toll that an Arab resident kad a daugter, Nuru binti Mfaume, isolated on Kowe Islan wich is situated, off the coast from Kiaiju. Wambanguru was -by way of being a loctor and asked to see the girl. He founi her suffering from a disease similar to Leprosy, tiae native name for wkich is 'Nyamwiko'. The natives believe tiat the disease is contrate from eating the meat of Ean-l, Greater Xulu, Buskbuck, ani wil, CUck, and a certain kind of flsh "Mbuba". The XnalyIS Of t ti, Nyama& (meat) quiko (forbillen) bears a clode relation to this supersti~tion. Wnba6xu uniertook the cure of tae disease and, ias mccesful. As a rewar for kis servi-ces te claime the girl as uis wife ani, after some opposition on tke part of Mfae, tke Ilaer, on acoount of tmte ml sing of blood,, he obtained, *is leulrepL After tile marriage at Kiaidju ce returnel with is wife Ani followinL to aii aome - Genge in the Mahenge listrict - M.14 Ref.F:L some weeks later. Wambanauru "Al twelve aons by Nuru bInti. Mf auwe, thLeir nawes bein6 .(1) mikuka1, (2) MiLanal, (3) MtupA. (4) Mpenlk, (5) Kwsoiga ...... (b)IANA, (7 ) SU.Le, (E) NgAgi, (9) Upewbeawe, (10) NyungA, (11) Mtoria, (12)Nipjre. He A.a. .a. three auns .y aot.er wife na. . w.ki.,4 0 - IM-- =

Sheet No. Tribal History and Legends.Trb Chsiefs of tae Waheke to .Aea] tite breacha, but witht no success, ani, eventually, T~te eons by Nuru, altiioutih more numerous thtAn tkose by ?yakisinie, were iriven by pub.lic opinion to make arrangements to emiEjate. Tuq,% leal tae way ani traxvelel towarl thse coast witha his family ani slaves via Kissaki, NPet94 Behobehto ani passel Along - ke nortit bank of tie RUfiji until hke reachel Usirnbe - Map Ref:E6,L3(a), whtere ae settici. He encou nterel a few families of Wamwera (Kilinil a people) whto, however3 iii not raise any objection to i taking up thte Ian&. Kwangays was the next to, -Leave Genge, ant following the same route taken by Tups settlei finally -it Nguaro near Usimbe but on the m o ank of t, e river. Sule followel Kwingaya ani settlel at gusenie MVua Ref:E6,Fl4(b). Mpealbenwe fo.llowei Sule al settlel - at Vcbweke - Map Ref: E6,Ll(A) He was followei by#4gi who settb~ei At Kilii III Map Ref:E6,Ll(b). M.lawa was tiae iiaxt to arrive a settlel ait Kitinginaba - Map Ref:16,G014(1.). 4ienlti followel ni .ttlel at Nyamuli near Kikale - Map Ref:E6,G20(1)x al he was foliowei by Nyunga who settlei at Nyambaraki, -,hicba is also near Kikal.. Nguori towe arrivel ani oettlei at gimba Urangs - Map Ref:E6,Gll(b). 11toria. was thie next to -rrive ani attlei at Mbunju I -Map Ref:E6,ji6(a). Mbaaai sAl makuka. travellel to etaer. The former settlel at MtAnz& - MaP Ref:16,112(c), nncl the latter at Kipua - Nap ReZ.-=,fl5(s). Tribe Sheet No.

Tribal History and Legends. RUFIJI 01 STRI CT Tribe Sheet No. I. The following are the clans of the warufiji:THE MBONDE CLANMbone emiEratei from the Mahenge listriet - see history of Wamatumbi oevn WNichi - some 400 years aro anl. settlel in the Matumhi Hills. Eventually he met qri marriel the lauzhter of Sule. the son of Wamhan!Tir, qnl nettlel at Nyamwimbi in the Mappngo Hills He hai several ehillren ani two of his sons, goteo ant Mwingla Bora emigratel to Rusenle, the original home of their mother. They lit not mix with their mother's people, but occupiel 1anl close by. Their customs ant habits are Ilentical, which is to be expectel as they are all from Wahehe' stock. Midumu Mwineia, the .Mwenyegoba of Rusenie, is a lirect iescenient of Mwinlia Bora. iwambo was the brother of mbonle see Wamatumbi ant Wakiehi history - an emigrating from Mahenge some 400 years ago settlel in the Kibata Hills S me years later he emipratei to Niunlu on the Rufi i River. His lescenemnts have not nonfif.el themselves to that area ant are to be fount at Rusenie, Kibimbwa, KMbambo, ant Nyamirlegi. The menyegohn of Niuniu, Salii bin Mbwsnt, is a lireet iesenlnt of Lwambo both on the paternal ant maternal sle. THE IPUhlBU CLAW. Ipumbu was one of 19onle ani Lwsmbo' a party which emigrated from Mshenee. He settlel near Utete Kichi. He brought up a family, ant later they all emiFratel to !wiru ai Fit-In. The Jumbe of qyAwlru - 1temekera bin Ipumb, is a 1rect lescenlent of Ipumbu. The Jumbe of ituniu - oomel bin Omart, is *Im a lrect . esenlent of Ipumbu. THE RWANDA CLANRwania wasone of Mubia's m which enterel the Uitr~lt Irom Lint - see Wan lengereko history, ani settlel ait Kiwlli. He was a Uginio. %mie time later a portion of his family emrat~ei from Kiwili ani settlei at Kilistil I. Ngma Mwetiniwa is the present heat of the cln, ant resles at Kilini I.

Tribal Hiktory and Legends. WA U I , ant ttackel the iescenlants of Wamhbangtn living in the RufIiji Valley. This war I.astel 7 years an neither party couli claim a lecisive victory. It was shortly after ;hiS that Mbonle ani Lwambo ernigratei frorj the Iatumbi ani Kibata gills, they were avilently attractei by the fertility of the soil of the Rufiji Valley. MOM~e.a followel their exiimple anI settlel at Mtanane. S me yewrs later there was a break up of the clan ani a portion settlel at Nglakula. The recognisei heal of the clan at present is tichengerwa bin Momboka, resiiing -t rt.tanange. He is not acceptel by those living at Nulakula who name Mkumbs bin gomboka as their heal. , eoe TLHE SOLE CLAN. S le was a son of WambanGuru the Mbehe chief - see warufiji history - as settlei At Rusenie. sme years later there was a break away ant some of his lescenlents emigratel to NIunIu- They 1i1 not mix with Lwambo's people. In the Rusenie area Milumo gingis - MwenyegDha of Rusenle - is the clan heal. At sule Village near Nlunlu the alau'u eal is Saili omarl. ' THE MATIMBIA CLANMatimbwa was a nephew of Mbonle ant asistel him in the war with Wambnguor' s lescendsnt& He livel at Miseru in the Kichi gills sn1 emiiratel from there to Mkulg&. a~me year later there was a break away ant some of his people morel to Mopi, Rusenle, lyikanza, mtanza, Kwanewaai, Niuniu, Kilinhi ant Mohoro. Every VilSge of Matimbwa's lescenlents claims a clan heat but aLl accept Mkunea as the healquarters of the clan shere Linhimu Mkinga is acknowleigel as the clan heaL .THE MWANGI&AN.* Mwangia was a close relative of M bonle. When Mbon~e eOilratel to the Magonco Rills, a large pro ortion of his family ant foLlowers emieratei from the Matumbi il Kichi iLs to the Ruflji vaLley. MwEnLa settlel at Nyamwiki. S~me time later some of his lescenlents broke away ani settlel at lkunea, Kibiti. The present heal of the clan is 3ebsi Mw*ngia realinp_ at Mkunes. Jumbe Mbudr Mawanga of Nyamwiki is also lookel upon is a lealer of the cl,-n. Niete was a Mhehe fol~ower ant Pollier of Mbone. He first settlel at N,wmla but later emigratel to Nyasungwe near Mpanganya. T16 heal of the clm is Jumbe Mziwanla Sheet No. Tribe

Tribal History, and Legends. W7 zRv r 17 rb-SetNo I Mziwaflla Nlete of Nyasurgwe. THE MhABA CLAN. Mam~ba was a son of Matimbwa. on the emgration from the Matumbi Hil1% he settlei at Itetema.- There was a livision later ani his iescenlents are. to he fofinl at Klhimbwa 9ni Rusenle. The heal of the clan to NyantchiinZa Marha restling at K! himnbwa. THE MLANZt CLAN. Ml an zi w as a son of W.Ambne~ru the Mhehe Chi ef. Hle sett]ei at Mtanra. Sme of his le-Neenlen1s broke airy frop the mcdn dvllae qni are n~ow to he founl At Koo"i, Nyakaflsa, ani KI"~_ The Mweyeryh% of lltanza -Hafuma meonza is the clan hee. THE MAKUKA CLANMskuka'was a son of Vnban~ri ani settlel at Kipu!gira. The Clan hasR rotnalnel intact except for a few iAsolatel pnersors foiini lottel akbout the district. Jumbe jjweai bin MRY~ure of Klp I)ira is the elmn heal. ~ " THE IANGAGI CLAW. Mega'4 was a son of JVinbareuri an settled at Kilinli 11,.Uembers of this aelan are to be found at NyunL7uni near NlunaU. The clan heal is Mohoniadi M' aei li ving- at _j Nyuneuni. THE IIPENBENYWE MLAN. MI? enbanywe, was a son, of lamban gru and Isettl el at Mcbweki. !there are a few people livine o'it#el1 t~ie elan at 0Ifrng anI 11niut. TVe Yresent heal Of the cl13M IsR Mwagaru Upenibenywe living at Uchweki. ,TSLP TINDWA CLANTin iw* was -1 vol-11 r #of Mhnrie and first Rett1lel at Kitubi In the 11,ttumbi il -and thoinovel to Kin-ioirung. vhe*n mhonle end grltel TiniwA novel to Kitore. 'Cbe of * hiq iencen dents are to) be founi at TindiR neAr Kwarewasi and others-st Mu*1A near Meoseni. There Is no recognisei Plan head but each area has Its own heal.. Seft' NZAi.m-A is thle clan heal ait Kitope, Ablalla Chesbera, the 3wabe of' Tiniw% is thie heal of that nortion of th6 clan, and Motlomel Qbhiiber-A Is the heal t atuqki. eo this clan are found ripei. Tribe Sbeet No.. I L

Tribal Histøry and Legends. -WP m VC 1,;r TRE KWANGAYA CLANK«-,nLýýi wAs i mn of ant settlei at NZiiaru. many of ble lesceiiýent.<4 ýtre to be founl'at SalRIe, Sir.nb-3 Urgi-nEa, Sani-a anl Lwarvkl. Each vilJýaý-e hs itm own elan he:il. At NVaru tbe recoEnisel be-ii Muhe",ct KwanZaya, htit those 11.vinE oi.itniJe N uarti lo »#)t re". "ise hi- :is -icb. 2EIE MTUPA CLAýý Mtt',) a w'38 4 qon nf WRmhwnzvrll ant settiel tt Usnmb^ Ulf; les,.ýenle-+- are to be fotýni at mb*crA, lyanjati, mbun_,7u nl xitonSR. Each of týýese vill*zes has ltslown rýlaýn 11 e " Tue Mwenyem.ba of Mbwera - Tul)a Ny*fi%9Dnm - is the reoognisel heat at Mbwera, Has,ýýni iýionoyfiet Is the heat at Nymi-iti, Yusuf Mtupa ls the be-il -it KitonS%, Mbenle,,ýbe Mtul)-2 19 tne beat at Usimbe.~ THE NONG;A CLAN. Nonzwa wag i gol3ler.of Mbon3e ant settlel at Mbwerg. -cýome of 'his 1ýý ýlo - - ý ý ý - ý I iescenleýits are ti be founi at KieEýy-ini ant chaleburru. MpoSp Nonewa is the elan ý,eai -tt ebsloiiuru ant Ablurrahmsn Shaweji is the heal .,3t Mbwern. TRE MO EFO dLANEpubt lo eVresset about Monero ant his trib,#- Re came to the listript on ro al lealing b.v týie sea from the north. It is belierei that__hýý wan % Perslan. Eie settlel at Kiassi. ýýome of his lescenlenta are, to be fount sit Mbwera. Mzdw&n4.6% M9nero is toe eim iieal at ]Klasal ".I le %eeeptel by thbøé living ýLt Mbwers. THE MIMUNGU CIkW The MtununSa wag a son of Mubla - sce para 4, wanlenSereko history. Re settiel %t MyiinCuni near mtanwgl. Some of ýil 14 lescentents are to be fount at Limsni, Naulvkula ani Niuniu. Ttle elan beal. Ngwana m~ipý3ele lives at Niunýu. TRE MCHUCýU CL AL Mcbuehuri q" i relative by marriaSe of Mbonle. Re firet settlei %t Ruga in the Klebi HIJI8 ml eventuglly hilg people emiErtel to Kiwill, Rutuntu, Kiwmbi ant 11beZI. in tbe Dar-ess*iam listrict The elan be-L4 15 Mæ mabanlu Meduchurl living at XIwaMbi. !ALMIý Ri Å CL AN. mturisL w.Åa a nepbew of Mbonle ant livet with him Aý Kitubi in the Mturnbl atlla Re Tribe Sheet No.

Tribal History and Legends. IA2T Tre Sheet No. I I I He emi ratei ani settlei at Mbuckii. His tescenients -ire to be founi at Kioneprni, mlitaleni, Kinamiaxmwi, Kitonga, afll Nyaminiegi. Frery village has its cisi he-it tt Kiongoroni Jluk! Mturia is the hieal, At Miwaleni Banamuanga Mturia is the heai, at Kinarniamwi Mbetu Mburia is the heai, at Kitone-a Asmani Mturis is the hel ani -it Nyamulegi Mkoberwa Mturia Is the heal THE MTOREA CLAN. Mtorea was a son of Wambangixru anl settici at N4yawiru ani later erigratel, to MbLunju. There is only one representative of the clan left at Nyawlru. -The heal of the elan is Gurwa bin Mtorea liing -it Mbu nju. THE NcAJRANGWA CLAN/NVrsnews was the son of Mbondes sister anJ settlel at Kipera. Some of his lescenlents, are at Utete. junlbe TuJIo Nuranegwa of 'Kir era is the clan heal. THE MUINGI CLAN. mwingi was a son of Wwlbnnuru but not by Nuru bintfi'fame. It ts bell ciel that his mrother was a slare. He first settlel at Torea but later Movel to Nyaringwe His tescenients are still there hut the clan is livilel. There -ire two claima nts tothe healehip fteea (1) 3urnbe lrbanea Jlwinzi ofte lnf Nyaringwe aMi (2) Bnra MwInZI of the -4ame village. TH IUNGI CLAN. Kirungi was a son, of the -sister of Sule who 'was the son~ of Whntr. He settlel at Kiswiya near Rusenle. Sone of his lescenlent, aire at Ngophori ztni others at Upanganya. Wag-enge Kirungvli is the clan, healj at Ngohorl, JipInganganyrl Kiruneil at rvpsnE~rY% aMi Boeorna Kirung:i at Kiswiya. THE UTINGI CLANUtunai was a brother of Kirur-Z-i mi settlel ait Nietera near Rtfsenie. HIsa lescen ients are fooni at Kipera anA NLgav1 nepar Kibit. Sawanyuyqr~i Utunst In tbhe Clan ani liy7eq at X1,p era. THE U BER C]AN?( Njecberi was one of mbonie'mx snlUipr&_ He sete at Kiyomnbo. Some ()f hile~sceniants are founi at Mtawqrvy iv' the0 mqapnooill~ T~Lit~rs Wecherl is th ca h eal ait Kiyombo. Wr) K Lyp Tribe

Shee No.Tribal History and Legends. TEIE MKINGIYE CLAN. mking ye was a Polfjer of Mbonle. ge settleå -,t KlyerLwa, His åe8r.eile"± gr fo'ini at MbRiws, Ukvi-nJ -iii Kiwili. MahamhP- ?Mk-riye i 8 the r'1yn kia s-I xilrengwa anl Rt Mbawa the elar heat i 9 Mljbr!iMkinwv ~JI-G4AM A CLN) &biulla. Shamte Mlawa in the elan heaL Msumi was a mizaramu anl5 came from Mb,3rmäara. He settleå at Rusen le. Hi s .enlents are founi at xiwiii and at Nyakk. The elan he31 18 Nl4kal bin M4osWfi liuing at jWusetiie. Wý'q gjF ý ITi, Tribe Shet No,

VVP k U F 1;r Sheet N.. I V. THE LI&)Mk MLAlW Desceniel from Arab immigrints. The clan beat is Nywnbuka Klsama living &t mbvers. other iescenlents are fount at Cliaichuru where the clan heat Is [ipinto Kisoma There are others at mpIagaya where the heal is liwalim Hassani Kisisa. The heal of the whole clan is plya'nbuka Kisoms. THE NOL( _%AN. Descen 101 from- wn arau of Nierekera near Kissaki. The clan heal. is Uchagani. Ngama. living -it Mbwera. k_ Descenlet f rum a -follower of MAbonle when he eieiratel, from Mahenge. First oettlel at Nj ore. near Tawi ant later reovel from there to litanange sni then on to Ipumbe. There was a break away by some who went on Uo bwera. The clan heat at ilpwabe Is Kivayu turungu -ani at Mbwera Ins Kibamba aimarl Urungu who Is the actual heal of the whole clam. K [( escenlel finn, a sollier oei~lovyei !a Mbomir t the Uh eh e chi ef. First Settlel eat liketora near Taw, -ani from there movel to Ubwera ,inl Kion~moronl. The clcan bieat ait 1bwer!A Ia s bwaiit Ufongani ani att longoroni. is Haisi Mbaeani. The heal of the who clani s)Ibwana mnonani. Descenl~ei LfrM a sollier of igubia when be joinel with Mbnlie to invaie the DtufijI V &Uey. First settlel at Nionle in the Liwale fxb-.Ustrict ait frox thee migraxtel to Mbwera5 Tij a anl Kio ngoroni. Thea clan heal at Mbwert ia Ali. Rtflbungu, at lJTAJi i Malari Makptika -ant at Kioflg~zfl Is Miakutlka Rum~buneu. The heal of tha whole elmn io Makarani Makutiks, the brother of jakutika wlxbuneu.

Sheet No.,E5&~MiMIij at Muwerä an l Usimbe. Thc e.lan h e-i i a Kip!ira bin Wudti -Yho Lives at Mhwera. åt Usirmbe, Lltitu Ntlifj'o is the heaj, hut suborlln:.te U> Kipira bin Mputi. oescen lel f ru.i fullJo wer o~ f jbon le. FIrat settJ.et xt Kiurubi. near Tawi. Emie;ratei Lo ~berä *ni Ki1al Tiae e.lan äc&Iin Kl srtil po rwe 1lrlne. at Mbwera. ,suuoriniate to åuu la Säkia aporw. living~ åt Kia. THE KJAKA CLAS Descenlel from a MI.rIgereko living at magango. Deacenienta to be founå at libwer ani Msåiaw The clan heal, ElåssanI pängu, .lives at Meal.a. Suborlinate to blm is NiaffumtayiEaika living. at libwera. THEO N~Gå~CI DescelelO fmon a, galcr employel by MUkoLika pirat sattJ.eåi t N50121. In the Linale m~b-IL*trict. Builgråtel to ~bera anl lonepronl. The can heal la Ebanuleti Nråunga Iilrving at Mbwrn. Kubl Nguriga In bl& guba rålnate living at KionjpIronl. \Descenici krom a åilai.r employ.i by Mbonle en! mublå. irat settleå at liketara n ear Tanig but enlgFatel to libwer. TJ20 alan hell I9s agara Mtunyungu ani bln muborlilnte la all Mll. TaE X1,8 CLII. 7 epscenieli frm a go.liler snmJ.oyel by Mbonia. plrat; settlel st ilketoru near TUIl aiii .aigr*tei tO MUwera.. The Olan kiead Is KImninbl, Xini living at flbwers, ani guborlinate to blm Is Måisla 1161. Desaenli from z Msaramu who cas# from libwamaji xiear magpnjpni ln the Dres- .Sålam listrict. setti.ei at mbwera. Tho elan lissi la CAumasleti bin KXinb5 äl. living at~ Ibwer&s uborlinat. to hinla Ms ohamail KImllbI Descen lel from a Mekua who come from Memablil ln pL. p, A Settlei at Mbera äni KlasS.. lidkumbi bin Msatl ta th&e clan healan mi Lva at Ubwera. albor.Unite to blm is ny uikuta Msåtl. 11ving at Kl asI.

Tribe Sheet No. -:1' WAMATUMPI AT4D. ~W KIC It is reported that some 400 years ago the Matumbi and Kichi Hills were uninhabited. At about that time two Wahehe chiefs, Mbonde and Rwambo, emigrated with their followers from Ndonde in the Mahenge district and journeyed to the east. There is no apparenit reason for this emigration. but it is presumed that they were influenced by the emigration of the twelve sons of Wambanguru, a Mhehe chief from Gen-c - M-np Ref:E5,A5(b), in the Mahenge district to the Rufi4i Valley. After crossing the Luhombero River, Rwambo and Mbonde parted company, Rwambo travelling south east, and Mbonde continuing east to Kiwengoma - Map Ref:E6,L9(c), and settled there. Mbonde had four sons. 110bia, the eldest, settled at Ntweko - Map Ref:E6,Kll(a). Matimbwa settled at Misselu - Map Ref:E6,K6(), Rwambo - named after his uncle, settled at Nkito - Map Ref:86,Kll(a), and Sambare settled at Mwengei - Map Ref:E6, L14(a), which is in the Kibata sub-district. In the meantime Rwasbo and his sons had occupied the hills in the Kibata area. 2. (Note). All lo s1 -natives pronounce the name Kibata as KIpata derived fro*- the Kihehe MPATIKE - 'we have received'. While on this subject it is necessary to explain the meaning of'Matumbi' and 'Kichi'. In Kihehe the word used for hills is ITUNDI which no doubt is the origin of the present name Mat.ambi. Kiehi In Kihehe means a waterless rlaee, and the name was doubtless givento the hills in the Ruf3ji distric where there is always a scarcity of water and which are populated by those peope- who are known as Wakihi. These people are of the . ame stoc as the Wamatumbi, all being * desc-endants of Meleya Kikoko the father of _Mbonas=fwnw Tribal History and Legends,

Sheet No. Tribal History and Legends. WR/'q: 17'.' ?.jl, WqA'/eli Tribe up their abode at Rusende on the north bank of the ufiji - Map Ref :E6,F15(b). *There appears little doubt that the rich crops harvested in the Rufiji Valley caused the immigration of aany of the descendants of Mbonde, who have intermarried with the descendqnts of Wambanguru, and therefore all can claim one common descent viz: from the Wahehe. Even Rwanbo, the- b t. - +' * " emigrated from Kibata and settled at -Ndundu - Map Ref:W6,Ll(a). 4. The customs and tribal government of the Warufiji, Wamatumbi and Wakichi are identical. There is a slight difference in naming various offices, but the duties of the persons holding the offices are the same. 5.The title Mpindo was given to the head of the clan but now every head of.a family is known as Mpindo. This applies only to the Wamatumbi and Wakiebi. There are hundreds of families each having its own Mpindo, and it would be diffoult to registpr every one. If a Mpindo dies and his son has not reached middle age, the brother or near relative of the deceased is elected to sureed. The Mpindo adjudicates in all matters in dispute, but there are times when, a case proving difficult, he calls in neighbouring Wapindo to assist him. Litigants state their case to a Mohenga (Counsel) who presents the case to the Mpindo for judgment. This procedure is closely akin to thatof the Warufiji, as litigants state their case to the 'Mseme' who presents it to the 'Mhenga'. 6. On the LnMIgration of the Wahehe under Mbonde and Hwambo the title of Mpindo was accorded to a chief with feudal rights. The sons of Mbonde were also giventitle with its right4, but as time passed each family appears to have broken away from the old feudal sjstem and appointed its own pindo whose influence is nominal. His rights are paternal, but certainly not feudal. 7. It is admitted that the areas of the Chambura, Kungurwe end Mkonda clans encroach over the boundary into the Rufi. i District but the people occupying these areas have -ut themselves off entirely from thle parent clan, anid have appo~ited their ovo Wapindo,- which conforms with the system already mentioned viz: to each family its own Mpindo. 8. There ap loser a.i.nit. betwee the Wamatumbi and the Warufiji than there is between thE'Wamaut1umbi of the9 Ruiji District and those

Tribal History and Legends. W£V/ 44, i/i Tribe Sheet No. Y1 _ those of the Kibata sub-district. There is a continuous interchange of visits between the Warufiji and Wamatumbi, and there is also constant immigration to the Rufiji Valley; 237 Wamatumbi families have moved into the Rufiji Valley since January 1925. On account of this affinity it would appear to be practicable to absorb this small community of so-called Wamatumbi into the Warufiji Native Authority and not, as suggested, amalgamate them with the Wamatumbi of Kibata. 9. There has been considerable mixing of blood between Wambanguru's descendnts and the people of the Wamatumbi Hills. For instance, Marenda a son of Mbande, the first Mhehe chief to occupy the Mtumbi Hills, left the hills and settled at Marenda Map Ref:Ref:E6,05(d). His descendants married the descendants of Sule, son of Wambanguru, and the Mwenyegoha of Rusende, Midumu Mwingia traces his descent back to Marenda. Mbonde already mentioned married the grand daughter of Sule and there are many people of the Mbonde clan resident at Rusende. Rwambo - t.f i .Mwa, left the Kibata district and settled at Ndundu, and the present Mwenyegoha of Ndundu traces his descent back to him. It will be gathered that the Warufii and Wamatumbi are in fact one tribe, all of them being descendents of Wambanguru a Mhehe chief from Genge or Mbonde and Rwambo, Wahehe chiefs from Ndonde, and there appears to be no necessity to have two tribal authorities as there are at present.

Wa s LYDes.iY&/"/REXO Tribe Sheet No. WANDEN-GEREKQ. The occupation of the area of the Rufiji Valley and the VJaetumbi and Kichi Hills has now been dealt with. There remains that area which is now inhabited by the Wandengereko. It has been more difficult to obtain definite data of this area than from he other two and the farts must be accepted with a certain amount of reservation. For instance at Kikale, the tribal headquartero of the Wandeanereko, one meats tha Wahbehe d .tntt. of Wambanguru. At Kinamarenda the deszendints of Marenda the con of Mhonde are met with, and at Kibiti there are to be found descendents of the Wazaramu pazis. And yet all claim to be Wandengereko. It is understood that ' Ndengerseko' is the Kizaramu word for hills, and as the Magonjo hills run from east, to west through their country it Dan be accepted that the Wazaramu influence was stronger than any other tribe and that they were first in occupation. 2. Towards the coast the Wanyagatwa are met with. Their origin is difficult to trace, but it is the general belief that their ancestors came in the first instance i'*&j Kenya Colony, that they settled at a .place north west but close to MOrogoro and from there spread in a southwesterly direction toward the coastl/Their. numbers are few in comparison to the other inhabitants of -the district and they have been absorbed into the Wpnden~ereko and Warufiji tribes for the purpose of tribal administration. 3. An effort to trace the first occupation of the Wandengereko area revealse the fact that Kawamba, a pazi under Sultan Masba of the Wazaramu, was in residence at Hunda - Map Ref:E6,P(:), at the time of the immigration of the Wahehe to the Rufl. Valley. It is related that when Sule first arrived at Rusende he killed- - lerhart. Information was sent to Kawamba at Hunda who visited Sule at Rusende, and eventua Zy appointed him -h hief of that area. It is presumed from this that the Wazaramu claimed authorit.y over all the countr up to the Rufiji Valley. 4. A . .tis tim a an nael Aa bin ...... k.. wth a QA 861th _AUI. An i ZIRM*1 04 3RLA Wih t~ ni L t* -Att*xL itV!&1JI a itL 4~llacount, :Wr t~wa new r.eALng on thene-t boko the R*u'f4j4 ca5nist4Vsve&angn. Tribal History and Legends.

Tribal History and Legends. 6. Kawamba III not fight with Nubia ani terms were conclulei which permittei KAWamb&to control the country from Hunia to the east coast via Kibiti ani north to Kisiju. Nubia took the country from Ngulakula to Kigunguli ant then to Ngwang. His iesoenlant have namel themselves Muamboka anl claim to be of Persian lesoent ALthough there is little loubt that mubia a followers anl leucenionts intermarriel With Kawamba' a people anl grew in numbera. The onLy persons left in the listrict claiming to be Wasaramn are ivwing at. Kogo anl Akima. Demite all this sizing of blool A! those eople living north of the Rufji Valley answer to theZname of Wanlengreko with each clan retaining its own title. 7. The wanyagatus of Nyajati cannot trace their origin except th t they came from the nortd uwet, gresumably north of MoroePro. The Invasion was by sm only t. mal parties settlel on the coast on the way lown until the final settJemmt At Nyajti. They newer encroachol further south than Kikale. They intermarried Ath the jWaaramu of Kavamba sai are row knowuas Wanlengereko but retain their clan title of Vanyagatw . a. There are many other clans of lfferent origin which art now aboarbel in the main. * ribes of the listriot. Time 1oa not permit of an ezauslt ve writing up of the history of each clan as it is i£fficult to place the time of arrival in the -istrict In orier that a eonmeoutiue histeory may be oompilel/It is hoel, however, to obtain * lta to .rploement the facts alrely gatherel, which vii, be more comprehenmLve than trat aoraly written. 'Xme fifty yeas A ani. just prior to the alvent of thle grms to the oitt the lnba4tarits iqre affllcte a famine to'Uiich was oiven the-nWi of'lo1tru, There was nio ote a grain Avallaae ou , Maino 9- 2 - on t s c .=Al qunt ties at I t w-" iop racticable to grini it ant waste the hp*t_ It, was- oks*b t~rapping the grain.a ii~to an ompty cooking ipot 1n then placel, on the fir. iEach grain explo lei anl *whem sA, was realy t. mesal was asamsc rt xas Just, after this famine that the greA lol came which Alterel the course of the jpfIjli a% reLatel unleV Tppgr~spliial, vv)? /P , ,/ s, 0 Tribe Sheet No,

NOTES WRITTEN BY MR A.V. HARTNOLL ON 2nd AU-GUST 1954. In order to be able to possess an understanding of the ethnologioal construction of the peoples of the Rufiji, it should be realized that the people, whatever they style themselves, WarfiJi, Wandengereko, Wanyagatwa, Wakichi p(r Waatumbi, belong to one big endogamous ring. It is true that this ring is not entirely confined to the Rufiji District, as the people on the Coast to the North and South and on the Matumbi border also intermarry with their neighbours. Likewise do the people on the Coast assume a certain superiority, entirely unjustified, over those of Ruhingo, or, as we call it, the Western Rufiji. (2) The general tribal mark, more universally used on the Coast than inland, which is the external sign of this endogamous ring, are two incisions on each temple, over one inch in length. (3) The people of the Rufiji have six main origins, viz:i. Wahehe. Inhabiting mainly t*e Western Rufiji (Ruhingo) and the central area known as. Rusende. ii. Mobka. Stretching from the Kichi Hills, through the Ndundu area, and finishing in the present Kibiti area. iii. ....Includes the .atmbi nd E-horo areas. iv. ri In the Mbwera area and the Mafia Islands. ve Waeb In the Northern portion of the District *bordering on the Dar-s-Shlasm border. vi. Wa~ma i In'te aM Dltwtb o the Cost as far s the a-s (4)" Th ee woa from the himt V#1 , 1k4 -Wheeth of...... the X41 Vto ef -Iie difif=th s°o.'t and by the fact that, having adopted Islam, they practise male circumcision. (5) The Momboka and the Wamatumbi, also the Waketo, undoubtedly originally came from the South. I know nothing more about their past history except the notes compiled by Mr Mc Millan under the Chapter headed "Tribal History and Legends", some of the statements in which should, I think, be taken with reserve. For instance, information given to me contradicts the fact that Xbonde or Rwambo, the Wamatumbi leaders, were Wahehe, as stated by him in notes on the Wamatumbi and Kiohi. (6) I have no authentic information about the origin of the Wabwera. In appearance they seem Bantu, though naturally, as they all live on the Coast, strains of Arab and Semitic or Hemitio blood are to be seen in then. (9) The Wanyagatwa by tradition come from the North, from somewhere near the Somaliland Coast, though the Shirazi, one of the dominant clans in this area, claim a Petsian origin. (8) The descendants of these original incursions are divided into various clans, each clan being descended from a common ancestor. These clans are again split into various families, each family - again according to tradition -m being the descendants of the various sons of the common clan ancestor. No attempt has been made by me to classify all the clans and families, whose number is legion, but I give here the names of tome of the leading ones:- anyagatwa. Wajongo Hakungwa Wamsati Washirazi A o 4. Waketo. Wandambwe Mfauine Kirunga Nyumba J Njopekt Njeohere Ykamba Wgatumbi. Wambonde Taubwera. Ipogo. (9) Many of these families are recognized aocordink to tribal custom as being the traditional owners of various areas, some big, and some small, varying with the size of the family itself. Natives coming in from other areas of the District in order to cultivate derive their rights to the land from these traditIonal owners. They retain their own particular clan and family name, but accept their tenure as being derived from the owners of the land.'Frequently they marry the daughters of the traditional owners, and when such occurs the marriage is matrilooal, i.e. the rights to the land pass thzobgh the mother and not the father. Thus it comes about that in any particular area, if the family of every individual native cultivator is ascertained, there will this method, and are locally known as the "Wipwa", or relations tkrough the mother, of the Wajongo. (ii) Formerly the elders of each Clan possessing right's in the land were the heads of the local community. Except on the Coast, these elders used to receive names denoting their position, of which the senior name was "Muhenga". Other names were "Mwenyegoha", "Mwenyevyale", "Mburi", "Mulindo", and "Mziwanda". These elders also possessed, and still do so, the right to sacrifice at the graves of their ancestors. No Rufiji native can receive these titles until he became a tribal elder. Thus none can be born with any of these names. (12) It will be gathered from the foregoing that the titles of "Muhenga" and "Mwenyegoha", which were those selcted at the time of the inception of Indirect Rule as meaning "Chiefs" really only meant Tribal Elders. There is no ruling caste in the District, such As the Bahima of the Buganda, or the Watusi of the Waha. The Muhenga bears a close resemblance in fact, to that of the Muha "Mteko" or the Buganda "Mutaka", or even to the Gogo 'qItemi", though the latter title possesses far greater power than that of the "Muhenga". (1s) In the above connection, the following, taken from "An Experiment in African Land Settlement" by B.H. Thomas (a pamphlet qirculated to all District Officers in 1955) may be of interest:" Before the ruling Bahima caste from which the present " royal house descends had consolidated its power and made " of the Buganda a strong and united nation, the social organ" isation of the country, like that of other Bantu tribes, cor" prehended a number of families or clans designated for the " most part by the name of some animate object; such were, " for example, the buffalo, the lung fish, or the grasshopper " clan. At the head of each clan was the "Mutaka", a title, which may be loosely rendered as the father of the soil. The " clan land was known as "Bataka", and of this the "Mutaka" " was recognized as the owner for the use of his clan folk. K0 Ramifications

"Ramifications of the clans spread in all directions. * The burial of, say, three to five generations upon " any land would create a prescriprive right of the head of the occupying family to that land, and a branch "would thus be established having its own clan land and Mutaka. The original home of the clan and the " head Mutaka by whom it wq held were, however, at all " times the objects of special veneration and respect "by all olan members. The successor of a deceased "Mutaka was selected by the members of the branch from " their own numbers, and he became the guardian and representative of their comon interests. Such land " is now usially referred to as having been held in S"Butka" tenure". (i4) The recognized Jumbes, or Village Headmen, in the Rufiji District have usually obtained their position by being placed there by the local elders who claim traditional rights as previously described. They usually belong to theolan owning the land, though their relationship need not of necessity be on the paternal side. It can, therefore, safely be stated that in the vast maoritv Of aala the nni tinn r& Tm1hT A 4- the English word "Chief" was merely a perversion of their true meaning. (16) I have endeavoured by the foregoing to desuribe conditions at present prevailing in the Rufiji District. There are, however, disrupting factors, which have been going on for many years against the clan system described. These are as follows:(i) The growth of Islam in the District, replacing the primitive ancestor worship, which prevailed under the clan system. (ii) The growth of private ownership especially on the coast, which is in itself intimately connected with the introduction of the coconut tree. Naturally the appearance of a tree which bears fruit for 60 years or more complicates the old system of land tenure, where an annual crop, was reaped, and where there was plenty of spare land available should the soil become impoverished. (iii) The general proximity of the District to the East African coast, and the highway of the river. This has brought it into proximity with sea-faring races of the North and South, and with the Arab slave raiding element. An admixture of blood with non-Bantu elements has inevitably occurred. (iv) The Akida system introduced under the Arabs and carried on by the Germans and British until the year 1927, which made no attempt to recognize the inherent oustams of thb people, though, in fact, this was unconsciously done by the recognition of the Jumbes or Village Headmen. (v) The shifting nature of the Rufiji river, and the uncertainty of its floods, which have had a natural reaction on the population of its banks. (2)All these influences have had their effect on the clan system, and we have found that the titles

.titles of Muhenga, Mwenyeg6ha, etc have in various areas fallen into abeyance, Nevertheless, it would seem the only basis on which we can hope to build a form of Indirect Rule, which will neither be open to the fluctuation of a popular vote amongst an illiterate population, nor to coercion from the central Government DISTRICT OFFICER &d. August 1954. Note. Attached to these notes is a classiflcation of the families and clans of the people of the present Unyagatwa area, taken by me at the end of 1952 in connection with the WaJongo disturbance. Historical-Iiistory before British ö -cupati6n ýc Ä- ý1ý i c r: ý"orcýkiy t ýca of a I-jolt. t i ol i 02 seciucy on- Cý,,.- (-11-ý ro 2 t v e t e u th of t lle ý,,n -n lu < r--Iationski-p evtenan soutil-m ý,prt Of 'GLýu riIony, namely the of y ý,jýwvo, suý -;a and -'tation of the pcqpÅu,; to 7. TLc lcajip,ý rol,ý- in the a4,ý liave Iwu-i by tlic ctlijfýI-Dins, of the Wanýfindo, Kinjalla, Äso kno,,,m,,,,.s Yinlja-@11@, anG Kapolo of 1,1,adaba. in which the lcadcr,ý -ýjt to uorL, is illuýýtratc,, J 0 Ilis repor' of an c-'f ccý, - i 0():'L'ý'111 rýÄuäbl tlills at tlic o' virinj fur 11)cut I cc)USJÅ.'ý3r thc j2count 'b- t'iis wit=ý,,.ý, Capýa4n I I tc 11 lul m,, tl,-c curcl-cg4jns hu 1, -tillullt Ond deci-ive, not unly L-cLýuýý- Iýu Ä jjilitijs to the if t ýc life ý,nu tLc,,ý 0:-, 'hu nu-l-o in täý,, course of a lorlý Scrýicc iii cc-lony, 'uut 'a-lso j) i e uhu oL)inions advanced by ý7UCStjLýuuntly subý-tantiälced In. tý,c coursc of týic iýebcllion. Shect No. I

-~1. -v,, i. uu c' ýji to. o 11' 'i'r blt0ao ,~i1.~ lac to 1 lJAh.1-r qcu l '-*1een bj A,~ ry 1,i,, moen of Lc.,b.,.e4- j ly by'~' 911' the't0V ofsiaos na .4011< t ttie l1Lir1lbl- Jf 1 A'O ur'J , ic,_, Retto's ivr fa 3-, lat In to 0100 t i ur -o on4li0tb#ooi A thi v '-ut lJ. ,tt ont ua.o" toý bo lLud at 1_,_ vor lU'as tonen o±nult ofeul l the conU3iratOrs On o- Ame oor e dayheic 8u .oo iod or nuflo n ofth to thc e fio&crt ofill Au]-ert nevorthofles tor to foun lnJ1 Luo and etor tik nf a n y!cIve,-i from L_,troiäi ill tay q(utpstýs 103tär r witot 3rtecin: t i novt, com abuýtrq in v th"0iis e iybt tho1 attack xLas 'sb 3a~btu 0t tho on f uyatho ro ult ofil t.-o Jiat ua_ lofto umtso tc ,tu.b 22. a~iäle- t oas fo u~ fortu rd ýIuto tin cn t'de_ 1ua-te ýý.atc in t he Lýatuobi-' h1ills thu ruobols ,:erej not thi'ough with thuir preparati.05, on thooi ' ideh Defence Force had not s,,ufficicnt troopýs to nipý the moveiont in V- - o au, or to, q-atel- it in several placcs uit unce . 2(3. 'ý3his 5ituati1 i. eoerfo thL folwnitbeusod;_ in oo]ntL01Äiht no -, h mltry forocE.a toli oS of tho'wournolr at tit ouoc f toitrbnc:S ;ere A. In the Area of Robo:llion. )ar eS sa- , L ,,1...... 5 of theI 5thý. Juy. 102 police. iVohoro 19plice. Lind ... .. c f theý t,- . 3Guy. I ri gå ... J. ... 1-.of1t17 2x4,d- y ufrgr 1 .; i 13 .Oic .. 4 u_ j t ýýIt t 1,ý 011 71 _n 'o1,0110.,,0 On tý,u Of a to o-.' ".Ce ore, t Go -1 'J in d id nct 'L'rOC-ýýj-Gu 101, C Lt.Linuke' c, -WýIl- Lý,- .,!Jct on bnd tliý;rýthe !Iourýý (ý-11,J,". and to a f all t c, il o, r jý,rt, KJ1L2k,1, oL,ýý diý,trict, stretel.cýý, i' týle ri, 0ý, v,, aý,tGin Li oi' C,,'U ~ VUC iiiý pre pl,,ýinly visiblt, i'-L 01ý', t'Ic couýýt - Tlie '.,hol,ý i2 pruýýcrts ec)iif'jsiý)n of hiýýi 4ejri,atJ on bijt a'Eýo its tIiicý, coiýtjuiFý :ct onlY i'ýs c av,ýi-in, , ol' ý,,ýprivc country of ý1,o', nýý.. -ý-ovi paths Olil thý, villa,,,eý, ,ind ol' týlitý J,iiatui,,ibi a trLI'ý v - ý known "or its obstinbev and diý,,inclin"Jtion 'or Ilivý nr - ý,nil ýlý) " 1,111 týv,' cm (), . t LU t 1' ro. . '~~,'±0 ti n Än nls t 'ui1_ .:l.oilu I 0 .0/, 2, is, Ii. c,ac in .c rtniU st1ajor matters E-.' in2 Li Y.i.1 Umt*,,! t' ais to JCIi)t rtIr ;o ta .0.3 ,15. o1r( 02 s'. IIs ( - .no. t ai, iacitan o~t~n to2i tamors, a 1 to 1. )~.I3 0.. i timeiu.L uo.iani reporo was ro), cre by. Ollfu . A 2e7,7' c-,alS 1I0,/ be quotiJ tu flutrt th t ihinj t atic'oe t-,- . i'0 al's probabl1y aLilicable( in geeakanrt h I101'C discl a of 0± rbi-o, ±'roI. /c n'OILtOireeril tu nl is, verj ony The CIOOlC t at indiri wans situgtedu onasao of' abu 0ntr iaoewih erlooked The urounin plain iV its thic torn-buslles 0~r aDout 5- me,ýturs. ThrIOugh thesetrfbUh a~ pati). abaU ,,,teswiele ith ser-pentine windings.direnotly on tox pioc, a ale to observe ±'roi, tåe vawv'uar-1 that' it -,ias ' icklY ouc-Jý 1d by about 200, -100 men. Beind hecouLI be seen bns0 roos tonding up en the lokout -'or ,us. IIrecajjy miQ eters be±'ore the' .~~tp ~ othosottus±rmtebs. Tee hane ,o±' ,fire must 5have (Trkdtcenem:y o±' our appr oach1n. ts in'- thie last e asteenemy tsi co.ntinually retreatd ibe±untore the onslaugh )f' our troops ond hald only opoened f'ire on u-,±ro anbusti, it secmed th,,at the o-nl'y ohance of' a. suoess'ulen~o uen ws f'or our troo )ýs to petrate into tLe eneuysnauu~t it teutm.ost desac. is, cuid-Qnly be done alon': t1 solo availab)le paLth. Th!e mien m1ee'OCwoved to tlie advance, inolu ir';. even the 5 askaris wiho ,ercacwting av rearguard and covering7 Or th'I ,.~lu n o' prtes. rri dwithiin 800 meters, I wa. o,.0,tXeu tio, är i 0 1 et -use -le 1tct, ti rat ji~ >ii vr0 Citoe.o . 10 IOttl I 'jil' 0 0 CI.Lt l' U± it watte 21 th, n nr rl i 1: t' 11 iol l mt.. t. 0c it- u ot, ou eaut ir conerl ed i t n lov osiie . i 1 '-151 li A tv rtno eted 11lRc> .7= f.on 1 i Marta C.o tnui 01 st . Musi O the he. 0 & u, äte baeofto n.. As Ot E t.., t of tv 1y cui --0>r hif t0 piiie tin r, ita' have nåh usefu r it j 0 s ä ýh. tscut>inue i n lVaterh tvsu. ijloC'. t0 houin of eac loåtio W a. .a . uleVbe ontn d OUnet. tås i1~ bo r cthe, t niit ativi oficer of illa' th02 a301 1313 i iIe o Ol3 not h0 u r. thedsricht ofic h o th Lag ellowtsint -er det> urrut in tLor non åuus ±Y0. hier fiu process3i oevt mota l wrts nuf ulu rPu0 t min t , whuc ieonthe i ter ecuoo Abt> tg> otni Augus ta. o-tit. tbc. o th ube c ntisusnsh teo o.lx ifin '00 -oor Doi 1. tc pearsta have ee i (10aatc shurChsJedil tan Luli-lix Dept h aie eänw.idfeoc ntePeo deahl/ an hois i pit o ulyntinit ths almot Xi l hr ot tht>i efol neio hav bee taken CO1Otj uIn vIt>oo on tuhue 4the poirion procosue was inrtialo. Io ilioe oLin imetce hislh oud with trei tocteuto b; e hain teareant 4t Toe by tero thcnenndpro t~o hioi-vit h-do r B oro oppars o hueud Bodeo aion h s.o t4 beolr i ction, t hastit ofc at norhor o adoth hiir sxation atl Man ah. The it sttho weratie elnominiernen the saetmefawre orce o' reath ond his provuennity totboasting thisnailao t triunpt prniar l nreost hvn 0o2e Qlitly. ain atMaeng oas thot holosition to. the urUMtios vn in th Dras e ontinam bn tAougusd Iokr finahi4y deoljartote istrioty oii'eet we orogtrodand wth aiitryenstatnd ats Mprahge Thbeto sTatio- er at tevuane iae tåterej i te reouit cory asis v the niretbiiit nd ofKla te ere it was Arab it ptheouar älb c~ieoun t etef Miltaryrtai andthne uppc01c ot onnecbtd byth sprad rubelio. FrmThe reotsi woeas Akidas threotne in tho reode has passed out of its original baunds and was olready beyonä localising.

U t< J~ f f k right at K½po. 1ohuio In t *' ii "t ~. u'~ot ~rd ,roi tho(; 'of C-r isloodne;' Lt. zS.-PaaSOt a±'ter t12-s ucee7 .- Ut Äul'n7 tn .t his Slä1311 f'oi'c. in flnso or to th -pýcsinv' crics for hell1 iro, ol~., on thc 2J.st. tie -.as DACl o- i±-; 13," a~ no' n o nt i'runt+,½ nr in :lä uttool, ro0e2t n~' K i.,0 a hor tV" l/ " j u st 1,oOv on -to tC ~tf -~n Lo2t '% io' on t0 2i ly,' -:t m n-,',,';," C sb lt chu t I ~ iiio ',½ch :~hope opiL. th ,is losition fl the Ia-Ä i.±1o2t ½ iti

Miä a1. 0,''1.t ~~~~~~~~ sent 0u iio taut Ifi .Iuuq~. f~ -s ana åVlkd~ts zuc0ens t~ protet the nu ly JGl-nticultivati. ni tå. meful ,o tats livin rithi. all stive r'an g of his post but foeu 1 it in ' . iditu to en. o ilar 0rotistiun tå> Ar, fields of tho whou inhaiutt :4or u til in ruwult. i. At t.. - e. i r=rovVenicn -rrat. a raid upstreao in or ler to CUrtai to Ou =01in ut U -rent rumo. ca in w.hioti ti-ro as a sa)coledj _,- ä r ticif--itchduator. Un ina =uer of a violont stur2 ho succu13O I ln uttln cluse t~ tho c ,1 ini4 soottorinu the rubels in u0l diructions. tbc hi ti of th n,S rr nt u,~ in fiaaeg nd hin boy ris f ound in ti i \ru 31a ae. 12. en his return t~ :Mtaoa a lovm er iht Lt .kaasohe oundi thA tå ro.01s had tauun a 'Vaatomoof hig absunuc t attack viii0 1.2 bOren I'1 vsarr ond 0=3nzaon ,hrd co-rd off o nu jbur of voren. It thureor becono noceseary to Fet ur en out oslt -nsanii L',.1Paos"che ýut Byt,.Kuhn in charre of tid 101, hi hinsif took up the 1ursuit of the robbers. lie srent s~ita~ the district ooficer, Viass uhuo was on an exjlorotry sarch into the Kitchi hills kroar 1~Looro. T~he two nusheå uh to ngaraHbi, w C91i a1 uared tha thoj rmids in the Kitohi hills nere sircatco. Powever the nest as desertoc. une ircuu.stonce of this wald wr the diSCOMvr of extcnsive fieids resdy for eripj ny. Lt.?aarAh !utur saroend back to tou.. ja ju anid j~ -1 id 0 atives nW kad them en; mO -01 e t, ra- iorso the pcaoelnl inhelitant, o0 thr river 00, had häd ther Urops and IMo robbed. 13. The nonth of Jonuary =a alsuo spent in siilar undertakinga whic had as their ojet the collection of provisions. In thuse weeks the work of sutpresson vrale continual strides. With t],e- cloýsing do=i ofth post at Mtansa de the beginniaj of'February, Lt .Paaj-ohe euhrled once nere on the Bossard after on ab sence of six =otår. Vha coirnd of the police detoohuent on th Rufifi 'ras now taken over by Sergeant Munch who was Postus by tho district UPPixr in sayenge, not fas frun lqygrwiki. 14. The detaahmnt of laarines, to which the defencu of lohoro IDS ent-rustuo h19,0eMät On jainuary 200h l"irst under the commandof Serjgnt Wallhofur, rnd later under Liarine Soigeant Dr.Verth, 'theyva

311ics in k bu-á )rov t' cowìuctofLì?or lu ru ýcì r2r-

&lLIT2MiY G± I(j ARZOi iD 17"iiZ " Y.i~' TO PRIL,1917 'he following is f extract fro the diary of 2oloilel iitzgerald who was il comiand oV the 1/3rd R and of the troops which too'k Utetc io January,1ll7. It was obtained froiL Colonel Fitzgerald, i 1941, by Lt. I.H.Risley who was Assistant District Officer, Utete, ii 1939 iml 1940. 1o copy of thG plan referred to ias procured: !r. Risley states, however, that Folat A is approxiratoly uihcrY the bridge was in tic causeway between Utete and Kilingogo village. Point B is at the edge of the bush just before entering the village fro the direction of Utete; and Point C is approxir;iately two miles west of Kilingogo on the north side of Lugongwe lake ( an i iust therefore be in the neighbourhood of Zombe Agricultural Station): On January 21st, 191 7, information was reeivedd from native source, that a party of the enemy consisting of seven whites and a nuuber of askaris,, were in position at !ingwangwanda, a village about 5 jiles north of the Rufiji river. On the morlng of the 22nd, "apt Otter, with vine section proceeled to'round up, this party. He completely surprised the party that evening, and returned to L'ohoro the next day, with six whites, several askaris, and a large quantity of baggage. One white escaped in the darkness, but he gave himself up a little later. Corroborative informaafon having be6 e ceived that the enemy had retired in the direction of Utete; one company ("B" Company) /5rd K.A.R. was sent on i~onnaissance along the Lohoro-Utete road on January 25th. 1t the same'time a patrol under Lieut. Tarlton entered t~tiMge,'T civil station an the right bank of the Rufiji river. Here six whtes with a quantity of baggage sur edered ithbut opposition. 1 Further prop'ess was made in the diretflc'of Utete, on the 26th, and from inf omkt~ gi~ven by a cpu~ sf vha left Utete the $revious day, itwas

These two Companies arrived before Utete on the 27th, the 3rd K.A.R. arriving on the evening of the 28th. That evening a cordon was placed from the lagoon (Lugongwe) (see plan attached) round the fort to the river on each side of the fort. Half a Company was sent back to Utunge to cross the river at that place, in order to complete the cordon on the north bank of the river. 'his caused considerable delay. Owing to the swampy nature of the country on the north bank, there was no possible means of crossing the river nearer than Utunge, the enemy having collected all the boats and canoes in the vicinity of Utete fort. On the morning of the 29th, a careful reconnaissance was made of the position, which revealed the fact that between the lagoon and the river, there was a swampy bit of country. The only means of crossing this swamp from the fort to point "A" was by a causeway or "dug-outg' (canoes). The causeway was commanded from the fort and also by a picquet, with machine guns posted at point "A". On the evening of the 29th, a Company was ordered to attack this point, but was unsuccessful, owing to the concentration of fire from point "A" and the fort. An aeroplane was sent to co-operate in this attack, but instead of bombing the fort as ordered, it bombed our own men who were attacking, which added much to their discomfort, being fired at by friend and foe. Seeing that it would be impossible to gain point "A" without very heavy casualties, half a Couipany was ordered to move round the lagoon on the morning of the 5Oth, and endeavour to gain point "A" from the direction of IPQ4 GiYA. At the same time another attack was made on the fort, the aeroplanes again co- operating, but instead of bombing the fort, the again deliberately flew down our lines, and bombed our own men as they had done the previous eveing. Noeedless to say, this did not help the attack very much, the men endeavouring to seek shelter from the bombs, which were much mOre terrifying than the en"ey's fi No very gret prgress was made in the attack that day, and during the night of the 50Oh-51st, during a very heavy rain storm, the enemy evacuated the fort, crossinA the a at point "A", n movinv in the directien of. M.iNGAYA. The G.P.O., was much d o ed at the

On the morning of the 31st, the half Company which had moved round the lagoon with the object of gaining point "A" encountered the enemy at point "B" and was driven back. Another half Company was sent round as reinforcement and orders were issued to endeavour to hem the enemy in between the lagoon and .the river. The following day, a Company was ordered to move from the fort to point "A", thence to advance along the road to point "B" and co-operate with the other two half Cqmpanies. Every precaution was taken and signals improvise& for the occasion, as it w' s thought that it was possible, owinZ to the very thick buSh, that the various Companies nlight fire on one another. On reaching point "B" on the morning of February 2nd, the southern detachacnt moved north a long the track towards "A", and encountered a siall party of the enemy moving south. The detachment immediately opened fire on this party, and the Company moving south from point "A" (3 ?), which was in the vicinity, thought it was being fired at by the cnmily and opened a tremendous fusillade, which was answered in turn by the southern detachment. This lasted for some tiiiio until the Companies got close enough to renOgnise each other. Considerable ammuition was ex;ended butvery little damage done, one, or two men being wounded. It was now ascertained that the, nemy had retired a ,few mils in the direction of 1P4.iLIGAi:YA, aid the two Companies moved in that direction. At 10 hours they cncountered the enemy entrenched in a position across the rQad !ose, ;to KPYJ DA10YO. The, two Companies wereimmediately ordered to attack, but the eneily who was far stronger, numerically, made a determined counter-attack, driving the K.A.R. det~hnent back with considerable loss., The detachment retired to TE E Fort that afternoon, and another Company was Sent out to :ake upa position at point "C". Instead of there' beinglane: COmpany-'of the enemy at LETE as rtorted, there must have been "at lea'st' three. Companies wthsix to ten. machine gums. So much for the information given.by a native - who in aU ,probaUllity was sent out to give false infoenation- and for the reliance put o.a,a, statemtet.of this sort. Our losses in this: engagement were twi officers wounded, andisixty qther ranks killed and wounded out of a strength of two Companies(i.e. abo t ,men). Apparently the enemy did not get off scot free, as many woundedwer seen by the local natives, carried away from the scoene .of the fight. The enemy did not follow up his sccess, buit consolidated the position that he t en held. Our' patrols were in idle contict with thG cny s, Ltil 2cbruary 7th, Th oa hC retired t1,2o1i, lJP iD.iOYO across the KL YA.I river, which vis now beginning to rise and flood the surrounding country. on -To.5 Company unler Capt. Dean, was sent to KIPEfDA!.OYO,/the !PKTXGAjTYA road, to take-up a )osition covering the crossing of the KlTAiXTI river. -his river, which is a mere stream in the dry season, had now become an enormous expanse of water, and day after day our camp at 12PTTDAIIOYO had to be moved further back on the higher ground, lest it should be washed away by the floods. The enemy who was on the other side (the west side) of the flooded river, was in even a worse plight than we were, and eventually had to take refuge on the roofs of the native huts. The officer in command of the enemy post, facing us at ilPADAHOYO, was inclined to be most friendly. On one occasion, when acknowledging a quantity of medical stores we had sent him, he wrote a chit to the officer coumanding our post, saying "Why are you so silent? -Nhy do you not advance ? Is it the floods or the lack of food which prevents you coming on?". On another occasion he came over under a flag of truce bringing a huge bag of mails, requesting us to despatch them for him. He was most grateful for the very good meal he was given before returning to his post. Eventually the floods became so bad that he was compelled to write and ask us to come and take him and his party away in a boat, as they were marooned on top of some native huts and could not get any food. His request was promptly carried out. Owing to the inundated state of the country, the enemy had to withdraw to PANUANYA, where there was a big hospital for Europeans and.natives.. Offensive movement was now impossible on, either side, but a considerable amount ef ptrol work' had to be carried out, which entailed very great hardships on officers and men, who were continually up to their waists in water. As a result of this there wree a great many casualties from malaria amongst the troops. k At the time the enemy was much concerned about his line of retreat being cut off 0b y the floods, so formed a large camp and food dump at t southern end of UTEMBE (UTUNGI) lake. From that point he patroflled vigorously to RUPIAGE and IMT II close to KIYOMBE (FIhAMBI)?. On February 17th, a patr~ol under Lieut. Tarlt~on had a alight brusih with the enem i.n the vie inity of-RUPIAE, and that place was-occupied by' us on the 5th

"he following day the enemy made an attempt to re-take the place, but was repulsed and retired over the LUGOYA river. At the end of Vebruary, the 3rd K.A.R. was distributed as follows:One Company at RUPIAh&E. One Company at IPI4DAMOYO, one Company distributed in detachments along the left bank of the RUFIJI river, watching iPAAGGAUYA, and one Company in reserve at UTETE. UTTE Fort, situated about 50 miles from the mouth of the RUFIJI, at the bend of the river close to NGAPILI (not as marked on the DIOHORO E. 6 map) consists of an extensive stone s~are building of two stories, the centre having a stone courtyard, and the lower rooms being devoted to offices and stores. The upper part of the building is divided off into four self-contained flats with the most up-to-date accommodation. Apparently the fort was built during the "AJI-MAJI" rebellion as a safe guard against the WAKITSFII who were noted as being a most warlike and truculent tribe. No expense seems to have been spared in the building of this fort, which compares very favourably with the most up-to-date barracks in the United Kingdom. Some idea of the solidity of the walls may be gathered by the fact that our Mountain Battery shelled the building with common shell at a distance of 800 yards on January 50th, but very little damage was done to the outer wall. Much difficulty was now experienced in feeding the troops in the UTEM district, owing to the floods. The road from. MOHORO to UTETE became almost impassable for porters.. OIHORO was practically surrounded by water, and instead of dumping supplies at that place, it was considered more feasible to bring them up to UTETE in light draft Steamers from the mouth of theRUFIJI. On March 4th, some naval motor boats arrived at UTLTE, and a few days later, the S.S. Bajun made her way up the river with considerable amount of supplies, and a number of reinforcements which were badly needed. On ilarch 11th the enemy made another attach- on our post at RUPIAGE, advancing to within 500 yards of the perimeter, but retired as soon as our machine guns opened on him. work, a- ich haa been most strenuous since their arrival at VTET. "he two riuw 3ri. K.A.R. Battalions about this period, were callod upon to produce .more officers and 'T.C.Os. for a further j3attalion - the 3/Srd. K.A.R. which was being raised. This naturally reduced the fighting strength of the two Battalions in the field, but fortunately cane at a time when active measures were more or less at a stanistill, owing to the rains, and it was possible to train other men to fill the gaps. Things now assumed a quiescent stage, and it was decided that no offensive measures could be taken until the floods subsided. The natives, in this part of the RUZIJI valley, are accustomed to the floods, as the river overflows its banks yearly. They build an upper storuy inside their huts, where they live during the floods, all comimunications with the outer world being by "dug-outs". During the 1917 rainy season, which appeared to have been an abnormal one, the natives were compelled to take refuge on the roofs of their houses, and many exciting rescues of natives on the left bank of the river were seen from the UTElTE Fort. In one instance the whole population of the village, 40 in number, were rescued by us under the eyes of the enemy who took no steps to interfere. This state of affairs continued until April llth, when the Battalion was ordered to move to TETE II. a point 22 miles south west of EI , and about 4 miles north west of KIYOLBE (KIWrMUII ?). No.2 Company a few days previously, had moved to NYAWANJE ( ? ), a village on the road about half way to TETE II. Oiw camp at this village had been attacked by lions before the arrival of the Battalion, and one of the sentries had been seized, taken away into the bush and devoured. The next night the lion came into camp again and made an attempt to seize a sentry posted over one of the machine guns. Just before he sprang he grunted, and the sentry hearing him dropped down into the trench, the lion springing right over him, and then back again over the parapet, missing him by inches. The men lining, the .trenches became so nervous at this brute prowling round, that it was necessary to light fires all round the perimeter, and risk the enemy sniping the camp. The -next day, April 15th, the Battalion moved to UMgTE II where a small, post of the enemy was encountered, sitting over the only water hole in the vicinity. 'rom here he ,as quickly cjected, and a defensive camp was formed on the edge of some thick bush commaiiding the water. A few days after our arrival at TJPEE II, the lions again became troublesoi.,e. Apparently the man-eater, which was a:ell known anl feared by the local natives, had frollowcd us from our last csip, and 'dc another successful attack, this ti e on a sentry over the Idatur supply. At 3 o'clock in the moriing the lion seized the sentry, and dLTcd Iii away iLor about 10) yards. 'he remaindr of the picquet followed up and fired at the lion, which eventually released his quarry and iunt off into the long grass. -he hero of this tragedy was io.6569 Private 1;ugye, whilst in the lion's mouth he showed the greatest bravery in shouting out his position and directing the fire of the picquet. The night being very dark, it was impossible to see anything. The unfortunate man was brought into camp, and the Battalion medical officer, seeing that his leg had been very severly mauled - iiost of the flesh having been torn off it - decided to amputate the limb. The man was very cheery the whole tine, and told us exactly what the lion had done, and how he had bitten him in the face when he had screamed for help. The askari only lived until the afternoon of the next day, when he died from shock. At dawn the same day, a party was sent out to endeavour shoot the lion. The party having proceeded about 100 yards from the sentry's post, through very high grass, found the lion stone dead. A bullet from one of the picquet had hit him through the heart. The man-eater was brought back to camp in great triumph, where he was skinned, the head and skin being sent home to Rowland Ward to be set up. It now hangs upon the wall of the 5rd K.A.R. mess, where it makes a splended but somewhat gruesome trophy.

Extract from the Journals of Captain J.F.Elton published by John murray 1879 ------Chole, January 6,1874. On the 26th, at low tide, we forded the Mgasi shoulder-deep near its embouchure, the stream being rapid and the river of considerable width, forming a broad lagoon at high water. Proceeding along the sea-beach, we passed the ruins of an old Portuguese building, the walls of which still hold together against the inroads of climate and the attacks of parasical trees. Blocks of masonry strewed the sands, and a large stone water-trough, thickly incrusted with seashels, appeared to excite even our Arab guards, who indulged in long stories on the many remains in the district, none of which, however, appear to me of the2remote date which local tradition ascribes to them. very Three hours' march brought us to Kitmangao, situated, as are all these towns and villages, at the head of an indenting mangroveop swamp, accessible to dhows of light burden at the spping tides. On one side of the swamp live the Khojas, nine houses in number, and on the other side reside the Battahs, only half-a-dozen Waswahili beihg settled with them. This is the principal copal-trading station in Kwale. The tree grows up to the border of the creek, and digging operations commence from the outskirts of the village itself. Parties from the neighbouring tribes come to and fro to barter almost hourly, and a mutual trust is evidently established. The copal is brought in carefullyfastened matting-baskets, and the usual bartering takes place- but openly, and not at night-time, as at Tuliani and Magogoni, where the outlying tribes have lost all confidence in the bona fides of the Arab authorities. Bows, arrows, and spears are, however, invariably carried: and the great object of the native capal digger is to become the possessor of a dangerous, rusty, flintlock gun, such as are imported from Zanzibar, and can be retailed here at 2 dollars apiece. It is noticeable in the Ehoja houses that they are built with an upper loft and rough ladder for the storage of goods. "It was not prudent" one told me, "to show much to these people; they could be treacherous". However, both the Arabs ant the Indians are only too prone to asoiibe every bad motive to the native of the soil, forgetting that their own slave-trading propensities and rapacity have converte their neighbours into a suspicious race, whose worst actions are committed under a mrbid dread of some new form of oppression of which they are destined to be victims, Cattle thrive here, and the Banyans appear quite at home in their settlement; they have built an enclosure and planted a garden round a covered and raised terrace on which they meet for meals, which, with inner sheds, forms at once a fort and a pleasant lounge; and here we slept for the night. After freeing seven more slaves found out by my men, from this I proceeded to Sandazi, via Kivinja, and fr6m here (where there are five houses of Banyans and one of Khojas) worked Makrora, Uji-Mema, and Kivinja, all copal stations and all situated, as Kitmugao, on the Indenting mangrove creeks or "khors," which are the peculiar feature of the south Mrima. On this day's journey, (December 27th) we passed another caravan, one hundred in number, on the sea-beach. The slaves were driven down to the water s edge (it was about low tide), and the Arab guards ranged up in line before them, getting ready their arms, when Baraka, my head man went out unarmed, and explained that we only wanted to pass on unmolested. The leader threatened to shoot him if he did not go back; but my man, who was not to be frightened by threats, walked up to them and insisted on having his say, after which each party kept on its own way. On the following day, the 28th, whilst engaged in writing papers for thirty-six slaves, the gangs of another caravan, ninety-aix in number, filed along the'road not one hundred yards from where I was siting as if in mockery of the work I was engaged upon. Here I received a letter from one Vissonji Bimji of Mji-Mema, a village only a few miles distant, stating that the villagers had stopped his slaves from coming, and I accordingly sent two of the Arab guard ( I took seven soldiers from the Jemadar at Kisiju) to inquire into matters. The assertion proved untrue, and the man's slaves, seven in number, all elected to leavcbne, his own daughter, a pro* girl, by a slave woman, he/Sfsd to have ill-treated; n and I believe it to be the case, for, although she would make no accusation of cruelty against her father, yet she begged to be protected against him. Vissonji I fined for his non-appearance, and forced him to give his daughter a dowry of 50 dollars, placing her under the care of Jairam of Kivinja and two Battahs of Sandazi; a hulking scoundrel of a Swahili, to whom she had been evidently promised - or sold - by her father, appeared on the scene at the last and claiming her clothes off her back, supported in 'is claim by Vissonji. I only heard'few days later that this Batta& had walked to Kikunia to persuade hig caste fellows there to send away- their slaves to avoid release, and on their declining to do so, refused to eat, drink, or sleep in the village, but returned home, saying, if he was left alone he would resist the Sircar. Had I known this I should have sent him to Zanzibar, although, as things at present stand, he has lost al-1 his slaves, some money, and any influence he may have possessed in the district is utterly goe. At Sandazi, in the centre of the village, stood the finest copaltree 1 have yet seen, fully as large as a good average English oak. It is a source of revenue to the man whose huts it shads. Several large limbs had decayed and fallen, whilst in many places gum exuded in large masses from wounds and from the under sides of the limbs. All this district abounds in "diggings" and, as at Kitmangao, the fossil gum is found almost, up to the road and as far as the bill range, which now rose towards the southward. , On the 29th we passed on our way another caravan of seventythree slaves, which drew off into the grass, the leaders coming forward and saluting us; then a frifhtfully hot march through the Poe" -angrove-swamp, and two hours further journeying bronght us- to the-last village of Kwal, Kikunia. Kikunia consisi of a number of scattered huts at the head of a khor entering the Simbarango mouth of the Rufiji, and is situated about twelve miles inland from the sea. There is a colony of eleven Banyan houses, and many of the Battahs have taken to themselves women of the country. Forty slaves were released here and at Pemba. Water is three miles distant, and bad; cattle die, and the climate is unhealthy, but trade interests are paramount; opal is brought in abundantly,. grain is raised extensively, a trade is done in wood and wax, and ivory finds its way down the Rufiji. So the settlement is carried on. Here the eawt fe~er found us out,.and within twelve hours nine out of our party ef twenty-one, including myself, were utterlrostrate under very violent- and repeated attacks, varied with ague. I, nevertheless, managed to complete my work free the slaves, and arrange to place Jadhoo, the Customs Master, in charge of Sandzi I Kivinja, Ilakrora, Mji-Rema, and Kilcunia, to report to- Zanzibar.~ had already given to Vissonji Nerai of Bosa the other division,Kisij i, [itmangao, Kuxaerqni, Zerare, and Nuseebjani, as his share of work in the [wale district. I then thought it useless to linger longer in an unhealthy coast village, with bad water and bad provisions, on the banks of a mangrove-swamp, so made up my mind to leave at once for Chole, do what business lay there, and allow the party to recruit. on the 2nd of January we sailed in a dhow) placed at my disposal by a Battah, and, after passing one trying ight with fever in the swamp before reaching Simbarango, late on the 5rd landed on Chole Island. Here I fesain a week, in order to thoroughly shake off my illnesa and recover a little strength, and then sail to Samanga, from which place I shall work back on the Rufiji. I trust Pullen, who has been severely-shaken, it being his first experie in Bat African favers, may be sufficiently well by that time to accompan me

I must not omit that, whilst I was lying ill under a shed at hikunia, on the 3Oth, a caravan of 400 slaves passed through the village; and on the next day a far larger one, of some 1100, filed past within sight of my bed, in long chain gangs, heavily laden with provisions for the road. The leader of the latter, one hiamji Hadji, conceived it his duty to call on me, accompanied by about eight of his men,armed with muskets. He was very communicative, saying "he had been away two years, did not know exactly how many slaves he had, more than 1000 certainly; was obliged to march slowly, as some had been a year and a half in the gangs; had taken seven days from Kilwa; thought it a good thing the sea route was closed, as he saved duty, and the land journey was cheaper; was tfound to Pangani; yes, this was a big slave year certainly." This man afterwards stated in the village that Lalji, the Customs Master at Pangani, originally advanced him all his goods for the slave hunt, and that he should sell under his orders; but I have, of course, no means of gauging the truth of this statement, which, however, is neither an impossible nor an improbable story. On the 1st no slaves passed up from Kilwa; on the evening of the 2nd, the day I sailed, 200 were due, which slept on the Rufiji. All caravans are compelled, on account of the Rufiji Delta, to pass close to the village Kikunia. Island of Chole, January 15. I discovered and freed at Chole 27 slaves held by 4 Banyans, 1 Khoja, and 1 Bhora: this brings up my total list of men freed to 278. This island fully answered to the expectations I had been led to form at Kikunia. Cattle are plentiful, goats, and a few sheep, fish, and yams, sweet potatoes, and fruit are obtainable. The ir at this season of the year is fresh and bracing, and, not the least pf Its recommendations after the mangrove swamps, mosquitoes are unknown. The people of the Kwale district use it uniformly as a sanatorium, and any one seriously attacked with fever or dysentery is sent here to recover, the clear sea breeze and goodwater working as it has done in our cases, a favourable change. In the Admiralty chart Chole is wrongly laid down. It is actually about one-fifth of the size indicated, and should be cut off at the north west corner of Captain Owen's Island, a passage dividing it from the neighbouring island called Jiwani. It is perfectly easy to walk round Chole in a couple of hours. The vegetations is luxuriant-mango and coconut trees, oranges, boababs, and jack-fruit, shad the paths; the population, however, is scanty, never having recovered from severe losses by cholera,, when that disease was brought from Kilwa and Zanzibar some years ago. Produce is brought across from Mafia and Jiwani in canoes, but Mafia, although fertile, is considered unhealtby, many of the owners of land there prefe'ing to reside at Chole. The Indians here are' principally engaged in grqin speculation with the coast. Cowries are also exported together with the fine mats for which Chole is famous, and produce from the Mafia plantations finds its way through the merchants' hands to Zanzibar and other markets. -Only one Indian resides'on Mafia who held no slaves. To-morrow the spring tides serve to ascend the Samanga creek, and I leave for that place, working back on the Rufiji, and hoping, if all goes well, to reach Kilwa about the 24th. The number of slaves marched up the coast from Kilwq, and actually passed on the road by me during thirty-days, from 21st of December, 1875 to 20th of January, 1874, I estimate at over 8000. On the 14th of January, as soon as the m6rning tide served, I left Chole for Samanga and light fair winds brought us off the entrance of the creek about sundown, where the pilot clumsily ran on the bar, and the only course was to spend a night of.the greatest discomfort on board, or to trust to one small leaky boat belonging to the dhow. However, in this latter or&ft I embarked with Lieutennt Pullen with two of my men, and the owner, a 'Battiah. About half an hour we stuck in sand and mud, with the sea breaking into the boat; another half hour, in dead darkness, perched on our men's shoulders, and we reached the land, where a guide with a lantern was found, who, after an hour's walk through the mangrove creek, brought us to Samanga, wet through abd tired out, and here we found a comfortable hut prepared; but the night journey earned another relapse of fever that clung to me persistently for three days.

Here I found 155 slaves, of whom 81 left their masters, and 51 elected to remain. Previous to my arrival I learnt that an attempt on the part of the Banyans to send their slav inland, to avoid the loss entailed by freedom, was successfuy defeated by a combination on the I: of the latter, who threatened to leave en masse-if interfered with before my arrival. Samanga-Fungu (on the sea-beach) Samanga, Kiajo, karengu, and Furu form the Samanga group of the four latter holding Indian subjects, and being all built near mangrove creeks, by which produce can be shipped at high tides in vessels drawing a light draught of water. They are well built, populous, and, for a wonder, clean; a large trade is daily carried on in barter for copal, a little ivory, wax, woods, and grain. There is, however, no authority exercised by Seyid Burgash, and the only control is that established by common consent in each place for local convenience. Proceeding towards Kiajo, iaarengu, and Furu, the road from Samanga crosses the heads of numerous creeks and mangrove-swamps. At high tide the water in many places is breasthigh, and at ebb the fetid exhalations from mud and ooze are particularly oppressive and trying under the hot sun overhead. In Marengu two slave-caravans had halted, one of 200 and the other of 100 slaves; but nothing unpleasant occurred, the leaders as well as the Indians and the Jumbe (native chief) coming out to meet me and salute my arrival. From Furu the path strikes into a forest country, and is choked up with long, cutting grass and brushwood. For a considerable distance no signs of cultivation were seen, owing probably to the scarcity of water. It was not until the sun was nearly down that we found a muddy pool and were able to eat our first meal. A few miles further a few scattered villages and clearings planted with mohogo and maize break the woodland, and a wide plain is seen extending from the lower hill- ranges to the west, until lost in the fringe of cultivation-mangoes and cocoa-trees- of the country towards the Delta. As one follows a beaten track through the low brushwood and stunted trees covering this plain, where some difficult nullahs and mud-holes obstruct the way, broad fields of maize and sesamum at last show the vicinity of Mohoro, on the river of the same name, which is marked on the charts as Pemba Utagiti but does not belong to the Rufiji Delta. Here the Matumbwi Hills rise range beyond range, and the most distant were estimated by Lieutenant Pullen and myself to attain a height of not less than 6000 feet above the level of the sea. The river, about 120 yards wide, is still affected by the tide, and runs in a deep channel between escarped and high banks of red alluvial soil. Two ferries ply, and canoes are used generally, but dhows only ascend as far as the village at stated periods of the year to carry away the grain crop, the bar being dangerous, and hippopotami nearer the sea, so the natives say, in numbers large enough to be an actual hindrance to small craft" The village itself consists of widely-scattered huts, and three Indian settlers carry on a lucrative barter for copal, simsim, and grain, with the tribes on the Rufiji. The fertility of the lands lying between the Mohoro and Rufiji is extraordinary. Uaize, rice millet, ground-nuts and peas are largely cultivated, and heavy crops are garnered every year, the periodical inundations bringing fresh life to the soil. Sheep, cattle, and goats are in sufficient numbers to be bought for export and shipped at either Marengu or Samanga. In fact, from the Mohoro to the Rufiji was a three hours' march through a land of plenty. High fields of waving Indian corn hide the Rufiji from view, and it was not until we had cleared them and passed through 'a belt of reeds and grass, that our men found themselves suddenly brough up on the river-bank. Shouts and screams from the reeds greeted the arrival of the party, which had fallen upon a caravan preparing to cross the ferry. The slaves were driven away towards the canoes, and their retreat covered by the Arabs, who did their best to show a bold front, but as soon as they were convinced I had no intention of interfering, gladly moved off at a quick double, and were not long before they had placed the river between us. I pitched the camp under a large fig-tree, and was busy getting breakfast under weigh, when the natives trooped down from the neighbouring villages, armed with muskets, spears, and bows and arrows, and several hundred men had squatted round us within a few minutes. On parleying with a man who appeared to be the leader, he commenced a long speech with a voluble eulogy on the great merits of the Rufiji tribes:- Were not they known to' be fierce? were not the Arabs even afraid of them?. Why had we come here to rob them of the money they made by the ferries, and interfere with the caravans? We had gone back from Kilunia as the white men went back from Fungulia (Dr.Kirk and Captain Wharton). Now, why had we returned by another road and fought with a caravan on our arrival? We must go back or fight with them. The Arabs had warned them against us. We came to rob them of trade and ruin their people.

,ihat had I to reply to this?" Further conversation elicited the fact that this orator was only a messenger, so I refused to answer him and sent a message to say that my mouth was shut until the chief arrived. This prdduced the three head-mon of the district, who soon ordered off the armed natives, and, after about three hours' negotation, peace was ratified by an interchange of presents. Blue and white cotton and checkered turbans on the one side, and rice, vegetables, and Indian corn in tall conical baskets, on the other. " Five or six ferries ply near these villages (known as Lpenbeno), and make a good thing out of the caravans, as the ford is dangerous, and never used except on an emergency. Crocodiles, it is said, are legion, although none were seen. From a.penbeno to Fungulia (reached from the sea via the Simbarango mouth by Dr. Kirk and Captain Wharton) is about ten miles, three hours' journey with the stream in a canoe, the river winding considerably. Here it is about 260 yards wide, with a current runing about two knots an hour, and above tidal influence, and, from careful soundings taken by Lieutenant Pullen, averages 24,4, and 5 feet depth fromi bank to bank, this being at the driest season of the year. The scene wqs thoroughly African; broad flats bright with crops, &and dotted over with villages shaded by clumps of boabab, taiarind, and fig-trees, spread away to the northwest to the lower hills, beyond which the Matumbwi range forms a noble background. To the north and north-east the hills and high lands behind Kikunia bound the land-scape, whilst through the centre of the wide alluvial plain winds the river, bending westward until lost in the distant mountains. A steep green island, overgrown with brushwood, arose in the nearest reach, and here and there appeared a few sandbanks, mostly overgrown with rank grass and reeds. To the eastward, fields of maize stretched to the flat- wooded distance bordering on the Delta. The natives of the Rufiji tribes are intensely black, by no means good-looking, and rather below-the1average stature; a skin or piece of blue cloth round the waist and iron armlets are worn by the men; a few of the women affect the blue "kisuto", but most are clad with aprons of dressed hide. Their ornaments are few; fetish necklaces with pieces of horn and bone and shells attached were seen, and many of the guns were adorned with brass-headed nails driven into the stocks; the spears and bows and arrows, neatly finished off with brass wire, displayed some taste, but the wants of the people are few, and limited to "kaniki" fireaxms, and powder. Near every village bark-hives are fixed on cross-branches about six feet from the ground, bees being very numerous, and the wax brought to Samanga for barter of good quality. The villages themselves are built with one long central street, and the wattled huts are constructed with a circular verandah-porch over the doorways, which gives them a regular and rather finished appearance. The country must be quiet, for I only saw two small villages furnished with a protecting thorn fence. The broad-tailed, dew-lapped sheep attain a large size; poultry is abundant, and fish are plentiful, heavy ones being speared from the sand islands in the river. Men, women, and children work together in the fields, and the race is evidently of an agricultural bent; they, however, bear the character of being thieves, litigious and quarrelsome, and I should fancy are not to be trusted, but require careful handling. They sell but few slaves to the Arabs, who do not care to meddle with them; but the salve hunters are reported to be working round the lower Matumbwi Hills, where the country is in a dangerous state. Hippopotami are scarce, and game is driven away. From Mpenbeno t, 1Likunia is seven hours' journey, the road crossing two rivers of no importance, the Nkora and Robe. Canoes ( which are simply hollowed logs) are used only to ferry across the Rufiji in consequence of the strength of the current. "If we want to travel we go on foot", one of the chiefs said; "how can we get out canoes up against the stream?" A general report states coal to exist in surface-seams visible on the banks, five or six das' journey up the riler,and specimens said to have been brought from this country were, believe, given by the Sultan to Dr. Kirk and forwarded to Bombay. Should the coal prove of value and the report as to locality correct (which I see no reason to doubt) the Rufiji would rise rapidly in importance, and it would be important to test whether steam- launches could ascend the stream at other times of the year. During the dry season it is, I fear, like most other African rivers, a delusioU and a snare; sand islands, rapid bends, and an average depth of from 4 to 5 feet only, are not promising signs; however, the natives agree that neither rocks nor rapids exist for about twenty days' journey, where, probably, from the descriptions given, the Matumbi range is passed through a succession of mountain gorges.

The country is said to be healthy, although during the inundations fever is common about ikohoro and Mpenbeno, from both of which places, however, the .atumbwi hills would furnish a healthy change; even the distant sight of their clear blue peaks cheered one up after the dismal, sweltering mangrove-creeks of the coast. By a meridian altitude of Canopus Lieutenant Pullen placed Upenbeno in latitude 80 9'; but the young moon not being visible, no lunar could be taken,and the longitude on the map is calculated by the line-of-march distances from Kikunia,Samanga, and Fungulia, and valuable cross-bearings, which were obtained of the Mtoti Hills and the more prominent points of the Ratumbwi range. The morning we left the chiefs sent a deputation to beg us to bring them rain:"they had seen us talking with the stars; if we did that, we could open the clouds." As we were on the eve of departure, Baraka, my head man, told them "it was all right, they should have raih that day. The morning was bright and cloudless; but within an hour a heavy thunder-storm worked up from the hills, and down came the rain. Our fame as "medicine-men" travelled as far as Kilwa" After our return march to Samanga, the subsequent journey overland to xilwa was tertibly hard work. Three miles from Samanga the mangrove-swamps are ehtered, cut up by black dismal-looking streams often breast-high. The Sekuani and the Kipelele we had to swim; and beyond the latter - a considerable tidal stream - the path lay for a couple of miles through variations of hot sand, and black, warm, oozing mud; no fresh water being found until we reached the scattered plantations and villages called Matombiani. From this the road follows the sea-shore, until the creeks of the Mjinjera are crossed; on the river itself there is a ferry, and beyond them the outlying ,Shambas" of Kilwa are reached.

NATURAL HISTORY-(a) Game (shooting or photography), (b) Fish and fishing, (c) Shells, fossils, etc., (d) Butterflies, moths, insects, etc., (e) Birds, (f) Reptiles, apes, rodents, bats, etc., (g) Flowering plants and grasses, (h) Trees and shrubs. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date /'YH . X~a . #/4AA '9 . 'v'V.-Ch 6 S9.%0.' #Y'9q-IV &- 7- 7- J7. 7. &'- 'o 2p A - 0- - M- M--

Natu,:! History- Game (shooting or photograph). -Sheet No. I In lhr. lohill4n's article, hae coaiaents or the unsatisfactory position as regards prottion of cultivation. No real improvement was realised, in spite of visits by cultivation protectors in 1930,1931 and 1932, until the Game Ranger on the Eastern Province range was posted to the District early in 1933. The staff of Game Scouts was increased and a systematic policy embarked on of driving elephant westwards and away from the river. The foll wing extracts form a letter by Mtr.Gahibutt Game Ranger explain the programme clearly " A campaign opened in Feby 1953 with the object of reducig the number of elephants in the District and to drive the herds Westwards to the Selous Reserve and the uninhabited country in that neighbourhood. Operations started in the Area to the N.E.of Utete (Magongo Hills). The greater portion of the uncultivated parts inthis area is dense thicket in which for generations past the elephants have made' ihair.. homes. By the end of 1935 a definite movements, Westwards was' oticeable, and the operations were then extended to cover the whole of the cultivated areas in the District, with the exception of the Latumbi and Kichi Hills. In that year alone over 250 elephants were killed in the N.E. portion of the District. By the and of 1934 the total accounted for during this campaign amounted to 819, and it was then considered that the intensive shooting that had been carried on during the two years should ease down. Control had been established and the herds driven to the West. The Kichi and Matumbi Hills have been left as a "Buffer" aca in- which the Game Dept. Mill do no shooting, but this area is of course opetQlichoeaholdqrs.. This area joins up with the "Buffer" in the Kilwa District. If Scouts are postedthere it will mean that the elephants are driven down into the cultivation around Mohoro where valuable crops are grown by a large population. There aee conisiderably less than a thousand people widely scattered throughl these Hills an* as the 4le nbpigj . Sickness Doctor has, I believe recommended their removal the area il a very suitable one to use as a "Buffer". The defence of the Magongo Hills is asszioted by the Scouts stationed along the boundary in the Dsm District. This line has Qw been extendd right up to the central railway at Ruvu and is now being continued thriiugh the Moro -District down to Kiski. This should prevent any break backbythe large . the Magongo Hills. Although their "bags" will naturallybesa 1,e1 w8 still be kept in the Eastern Rufiji. No strenghtening of -the l$AjqJbte qsen Rufiji should be attempted at present. Axny mo intensivez shoot4ing therp justnwill only have the effect of drivingf the elnhant Ptna nP ncn_ T'hAv flihi lflW 1w h up from the-Last(if necessary) and continue the drive further 'est. The three Scouts now stationed in the Western Rufiji should be able to keep the elephants away fron the narrow strips of cultivated land along the River banks except of course during the mango season when it doesnot matter much" The success of this policy is fully admitted by the people themselves, though there is much disatisfaction among the people of Kichi and Iatumbi, who feel that they are being sacrificed. This is undoubtedly the case, and it is impossible to conce the fact from them. 'heir fewness in numbers and scattered villages renders any other course impossible; and their unequal position has been recognised by the retention of the 7/- tax in their area. Concurrently with the attempt, so largly successful, at eltphant control, the Game Ranger thinned out the hippopotamus of the District, particularly in the West, while in; the Delta his efforts were seconded by those of Mr. de la BereBarker, who' was killing lippo as a commercial -proposition for their teeth and fat. Total killed Game Dept, MrBarker 1;T, 1' 955 992 195 = i185 ... 1954. 874- 185 = 1059 . 1955 72 91 =165 In 1955 the Game Ranger moved headquaters to Nzasa in the Dar es Salaam District and hippo shooting virtually ceased, the'Geame Scouts being quite incompetent at this Work. A temporary Game Ranger spent feur-'monthi n the District in late 1956 and early 1937 an&.shot a certain number of kippo, but- they appear to be on the' increase and complaints are rife.- The delaration of these pests as vermin by Governient N6tice No.185 of 1955 has*attracted a-few non-nativesito'%shoot them, but the effect- has Been negligible.:In 1954, the Game Ranger, .on the authority of the Chief Seoretr y's 72t/11 of 30/1i/55, began the training of nativeipaid'from Native Treasury funds to'lay poison baits 'against pigs, etc.. The compaign has had excellent 'results. The withdrawal of the Game Ranger has had an unfortunate result not only in the virtual cessation of hippo shooting,, but in the partial breakdown of the elephant" control policy*, The work of the Game Scout is arduous and poorly -aid , and a number after the Game Ranger'-s departure, cumbed to the tuVpW$1* -%V iave'thdASranges and to spend. their time in the 'neighbourho6d of- thdirbmes, It h z$ time going outside the control line in order to bring np their'bags T 1U'a 'tendecy which cannot easily be checked by the-District Ofg - '0

Discipline was restored when the Game Ranger visited Utete ( for the first time since mid - 1935) i late 1956 ; but it is doubtful whether it will be adequately maintained in his absence. Notes on Game distribution in the J.F.Gabbutt, - Rufiji District 1937 - Game Ranger, r"31 7-7-57. The Rufiji Distict for its size,was at one time one of the best "Big Game" areas in the Territory. Vast herds of Elephant roamed through the District up to a few years ago, the Magongo Hills being their northern limit in the Eastern Rufiji. To the west they wandered through the great Selous Reserve to Kissaki, the Uluguru Mountains being their limit. The western Rufiji, especially, was at one time a Hunters Paradise and many of them took full advantage of the opportunity during the early days of the British occupation, when Game Laws were net so stringently enforced as they are today. Tusks of over 100 lbs each were in those days easily obtained,but the area was so thoroughly combed and shot over that today a 50 to 60 pounder is all that one can expect to find. A campaign by the Game Department started in 1955 with the object of thinning out and driving the herds towards the Reserve has greatly reduced the numbers. Many have been driven out of the District and the herds split up. It is now a rare sight to meet with a herd of more than 50 but there are still many such herds in the District. This killing off of all the old Bulls some years ago has had just the opposite effect to what was generally believed would happen. The old Bulls appear to have controlled the breeding. It is the BIl Elephant that comes in "Season" and not the Female as is the case with other animals. The old Males saw to it that the younger and more virile Bulls, when they came in "Must", did not have a free hand with the Cows and consequently the inorease6 was not so rapid as it iss today. Now there is hardly a Cow Elephant that has reached maturity that has not got a Calf running with it and it is quite common to find two. With this rapid breeding the Elephant population of the Territory cannot be much less than say 50 years aothe period of gestation being only about IT months. Elephant are still to be found in practioallys part of the District and reach to within a mile or Ioof the odast on the North bank of the River. To the South the Matumbi Hills harbour a lage number but the bulls of the Elephant population ips now contained in the Western Rufiji and the Selous Reserve Among the other Game Animals, of which the District is plentifully sup lied, are two of the more valuable specegz Sie Antelope (Hippotragus Niger) and.Gr Kudu (Strepsiceros Strepuiceros) .The former is fairly common in the ne4,ghbourhoo of Mohoro, as many as 40 having been seen in a herd. They are also distributed on both sides of the Rufiji River to the West of Utete,especially near Mpangas on the south bank and in the vicinity of the Selous Reserve to the north. Buffalo.(Bos cafer) are by far the most common game in the District. They are everywhere and herds of several hundred can be met with near Mohoro and in the vicinity of the Reserve. They are Olassed as vermin here. The heads are by no means good and this applies to most of the game in the District. The Rufiji is not the place to look for record heads of any species of game. The Buffalo here are difinitely dangerous and many Natives have met an untimely end on the points of their horns. The muzzle loader is not an ideal weajon for those animals, a fact which the natives do not appear to realize. Black Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros icornis) occur on the north bank of the western Rufiji. There are very few of them in the District, and are not worth shooting,the horns only go about 5 or 6 lbs the pair. Good Rhino country lies to the west of the District. The smaller Game occur mostly to the west of Utete and between Utete and Mohoro to the East. They consist of:Wildebeest (Brindled Gnu - Gorgon Laurinus). The Nyasa Race (G.Laurinus johnseni) is also found here, distinguished by the white cheveron across its face. The River is about the northern limit, but they are to be found through the Selous Reserve to the north of the river as far as Kissaki although not numerous there. Lichenstein's Hartebeest (Bubalis Lichensteini) Reed Buck (Bohor - R. Redunca) Zebra (Common or Quagga) WaterBuck( ) Impalla (Aepyceros Melampos) Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) are to be found in the River and in all Lakes, Pools and streams deep enough to hold them. Some few of them even live in the salty wqters of the Delta. They are classed as vermin here. Their numbers runs into thousands despite the fact that war has been declared on them,hostilities commencing in 1955, and probably some 5,000 have been killed. To a person visiting the District for the first time something appears wrong missing. After a while it is realized it is the absenoe of the Giraffe. It doesn't seem quite like Africa without these £longated and perfectly harless animals possibly the annual floods would account for their absence near the Rufiji as they are very numerous at Kissaki. Game does not occur in vast herds such as seen on the plains in the Northern Province but the distribution is general and one has to "Hlunt" in this District. During the dry season September - February when the river to the west is very low, numerous sand islands covered with course matete grass are founed. Quite a number of elephant and buffalo use those islands and can often be seen wading to and fro. Lion are plentiful throughout the District and Leopard fairly common. Paoks of *tld hutit oss Ogi (Lycaon pictus bettoni) *oam through the District taking a heavy toll of the Game. The black and white colobus Monkey is found at Ngurakuru (Magongo Hills) and also at Zombe Lake. The Sykes Kima (ceropithe6us albigularis) and Tumbiri (grey) (Cercopithecus pygerythra) Monkeys are very plentiful so are Baboon. These together with wild Pig,whose number is Legion, do a tremendous amount of damage to native crops. Wart Hog (Phacochatus Ehiopicus) are fairly common. Crocodiles are here by the thousands. They are a very vicious and dangerous type and take many natives in the course of a year. They are quite a small type a 12' one being quite big for the Rufiji as compared with the 20 Od foot ones found in Lake Victoria. The Selous Game Reserve, (in which the late Captein F.C.Selous is bur Vtd near Behobeho, having been killed in the fighting there during the 1914-18 war) lies to the West. Only a small part of this Reseive is in the Rufiji District but that is well -stocked with game. It is. perfect countf in which to preserve Game and with the Rirer running through the centre and numerous lakes dotted about makes an ideal sanctuary.

LUHUM1,BERO KONGONI. In the immediate vicinity of Luhombero village there exists an interesting variety of hartebeest. The hartebeest in this district are all Lichtenstein but those of Luhombero differ in that all have some form of w.zhite facial marking. These markings range from a star on the forehead to a white blaize along, the whole front of th. face to the nose. These hartebeest are not individual freaks running in ordinary herds but are distinct herds. I first shot one in October, 1959 for meat and it was not until the head was carried into cap that I noticed the star on the forehead. In November I again passed through Luhombero and kept my eyes open for these beasts. I saw four distinct and separate herds of these hartebeest and I examined each herd closely through field glasses. Every beast had some variation of white mark on its face or forehead and I also noticed extreme variations ol skin colouring between the different beasts in each herd, ranging from an anaemic yellow to deep chestnut. But I attach no importance to this latter feature as these colouring variations are common among all hartebeest. I picked out and shot a full grown male with a white blaize running the full length of his face and examined the beast carefully. In all other respects he Was a perfectly normal Lichtenstein hartebeest. Unfortunately I had not the time to preserve the skin. I visited Luhombero again in March, 1940 to' try to obtain one of these beasts for record purposes, but only had one evenings hunting and did not find them. The habitat of these hartebeest is extremely limited and I should put it at a two or three mile circle centred on Luhombero village. Having spfmt a fortnight's local leave hunting at Mkindu I can say with certainty that these hartebeest do not range as far as that. Nowhere else have I ever seen Lichtenstein hartebeest with these distinctive white facial markings and they obcur nowhere else within this'district. I only regret that I have not obtained a skin for classification, and I hope someone will be sufficiently interested to do this., 2>°$2

Gam*i of all kinda is ta bo foun:I in the district eapecially in the Rufiui VaUey. Bu1ffaio outnumber tja* other oee IoJ.llowel by H,rtebeeste and Waterbuck. !2.and and I aiaare found toward the western boundary, the former ecauming conuiier.ble Iage to cottDn. The subject of iamage causel by Game is moa fully lefat with unler Agriculture. zlophlnts are alm numerous all over the district anl the *bole time of the 5 INativs Cultivation Gla Is taken up with proteoting native oultivation from being wiped ou% by these bast0. ThisueewIalY noticable In the Ruiji Vulley west of the Jwangsiiya ]Czperiamtal Station. The ~uln Oawe Rosierre borlera the district *ek tjae wes and a portion or. it comes intD tåa district on the north west. is this resierve asa an area of approzimately 1100 square ale. It has been auggested t.hat it säould be the saftcth~ ±br as.a and aU. gam* found1 outside !ta limits, should be ~kt withiont license. Tåema . MM AL mage caused by, ~a In tåe district is estimiate to beo or the smunt pimitea. The Ditrict Agricultura. O;friger considers this to b* a low estiiaate. Esippopotcei are very mumerons, oeoilUy ia the backwaters of the Rufiji. byL ~iti dqamc erbe taa; ~i.. 3>S t ens~Mi pei: C&CheLt gag Memt, kwa ar s**re ei.,,...... i *n t..; MehåkJ hrn,.4 9-1.01,-u pa- nemwave cMM znmel this ,..rhen mEte -L4-Nrr m bee t,he4r inm fo."»AWMihM J.fl sdsl the obj set Mesd a* by h Carnivora of all qeoieare humerous, In the distrIct, sapmelly lions. Occadonaly' a anI-cater ocpsars, Äkt reccntly'the nativ*& have recorted to theIr oll custos ut marzounåing täese y~at and eventualy aounting £hr tha. Piga are ji.untifuJ. and Avjeör# to be the tavourite dietot lions, whioh maa be oms remmn uhuala atsem, selmia attackel. LOGAl. attairs of the om*s DGRartamt ars Gontrolled by a 1Aropoän CultIvatIon Inepector stationed at Ki1~k la tdae Uor.ro DL.atriot. ge Iges not appear te have ach time to oarry out bis prisary dity vi&: the Pzwteotoa et*cudtivati.n, as bis w*u>Le t14e Ineen to bo dput visiting tåe Nativ* auards and payingtå= tkieir saisries ge estisatx that he Itu be auge te Day £ visit tothis distriet *vGry t10 uonths It has been a*ifttel to Pavin aial Neaiquarters that these dutiesi oould

Sheet N.. Miscellaneous--Natural, History (Game, Tsetse Belts, etcJ couU s efoai bo tia* Otrict officer wihout taking up too much of his ti. .ami by m 101US releana the qAvopoän MaJtivation patctor for thep 1,zitcotion of cultivaton or jtine witla hals serricas ~U*ts are to, be founå sreryvheraexscept In those area& uhIob ära nflodL In the iaay rains. yhererer thöre tamasrub mol bhuch the il bo founi Taetm'.- They are on more nuimeruu In the M~tubl il la änl/thö .hight oontourm ubioh rue dbwn to the Fatfi3i. Tiae Napnj Hlls are tre* ftom Tmetse, but they ar. tobefouni Im the aea te the test of the.a hllsa måi right ou.to the bounImry.

FISHING:- The waters round Mafia abound in fish of all kinds. Whether trolling or bottom fishing be indulged in the fisherman will be almost certain of a good bag. The former sport is the most attractive from the fisherman's point of view especially if he is provided with rod and line. There are four reefs which are frequented by fish of the " horse mackerel" class. These are (1) Sefu an hour's run W.N.W. from Triuj. Bay ) (2) Kiiamban4 ( marked on the chart Wami Patches) these reefs are to the northward of Sefu and about 2 hours run from Tireni Bay. (5) Nyroo Reef off the Island of the same. This reef is rather far from Tireni for a motor but abounds in fish. (4) Mange off the east coast of the Island, a little way from Bweju. Of these four fishing grounds the first named gives the best sport and fish can be caught practically all the Year round. The ground itself is not extensive, varying from half a mile during some months to less than 300 yards at other periods of the year. The depth of the water varies from 7 to 10 fathoms and the bottom is coral. The ground is on:y about 50 to 200 yards from the. northern edge of the reef. I have caught five different kinds of fish off this reef Viz:- . The "Ngaru" (king fish) Koli koli mdoroKoli koli bizari Kif imbo Msira (barraoouta) Of all these fish the* Ngura" is the most abundant and it is only when their niuber decreases In October that the other species are caught in any quantity, The Ngurn dos not as a rule run to any great A". The biggest I have caught scaled 5O&,lbs. and the average on a day's catch is generally about 18 lbs. The biggest I have seen brought in the Kilindoni market weighed 57 lbs. They are fine sporting fish and msay run out as. much as 100 yards of line in their first rush, and are very game to the last,Good bags have been made all the year round but especially from June to Septmber. The best times for fishin are from 6.45 a.m. to R.50 and 5.50 p.m. till dwrkalthoug in the cool season and on dull days the fisherman go on fishing till 11.0 A.M. or noon with good results. On the 25th.of October Lt.Irving & I went fishing on the reef at 5.50.p.m. the sea was calm but the "Nguru" were all playing on the surface and gave one the illusion of a choppy sea. Passing through in a motor boat seemed to make no impression on them and they took the bait greedily. Between 5.50.and 5.0 we caught nine fish totalling 164 lbs. of which the biggest was 27 lbs. In some cases the bait was taken a few yards from the boat when paying out the line. Whether this was a sign of migration or not I don't know but after this the bags fell off very much. Judging from the previous year however the fish should be back in the middle of December. The fisherman are of the opinion that the fish have migrated temporarily to the Kijambani reefs. One of thse fisher folk from Bweju also told me that the fish would condescend to patronise the reef once more if a votive offering be proferred to the reef itself which evidently had been annoyed about something or other. The offering he said, should take the form of the blood of a bullock enclosed in a native earthenware pot and buried on the highest point of the uncoveM portion of the reef, the fish and entrails being thrown into the sea on the fishing ground itself. The bullock was to be purchased by the Government and killed at Bweju. I did'not fall in with his views and wondered vaguely if I had done so, how much of this ground bait would have found its way to the fishing ground. I have only been out once to the Kijiambani reefs. When going there a man should be taken who knows the fishing grounds tk0oughly as the reefs never uncover at Low Tide and the fisherman has to be mainly guided by the oolour of the water. On the day I went out it. Irving apn myself caught 16 fish (8 king fish and 8 barraeouta,). The fish run s the biggest king fish weighed-17 lbs and the biggest barracouta 16 lbs. The barracouta en this reef and Sefu do not give much sport and oome in very easily, This is I take it on account of their small size as I understand that the barraoouta is not even second of the' king fish as a sporti fish whnabig eshooked. There are a fair nuib of Kol koli an Sefu Reef and I have caught two kinds. The "bisarU has a very long peotoral fin and is white then taken out of the water. The "doro" is a delicate green olour*fn taken out, the pectoral fin is not so develp and there are eight or nine finlets running from the anal and dorsal fine to the tail fin Neither of these fish ire very sporting and are given to boring and how no fight when brought to the surface. The "Kifixbo" is of the same type as the "Nguru" but smaller as a rule, scaling about 15 lbs. as an average. It is a dark fish, marked line a mickeral and fines down very much from dorsal to tail fins. The bait used for all trolling is the "Koana" a pink fish measuring from 5 to 6 inches. These abound in Tereni Bay on a sundy bottom. The "Sorora" a small yellow and white fish is also used but the "nguru" prefers the former bait. I have also tried a 2* inch spoon with two grapnel hooks at head tail with good results. The best spoon however is one of nickelled stegi about 5 inches long curved in opposite directions at head and tail with two free hooks at the head and one at the tail. The advantage of having two big hooks at the head of the bait being that the " Nguru" always takes the bait sideways as I have found to my cost while using live bait, the back of the fish sometime being neaty torn out and the fish not hooked. " Shark" abound in the waters, between Bweju Island to the S.W. of the mainland and the coast. They are netted, the size of the mesh being about 6 inches. The "Nanitee" is also caught in the same way in shallow water, their favaurite feeding ground being close to the Island of Bweju. They are often brought in to Kilindoni. They arrive as a rule very mutilated by the other big fish caught at the same time. The natives are very fond of the meat which in taste is like mutton. Grey Mullet are caught up the Kirongwe creek. Some fish of over 6 lbs. have been taken among the mangroves which is their feeding ground. saw Pish a big fish was reoead)y caught off Ras Mbizi of this type and brought in to Kilinloni. It measured 14 Ft. 10 inches from tail to mouth and 7 ft 4 inches from tme tip of one pectoral fin to the other. The saw measured 4 ft.9 inches. Bottom fishing. is attriotive only from the variety of fish caught and their extraordi nary oolouring. Most of the. fish caught belong to the urassea, parrot wrasses or balistes (file fish) olasses. Good fish am be obtained in Chole Bay on the hit Goast with a rod & line & spinner. Speaking personally the few times I've been out thee It've drawn a blank invariably. Sd.A.M.Clark Tireni Bay is that near to Mlindoni to the ast Fiunu Sefu could be reached from Kilindoni in-about 20/80 minutes in a motor boat. Received Utete 12/5/5. A.V*Hafanoll. Sd. T.M.R.

Miscellaneous- Natural History V (Game, Tsetse Belts, etc.) GAME - RESEVES D DISTRI ION. There are two areas reserved for Gan In Norogoro Diatriot :(1), The complete Reserve known as the Wind Riverw;erre which Is partly in this District and partly in Kilosa. (2). A small piece of the Northern portion of the 4eloug Reserve. These areas are ooloured yellow on the District Book Map. 6. WAMI RIVER RSV (MoROGOR0 DISTRICT). Northern boundary: Iseleko River, from its junction with the Lukigura River to Kamangira. Western boundary: From Kanrwgira Southwards along the eastern slope of the Nguru Mountains to the Mjonga River. thene along the Mjonga till it cuts the Korogwe to Kilosa Road, thenoeti road until it outs the Tame River. Southern and Eastern boundarIs81 The Tame to its junction with the Wami, 'thence along the Wasi to its junction with the Lukigura, and along the Lukigura to its Junction with the Mseleko River. 3SRUS R3ESEM (MA E, MROOORO. AND RUFIJ= DISTRICT). This consists of the German "mohoro" and "Maheoge" reserve united. Northern boundary: The Greater Ruaha from the Kilosa - Mahenge Road to Kindu, thence a line running parallel With the Rufiji and tn sues . ui jt from it to the district boundary between the Rufiji and Morogoro district; thence thin distri4 + boundary and the distriot boundary between the Rufiji and Dar as Salaam districts. ELEPHANT are found all over the district except in the actual vieolnty of NorogorO itself andvery, good sized tusks have been obtained here. The best hunting gronds are on the edge of the WAI River and Selous Reserves and in the vioinity of Kisaki, Mynhax Tununguo, Wstern Uluguru, and the IGURU Hills. Black Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros bicornis). These anmals are very soaroe exoept in the vicinity Of the S lous Reserve and in the neighbourhood of Kisaki as the hot springs a few have been seen at Tutau nd but no hors of any sze have even bee obtained from animals shot in this dstrict. *Large numbers of these animals may be seen all over the district ixao

Sheet No. Miscellaneous-Natural History (Game, Tsetse Belts. etc,) plains. They can be often be observed from tN" train near Mkata. Buffalo (Bos oafer). Common all over the district, especi.o.ly in the 9VU1iU and Kisaki areas and on the Western borders of the district in the neighbourhood of MSONGOZI. There is a herd at Nundu about 2 hours walk from .orogoro Township and others at Kiroka. Greater Kudu. (Strepsiceros strepsiceros) Herds have been seen at 14kata, Kisaki, Kis-L, Mlali, and Mvuha. Sable Antelope (Hippotragas Niger). Odd animals may be seen in most parts of the District. Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus Amphibius). Plentiful in the larger rivers at low attitudes and in the laks near Mvuha, where they do considerable damage to the native crops. Heartibeest, Waterbuok, Wildebeest, Zebra, Reed-buck, Mpala, Bland, are common all over the district in the plains - the last-mentioned do considerable damage to the native shasbas, especially the cotton-fields. Bushbuok can be found in the hills, but they are not as plentiful as might be expected. Colobus monkeys have been seen at extraordinarily low attitudes in this district, as for instance, on the banks of the Ruvu and Iviaa rivers and in Kiroka Pass. Vulturines are frequently seen in the Forest Reserve near the Ruvu River on the Vikesse-Kisaki Road. Guinea Fowl are plentiful on the Wai River and at Mkata. SAA pRTCTXION. In 1924/25 an effort was made to protect the native cultivations from elephant roads and Governor's Licenoes were issued to three Europeans. These enabled them to shoot 25 animls in a year one tusk of each being claimed by the Government. This experiment was not .a success, as, it was only the cultivations inthe vicinity of the hunters' houses which actually got any real protection. Again, the granting of these lieenjes led to gross abuses of the Geme Ordinance, as these hunters kept batteries of guns and employed natives and broken-down Europeans to do their shooting for them. In reality these licenoe-holders were

Miscellaneous Natural History (Gane. Tsetse Belts etc.) S et No were nothing less than receivers of poached ivoi7, !I Ihts ;;ere shot at indiscriminately at long ranges by unskilled marksmen armed with swal-bore rifles. The result was that there were numbers of wounded elephant wandering about the country which were a danger to anyone they might happen to meet. After a year's trial this scheme was gtvie up, and for a time a fow natives, skilled in the use of firearms,were issued with rifles nd ammunition for the protection of crops. Later these were called in and a European 3utm Cultivation Protector and a staff of trained armed natives were stationed at Kisaki, where they did very good work. Natives from each administrative area have recently been trained on the art of trapping lions and leopards and were issued with cut-down rifles. These men do cultivation protection work in their respective areas and cope with pigs, baboons and monkeys. The larger game such as buffalos, hippo, and elephant, are still dealt with by thje European Cultivation Protector and his staff. In 1929 these trained natives were armed with shot-guns and the cut-down rifles were withdrawn. E.E. Hutchin D.O. 7134~9. Goverrnment By Gazette/NotiOe SO. 176 of 1928 the Vasi Game Reserve was opened up and there now remains only the portion of the Zeloms Reserve in the Morogoro district. I.E. Hutchins

Ar .T.V. Gabbutt, Tenpora-y Game Van{er, has been in the ')istrict since larch 1958 conducting a oaipaig against maraudin* game and vermin. (2) In 1905, 318 elephant and over lO0#hirpo were shot by tAr Gabbutt and his staff. ( ) The oanpaign is proceeding in 1054. (4) In 1955, the campaign against vermin was unsuccessful owing to various reasons, one of which was lack of funds. In 1934, a much bigger campaign is being waged, with the assistance of Native Treasury Funds, and, on the authority of C.S. 21726/111 d/d 30/II/M (Utete 17/12/8) r Gabbutt's proposals for the Subordinate Native Authorities thencelves to send in boys, who would be entrusted with supplies of poison for layig the baits in their own areas, were accepted. (5). Up -to date, the 1954 campaign againist vermIn has beed having exdellent results, more especially against pig. D... .C ...ICP.P.

1A1 JliiI HI311eRY - B3IRD~3 r"EO(CTZPHY The Rufiji District is roughly a rectangle lying between parallels 57 50' and 39 25' East and 7 35' and 8 20' South, with the eastern side washed by the Indian Ocean. The main feature of the area is the Rufiji River which, after passing through the Pangani 2Rapius at the extreme west of the district, runs east by.south to the coast bisecting the District into two unequal _arts of which the north ern is the smaller. Tha plain through which the river runs rises steadily from sea-level on the east to cross the 500 foot contour at the western end, and about 100 miles from the coast. This plain is bounded on the north by the Magongo Fills ana on the south by the Kichi and Tfatumbi ranges. The District thus falls into five main areas for ornithological pruposes. The Ripuarian; This includes the Rufiji River itself, the level of which rises twice in the year, the amount of the rise depending on the rainfall in cetral and southern Tanganyika rather than on the local precipitation. In April the river may rise to nearly fourteen feet above "Zero" which is itself about four feet above the minimum dry season level. During the floods wide tracts of country are under water to a greater or lesser degree. In May, June and July the r.-iver drops steadily leaving vast areas of mud nd sandbanks, quiet reedy lakes and sandcliffs. This is undoubtedly the best area for seeling birds as in addition to those numerous aquatic ones which inhabit the shores and shallows of the river the main cultivation of rice, maize and sorghum takes place along its banks' and there are great areas of grasses and reeds interspersed in places with groups of Borassus and Doum palms and in many places the typical bush stretches down to the banks of the river. ~t The shier waterbirds are best seen while canoeing quietly among the subsidiary water.ays, but even moving up and dow-n the mainstream in the motorboat one has 'a g"'rdstand view of a great variety of water birds, especially from the end of 1{ay till August when the receding waters are constantly tuncovering fresh feeding grounds nearer and nearer the boat. The Coastal: About ten iiles from the coast the river divides in two and soon after brdaks up into 9 great ni~mber ot channels vinding among extensive'mangrce foress. The river is here tidal and the stinking mudbanks provide feeding grounds for a considerable body of waders in the season. TJhere thre are no mangroves coconut plantations, most 'of them rather overgpown with scrubby bushes, stretch all along the sandy coastal belt. At,.pints- opposite Mafia Island the mangroves run right down to the sea bt elsewhere long sandy beaches lie between the various mouths of 'the Rufiji. The Magogo Ills: These hills begin ten or fifteen miles north of the Rufiji River and-continue with varying names almost to Dar es Sal&am. These hills are .of no great height, the higher villages lying at about 6o0 feet, and are interesected with marshy valleys. The greater part of the *area is covered Yith dense'scrub and abandoned "ahambas" but there are also tracts of forest with 'rubber vines etc. The balance of the bird population iS iotably different from that of most of the remainder of the District.

Tho Latumbi and Liohi tLills: The '.,tiuirbi ;Llc lie , ;loi thi soutlie:.'n boundeay of !T 5i ' her eirehls ith Kill ' nd Li aL, i...cts, th1 iLiei .ills Pulning up north frola them to the southern bank of the 1,tuiji by tete. ''hey aie higher Uhin tho :Zgongo Hiills buI, are nractiatlly uni riabited except foj a fev villt..es.' I am afraid that I knov., nothing about ,them but suspect that tl(ey are rrther simil"ir to the uninhabited parts of the rgoogo "anges. The Bush: The remainder of the Ditriot is under well-grown and fairly compact bush conatining a variety of tall deciduous frees and a grass floor which becomes uncomfortably long in the rains. Clumps of thick bushes are dotted about here and there and along rainy season watercourses. As about 90% of the birds noted as observed by myself on the list below were seen within an evenings walk of Utete a closer description: of- the, country round Mtete may be usefiJ and will provide a key to places mentioned in the motes. (a) Between Utete and the river is an area of grassland sparsely dotted with bushes and small trees where from March till JAme the Bishop birds are the Imost noticeable inhabitants. (b) The Rufiji river circles round two sides of Utete and all the comoner water birds can be seen aloing .the home reaches at one time or another and many take a short cut by flying over the Boama. (a) Lake Lugongwe on the south-western side is heavily fringed with'trees *and bush. except on the side near Utete where clumps of freeds proride nesting sites for weivers and roosting places for the smaller herons. (d) Out of Lake bugongwe, below the Boma, towards the ferry runs Waterhole Creek. This is heaily reeded-ad lined with:bushes. Goliath Herons, Openbill Storks, Lilytrotters, Pied Kingfishers, -Coucals, M1ousebirds, Little Bee-eaters etc are all to be founds'along its short length, (e) Beyond the ferry, along the MohOro road, and beyond the hospital lies bush country gradually growing taller and more copayct as it gets further from Utete. The chief inhabitants of this are Fork-tailed Drongos, Doves, Barbetr, Wqodp-kers, Helmetand Cuko-Shrikes. The aerodrome with its Larks, Pipits and Senegal,. Piover is an interruption. (f) chemohem Creel running d, -nfrom the Hot Springs to the river is a Qu6eT ) eoek seldom .isturbed excet by the petulant cries of the White-crovm~d Wattled Plove or the hoarse croak of* the Geen-baoked Heron. .Darters,. g eqaco Herons, Water Dikkop and Three-banded Plover are other commnon residents. (g) Over Waterhole Creek lies Kiliigogo,, Zombe Experimental Station and Ki1bambo. They lie along q corridor of lad.between Lake Lugongwe and the RufiJi which ha several pat chs of forest, especially aog the ;borders of the lake and river, with ligh t woodland, grasy glades and occasional .hawtba in between. A veryOi1 area with water, forest, grassa nd bashlaiid birds all within a few inute~s walk of one another.

(h) Among the shrifr, nd trees of the Boma gyrden itself cano be o pilet a variety of birds, many of 'hom conveniently fly up into the bri'nrhes of the Flamboyants level with the first storey oindovis where they are evidently quiet 'unaware of the man in the iron cage of the mosquito netting gazing at them from only a few feet away. The most noticeable birds round the Boma are the Stripped Swallow, the Square-tailcd Sr'ift, Layard's Bulbul, Paradise Flycatcher, Scarlet-chested Sunbird, Puff-back and Grey-headed Shrikes, orning 17arblers and the Barn owl in the roof. CLIATE. The annual rainfall at Utete over a peridd'of ten years averaged 820.6 m. of which 274 fell in the moiths of November .to January and 492 in the months of February to Hay. Along the coast the rainfall must be appreciably higher. .Grass fires begin to rage in August and continue internittently until the short rains have begun in earnest. The-shade temperatures average 830 plus for the twenty four hours in January, February and March with maximum temperatures of just over 1000, the humidity being 87. Many birds find this as tryi g as we do judging by their pai)ting, exhausted expressions. In July and Augdst thd temperature falls to about 606 at night. THE LIST. The list and notes subpeaded to this article include all the information contained in Mr. Hall's article of July 1937. 1. The observers. (a) Lr. Barker has spent many years in the.District and has been able to identify many of the more retiring or less common birds, especially among the -aquatic ones. (b) Mr. Hall was District Commissioner at Utete for two years and, vAth his iife identified a number of the Utete birds. (c) I myself was at Utete for a little over a year but only seriously began to study birds in February 1944; however from then on until I left in mid-September there were few days in w hich I did not spend an hour cr more looking at or for birds. The Chief gaIm of idenitification which remain are mong the Lark, arbler, Thrush, Bulbul and 'eaver familie s. In addition there is a complete lack of local recores c nesting or general habits of any of the species. 2. Nomenclature. For the Latin names I have generally follw'ed the English-rather than the South African system. I have for the most .part only added subspecific names where the subspecies has such a wide range on all sides of t he district that there is little room ior error. Below the Latin name is the English one fbllowed by the local (Kirufiji) name where I have been able to ascertain it. I hve many times sympathised with Alice over the White Knight's Song but I think most of the names given are reliable. Sefu Kalalo, District Office Messenger who. has 4ccompanied me on all my safaris has proved cf great help. I have checked and rechecked the names wherever possible with. a variety of people of all ages. Those names in brackets are "good" names but are ones which cover birds of more than one family (e.g. Sising'ombe = Mousebird, Paradise Flycatcher, ie. small birds with crests and long tails). Names preceded by a question mark are also I believe "good" but for one reason or another have not received safficient confiimtion. I have put them in f cr the benefit of any successor. I have nbt had the oppbrtunity of finding out the names by which birds are khn in the Magongo area, nor on the' coast. For the latter the Kimbwera names in Moreau's article in T=aanyika notes' and Records for December 1W4 .ill probably be helpful.

3. References. . or convenience after the names of each bird I have ndt ed the page on whio-h it or its nearest relative can be found in Jackson's Birds of Kenya and Uganda, Rnd also the nunfoe in ?oberts' -irds f Soilth Africa and the nufoer in Belcher's Birds of iryasaland, The Pbllxin. books and papers have been referred to by me for inforvrion BELCHER C.F. 1930 Bi ds cf Nyasaland, London FU L S-COrVTT3 N 1959 Birds of the Eastern Province, Tanganyi a JACKSON F.J. 1958 Bipds .d, Kenya and Uanda, London MOREAU R.E. 1957 Migrahit birds in TanganyikL Territory. Tang.I1ote tand Records No. 4-,' 1940 Bird:names used in Coastal Tangayika Tangt Notes and Records o.i0 1940 Contributions to the Omitiology of the ,ast Africa Islands This 14(4) 48-91. ROBHt A. 194 Birds of south Africa, da SWWiNEICH 'B. - 958 1 ey to the recgauition in thie field of-"2W of he comner birds of Tanganyiyat Tango Note and Records. N o. 6. 4.' ITheNote5 I am. responsible for the notea except where otherwise 'state& T~ ~ o pretead to be anything but aottngs of what I have seen over a short prl.o and gi i g a . indioatIam of where the birds were found and roughly how oommy-I met with them together with oe or two allied matters. Owing to frequent safaris and the necessity of combi*ig exercise wi.th bi rcbecn o s m t notesare desultory and umsoientific- however I hope that t wa i of some service to newoomer to the distict who oall add their om observat sa., My cief regrt s hat I did not have a greater kaonledge of bird& when I came to- the D "i .riat so that I Aould have studied.more profitably-iu.te short. time I had.

AIHT GI DAE DATi Anhinga ruf a rufa Lacep & Daud. African Darter, (Kitipa) J25R52 B4 OBS:B HI M 4lm gst other placea, there are always some to be found on the chemohem Creek. In the early part of the yearv they preferred perching on the bordering trees where both breeze and sun could dry their heraldically extended wings. From July they were usually seen on the sandy shore of the creek dora by the water' s edge, but there were a good many imature birds amongst them which may explain the difference. It is certainly not a convenient place for them as one bird which I persuaded ti move on by my near and rapi approadh had great difficulty in making height its feet trailing in the water for thirty yards or more and its wing tip dipping in the "drink, as it banked in order to make for a nearby tree. PELECIDAE PELICANS Pelecanus onocrotalus roseus Gmel. White pelican, Bike J27R42B5 OBS.BHI Eft occasional birds seen in July along the Rufiji. Pelecaus refescens Gmel. Pink-backed pelican, Bike -j 28 R 41 B 6 OBS: B Hn single birds seen in kay and June. It is possible that all the pelicans Isaw were p. refescens in different stages of plumage as they were all solitary abd rather shy. The nalvMes -eli me that thei meat tastes like goatflesh. ARDEIDAE HERU S Ardea cinerea cnerea Linn. Grey HeronNpa g~Ouas J R B 7 OBS: B H1I Rather comioner than the next species as far as the Rufiji main river is concemed. seen in small groups often with other herons, on the sandbaiks along the Rufiji in .July, otherwise usually solitary. Ardea mekanocephala Vig & hildr. Black-headed Heron, Ngorogoro upansi J 55 R 55 B8 OBS: B M.n L46 comM then the precedijig only odd birds having been noted along the 'river, but this may, be due to its being more a bird bf marsh and paddy field where it isnmt ao' easly seen., Ardea golat cretschm.. Goliath iierQ, NgprWogro iupaflsi J 55 R-6 B9 OBS: B li Hn one bird is usually to be fud in the reeds at the' edfeof Lake Lugongwe or along, waterhole Creek.., Aothep bird was nearly always to be seen a e same spot, a sma rey islet a quarte~r of a. mile below the JKilingo&O - Kyiwili canoe, durinf July, usut a11d september. Three were seen in the itwentyfive miles between Utete and Ncidu in early juy. pyrrehodia Purpurea Linn. Furple Br,? Ki jimo si1w J 56 R 5. B 10 . OBQ: B HI IM. .. .: Fairly common on quiet reedy creeks ad w4tera but lies close for the most part though onccan usually flush one at the Chmahem Creek..

Dasliero'diies buS Ue1WiorhychUa (fagl.) Great 4hite H ercn, N yangeyange J 59 R 58 B ii OBS: B HIl lb Though nowhere present in numbers it is so widely dospersed alcng the river and its associated waters that the total populatien in the District must be pretty coasiderable. ca two trips to Ndundu from Utete in July (25 miles) we were never out of sight of two or more the whole way. They all had yellow bills. ca June lth one (with a black bill) was pacing, up and down a stretch of the chemohem creek shore, occasionally rising to drive off intruders or circle about above the Creek uttering the typical deepish call like a stick being drawn alcag wooden palings, and then again returning to its pacing. Its territory a peared to run from the head of the broad part of the creek to the dry-seascan ford (I mile). A seccad black-billed bird was perdhed up, in a tall tfee just below the ford buWt there diA not appear to be any connectica between them. I could see no nest from where I was and as there were thirty yards of crocodile infested water between me and the other bank I did not venture across. Mesophoyx intermedius brachyrhynchos (Brehm.) African yellow-billed Egret, Nyangenyange j 40 R 60 B 12 CBS: B Bn A party of thirty were seen an an open sandbank c the Rufiji cn 26th July and other smaller parties together with other hercas and storks, but as a rule rather solitary in the daytime ad preferring more shaded waters. During August and September at about 1800 hrs. a flock of about twenty came regularly f rom dom- river past the District Foreman' s house almig Waterhole Creek to rest in the tall reeds by the edge of Lake Lugmagwe in company with cormorants (p. africanus), Little Egrets etc. Occassicnaly they flew in in twos, threes or fives. haviug presumay been late at the usual assembly point. no I have no note of them between April and the beginning of July;/doubt they retire to the more secluded floodlands. Melauophoyx ardesiace (wagl.) Black Heron J41R64B15 ?BSg]a Ht t unh parties of three and seven seen lying from Lugcmngwe towards the Rufiji ca 26th. and W0th. AUgusr. Not commca. Egretta garzetta garzetta (Linn) Little Egret, Nyangenyange J45 R59 B14 OBS;BHI Hn. Solitary birds can be found alcag most stretches of water feeding cn the sandy shore. Ardeola, ralloidea ralloides (soop.) Sq.Lacco Hercn, Kin.goyo J51 R62 B316 0B:BhIi Commc wherever there are reedbeds suoh as Chemchem and daterhole creeks and in the drying floodlauds in May and June. usually they keep well dowi in the reeds but, are sometimes seen ca old reedAstalks or low bushes. Eotimless with wings folded and head pointing $ 1 upwards they are easily overlooked. Butorides striatus atricapillus (Aft.) ji African Green-backed Heron, KingoyO j52R65 B17 B:BHU Fairly common in the quieter reed-beds and floodlands. when dlsturae& jumps ap with a loud croaky spawk and makes for the-next cavenient bush or clump of reeds where it perches a little'above the-water. In the field the green of the ba- ok.appeais rather the green of an aged dress suit. Nyoticorax nyoticorax nuctioram (Linn.) N igt Heron ? Ndimbkkwa J )R 69 B 18 OBS-_BH.... In late Jy and early Auust I could Wluu three birds frm a tall reedbed iu $n the Chewmhem Creek. one of them appeared rather immature.

IXobrychus i Jinlts piayesi (lartl.) African Little Bittern, Kibgoyo J 58 R 68 B 20 OBS: B Hn Seel on 14, 15, 16, 17, 20th July either at 'aterhole or Chemhem Creeks in the reedbeds. one near the Kilingogo canoe might have been I.m.minutus from the colour of the neck. SCOPIDAE HiMThJERHEIDS Scopus umbretta banmermani C. Grant. Lessrer Hammerhead, Lsingwe J 60 R 72 B 21 OBS: B H1 Hn didespread6 throughout the District at muddy or sandy pools, streamlets, flooded paddy fields etc., usually singly, though pairs and threes are sometimes seen resting together on small islets in the river. Ugasa birds must have lost their voices (j 61) as certainly twughout July and August they have attracted attention by their loud and repeated calls. At 1500 hours on August 5th four birds were sean paddling in shallow water by a sandbank. They soon walked up onto the sands and one bird flew off. Of the reiiiaining three a pair, one of the two being slightly paler than the other, began calling liully. The paler bird ile held itself in a female attitude while the other jumped on its-back, waved its wings steadily and slowly to and fro and gradually b ught its tail deos to meet that of the under bird as if to copulate. After a second or two it jumped don again. Juan the paler bird on the darker ce and the same actions were carried out with the roles reversed. This took place four times before the birds were diastrubed by a passing canoe and flew off. In the meanwhile the third bird walked to and fro in front of the pair workanf its wings slowly and calling while the pair hopped an one another turn and turn about. The natives have the usual tales about this bird and its being the king. It is alleged to be a wizard on the ground that it keeps smakes in its house. CICWKIIDAE STORKS Ciconia ciccaia cicomia (Linn) White Stork, ?Lsukwi J 68 R 80 B 25 0BS: B Hl. Dissours episcopus microscelis (Gray) African vtooly-necked stork J71R77 0BS:Hn Six were seen perched on low bushy trees in company with half a dozen openbills at Batya Corner. Rufiji River, on 14th April. Anaatemus lamelligeras lamelligerus Tens. Openbill stork. Kopwngora T75R74B25 OBS:BHI Mn. Faijrly common but in varying numbers. Usually seen solitary or in pairs feeding at the mu deges of creeks and lakes, but not infrequently gathering together in parties of up to tw o onb low rounded trees or wheeling high i the air. Two were seen on a sandbank with two wood Ibis all four with their wings stretched out an attractive study in black and white. These bi~h vary between the spectral, when seen flying against a darken ins ky, and the comic, whdn they are caughti a gust of wind which appears likely to rip their wings from their backs like those of a dhild 's plane. Ephippiorhynohus sBegalensis (Shaw) Saddle-billed Stork, Sagarugembe CBS: B Hn j76 R76 B26 One seen on the banks of the Rufiji near kIApi in July. Took easily and gracefully to flight landing again round the next bend. kdraluu ~6urL ul.s .lus k1fmll) Wood Ibis mwarabu j80R76B28 OBS:Ha Found feeding singly in the mud left by the receding floods or in parties of up to a dozen on the sandbanks of the Rufiji often in company wiln other storks and herons. , uite common from June on. PLEGADILAE IBISES Threskiornis aethiopicus aethipicus (Lath.) sacre- Ibis, Mwogogo J81R81B2S 0BS:HiHrk Odd birds often seeing flying along the river or resting in mixed parties on sandbanks. Hagedashia. hagedash erlangeri N eum. East African Hadada, Mwogogo j 85 R 84 B 50 0BS: B HI Mi Usually in small parties of two to five along the lake or creek shores or perched up in trees near the water's edge. plegadis flaoiuellus faloinellus (Linn.) Glossy Ibis J 86 R 85 B 31 0BS: B Hi PLATALEIDAE SPPOCIBILLS plata.lea alba (scop. African spoonbill, Membe J88R1 B52 0BS:*BHu Generally seen singly, often in parties of white herons or egrets. In June and July seen in parties of five to twenty with hther water birds. The members of one such party of gocxbills we nearly all resting on their "Hooks" with the taruses stretched out in fr at of DATIDAE AUJKS - .'DmdrogM viat& (Lax.) hite-faced Tree-Duck, Swilili J 115 R I00 B 41 OBS: B in slugle bir s fruq ely seen flying from place to place near the river. Considerable parties were seen in fy at eedges of sandbahka along the Rfiji, often near e in company With Xw bi1ll~e, r-gypLn 6OQXA J 117 R 91 B 44 CBS: B HO parties seem along the Rafiji sandbanks in July.

,ypri4l GoUUtc, Bata iCk1 11: 3 A lig. R ög 345bb: B i lf par-Lies of~ tal "co eerry SC'ef on cbf li s 01 &jiduiwi. s Jlong ýl iluýiii i.n JiulY, otherwi1se usually singly or iii pirs ii alorig at the ..tLcr' s ed---e. gleotoptexr§ L~sisginfsS(Ln. jpur-ýingled Goose j121.R88 B346 OBS; B111M g;Qn you find u~ny more Lucks. ,,Ile vtbove sce.asoenty Collection. XiP±w.V ULTJÉ13S , k i®YL T2orgos tracheliotus (Forst.) Lapýet-i'aced Vulture jbR108 B48 OBS:B3Hl Trigonooeps ocoipiWlis (Blurch.) Whte-heLaded Vulture j157 R109B49 ,OBS. H-l HI, . jeophran peronopterus peronopterais (LJnhl.) tEc1UTtian Vuliure J,19 R B 111 bO6 OBS: B Hi. 13eorosyrtes Moiaohus pileatu Burch.) ljooded Vulture 1140R10B01 OBS:B PÅiLOIhhJXiE HAW~KS VLA3,4ÄGj yalco pezegrMnu subsp. pee r~iI1 Faloon. j*3 R114 B 52 OBS: B paico biarnious biarmic.s .TeM.D qouth AfrI.oai lanuner. .49R14 BSOb: 13 Faico chicqiier'a rLiticollis Swain1s. Rufous-iieoced Falcon j 155 R 11 Bb6 OBS: B Ha seen anos resting on ani old house frame above a cottm sihýirnba below the 13oma4& MilvuB Iigrafla prasitus (Daud). J, ,,w29 B 61 Spair tumued up at utete mi Uth. -july and cause8 gtreat havoc .ammg thb. young t chickm, me of my oook s being taken- from under my nose, and they oame bac1 from time to -time. .. .. Another pair performed fine aeiobatiQ feats over the ri~v i öo 'site the camp~ at idLuidai. and two loacd in a firm embrace. tell thirty~ feet throih a treeo bouncing from br8noh to brtah, bet ore they separated.

Elanus caeruleus caeruleus (Desf±) Black-shouldered Kite, ?KimbanUga mleli J 169 R i0 B 62 OBS. Il Une who for sohe dAys in 1:rch WXLS frequently perched on an casia above -he District Foreman's house was quite indefferent to my approaching and studying him from every side. In well-grow bush towards the aerodrome in august a pair were sen chasing from tree-top with whistling cries and wagging their tails up and don with vigour in betweenwhiles while they rested. jiila rapax subsp. Tawny 'agle, I Kimbanga Lukume J 177 R 15 B 64 OBS1 B Aquila wahlbergi sund. wahlbergis Eagle J179 R19 B OBS:En For a few days in september a bird was perched ca the tall baobab below the Boma or circling .above the village. In flight, but for the square tail, might be mistuken for a Kite. A rest the slight crest is usually discernible. Lophoaetus occipitali. ( Daud.) Lcgg-crested Eagle, ? Bwazi J 185 R 1 B 71 OBS: B Kaupifalco mcaogrammicus meridilnalis (Hartl.) southern Lizzard Buzzards ? Kimbanga mleli j 187 R 144 B 72 OBS: Ha. One seen perched on a dead tree above an old shamba in the lgagongo Hills was uttering the usual whistlkig squeal. Uthers were seen occusicnally in the bush round utete and a pair were chasing each other from tree to tree in late August. Oircaetus cinereus ' vieill. Brown Harrier-Eagle J 189 R 14r* B 75 OBS: B Hn Near Kiligongo in September ciroaetus pectoralis smith Black-breasted Harrier-EagleJ 290 R146 B74 OBS: Hal seem on them or four ocassions pranniug round above Utete with a make hanging from its bill, or passing it from bill to feet, and back* circaetus Fasciolatun Gumey. Banded Harier - Eagle. -j.147 B 75 OBS:. IM one seen 7th. Septeber at the edge of :ombe Creek flew a short dist. hce shead of me from tree to tree. G 15th. September what was probably the sambird w* snake on a dead tree just opposite the Experenal Station.Evidently nt v tout-hea d as a boy going lwa to draw water O yrdU or more awa caused it to daep-itp fly off' Terathopius ecaudatus (Daud.) Bateleur, Mbungu... j 195 R 151 B 77 OBS: B Hl 91 One or more nearly always to be seen soari g ab6ut abovethe +woods toe;he south of Lake Lugoagwe, and remarkable for the motioilesmess of its wings. one with a white , were seen . .. . perhed ......

(in) perched in ± tree just up t ne i oio :o road one cveaing, cuncuma vocifer (Daud.) Fish-Eagle kuhisi j196 Rf49 B78 U38,B HiIM Fairly frequent wherever there are suitable trees for it to nest and perch above river, creek or lake. luth. ijugust adlt bird seen perching on the edge of nest near ,onbe crbek and peering into it. The nest 1,as a large roundish mass of sizzable sticks thirty feet up in the threefold fork of a sterculia uppendiculata tree ii the forest strip at the edge oi Lhe creek. Round the enderpart 0 u iest ere four old weaver nests and a wasps nest. 13th. September an iwature bird was perched an the edge of Ll e sad nest but dived back into it on sightig me. Gypohierux angolensis (Gel.) Vulturine Fish-Eagle j 199 R112 B79 OBS:in Seen Twice at 1&, bottom end of the big bend of the RtIfiji'below Kipei; once feeding on something stranded in ~ shallows and 'he second Lime perched on a tree at the 'top of the cliff. Aciiter melanoleucus melwioleucus (smith) Blabk and wjhite sparrovoiiawk j 210 R169 B84. OBS:- B Astur badius polyzonoides (smith) Little Banded Goshawk J'212 R 161 B 85 OBS: Ha" This little hawk came and sa. i the Flamboytnt on a level with and -just outside my sitting-room window at -he Boma on two successive days for Veriods of about five mintes and then departed for more satisfactory hunting grounds. Austur tachiro sparsimfasciatus Reichw. East Afrian Goshawk J 215 R 160 B- 86 0BS: HU perched mt a tree.at the edge of well-wooded country-in the Wgo Hills. Melierax gabar (Daud.) . Gabar Goshawk J 128 R 162 B388 CBS: M In various parts of the District I. have noted three black as agaist five 8O.rmal birds, , i.ypaoen ac icUsn Hawkt~ J. 2U5 .91 39f1 - O.. ... H . Seen moe in a tree up towards, the aerodrome; it mo'ed c-a little, way from tree to as I followed and then went away altogether. pandimi haliaetus haliaetts (LiOn.) Ospre j2 R172 92 OS. probably to be found in delta between September and Ap ril. Tumipidate ...... w tree: i......

Hi CIDAE 2urnix sylvatica lepurana (smith) Kurrichaine Buttw-uail J 231 R 196 B 95 0B: Hi. PHASI N IDAE GAUBiRDS i GiALB. Francolinus coquji subsq. o-iui Francolin j257 R175 B95 OBS:B Francolinus hildebrandti subsp. Hildebrandt's rancolin j 251 B E9 0BS: B Hi 1i pternistis after subsp. Red-necked Frencolin, Ngombwani J260B1Q) OBS:BH1H1 On Thth. september I picked up a broken egg of what several natives informed me was this bird. it was at the side of the liohoro road Lnd had evidently recently been eaten as Tne inside was still slightly moist with a slight tegument at the top of bhe broad end, which latter was intact. I cannot imagine that they breed at this time though as grass fires are sweeping the District, end If they laid on the burnt parts the egg, the colour of old dirty mustard, would show up plainly. The bird itself seen on various occasions towards the aerodrome. cotuinix delegorgaei subsp. Harleouin Quail ji9 R190B104 OBS:B NUID10AE MUINEAFOL KANGA Numida mitrata subsp. Helmet GWineaf-owl j278 R192 B106 OBS:B IH RAILIDAE RAILS (VIFRBIRE) Rallus caerulescens Gael. Cape Rail J 288R 197 B108.B8- B Has he rll seen all .t ese to ditingaish . them accordingly? OEx crex 4Lnia.-) Corn-orake or lend- Rail J 289 R198 B 09 OBS: B ....e...... crop egregia (Petaer)...... cjreropl egegla ( 1eters) ÅýVrican GrakeOB:B i 2ý)u R 199 B110 03:1 ppzaa puslilel obsoura 14euLi. ,.trican spotted erake j 292 R 202. B £12 01B:1B Limooorax fiavlrostra ( bwainfs.> Black crake j 294 R~ 205. B111 OBi1S:13IDI ACominan inhabitajnt of? reed bechs throughout the District. 13ao hrraelegýas egans å . 1inth) juff-spotted Grake 03;B1 00 R 206 B3115 OS porpyrl madgasarielsiS (Latil.) Purple Gallifll ij 501 -R 208 B 115 OBS: B GaIliLula, chioropus meri1mis ( ]rehI) African Mo0rhen 1 605 R 210 B 117 OBS8: B lFulica ristata Omel.' IRed- kaobbed Ooot j 507 R 212 Bl 118 OBS: fl HiIIWI THIDAE FNU18 podioa. snega1ms1s.petersi ( ilrt) peter's Fifoot j510 R215 B125 013S:B PÅARBIDAE. JAOM AS (VIJJBIiE) ÉfrieOA Lily-TrotterJ515 R 228 B 119 01B8: Bl Hi Ha Vert, oæwhevz lre is si±f1oiet surface vegiLttion mi lakes or oreeks. july ilth. saw. a birýd behaving as if I.t had a nest :il a reedy mass at the edge of Qhåaobem or.ee, but whýn I went f orward to investigate I sanl ap to both 1Imees in glutJ»ous muc anid bad some diffioulty In ertrioating iuyself. ju early August æamy youing bI.rds. ere see«' with adults. Mi1reparra capnss ( sai.th) Lesser ja05a -j. 516 R229 B120 OBS:B

(±L) Lissotis melanogtster melanogaster (Rupp). Blacir-bellied 3utard T. 529 R _-J1 1 OB6:B!lIn Odd birds seen rouiid -ne aerodrome up 6ill arch 'Uid gaLil in ,*uuisti iaei ue 3rass has died dorn, but whetner is moves 6o nore suitable feeding-±rouads duming Gne rains or iaerjly escapes detection in the long grass I do not know. CHa1L D1

First appeared a le Liudbanks near Kilioago ai &Uth. July, singly, difiicult to approach but found in the same place an several days. softish double or quadruple pipe. Tringa nebularta Gun Gre en shank j589 R263 B149 OBS:BHn Ucassioaally found, singly, froia 8th. jugust preferably paddling or in the uud. Went off with a loud whistle of alarm. Numenius arquat a Subsp. curlew, sululu j393 R 267 B151 OBS:BHa Semi on the seashore in - anuary and in the mangrove creeks in early April. Numenius phaeopus phaeopus (Lim) Vhimbrel J 394, R 268 B 162 OBS: B GLORFCLIDAE. COURSERS Cursorius temmiuckii temminckii swains. Temmick' s courser J597R277 B155 OBS:B Rhinoptilus chaloopterus subsp. Braze-wing courser ..1.. j400R280 B1 OBS:B Glareola praotinoola fullebomi NeuM.. East African pratincole j 402 R 281 B 16 OBS: B Burhinus capensis cap esis (Licht.) South African Stone-Curlew j 415 R275 B 166 OBS: B Burhinus vermiculatus vermiculatus (Cab) Water Dikkop J 414 R274 B157 -OBB: B.3. ,(i 6'

)rd. ,ugust adýilt arid 'ývio young chicks seen in -he bushes about five yurds from nest size. GULLS Luras fuseus fascus LinnLesser Black-backed (jull j 418 B 158 OBS: B Larus oirmeepha Vieill. Grey-headed Gull j 419 R 288 B 1b9 OBS: B Very unlikely-nQt recorded ýust of vlie -ýif t Valley. ohlidonleýs leucbpterus euii. ýiiiite-wiriged Black -ýeinj452 R304 B160 OBS;B (;hlidaiias leucopareius subsp ý,ýhiskered I1ý,in j 454 R 505 B 161 01)s: B RE4GHOPIDýý SULIERS-ý,ýnehops flavirosZris Vieill jýfrican Skimer 1,jtepwe 4w RM6 B162 OBS.B Hl1-1ýl Noticeable again :ýi kay doing aerobutips over the river. Very.RuLlerous ull alang the river in july diving and el ing and shooing Off'Geese, Mammerheads ete. VIhich j were eneroaching m their gromdsø iýimost more distributing than the.*wli.ýtf,,-cro,ýnel lyattledplover iu the same Area. They had beoojue mch less cQwon by the middle of åugus.t and by the end of the month. were quite silent even wheib constantly moved oi4 PTEROGLIDAE pterooless SP. Band-Grouse jý,458 R507 B165 OBS:BHl. GOLULBIDAiý 1)Oviýs .§t-r-eý(ýPClia semitorquata (Rupp,,) Red-ged D0v8 -Ndutu j 4 R iýý B 165 -OBS. B Hl,' aý , pools -mGr"t-nuubers cau be seen.drinking at/alcng the Rufiji Aiýar iligmgo in the af t emoýma. streptopelia caploola trop ýRe10hw. East AfrXCen -necked Dove, Tezele J ý60 B168 OBS:B 31 Uena capeasis capensis ( Lin.) Nahmaua Dove, Ndukutuku J 466 R 618 B 170 OBS: iA For most of the year a pair is o be found in the road just aove Utete Ferry, or in lhe bushes near-by. Tympaistria tymaniTria fraseri BP. Tambourine Dove, Kitukutuku j 467 R 619 B 171 W S: IZ A pair were busy feeding in the side of the large mango trees at Bungu Rest Camp when arrived there ere moning. Turtur after Kilimensis (Ljeams) Red-billed or Blue-spotted jood-Dove, Kitukutuku J 469 R 520 B 172 0BS: B H IM A bird came down to drink at a pool a few feet from where I was standing which I am pre ty certain was this species. 1.ost of the ,ood-Doves in the District seem to belong to the next species. Turtur chalcospilos ohalcospilos (wagl.) Green-spotted Wood-Dove Kitukutuku J471R521B1 OBS: B H1 I Foad of feeding on native foot-paths in the evenings. Vinaago delalamdel granti van sor. Delalande's Coastal Green pigeon, Ninga -J 479 R524B179 OBS:B HlHn The measurements of birds shot by me in the Magcgo Hills iseei ither too large for V.d. gumnti; (Length ;60 mm. wing 170 ram.) but perhaps my measurements were bad. In Magongo there were numbers of large flocks but round Utete one tends to find single birds until August when they congregate on those fruiting trees which have escaped the general conflag zat ion. CUOULIDAE CUCKOOS Cuoulus canoras gularis Stephens African cuckoo J -484 R 4- B- 178 'OBS: B cUotlus solitarius Stephens Red-chested Cuckoo j486 345 BIT9 . oBS: -B Hl Ouculus clamsus Lath. -45J5: B179 BSB pachyoooyvalid (Reichw.) j. 492 r.~ 545 B 182 OS clamatQr tlundrius ( Lin.) Great spotted Cuckoo j 49 R 046 B 185 Clanator jacobJnus ( Bodd.) jacobin ci'ested Cuckoo 0BS: B J 495 R 648B184 OBS.IDf single birds seen an two occassans at the end of Larch and the begining of April :i the more open bush near U Gete aerodroe. Clamator cafer ( Licht.) striped-chested cuckoo " iJ7 R 547 B 185 OBS: Ii 6ingle birds seen i The bush near U ete in ,arch ad April Clama or serratus subsp. Black-crested cuckoo 1 498 R 5%9 OB2: k1*1 Twice in April round utete and rather doubtfully The latter perhaps C.Clamosus. Chryso ocyx cupreu s intenmedius Hartl. Emerald Cuckoo j 499 R5W. B186 0BS:B Lahqpromorpha caprius ( jodd.) Didric or joldmn Cuckoo 3J oO a 2 B 187 on" 6th. Lay near Kilimfli, 9BS: B L9axroorpha klasi (Stephas) "laas' Cuckoo J OR651B188 CBS: 31 Fairly frequently met with in well-grovn bush in Dist'ict. Centropus grillii grillii Harti. K different p 0 Of the Black-chested5cucal J05R655B189 OBS:BM Noted in igongo. Not likely I saw what I thought wias an iuuiature bird into the typical crown eye in Lay, but possibly eye Was colour changeling.

(2u). Centropus supercillosus subsp. jhite-browed Coucal for water-bottle Bird, Dudui uizi, ip±itipi J 0U9 R bo6 B 191 OUS: B H1!a commoner Lhan the preceding in bhe ju,o o _ills but about equal in nuwbers round Utete loor june onwards either ii The bush or in the bush or in ,he creuk- side reeds. individuals vary very aonsiderably in the allount of wihite about their head, some approxibLting to c.Burchellii. ceuthmochares aereus australis Sharpe. South African Green Cocal j512 R558B192 OBS:Mn In September a pair were noted skulking in the tangles of the fordst strip beyond Kiligongo and 4 single bird was running about the upper branches of a tall nearly leafless tree, stopping now and then, presumably to feed on insects in bhe bark. MU SOPiAGID E LaJaIES Turacus livingstonii subsp. Livingstone' s Lourie R 55 B 195 CBS: B Gallirex porphyreolophus chlorochlamys Shelley East African purple-crested Lourie, Gngo J 5M R o58 B 194 0BS: Hn peveral small noisy parties were seen in a wood of old mango trees near Kikale in April, and a pair in woodland near zombe. singiebirds were seen from time to time ii the bush round Utete, often running up .to tZie top of a tree whence they fly to the lower branches of the next cenvenient tree, run up that and fly off again until well out of sight.. Corythaixoides concolor subsp. Grey Lourie Gongo JR B195 OBS:Ba common in the open bush round Utete usually in small parties running about the upper branches of trees. Much less timid than rhe preceding species. Besides the well-knwn call of coway they also frequently , baa,, or makq a sound like a slow lazy yawa. . The Utete birds are very uniform grey all over except fur the briP'bills, eyes, primaries and darker tail. Though I have seen many birs in different lights at the inner imit of my glasses I have never seen any green su Npsit. on the breast, though birds in the hand might reveal it. -Like the Grey;Hobills they enjoy dustbathng in the roadway. PSITTACIDAB *PARROT'S iAU poioephalus rbustus suahelicus Reiohw. Swahili parrot R 526 B 197 B poicehlus cryp Petrs.*

- (21). poicephalus cryptoxanthus peters Brown-headed parrot J 5b5 R 528 B 198 OBS: B Hn Fairly coiaton ia the bush, single birds often passing one full tilt with a whistle like ..an express train. On two momnins in july as I saw walking don to Lhe fery I suw a party of a 'dozen busily engaged in sulapping a field of ripe sesame. .gapomis lilianae Shelley Lilian's Lovebird R552 B200 UB3S;B 14r. Barker informs me that he has seen -hese birds il tUe i1uhingo area (upstream from Utete) feeding on mtana and also towzrds he Liwale border. .he natives tell me that lovebirds are -to be found Li the Kichi Hills and at Lpanga aLt tie voester end of the iStrict. tried to get a specimen just before I went on leave to ctnfirm thatthe sp eies was ;. Iiiaae as this report seems to extend its runge north Lnd east, but unfortunately 1amadha" Interent . CO CIlDitE £-OLL&S N1 GULil.a Goracias garrulus garrulus (Lin. Iuropean iaoller ~o4 R 412 B i01BS:iZ In trees at the edge of the aerodrmoe in Deceuioer coracias caudatus caudaVus Linn Lilac-breasted Roller j648R415B205 OBS: un A pair were usually to be found perched on .the goal posts or adjacent trees at utete in March and were joined oy two more at the end of the month. C;omon again Whqn the crops have been harveste and they can perch on the framework of the abandqned guard.,huts, Often noted flapping along above he bush uttering its coarse cry. On two occassions seen diving and quawking at an ,,frican Kite. Cor'acias spatula~us spaulaous ,rim. Racquet-tailed Roller R 414 B 202 0BS: Hn - A pir were seen in deep bush ne-r the top of jugongwe Hill -in July and later several times betweeanthe hospital and the aerodrome. Mush quieter -ad more approachable than its congener c.c. caudatus., urystomus after suahelicus N eum. J Broad-billed Roller j W2 R 417 B 2U6 OBS: B HI a. A4 fair number of birds perched on the tree-tops aloag the Lohoro road from the end of February until April. 9rI ii~J.) ~AS ueryle rudis radis ( Linn) 1 ied Kingfisher, siplesiie W 3: l t Coaion wherever Lnere is -waLer usually singly or in pairs i oug., in July a parTy, or parties, of six dashed up and down waterhole grevk iiaking a great noise. une pair July were driving off a water-lizard from a ledge on a suall cliff. yegaceryle maxima maxima ( pall.) )iant 1,ingfisher, Sipwesipwe OBS: B Hun Cne seen near Kwangazi an " narrOn stretch of the river overntg .ith .trees. For some obscure reason the natives hold that iiis bird is 6he Child" of The preceding. some child! Alcedo semitorquata Swains. Half-collared Kingfisher J061 R 596B2U8 OBS: B HI corythomil cristata cristaa ( pall). lialachite-crested KXngfisher, sindili j. 6 R 607B2U9 OBS:BHIII" uite common along Lhe river, often seen perched in small low clumps of reed or Ma snags. Ispidina picta natalensisZ, (Smith) pygm Kingfisher, sindili J J56 R 68 B 210 OBS:" B Hl' Ha a bird was nesting in the side of a small pit by the District For eMn' s house at f r.1he that the bird and two eggs were takm by the men when the hole 8 R f arghed horly after. Halcyon seanegaloides smith. Mangrovb Kiagmisher, Sikitika j~~'0 ~UUOBS: HI1 A pair were seen in a mangrove creek near Mbwera in April. Halycyi albiventris orientalis pezers Brown-booded Kingfisher, sikitika J fl R 402 B 212 OBS: 31 Fairly commo'iu light bush country all over the District. Une da abird landet oa a banana three feet from my head and sat there bobbing up and doxx and looking this way and that. I have never seen suc4 a look of horror o a bird' s face when I' moved half a minute later. A pair came and sat in a mango just above my tent at Kikale dropping down evey now and again just in frattof my chair to pick up the insects disturbed by the recent clearing of the site. M_ - = (25) H1alcyon chelicuti chelicuti (Stanley) StrippeA Kingfisher jb77jR 4U5 B 214 OBS: Hif This cocky little bird is found fairly plentifully in aost parts of the District in open bush. A pair haunted the trees round the tennis court for a long time. Qi June Ist. near ilyanjati a bird appeared to be nesting in a hole twenty feetup in a dead tree- trunk. A few individuals have much paler backs. IMCRPIDAE BEE-EATERS VTIIBILILE erops apiaster finn. TEaropean Bee-eater J 579 R 404 B 215 OBS: B IM February, near uTtete aerodrome.S rerops' parsicus persicus pall. Blue-cheeked Bee-eater j 581 R 'Iub B 2i6 OBS: B flit February and jarch. jierops superciliosus superciliosus ( Linn. ) -adagascar or Ulive-green 13ee-eaterJ 562 R4U6B217 OBS: B -I 1 I COuOn fol0 June onl in parties of half a dozen upwards usually coilecting' into a few large parties of fifty or more in the evenings. A group of tall trees near Zombe Creek edging a grassy plain was a hiuch favoured stance to hawk from. erops nubious nobicus reel. iubian carmine Bee-eater J 686 R'±IO7 B 2 8 0. OBS: Hl M; pirs a ppea.ed at utete on 9th. january and last seen.ca 27th. February. Ln nd February as my wife and 1 were walking up the tawi road to the Aerodrome after a heavy shower of rain we found the bush full of these birds together With y,. apxiaster and i. pusillus .srapping up the winged ants as they issued from the ground. ven7 Whea we iTod rightoueY The les they seemed quite indiferrent to our presence,catching the ants a few feet from our faces. ,s soon as one hole dried up they scattered again into the upper air but re-appeared as soon as another lot of ants started rising. very few of Lhe ants on that road got wore tiian six feet from tneir nests. Aerops albicollis major parrot Eastern ,hite-throated Bee-eater a singleton was seen perched on a telegraph wire half a role along. The johoro road on 2ad. Zebrr._ oward extension of its range frow Dar es salaa. jjerops bolrii (Hih. S4-08 ,219 .OBS: . This attractive little bee-eater is coaon irom June on especially at the edges of gallery forest along the pufiji from Kiligango to Ki bambo, usually in pairs. Ana cendalabra tree i htly I festooned with creepers near 6he ferry road was for a long tine used as a stance by a pair ho I hawked into the space enclosed by the creepers.

Lelittophagus pusillus aeridionalis nOrpe ou them Little Bee-eater 1v66R41u3220 0BS: 11l fiD 2he Lost esident of The bee-euers Lad very coton in Ithe open grassy patrs betteen U ete village and the river and where herc is open couutiy with low perches, o eun ja ss stem on. y a few inches nigh. _elitophagus bullockoides (mith) ,,hiTe- ron ed ,ea-cater j 003 it 409 B 221 ODS: B -[l 1A joed i requently from _ ay onwards as somn as 6he river las subsided sufficiently to uncover the small sand-cliffs i( which they make their buiiows, usually in lots of a-bout a dozen; hawhks frow trees in ale vicinity of he burrows and never seen 1.ore Linan a few hundred yards fron water. ilicrocercus hirandineus hirundineus (Licht.) .jallow-tailed Bee-eater Jb95R4!1B222 OBS: 1,I A pair were seen flying and calling near hikale in ,ugust and a few birds noued in the oush round L tete in sep uemoer, usually perched high up in the trees. Bycanistes bucinator ( 'elli.) Tnrupeter hiorbill, lhowepwe 1 97 R 422 B 225 OBS: B Iil n 'I pair came through the bush near jchukwi in flay crying like a baby. Uae or more pairs were seen from, time Lime round U tete and towards Kibambo. Lophoceros nasutus epirhinus ( sund.) South african Grey Hobill, i4gwikwe j 606 R 424 B 20& BS H 1 Coaton in the bush roud Utete usually in small parties. Very noisy in june and july ,ith gull-like cries when all were calling together.. Generally keepig' rather low in the trees or bushes- once or twice seen hopping about in the road like grotesque sparrows or taking dust-batts. Lophoceros melanoleucos melanoleucus (Licht.) crawned ljiornbill, kigwikwe j 609 R -427 B 227 OBS: III tin Noi uncommon in well-wooded bush Throughout the District. grom kay on usually in pairs. Bucorvus cafer (schleg.) Ground Hornbill, Ndite j 614 R 0- B 229 QBS:. B HI. said by the nativfes to be found in the Magongo area, presumably in the grassland patts.

( 2AJ Upupa _fricana iechst. 6ouui, african iloopoe,' ?janguigwende j 69 R 18 B 230 US: B Hl £IP Une cca,,e feeding under uy window at the Boma in june ad siagle birds were seen f om time time in the bush hereafter generally feeding in 6he bare patch below a large tree or on the ro.d. I never heard oe call. PHO ICULIDAE WOOD-HOOPOES NGURURU East African Iood-Hoopoe J621R419B2K CBS:B11 Fairly comion in uhe uhe bush round Utete and also in the mangroves and scrub near native villages along the coast. sometimes in parties with parties of scimitar- bills and or shrikes. partial to DOuni palms where I saw oue of a pair 11 Kakelaaring" and see-sawing with vigour. Last 1frian ciLUitar-Bill. j627R121B262 OBS:n Commaer than the preceding species in The bush rotund Utete and more coiaonly in pairs. 'lambers about the larger branches in "seroh of insects. ° 2 YPU~' 1DAfE &d-OWLS "yto alba affinis (Blyth) ±ijcm Bain Uwl, 1Tdun usi J 661 R 569 B263 OBS:D111IA This is not a wholy welcome tenant of Lhe Boma roof as its loud shoring or the antiphonal shrieking of two birds be~wuen one side of the courtyard and Ghe o hr as the sigaers perch on 6he window shutters worries light sleepers. several (y) immature birds were found wandering about the tennis court in a dazed condition or dead in the garde in i / November. ViIDE OIS ±DUN DU SI AsiO capensis capensis smith Larsh Owl J66 R6..B.26b .oBS:B Bubo lacteus (Temm.) LJ7 verraux's Eagle-Cwl j 64:5 R 9 B 242 OBS: Hl seoopelia Deli f ischeri edl. i shimng OWL? kzwba J.46a370 B245 OBS:- DI One w as seen itting awcag the shady branco' of tall trees by the'side of Zombe creek. Afish-agl e calling from the top of the same tree.

(26) ULPRIIfJLGlDAE X ldliIJAHS. caprimalgus fossei suusp. Iozambique i ignt jar Ruidbausu J659R576 BL3OBS:BHI114 Very partial to the short Ilippotamus-Lown grass alonglake or creek shores. The Nightjars are aot easy o identify in the field buL judging by skins I have seen the majority of the birds round Uiete are a race of c.fossei. ,he outer Lail feathers are white and the tail is sraisly oarred three or four bimes; dnun drk, thin pale, broad medium. The breast patch is r ther obliterated. RIKROPIDi XSiFTS (VIAIBA) kicropus apus apus (Lina.) Juvp ea swif J669R678BZ8 OBS:B hicropus aequatottalis aequatorialis (-iull) yottled swift j674 R582 B2bU OBS:B I[icropus affinis abessynious (streubel) S quare-tailed Swift j675 R585 B251 OBS:BHa Nests under the eaves looking into the Boma courtyard, a few single nests but mostly in lots of three to a dozen. In the mo aings the-se birds love to dash round and round the almond in the centre of the court apparently just for the fun of it. In the evenings tlhey feed over the Boma at a high levei t the swallows, at times scattering and then coking together in a great rotating mass and then separating again. micropus horus ( Heugl.) Horus Swift J678R384B252 OBS:II seen entering and leaving burrows in the tall cliffs at the river edge below Kipei In July. sypshrus parvua myochrous (Reihw.) palm Swift Ju79R387 B206 OBS:BH1. Ch 6Uth. May three pairs apparently nesting in a group of fouv tall copalILs iA th Magongo Hills. Common in those parts of the District where suitable palms flourish.

(27) lýpa1odernm narina narina Litteralis) 5690 R 393 OBS: B LYbius tore1u±t.us iri-oraTus (Cab). , aSt -ýfrioau Black o11aré" i3arbet j 698 R451B2~ OBS:MIf Å ornmon inhabiýnt ofi;h moi.re open bush, in Åaugust o±te in small parties. ~biu åe~note~s (peiters) .Broui-breasted B4Årbet J 699 B 261 OBS: B3-ý kagongo pogýoniulus bilinýeazus f isoheri (Reichw.),f Go0lden-rwaped Tiinkerø-Bird 1720 R43 B267- OBS: B' HA* Å pair seen on 6th. August were attraoted to a ±'lowering i kebuii treenear Kiligmgo. Traohyrph0lus vaill1,tii.subsp. Grested Bøýrbet Ri4ý9B268 01BS:l'. åpairwere seen Jn ffaroh.In. the -bu sh uý oad te asodroiåe and other singl.e birds from time to time. iat- easy, to see in spite of. its mtiy, oo1ourý-as.,ýt keeps to the inside of the bushes. fl DIOATOII(AE .liEYiI.DES Indicator indicoøQr (Sparrm.) GreatOr llæoyguide ?KiOhwechwe* j 750 R 440 B269 0BS: Ba& Hlfin Indiaator lMinor subsp. Lesser H1oeguIid J755 RÉ 442 B 71 OBS: Ha1 llear Zoinbe in ,,ugust and September. jeridropicus tiscescens 3u,)Sp. cardiaul ioodpecker 749R450B277 OBS:BHa The cOuMonest of the woodpecke~s rouaid u5,. Un IUth. ,,ugus' two males iere ciiasiug fro, tree To tree UbtUring; 4 loud uvittering, both opening icir wings as they clung Lo the tree-truas wid tapping rapidly w d pebulantly. After a wile aic of unem vet off and the otiier rcouined to a fenale who li d been 2itting on a Oratch nearby. thripias nPmacuus subsp. Bearded ioodpecker j 755 RkSl 1 B /8 OS: IM A pair were seen copulating on aL tree on June 5rd. in country of scattered trees and grass *or near Bungu stream. PIT.IDaB PITTi.3 pitt. angolensis longipennis Reichw. Angola pitta J72R45bB282 OBS:B Where and when. ? long distance imigrant in Africa. ALAUDIDAdE LRKS Lirafra fischeri subsp. clapper lark, RLunduli J 7H R 468B285 OBS:BHA tieard frequently up to 1,arch and again :in ugust, though then only in the early woming. MOTiCILLIDAS II WTAILIS (AYANCHECHE) yotacilla aguLnp vidua suad. i frican pied Wagtail J 802 R 68 B 26 OBS: B H1 Mn common along the banks of the Rufiji where they sing very joyfully although their voices are lost in the widy spaces. On 20th. August a pair were dis layLn and copulating *n ront of my chair at N dundu. 50th. 1,ugust several presumably iw ure birds with adults on sandbankb near Kiligongo. . ;otacilla clara sharpe wjater wagtail probably immature M.A. IRDUA. J 804 R 688 B , .BS; B Anthus leucophry8 subsp. plain-backed pipit j 817 R 694 B 292 B:I ed in a~ small f lock on he aerodrome at the end of April and early ay, oft on the rAAewhez' they would stand motionless for a space and then run off dova the track. Macronyx croceus oroceus Vieill. yellowth'atd onclaw 18th. August on a bush in an old paddy field near Kiae

21 . A I!j)DiB 33L Turdoides jardinei subsp. jardine's Babbler, B1yelomolela j 854 R b33 B M 0BS: B Ha Foid of the tall reedweds left beueen the ,Jlao" cultivations and scrubby bush near water. PYA fQ\ fiRlDaE BULBULS pyaonotus riqolor subsp. BrovM-eappedBulbul pwitij80 R545 B299 OBS:BIll HAi very cowmon and noisy at all seasons. ,Adropadus importunus Subsp. Sombre Bulbul, Titikwili j 877 R 51 B 5U9 0BS: Ha denizen o& the thicket; its call of wich the naLive maine is onomatapeic is more often heard than Lhe bird seen. MU SCICAPIDAE FLYCiTCHERS. uscicapa striata subsp. Spotted Flycatcher j886R654B511 OBS:?B Alseonax cinerus ciracleora (F & H) Ashy Flycatcher J895R656B313 0BS:31 seen in the forested parts of Magoago and in gallery forest beypad Kiligongo. elaeiomis pamelaina subsp. Black Flycatcher j904 R664B51O0BS:HI Hn . A few single birds and pairs see here and there in the bush generally perched on an outlaying branch. Hyliota flavigastei subsp. yellow-bellied Flycatcher ) j 9D R670 B 5O2 0BS: M only the one pair seen early in August in moderate bush near utete busily engaged n hunting for insects in the tops of the trees. Bias Musicus changamweasis v Som. Black and White Fl catcher, ? Mbutwi KituduB A few pairs seen in Magongo and along between Kiligmgo and zombe in well- wooded country. call "Tiky.a. TiY."

(3U) Batis Molitor (Huhn cr Kust) Chinspot Flycatcher, ,linu jU6R'68 B542 U12:Ign Fairly plentiful in medium bush and in the trees round Utele Boma. Batis minor suahelica geum. Black-headed Flycatcher, ? Salimu J 927 OBS: IM pairly plentiful round Utete and in the LagOngo Hills. platysteira peltata ? brevipeuLis drote. jattle-eyed Flycatcher j95UR677B525 OBS:Hn Males seen on three occasions betwieen June and August in 4he tangled brakes between Lake Lugongwe and the Rufiji. Trochocerus cyaaomelas bivittatus Reichw. coastal Crested Flycatcher. j958 R 68U B 527 OBS: I% Been on four occasions between July and in september in wellwooded areas beyond Kiligongo, once hopping about a tree with wings and tail fanad out. Tchigrea plumbeiceps subsp. qrey-throated paradise Flycatcher, (sisngombe) R 85 B 529 OBS: Hl 'in Common in 6he Boma garden where its rusty lee-eull insistently repeated throughbut thq hot afternoon becomes rather trying. Thickets of bush seemed full of these birds in July with many mmiature ones lacking the blue on the bill and round the eye. T2URDIDAE ITHIU WES 'LUNIDUA) TUr1*S libonyanus (subsp.) purrichaiae Thrush,-? segesera, Lundaa Inkali j 948 R 62 B 550 OBS: B Hl Ha uite common in the Boma garden or in the bush where it is rather shy, scampering off through the grass or flying up into a tree. Lagong& birds seem to have more rufous on the throat and malar region wi h a sligh~ly greyish tint on the breast. Utete birds have a pale throat and malar region but a rufous eye-stripe. Sciocincla arnotti subsp. Arnott' s Chat, chilikudongo R 674 B 539 OBS: Ka Fairly frequent' in the bush round Utete usually in pairs. One pair was agparently nesting twelve feet up in a hole in a tree at the edge of a grassy glade, on 24th . March variation is not uncommonly met with where the male has only the fkintest eyebrow insteai of a white crown, and the femle has a pa rather than white throat and only scattered white onthe shoulder. I have seean mixed pai.rs.

(w) Cossypha heugli~i. subsp. Hell lin' s Robin 1U65 R680 3341 OBS: i1 6et with in an ovorgrown coconut plan aion on 6he coat and a pair inhabited a oanana shaieba oeinmd Ghe 4 ilundu canp, scuttling ubou?.oLa the gi-ound add very noisy Li tne evenings. cichladusa arquata peters 1oining ,jarbler, ? k.gajiiaB J996 R095B648 OBS:Da it least one pair inhabit the bushes in *h- the uoma garden, often singing from ) the top of the bougainvilles by the main gate. Erythropygia zambesiana subsp. Red-backed Scrub Robin. J999 R687 B569 OBS:BA In the scrubby bush between 'ne Boma and iaterhole creek and elsewhere in the bush. Oae seen singing from the top of a small tree was .ost melodious with variations on the original theme and kept up a great volume of sound. Brythropygia leucophrys subsp. white-winged Scrub Robin j i1 R 588 B %9 OBS: Ma In scrubby bush much as the preceding but keeping nearer the ground and flicking its tail twice for each burst of song. Not very easily listinguishable from the preceding. SYLVIIDAE WARBLERS, VICHELEVI(HELE sylvietta whytii subsp. Crombec J1074 R621 B567 "OBS: HXa Fairly frequently met with creeping round low bushes in, search of insects, singly or in pairs. Eremotaela riseoflava subsp. yellow-bellied" Eremomela J1078 R600B569 HOB:a Not very often seen, inhabits moderate bush country. Eremomela scotops subsp. N Green-cap Eremomela j08 R602B570 OBS:M~J Rather mere frequent than the preceding and met with, between the Boma and utete market. camrtera brevicandata- subsp. Grey-backed Bush warbler j1084R628B371 036H1 Went C Chip, chip, chip,, all day long in a thick* tangle of trees and bushes outside my tent at Mahege in june.

( 2) Cis'icola galacGoTes suusp. Iharsh Grass warbler J1112R645B579 OBS:HU In coarse grasses along ;e stream flowing ouL of BUlgu lake. 1,elocichla mentalis orientalis (sharpe) youstache jWarbler j1126R617 B685 OBS: i In grassy patches round Utete village in Day. ULe sang very sweetly to me at breakfast-time from the top of tall grasses at the back of Bungu Rest Camp in early June. prinii-mistaces tenella ( cab) Tawly-flanked Longtail j29R649 B'586 OBS:HIHn iA common bird in grassy patches, especially towardt zombe where they were very much in evidence in Aiugust, their tails flicking almost to touch heir heads. IIRJNDINIDAE SWALLOWS (VIYIIBA) ?NUMBIflUMBII Hirundo rustica iustica (Linn.) European Swallow Jl118R495 B587 OBS: B -H1 HA very numerous on 2nd. and 5rd, October between the Boma and Lake Lgo we. what from a distance appeared as a heavily foliaged tree revealed itself at a clap of tfe hand as a network of bare twigs. Hirundo griseopyga griseopyga Sund. Grey-rumped swallow j l142 R 499 B 589 OBS: B Hirundo atrocaerulea Sund. Blue-black Swallow J1145R49? B590 0BS:B Hirundo smithii smithii Leach ire-tailed swalow 1145 R496 B591 OBS:HI .. Found nesting on buildings throughout the District. AWr nested under the beam above front door in ta and again in eptem er. While they were in occupation I could not go down my front ste without being cosely dived at by one or both of them. This~ird is freLutlyto be found feeding over the river or resting in pairs on low clumps of reed on the sandbak. A pair often circles round and round thef as it is pled across. Hirundo senegalensis monteiri Hart3lt Mont eiro' SLo e swallow .J1149 R, 5B95 0B:3 * 21st. May a pair seen leaving and entering the tall baobab below the. Boma. Small parties seen perched on the- top of trees near the hospita i ,e, and another pir on p of a tall baobab near the lake in September.

,,iruido abessylica unitais Sol. & praed. smaller S6uiped owallow - 1t85B391 OBS: JiH/~ The commenest swallow round tile j,'OL bulding anywhere from The offices to the eaves though very desultory ji its building and the nests often falling. £'hey put all they have into their singing. Riparia paludicola subsp. Sand . artin j 156 R oO9 B 597 03S: B Hn seen issuing froii individual holes in the sandcliffs below Kipei on the Jufiji and often perched on the telegraph line over chemchem creek in coLIany with Viire- tailed Swallows. CAIPFHAGIDAE CUCKOO+SHIdKES. campephaga flava vieill. Black cuckoo-shrike j1164 R515B401 OBS:BMn Fairly common in the well-wooded bush round Utete, often in corpalny with the next species and the wood-hoopoes. All the males seei w-ere purely black withn yellow patch. usually singly but pairs noted at the end of August and begining of september. Coracina pectoralis (jard. & selby) wjhite-breasted Cuckoo-Shrike J 1188 R615 B402 OBS:11A 4uite common in the bush round Utete, but usually singly. The amount of grey on the throat is very variable. JDiC1{UIIinE (I)IRUGOS JDicrurus asimilia divaricatus (Licht.) Fork-tailed Drongo, ? Ruso j1171 R517B404 OBS:BH Han £he most obvious inhabitant of The well-treed bush throughout the District, less common in hagongg. Has a vane calls such as: "oncher do it, dodoher do it, Would you,, yould you,, and numerous conversationl tones. Loves a grass fire. Diorrus ludwigii ludwigil (Smith) squares-tailed Dron go j1175'R518B1406 013S:B PRIWUOPIDAE IDU~M-SHRIKE8. pripaops poliooepbalus poliocephalus (tanlby), jll175 R?727 B 406r OBS:. B 3a The commonest of the Helmet-Shrikes round Utete, in parties'of nine or a dozen, sometimes with the next species.

(64) _ Igmodus retzii tricolor (Gray) lack Helet-Shrike ]i180R'?8B40/ 0BS:EM 4uite common in the bush round utete and elsewhere in parties of six To a dozen. in apparently ii.4ature bird flying with difficulty seen with two adults l1th. September. sigmodus scopifrcns subsp. 3rush-fronted srike. j 1182 R 729 OBS: In A partywere seen nigh up in snmall belt of foauest trees in The -agongo ills. 1jilaus nigritemporalis (Reichw.) Lawbesi Brubru Shrike, ( salimu) J 1184 R 7 52 B IU9 0BS: I% Occasionally seen in moderate bush round U tete searching the tree-Tops for insects. Liable to be mistaken for a puff-back at a casual glance. LA IIDE SIKES Lanius collaris humeralis stanley ast 1frican Fiscal ( Unlikely. J 1190 R 7Q7 B 411 OBS: B Lanius Collurio Linn. Red-backed shrike J1197R7U8B415 OBS:Ha single birds seen in the bush near Utete in M arch and april. Laniarius ferrugineus subsp. ? Inossambricus (Reichw.) Boubou shrike J lli R 709 B 4iZ OBS: 1z~ The birds round Utete very musb resemble Lf. stioturus as.depicted in Roberts, possibly L.f. mozamxicus. _A single bird was see in thick grasses near qaterhole creek and party in the tangled bush beycvud Yligmgo. They were appareatly feeding in thick grasses by the side of the path and making repeated , cht, ohti, noises. Teby then flew up into a large tree with a harsh ,, ker,t, ker It followed by i baw n though this latter may have been due to an undetected Grey-headed Bush-Shrike. DryoseOPUS.cubla hamaus Hartl. puff-back Shrike, ( alimu) 1.1217R712B.8 OBS:B31 Conao in the more wooded bush searching the trees for insects often witlh a repeated call of , iyu, kiyu.,, Only once seen puffed out, in August. A male and two females were busygetting the grubs whidi had wrapped Uiemeltes up in the leaves of Flamboyant just outside my window. From the amount of white on the wing 1.judge these to be D.c. hamatab6 Tohagra senegala subsp. Black-headed Tohagra. wampili tuwuki, songoro milanzi. J i22 R715 B420 Oh3; 1n

Very comLon all round Utete wherever clumps of small thick uushes give it cover. when fceding which it usually does on Lhe ground in arassy patches makes a noise like a slow rattle, but occassionally heard asking 1 411 ye ue 'on't it aow7"and other clearly enunciated phrases of which -Le first native najie is ano ther. Tchagra australis subsp. Brown-headed Bush Shrike, songoro milanzi j 1227 R 714 B 19 0J1: Lu Comoner in the ,agongo uiills than round and prefers denser more scrub-like bush than the preceding species. " tichromus minutus anchietae (Boc Black-cap Tchagra ?hiliwichike j1250R716 B421 W'3:*.. single bird seen eating a small lizard inn Ijay, and two pairs in june, all in grassland dot-ed , ith bushes xith and small trees near the Boma. ohlorophcneus sulfureopectus similis (S.,itth) -> Sulphur-breated Bush-.hrike, ? g gudyu J 1232 R 719 B 422 O3S: I1I Fairly often met with in wooded areas searching trees for insects. Apparently responsible for a loud ringing note like a finger running round the rim of a tumbler. A bird which might have been this was frequently seen in threes and fours searching the creepers of of the taller trees in the jiagngo Hills. Telephorus quadricolor quadricolor Gorgeous Bush-shrike, J25b i{ 721 OBS: t (Uly seen once and then after several minutes peering into a bush from which it was calling i Kuku wuk u wikt. Heard calling on twq other. occasions in thick oush beyond Kiliggo. k{alaconotus poliocephalus subsp. brey-headed Bush-Shrike, ?Y N zigiye J1267 R725 B426 OBS: Hn seen in various parts of the District inoluding the Boma gardea where it was seei feeding i e fly on large grasshoppers and the grubs which attack the leaves of the almond in the oourtyard. An adult was seen feeding an immature bird oa August 1st. ca the branch of a cassia ttee. Those seen in the garden were calling "TK' kyaoii or "tTk' Tk' kyuut. Nicator chloris gularis Finsch & Hartl. Zambesi Nicator 11242 R'725 B42 OBS; Mi Oaqe seen iq hick scrub in the agc o iiills, and once in thick shady woods by lake Lugmgwe It had been feeding on the ground bt flew silently up into a tree and thence n from tree to tree always keeping a little way ahead.

I ~1i.L- TITS Rarus rufiventris palliventris 1eichw. Ruf6Us Tit, ? ligegenya j 144 Rb29 B OBS: Iki pairs very occassionally seen in i,,gcngo nad round Utete ORIOLIDAE OIlIUOLES Oriolus auratus notatus peters South african oolden Oriole J1256RO20B41 OBS:i A sinl5on seen in Larch near the aerodrome and a considerable party mi September 16th occupying the tops of the trees between Lake Lugogwe and the river wish Violet- backed starlings. Oriolus monachus rolleti salv. Black-headed Oriole J1267 Rb21 B452 OBS: B I:i Common round utete especially in jugust and september in which latter month several young birds were seen. CORVIDaE CROWS. corvus albus Lull. pied crow, Ilguaguru j 1261 R 22 B 454 OBS: B Hl 1I Two or three pairs turned up at utete on July 1st. oe pair apparently making a home in a doco palm judging by the oddmets which they took to it in their blls. Nt much in evidence in the rain y (? breeding) season. Qorvultur albicoll'is (Lath) 'whith-necked Raven j1265R24B456 OBS:B STURNIDAE STARLINGS cinnyricinclus lecogaster verrauxi ( Boo.) Violet-backed starlin j1272 R736B OBS:Hai parties high up in the trees in arch and September containing adult males and'emales. parties and single birds, all female or young male, seen iny agongo in ay. and June. Lawprocolius chloropterus subsp. GlOs -rstarlingB4501:IaJ"12 R7,. B459 OBS:Il Odd parties seen from time to time here and thre roun utete, and in Lagogo in June including young birds with reddish bellies. juphaj~s aLu:Icc~us subsp. Yellow-billed Ox-peckei j 1304 R 7d7 B! OB6: a western species ya-illed Oxpecker B. X HAGU S. ZOS&EROPli#w2 WHITE EYES. zoserops_ senegaleisis subsp. Yellow ,hite-eye j1506R777B"7 0BS:3a seen once in a bush near hiligongo but probably frequently overlooked. ii C:~afl3 IIa gI6 BIIDS VISOSI Cinnyris bifasciatus microrhynchus Shelley Little purple-banded ,unbird Ji355R756 B"b5 ()i3:hnf .uite comaon in bush country. Some birds been in ope woodldnd in zepteaber seemed rather larger and might have been c.mariquensis. chalcoitra amethystina Kirkii Shelley Kirk's Black Sunbird. J i548 L775 1458 0BS: Hn seen a few times in open country dotted with trees near -;yanjati feeding in low growing flowers and at the edge of open country near the aerodrome at utete. Chalcomitra aenegalensis ? inaestiata(Harter.) ri East Coast scarlet-chested svnbird. J 1,5 R.774 B 469 OBS: B H1 Hn 12he commonest of the Sunbirds. ,j nest was seen hanging from a drooping branch twenty 3 feet from the ground at the Tawi- rohoro fork and about si inches from a wasps nest. The hen was seen sitting c several successive days but the nest was vacated Qi 18th. june. Immature birds seen in Llaroh and June. Cyanomitra elivaoea ? puguensis V.som. Olive suabird J1560R766B460 OBS:B Anthreptes oollaris subsp. collared sunbird Ji1562R771 f461 03s:1la particularly fcnd of the oreeaers draping the edges of blocks of bush. Its back is the size and colour of the green le a and the underparts of the occassional dead leaf so that it is probably often overlooked. Quite common. CEMIIDAE. TR-CREEPERS. Slpornis spiloueta saldri ( B00.) Salvadpr s Tree-creeper. j. 1370 R 532 B46 OB8: B PLOCEIDaEE WEAVERS Plocepasser iLahali subsp. Sparrow 1,eaver J1581R780B467 OBS:B Passer griseus subsp. r Gre -headed sparrow JN90R787B.468 OBS:Bjil11 Nested in the Bpma eaves in March and August. Symplectes bicolor kersteni ( F & H.) East African Dark-backed Weaver J1597B470 0BS:.HA A pair seen in a i ango tree at Bungu camp near well-wooded country. SitAgr ihtermedia cabanisi (Peters) Cabanisi masked weaver, Njigiya J 1409 R 792 B 474 OBS: aH Nests in hhe cassias above the shops in utete village. Hyphanturgus ocularius suahelicus Neum. East African Spectacled wqeaver J1425R791 B476 0BS:Hnl I. marshy valleys in Iagoogo Hills. Xanthophflus auroflavus (smith) yellow wieaver, Kwela J 1430 R 800 B 477 0BS: B HI aVer noisy in the grasses alQg the Rufiji i september. The Female with yellow throat and white breast and belly...... Xanthophilus xantho.pterus subsp. WrQon spepies undoubtedly. Bro-throated Weaver IPossfbly spot-backed Weaver. Brou-thoatd eave R 802. B 479 0BS: B Hl water. Nests in reed clu~ps in Lake Lugongwe often in poiticis overhanging the Aapleotes rabrceps red-headed Weavers LyOto Noted quite frequently during August and SeptmLr various stages oplu feedig well up in the trees in moderate bush. stages o plug Amb~~~gspiza ~ ~ alirn sbp......

(69). ,blyospiza albilrons subsp / Amblyospiza albifrons subsp. 2rosbeak ,eaver j 1459 R - 804 1 .380 OWi3: " in in reeds below District goreman's house in t.Ly ,nd later at Lhe edge of the Oush near The aerodrome. Luplectes nigroventris nigroventris cass. Zanzibar Red Bishop. Lyoto. J 1449 23 ,W5 OBS: Hl 1n In breedin plumage rom 7he end of February Till about Ghe end of June. Coomon in Lh grasslands round utete. Euplectes hordacea changamwensis ( Learas) EasT Coast F1re-cro,ned 41ishop, LyotoJ11R809B484 OBS:HI 11 ,s for the preceding species. Breeding in the grasses between Utete and the river they make for the plxx paddy fields when the rice is ripu at the end of june. 2uplecteps capensis xanthomelas RUpp. Yellow Bishop, ' umbo J i454 R 810 B 438b 032: iIIm ,is for the preceding two species. Urobrachya axillaris zanzibarica Shelley Red- shouldered widow-ird, Kumbe j 1458 R 816 B 487 OBi: Hn qiuite comca in the coarse marshy grasses along -he Rufiji, especially in jpril near ysomeni Giunery. Coliuspasser albotatus subsp. white-winged widow-Bird.j146 R814B488 OBS: ? H1 Coliuapasser ardeas ardens (Bodd.) at-throat vwhydah, "yansese .4 1465 R 81&- B4OBS03: H1 m1 DI grassy country below Kibiti ii May. Goliuspasser hartlaubi subsp, Split-tailed Whydah B 490 03s: R LpermesteS cuoullatus scutatus 'Heugl. Hooded Finch, jege .j iLi-74 H 825 B 19 2 0133: jiD CommonS in ail suitble. places.

,periestces n1i-rices nigrices CasS / 'perfaIesues nigriceps nigriceps jass. ronze, 4unaikin, J ige Si4b R B 499 03s: fin Ii G1nd liagongo area, flies up aino a Lree ;dhen disturbed. .lot very common. fypargos niveogatTatus ( peters) Peter's 2winspot ? Kipeta j i495 R 852 B 497 OBS: lin DTot uncommon In fagongo in forested areas. Coming quickly round a comer one often sees them feeding on the pth. also met with beyond Kiligongo Pytilia melba subsp.. Ljelba Finhh, ? Chiliku j 1499 R 850 B 499 OBS: B I Iret with occassicnally Lagonosticta rhodaparcia suosp. Ruddy iaxbill Kiteaduli j 1505R8U B500 0BS:BHlHn LagoOsticta" seaegala Subsp. Red-billed Fire-Finch, Kiteadul: J iob R 857 B W01 OBS:B111H 19th. Juie a young bird with the Pypical blobs at The side of he mouth found on the floor of my room. istrilda astrild subsp. common waxbill, Kisereagetwa j 1507 R 845 B 505 OBS: B Hn Likes coarse grass by marsh or stream. Aoted.particularly at Ilohoro and Bungu., Exstridla perreini Doliogastra Grey waxbill Uraeginthus angleAsis subsp. cordca bleu Kitnadli cha bibi J 1518 R 859 B 606 Hiypochera chalybeata amauroteryx sharpe. steel-blue Finch R8bi B 607 Bill and legs red. pairs seen near utete market in ground or perched on a tall cassia. vidua macroura ( pall) pin-tailed Widow-Bird, Nyansese ya tumbako J i125 R 846 B 10 Cosmm round utete from carah to June in plumage. birds seen in August end septetber. 0BS: B Unlikely. OBS: H HI Mn OBS. Ha April, july and August, feeding on the OBS: B In COasiderable parties of out plumage (4u. ) sCcgI.nura paradisea Suusp. / (44). steganura paradisea subsp. paradise Widow-Bird, j yansese J 1530 R 862 B 5i 0BSC: B I 6erinus mozambicus mozambicus ( ull.) yellow-fronted canary, chiriku j 1655 R 859 B612 0BS: IN1 COumon in small parties on the bush in august and September. poliospiza Sp. seedeater. j 15I1 R 867 OBS: Hn These birds became noticeable &t the same tiime as the yellow-fronted Canaries with whom parties of the present bird sometime associated. Description: crown dark Urom, rest of upperparts and throat brown. white superciliary stripe broadening behind the eye and aark stripe below it. -ings with - two very narrow white lines formed by the pale wing coverta. some skins I have seen of p. gularis seemed to approach it closely. wihat is this really? Emberiza flaviventris flaviventris stephens Golden-breas ed Bunting j 1565 R 874 B 620 0BS: 31 rl et with from time. to time in the bush between utete and the hot springs in pairs or srall parties well up in the trees. xxXXX2xx XXXX xxxxx . t -

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS-(a) Tribal laws, social system and system of land- tenure, (b) Secret societies, (c) Native industries: building and thatching, pottery, weaving, boatbuilding, ornaments. Subject h'4s1C'E~e~a~f V Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by 4. ] L R.4 .'4(AA /9 37.

Manners and Customs-Secret societies. Dance Societies in Jdundu. Ndundu has become the centre of activity of dance societies in the Rufiji District to an eitent-such as to-cause embarrAssment to the NatiVe Authority, the 'religious leaders and the Indian trading community. A preliminary examination of the circumstances was made during my recent visit to idundu. i. The dance sogieties. These comprise (a) The Six Bata' (Six Buttons) (b) The Beni. ... (c) The Pasua Ndege, which is affiliated to the Beni and is for juveniles only. The organisation of these, as dommonly with dance societies both coast&l and-inland, is hierarchic. There is a "ingi'". at the head .of each&- Six Bta. Abdulla Said., A brother of the headman Said Mbwanaf. and a Government Ilut Counter. Beni. Abdulla Mbwanap. Also a b;,1her of headman Said Mbww a. Pasua Ndege.Kassim Mwera., and subordinate .o them are a weqlter of other 2anks, deriving their naqes from the royal and off icial..titles of both Britain ndAfviga.. 2. The dance Societies vis-U-vis the.Native Authority. There is no allegation of overt lawlessness, but of deleterious effects on the community from three points of view (a) covert opposItion to the ruling clique, which has an unusually strong hold througiout the Ndunau division, in which the constitution tends to be dominated rather by the oligarchy (so acceptable to Government) other than by the village gerontocracy-as elsewhere in the District. The dance, sodieties do jot, however, represent .a democratic o.mvement,,but have been manoeuwed-nto, a, position of support of another clique of thesame ruling family. M Interference with agricultural operations. Dances have been performed with (" increasing frequency of late years, and there is scarcely a day without a dance at certaih periods of special enthusiasm. The younger Warufiji miles do ;not cutivate to any noticeable extent, but they poGasionally oversee their wives' effot. Not o - i his stimulus withdrawn, but their wives follow the. husbands to the ,dan. (c) Other people's wives al o go to the dances, ard the age- long ory of the . 4 older married man against the imDeounious bachelor arises. - Sheet No. I 3. The dance societies vis-a-,vis the religious leaders. The ]Jdundu political clique is also the religious group. Saidi Mbwana,, the Mtawala, and three of his brothers own the mosque, whose Imam is one of the three brothers. .The membersnf :-dance.sociotie. ate allege-to negledt their religlous.' observances and to be addicted to.practices forbidden by the Mohammedan religion, in partiqular the drinking of 5alcoholio liquor. 4. The dance societies vis-a-vis the Indian tradig comauitY, This complaint consists in a general allegation of,.disdtd=_'in the trading centre, chiefly by the moving of processions down the village streets and by nocturnal disturbance. hooligans, 5. There thus emerges a picture of bands of seditious badChanaliani a menac' t6 good Government. But.,the dance societies must have their reply.. The.to main lquaders,'(Abdulla Said)' and Abdulla Mbwana -are to all appearance respectable African citizens : about the fozmer there is something of the aLdermen. They admit in culversation that dances have become 'somewhat numerous of late and attribute this, firstly, to yo~uthfulenthusiasm and secondl to the fact that 9indu is a focdus to which members frock from 1 bwera, Mohoro, Kikale and the likeoL And after d Scussion they expressed themselves willing &o avert, excesses so, that ta e of complEit could not arise. ' Their promise was that dances should be held but once a week, as in the large 'ewns, and on separate dancing-grouhds, .not in the village street. So matters btand, and I have called for a report fromitthe Mtawala after three months. 6. I have very little doubt, that.this' report will be adverse,- owing to the vested iinterest-s of-Oer~nent. and-rellon,' But-ihere-Is nbo healthy Government, without critiipm,' 4 it will be ..mattir or later exaination to censider whether there is any tendeny to illegal conspiracy by the a agliativa, gaining support by an appeal to youth. And intb t'rel eou w '.of the question Government cannot enter, unless-there is a risk to good order. 7.. have every sympathy with the dance-soietiesi solog as t main legal

Tribal History and Legends. Tie flool Was neael'KiBAKA A For urther letatl regarling fiLools see Topographicul anl for f mine see census, NATIVE CUSTOM& Native Laws -ni customs apiear to he general throughout the istrict iue, no loubt, to intermarryng ant emigrations from one tribal area to another. rrom this it must not Le inferrel that t%= in no listinction between the tribes. It exists, ani the line is clearly lefinel between the Wrufiji ani.Wanlengereko. The Wamatumbi, however, claim a close relationship with the Warufiji, al the tribal title of Waatumbi is only taken from the area in which they live. The following Native Customs appliel, ani in some cases still apply to' the listrict gen erally. Before the Mohommalen faith was introlucel to the hinterlsa some 47 years &ag, t the offence of Alultery was not as oommon as it is at present as the steps then token i th prevent it were more stringent than they are at present. it was the custom for the injurel husbani to collect his male relatives ant, armel with guns ant aears, attack the offenier anl his reLatives until auch time as the offenler was killed or iriven from the listriot. As time proceelel less arbitary metbols were aloptei, at up to the introluction of a Penal ODlewere reortel to in eery case of Alultery. The injurel husbani male his complaint to the Village elters, one of whom was lyuj at. to approach the ellers of the village where the offenler liveL Faving met mt ilicussel the case, an elter (Msale) was chosen to represent each party enl they sil resortel to the Muh1nga to sate their case. I tile parties aimittel their guiltj the offenter was orierel to pay Real. 15 to 20 to the injurel husbani. If however they laenel their guilt a 'iicine man' was al.ei in. Taking some of the roots or gum of the CoalUe tree (Mkorosho) he boilgi It .ini taen podrel some of the boilng satu re on the wrist of the allegel offelir who was then sent Iaway an I tali~ to returin n the following morning. is wrist was examial ant if fount to be blistrel he was pronounoei guilty of the offence. If there was no blister'he was aeonoisr i etabilts.02 Tribe Sheet No.,

Sheet No. Tribe Tribal History and Legends. gui.tLess. various penalties were ikMoseil, f ro the a.aarling of compensation to tile injurei nushsni to the oriering of toe of'fenier to become the permanent slave of the man wuae nal injurel. Toe test is stiA appiiei, but of course tre penalties, in so far as slavery is concernei, are not imposeL. The offence is very common at present anl is Vractise to such an extent that nearly every ausbani suspects the chastity of his "wie. This is one of the reasons *%at the Vitchloctor NGD3& is m popular in the listriot as it is believei that his 'meilcine' will make unfaithful wives livulge the names of their lovers. 1 MARRI aE. The oh system of parents giving their laughters In. marriage without at first consulting them is extinct, anl marriages are now arrangei between the contracting parties idthout reference to parents. The prospective briAegroom proposes to the girl snl if she accepts him he presents her with a bangle They return to their respective Lomes anl inform their parents. The father of the brilegroom-to-be visits the father of the girl ani.isousses the matter of iowry to be palL fie returns home ani senis his n with, some aUaL gifts anl Sh, 4/- in cash to the father of the girl. If these are acceptel the contract is consilerel to be male The boy remins with the girl's parents for saome lays luring which he is epectel to help in the house 3al shamba. This is for the purpose of julging whether he is sutable to be the husbani of the gil. These short visits are continuel over a perioi of six months, ani if the boy proves unsatisfactory the Shi.4/- are returnel to his father al the engagemen~t brokenl. If however he is ieemel satisfactory no is toll to inform his. father thawt the time has now arrivel for the first payment of the iowry. is father makes paymen of at least one thir anl not more than one Ualf of the lowry, ian the late of the' zrige is then

Tribe Sheet No. for the brite. on arriving at the house he is taken by the hant by the mother of-4:.e .Ant4he of the brite ani shown to the room where the brile is kept in Plitary state. He returns ant reports that he has seen the brile ant that she is very beautiful. The brilegroom's party alvances ant Is greetet wi b acclamations. After the excitement has tiel town the brilegroom is taken to the brile where they cohabit ant the marriage is oonsummatel. If the brile is founl to be 'virf intacta' the briegroom reports to his parents anj a secont portion of the lowry is paiL. If however the reverse is fount a tamper is put on the rejoieing., the Crowi li ,erses. ani a consilerable retuction in the lowry is lemantet by the father of the brilegroom. The brile remains with her parents for from five to six months, her husbani paying her occasional visit& At the eni of this periol he aoes to the house of his parents in law accompaniel by male ani female relatives, ant lancing is carrel on throughout the night. In the morning, after the girl' s parents have mate suitable presents of foot, pots ant bealing, the whole party returns to the house which has been preparel by the husbAnL (Note)6 The custom of not taking the wife away from her parents imimelately on the consummatio-n of the marriage has given rise to the belief that she is not taxable as a secont or thif wife until she has taken up her permanent resilence with her husbanl. 'The population has been Informel that once the marriage has been consummatel the nen are responidble for al taxes in this connection. BrIRTO. * when th6 woman approahes the completion of her time the mltwife (NMAKUNGV) Is sent for. Afer the chili is teliveret ant the liseharge of the' after birth, the chilt Is washet elT feL for the first- two lays on a gruel mate of rice or mtMaMa The alter birth is buriel in the but where the chili was born. There are no spectal festivities in connection with the birth of a chilL The chill to always fel on gruel even if it is being Ml. le. , I burial. are contuotel in aco(oriAnce with thA 1 4 - -Tribal History and Legends.,

Sheet No. Tribal History and Legends. Tribe is nothing of outstanling interest to relate. For Mr Hartnoll's notes with regard to the Clans see Chapter headed "Etiology and Anthropology". DISTRICT OFFICER 2nd. August 1954.

NOTES BY A.Y. HARTNOLL,. DISTRICT OFFICER. The following notes regarding the naming of relations may be found of use. They were originally made by me in the Tanga DIstriot, but have been ax verified as being correct and in general use in the Rufiji. It would seem, therefore, that these terms are in general uses on the coast from the Rufiji to the Kenya border. Native name. Mjomba Baba Mkuu Baba Mdogo Mpwa (pl. Wipwa) Mtoto wa Ndugu Shangasi Mma Ukubwa Maama Mdogo Shemeji English equivalent. Blood relation on male side. Maternal uncle. Paternal elder uncle. Paternal younger uncle. Sister's son or daughter. Brother's son or daughter. Paternal Aunt. h TH31 WMARG. ComplIed from statements given to Mr. A.V. Hartnoll, District Officer, by the late Kadhi of Utete, Hasani Sefu, and The ubmyensi at Vtete, Abdalla Shamti. When two people wish to marry and dowry has been settled, they are-married by the local 1ohamedin "waliau". The Mwalimu is a ohamedan priest, selected by the parents of the contracting parties. The custom, wich had grown up of recent years, of the appointment of a definite Mwalimu for each particular area by the local elders, on the appzval of the Kadhi at Utete, was abolished in 1955, as it was found that the Kadhi was by no means universally accepted as the local Mahomedan leader, and that this was leading to constant friction between the followers of the various loal sects. It is theaustom, though no formal rules under sec. 15 of the Native Authority Ordinc have been promulgated, for the marriage to be regist

RELIGION. Informants as above stated. All t~e natives of the Rufiji District outwardly profess Islam, of the Shafei branch. Nevertheless tribal custom has by no means be replaced by Islam, and ancestor worship is generally indulged in. Frequently tribal customn will be found to conflict with Mohanedan Law, and this-is one of the difficulties of building up a Native Administration. For instance, Mohamedan Law makes no provision for matrilocal marriages. CHARMS Informants s above stated. Kombe. If a man is ill, one learned in the law of Islam writes a text from the Koran on a cup or other diiking receptacle. The ink is either black or prepared from. local root, or -red, made from' " arsn, descri din the dictionary as saffron. The ink- melts in the-water, which is drunk by the uick man. -This-saharmless charm and to administer it is in no way umlawful.

This I* I wicked charm and punishable as an offence. When a man quarrels with another and wishes to do him an injury or to cast a spell over him, he can go to one learned in the teachings of Islam, who is also described as being "wise in matters of the world". After paying his fee, he obtains a text from the Koran - probably a curse- called "Talasimu". Having obtained it, he goes to his enemy and either secretes it in his enemy's house or about his enemy's person. 1 DISTRICT OFFICER. August 7th. 1954. (~

The following are aooovts by the two eanyesit, Abdalla Phamte and Omari Mpendu, of the causes leading to the establishment of two rival Mohammedan sects in.the Rufiji Distr ot. 1. Abdalla Shamte The ous a of flags is as follqws :The name of the oustom is "Twalika ,, but in this Twalika there are three parts viz: Part 1. named " Kadilia ' a 2 " Rifala a a a. a Shadhili In the so oalled Kadilia is the quar.el at the oment. The Shekhs give out * Ijai i.e. texts froa the Koran. It is written on a cup or plate. After that the Shekhs dissolve the Ijazi III *Aer and sugar. The the serve it out for drinking in small cups to their followers: and the people who drink this water are oalled Muridi . The shekh will the4-sew a flag himself to give to their Muridi. If one amongst the Muridi dies, the flag will be sent to the place wher he died, where all the Muridi will qoeot and will w sikiri " there. The relatives of the deceased man will cook rice, kill goats or oxenj to give to the a Innidi 'to give them strength for their " sikiri Uo In nfunguo site, which is the month of ar it is the custom to get much food ready and to collect all the ..ridi from everv where

Mohamedi Shamte then went to aother shekh called Haji Mahena who lives in Zanzibar. HaJi Mchena gave MLohamedi Shante 0 Ijazi 0 together with permission to sew flags. In these flags there were four pieces of cloth. When Muridi of All bin Omari saw these flags they asked Mohamedi Shamte where they came from. * And the flag of Ali Omari has only three parts. Hohamedi Shamte said that a person who wants to know the origin of these four clothes must come before me together his book of the law," that he may show me that 4 parts to the flag are unlawful and 5 parts only are lawful " Many people follow Mohaedi Shate, and many follow Mvhidini bin All son of All bin Omari. s. Omar Mpen4u . i is the name given to the calling upon the name of Allah by singing his name. All the natives who belong to a congregation or " Twariki " do this every Thursday and Sunday throughout the year. They do th% round a flag. ' Maul is the praise of Mohamed (Sifa ya _tume). The oongregation read in the book of aulidi t not in the Koran. They do this monthly in the month of " Mfunguo Sita". Ziara " is a feast which follows reading the 0 'aulidi ', once during the year In the month -of Omfungo sits " or mfunguo saba'. There are several " Twaliki " or followings for the purpose of ' Zikiri In the Territory viz:( Kadiria I Followers of Shekh Aulakadir of Bazd , who died a long time a@. (b) kifalya %Followers of j J~g Rf of Also dead for a long time. (c) Sadhlri . Followeru of ghekh Abba Hasmani of Asaud who died a long time ago. *(d) Wuuadia'. Followers Of Sh.....a...... of , dead for many years lost of. the anatives of the Uuflji District follow the " Twaliki Iof Kadhiria', thou~ there are some followers of 'Sadhiri "at Kohoro .ad Mbwra. M__ - - 0 1

There are many " Kadhiria " Shekhs in the Rufiji District. Omari bin Hassan is the local one at Kikale. Mohamed Shamte is a " Kadhiria". He is a Shekh living at Mbwera. He was pupil of a " Kadhiria" Shekh of Zanzibar named Ali bin Oari, now deceased. Hi quarrelled with him and lost his patronage. Ali bin Omarn forbad his followers to follow the flag of Mohamed Shate . This is the cause of the quarrel in the Kikale area,because Mohamed Shamte is bringing his flag into the Kikale area. All the flags, with the exception of that of Mohamed Shamte, have three pieces only. That of Mohamed Shajte's has four. Here at Kikale Oman bin Hassan sews the flags. The people of his congregation give him money to buy the cloth. He has four flags. These are new 2 last year and 2 this year, but they are not renewed every year. The original flag is in Omari Hassan's possession. These others are oapies. The original flag came from Zanzibar from Shekh Ali Omari and was given tp Abdulla bin Hassan, formerly Liwali Utete. Now Abdulla bin Hass . is dead the flag is held by Omari bin Hassan. Before this copied were made Oman bin Hass only had Me original flag, now old and disused. If people of the community oae to Omari Hassan and say that they want a flag, they give him money and he sews a copy for them. The fact that before last year there were no copies, means that then the people did not want copies. They would have had copies if they wanted them.i.e. this custom of sewing-copies of the original flag is not a new one. Ali Oman was in the habit of doing it in Zanzibar with his flags and now (' r Hassan has the right to do so with his. Oman Hassan has told me that he has got Shs.8/- alms for himself, the coat, of the cloth not being included for one flag, togethor with the costs of the sewer. He did not tell me what he got for the other flags. d is a bad man because he took the followers of Shekh Ali Omariwho fol- lowed j okh'. flag, and got them to follow his flag. I em a follower of the late Stk Ali 05 i, of whom the representative here at Kikale is Omari Hassan and not MahAmad Rhmin**.

Ethnological and Anthröpologica[-Nötes GDIERAL Tribe Sheet No. 1 The istriet Is poqklatel with Bantu - speiking Negrolsa with variable struins of eolgncementa. InfilLtration of flamitios anl &raba bhs taken place but not to a markel officot. Tbc outstdnlins characteristic of the formeer viz: the rearing of oattle, la aot entirely absent. D)welling on tbc measIre are to be founi meny qx.mpl.s of a straln completely 11iffeorent. to tbc pecople living In the hinterlaaL. They are very tåll, ani lif±ering from tbc slenier Hfaif - Hamtes,* are of very ~tut builL It can only be p resum el thit this strairi wasn impo sel by seaf &rors on tbc coast. å "pygmy -prognatbus"t Is founi änl cepecially manifestel In Mtupa Nyamso Ineo, tbc Iwenyeguba, of Nbwora. &typ. of pygmy Is ale ffbunå black akinnci with entirelyblack budr, tbc black bair is more .iistributel over tbc front of tbc boly *ni limbs, tbc butesare leypo innt. ~a jp>o exemple is founi In 8a4 21 bin,.Ealim tbc f erryman emiployel~on tbc utete ferry. ffe is not a& true typ as te s~wo a mixture of legro b2.oo , hut be bas ..ereral chäraqteristics of tbc truc pygmy. It in only to be'expectel In this area, situatel as It. las-n qIose tp thLe- wt, tbat waany strains will have impoe camele on the o rig.nal inhabitan to ~ al. sh2aiemkof akln ami manj facialtypesL At Moomeni on the RufijiRiver Is founi a el gaär tippe 9 e Is tall, being over 6 feet In beli1ht, his features are typ- l4y __Negrolå, dis okin Ieeiieil ooe cooram i ari itinetly smnp ncalor. lisa typ.e must not be confusei with theAlbino as be has no af4L9ton of the eyes »14s common in these oasem. gis imaeiateancentors are typical. Wegroes, &nå unfrtatLy hisi oriin&L. colouring cannot be tra*l

Language Notes tUPIJ 711ISTRICT. Tribe SetN.1 KisuabLi is the 'li.nsua frisca! of the listriet, but it cannot be terinel the U.other tonspe. iKirfli in unlerBboo throuShDut the å.strict, except on the coant at Muwera aul Kil~i where jKi.n.yaatwa la epoken. The Warufji, Waniengereko mi WIWItumbl hare thclr ome ialeots hut emob In rea5ily unierabool by aU. Thor.. appearn little loubt that local IIaLects hal their orisin In Kihehe, which tonIs to provethe preloxRinatina infCLuence of the immgrante under the enns of Wmambanguru the lihehe Chief. In infancy and ohilibool chillrsi are upokeu to In their owem IIALeots äni It Is onJ.y when they reach the age of gli, or therembouts, that they comnence to learn Kiswakli. Meny officers have Ihuni It iifficult ta make people unierntånå uben aäireusng töm In Klawahili at Bar~an, anl It has becone expelient to aiirems through the Chief, wIn oonversmnt with loi cooloqulisn which are not to be founå In my book on Kiawahli. This poceiaure han not been founå neoessary to alopt on the coast as the nativea, rei St there are amre Inelnel to une Kisuahili as their no tåer tongue, an!, cosqmty ovrainbetveen officers enl natives- is en aq mattoer. Sýeet No. I-

S - i-- " -"" , )"Tribe Sheet No. Prior to Ar ril 1927 the (!_,t rict wf Pdminlstered under the Akida. system, eiach Akida havlo% lst Class judicial -owers. There was -also q Liwoi who administered all affairs relatino to Mohormaden Law. On let April, 1927, the inbiabitants were divided into three tribes and riVer their own 1qn.irtration. It n.'. be presumed that the sons of the Mhehe Wambanguru were,'ipso facto', Iooked ,,pon as chiefs, but history does not reveal if there were any chiefs after them. It can be presumed, however, that those who can trace direct d.escent to Wwnbanruru are treated with reslect by the Droletariat and, although they did not answer to the title of 'Mfalme', the I were called upon to settle matters in dispute between members of the community.It has been the endeavour when fforn; the present administration to make these descendqnts Muhenga and Mwener.oha. Omari Mpendu, the Muhenga of the Wandengereko, is a direct descend4nt of Mpendu the son of Wambanguru. Abdula Nubi Shamte, the Muhenga of the Warufiji, is a direct descendant of law*l This also applies to some of the Mwenyegoha and it will be seen, therefore, that, although there were no chiefs in the district at the time of the institution of the present system, the natives elected representatives of the old families to be their Teaders. Up to the German occupation of the district in 14 a tribal system fnr adjudicating in litigation was in force, but this was broken up after the Maji Maji rebellion in 1905-6 as the Germans found it more easy to control individuals than parties. They appoInted Akidas with Jumbes under them for the purpose of carrying out direct administration. Even during this period the natives adhered to their old system, and many cases were dealt with in villages which the AkIda did not hear of. This system of village administration is- the basis of the present regime. In the old days a man with a '-omrlaint against another would state his case to an elder of the village. The other party in thb suit would state his case to another eldar. Cach party,. ac-comanied by his .elder, (mKsa.) would then appear before the assembled elders presided over by tile lozal Wihenga of a villagie entirely Independent of those of the Intert sted jarties. The '1seme' wul4 then address th e- ly but, on no ac.ount, were aither of the litilgants j~ermitted to ad ress/cokt. party was dissatisfied with the juaiaent given bei uld notIfy his desira to appea

Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs, etc.) appeal to the Muhenga and elders of another village. It must be understood that the village a~pealed to was not considered to be more powerful than the village whose elders rrave judgment in the first instance. This procsdure is adopted in the present regime. Litigants in the first instance appear before the village elders. There is no fee paid. The elders give judgment, and if 9*Asr party is dissatisfied he takes his case to the Court of the Mwenyegoha. He is upon to pay a fee in this Court. Appeals from the Mwenyegoha's Court lie with the Court olf the Muhenga and from there with the Supervisory Court. Very few appeals have been registered, and it can be assumed that satisfaction is being given in the Native Courts. There has been no tribal cohesion for years past, but it can be said that there has been clan cohesion. All dwellers in the Rufiji Valley will claim to be Warufiji but, upon being questioned regarding their ancestry, they will reply that they are Rwambo or Mond or some other clan, taking the name from some powerful ancestor. No attempt has been made in the past to bind these clans together, and it is now the object of the present tribal government to bring this about. It should not be very difficult, as all admit they are of common stock. Tribe Sheet No.

Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs, etc.)' W/ UAclvr/" Tribe Sheet No. WARUIJII NATIVE-AU , Chief (Huhenga) bdulla Nbi bin Shaate. Is a descendiknt of Ilawa son of Wambanguru and about 32 years of age. Educated at the Mohoro Government School. Appointed Tax collector in 1913 which be relinguished in 1916. In 1919 was appointed Tax collector and resigned in 1920. Appointed Liwali's clerk 1921 and acted Akida of Wmatumbi in 1925 and M agongo in 1926. On institution of Native Authority on let April 1927 was appointed treasurer and adviser to the Warufiji Native Authority. Was unanimously elected Muhenga and his apiointment approved on let january 1928. Is a good man with 4rains. Is well versed in keeping all necessary records pertaining to the Native Authority and is also conversant with local affairs. He must be given time to assert his authority as Muhenga which he is making a gradual process. There is every hope that he will make a success of his office. Sb-chief (Mwenyerog X& _ Is a descendent of "up w of Wambanguru and about 65 years of age. Was elected Mwenyegoha by the the people of Mbwera in July 1927. Has not held an official posi previou4 but was elected on account of his family, his father having be e head of the Tape clan possessing considerable power. He lost, a good of this when the Germaun .in t ro du ced~a ohf t...... Introduced the Akida system. This Mwenyegoh very well ii~tntioned but has met with considerable opposition from the as of the area who had hoped to recive

Sheet No. Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs, etc.) Tribe up for election received 90% of the votes of the people. His opponent was Mohomed MplllgO who claimed the office on behalf of bb. ,v brothe eesd Omarl bin Saidi is ener et mark, but like most of the inhabitants is afflicted with lethargy. .,, /9J Sub-chief (Mwereoha) Saidi bin._ bwana of. jjrud1. Is about 40 years of age and a descendent of Riwanbo who first o u.iget the atumbi Hills in the Kibata sub- distrlct. Is a very good man with sxceptionaJ control over his people with whom he is exoeedinely popular. This is the best awtinlstered. area in the district. Hispweria was Jwmbe of Ndundu for 'ainy years but resigned in 1926. Saidi filled the vacancy and was unanimously elected Mwenyegoha When the office was pufor election. Sub-fie. y*(Lwenegeha) Midumu bin Minil of Wueende. Is a mw, of about -, years of age and is a hescendoet of Mbonde the Mhehe chief and the great grand- daughter of Vambanguru. Was a jumbe for 20 years and elected Mwenyegoha out of three candidates. Is a good man with plenty of influence but meets with considerable opposition from iumbe banga bin Muwinge of Nyaringwe who was one of the unsuocessful candidates at the election. Midumu has a difficult task but has a 1ersonality which shoul help him to over:ome all obstac!es. T'Ie alone will prove this.

Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs, etc.)' W3,f orjý-11 but Vierc are many times %hen he i$ týje re-rse- However, as t'ie clecte-', of his pcople he 16 left WIiere le in tile hopc that hc' will brin, IIS iredple to a , rit state of mind rcjarliný; tribal administration. No cha.rgs oän be laid' a_ý,ý.tinst Ura otåer tývati a lack of Intelligence. Måkpjaca Tura - MwenvezehR of Mbg^nr,%. 0" the rln.eaise of T4paXy~eon&Q In -April 1929, Bakarl h1ý25 son a joung igen of about 30 years of ape to t"iýi psaltion of Mw&VeXo4a. In AuZust 1929 varlaui3 runioure, reltttlnr to t ie Issuc of TrýZe lionnses at the Nbwecý-. Court, roacked dlutrIot beftdquarterB. An Inquirj wýtn Institu ed WkIc12 retulted In Bakarl being pro3»uted In krLI 1934 for Vålt'LnC Trýäle Llc3n:ýes to N tlv,2 pett., ý"orv.-,rtlvlj tý].ý Ionej to IL3 Owri use. R*vm conv-lated and senterice(1 to a 2-tie -ýicl kaprl.8,jn.aeit. HU -,.Lar£ N--4sý,0r2 ýxlsq "1e40CI 'ILAýýÅf to monoj froin thIB 30U -411 W E &180 ~VjCtea. On Utli kril 193* a baraza, ttt-2nd,3(! bj ý-ýU iitýibe:3 avvi 440 ýeople,- W-v3 leLI ut åfl)"k"ar;t for tý1,ý ?Ur2,3"3f-ý of --1ýztlnj :.4 to TAR2. Tä r Vårsö oandidatcsýclertlon. (1) Mollo;aed Tupa, Xvabc of Vbwerýt, (2) of Meill ýi poYrgrfbl AkLI-L unxlar th,i 9,3nným rqjim,3 -ýnd (3) Winp. kU AbIurvah;im-,,n, of vtý,lth and mme 8oolal standing. 'fis votlig w1,8 1.9 follows :-p Tribe Sheet No. Ji:-

Sheet No...... Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chieks etc.) Tribe ~L .1x~r. ..~. r-alwy otielo-out to ý.Ptva troib1ý t(> t' 085 r* waao heloc

Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs,'etc.) W &t1iOZF/Y&C#,6- O Tribe WANDENG.REKO NATIVE AUTHORITY. Chief (Muhenga) Omari Mnendu. Traces his descent from Mpepdu, son of Wambanguru the Mhehe Chief. Is about 60 years of age. Was Jumbe of Kiale for twelve years durire th Germar regime and was made Akida of Kikale area in 1917. Was elected by all the Wandengereko as their chief on the institution of Native authority. He has a good understanding of his duties, but there are times when he is inclined to slack off. His Court decisions require careful supervision is he is somewhat severe when inflicting punishment. This is especially noticeable when the Complainant in the case happens to one of his staff orPfollower. On the whole he is .a good man and~it is doubtful if there is a better man availab nlei tribea Sub-chief (wpyetoha)', dUare Mpili of XiKII. Was'appointed Jumbe of Kiale when Omari Mpendu was appointed Akida. Was appointed Mwenyegoha when this -w. sanctioned from April 1st 1928. Is about 45 years of age and has a good control of his people, who give little trouble as he is popular with them. He is a good man. Sub-chief (Menegoha) Shabani bin Ali of Salale. Was appointed Jumbe of Salalt more than 20 years ago-and was elected Mweyeoohawhe~n W13...... Instituted. Is a Mnyanga i people. Is about+ 50 years o g n apol.I ova ensrgeti nd requires constant supervision Sub- chief (nyezoha) SHMal bin M*homed of N-ranjati. Was apponeJuule of Nyanjati .10 years. ago and elected Mwnyegoha. Is. popular with his people but has not much control. Is about 50 years of age. Is a descendent of Tupa son of Wambanguru the Mhehe chief. Sheet No.,_ 9heet No. Tribal Government: (Chief, Sub-Chié fs, etc.) Tib Imlpression as beirig a good. man, but In reality ho requlres constant -supervision as haý is lazy. Ä~/./..~4 1Sub-,,'I Vjb~ SÅjla bin Bwnbo> W Kibit-. aji:ttJ bj L*v1 3u}jng if n uý:~ on t11- p ti~ of S-t!Ji Uin M r.,%ý0. Hf b -i _. Jumibo for 29 je8trs and apý , tr S Is ni~tL -n .1~ j, ~~3- ~~-:j , 1,1 a4 d7r-at j,, .);iä-i L ;a and IndIf foreaii~~1jw ~~ oC t113 0t113r Li vxtýinr!-,. 13I va rjp£ 1 Nsor bin 'Mwishehe, for 15 years war asigtant ta Bultani CI.axtunci& Jujabe of ei~on3 n reei~ratloM of t~1 tl-atter Ul uwaz a11pointed $wxtbe o£ Ktomb.on. la tý~ iWist e~étoJulabc in. t;" Salale Lirna, and t,,äe orfl, lu~it -ssn~ oaontd ~nio~ on tereinaio o UuX.ui8l&ani b-in all. BP- .15 BÅCLLPlný vCrJ vwell, -nd orversant wl'týi ll oal Tribe Sheet No..

MIBAL GOVEM NT. Notes by Mr. A.V. Hartnoll, District Officer d/d 7/8/34. The revision of the Ruflji Native Authorities can be seen in General Notice 115 of 5/7/54, a copy of which is in this book under the Chapter headed "Native Administration"Cfhere is now only one Native Authority in the District, viz. the Tribal Council, or Nkutano. The terms Muhenga & Mwenyegoha as denoting Chiefs and Sub-Chiefs have been abolished and Xwaneyenii, meaning Superior Headman, and Ytawala meaning Headman of a Sub-Bilition, have been substituted. (2) The TibalCouncil consists of the- following:-

(V) Saidi Mbwana, Headman of Ndundu. He has been Headman there since the inception of Indirect Rule (see remkrks by Mr Mc Millan). (VI) Miduua Mwingia, Headman of Rusende. Has also been Headman there since'the inception of Indirect Rule, (see remarks by Mr go Millan). (VII) Hafuna Mgonza, Headman of Ntanza. Has also been Headman there since inception of Indirect Rule.(see remarks by Mr Mc Millan). (VIII) Salim Mpogo, Headman of Kwanwazi. Headman since the inception of Indirect Rule (see remarks by Mr Me Millan). (IX) Maginura Muhubia, Headman of Kiohi. This ,iit is newly recognied, having previously been grouped with Umatumbi. Max though undoubtedly the hereditary Headman of Kichi, is ,4n ld ma, and he has deputed his sister's sn, or Mpa' Iburi Mahiro to do all the executive work. Mburi MahirDo previously acted as President of the Umatumbi - Kichi Tribal Council. () Mirabandu Mbonde, Headman of Umatbi. This unit is also newly created. Mirabandu is uoubtedly the hereditary Matumbi Headman, but it is reported that the people do.not now wish to recognize him and wish to return to federation with the Wakichi (see para 15 of my notes d/d 5/8/54 iiddz, "Native Admiistration*)-. (XI)~ Mu s Mpli Heda Kika±.. Has been Headman of the Kikale area since iM (see notes by Mr Me Millan). (XZn) . B Headuan of Kibti. Has been Headman since and the smaller, which remained loyal to Omarl Mpendu, had to fing a new H.Q., which they eventually did at Mahege. Actually, however, several units from this smaller portion, claimed clan kinship with the Waketo, and became detached from Omarl Mpendu's Authority to form the new Keto m-b-division. (X!V) Salim Ndimbogani, Headman of Uketo. This is the new unit of the Waketo Clan. Salim Ndimbogani was formerly Jumbe of Kitomondo. The Clan H.Q. has been selected at Bungu on the new Utete,- Dar-es-Salsam road. (XV) Las= bin Ahmed, Headman of tUrAgatwa. This Is the new Jongo clan unit. Kassum bin Abmed is the son of the Akida of Lsindaji (now deceased) in German times. Since 1951 he has been the elected spokesman of the Wanyagatwa in their dispute with Oma. Mpendu, which has during the last 2years caused so much trouble in the District. (5) It is to be noted in connection with the new Tribal Counil that there is at present no President, and that each mmber of the Council, whether Headman or Superior Headman, has equal v4ghts. The Council has -no judicial powers. (4) Attched to these notes is a statemen... Showing the Jumbeates in. Sub-division, with their ausessa number.-of tax-payers. -~4 ~ ~

Tribal Government (Chief, Sub-Chiefs, etc.) W1? Ir .A 1Q, 1 Tribe Sheet No. Ty- WAATUMBI NATIVE AUTORITY. President of Tribal Council Mburi bin Mahiro of Tai. Was JUmbe of Mindibi and Nketo for 15 years. Has no hereditary claims being the son of a jeasant, but was elected president by all the Wamatuabi and Wakichi. Has very little control and is looked upon as the intermediary b1etween the people and District Headquarters. No fault to find with the manner in which his duties are performed. There are 83 Villaze headmen (Jumbes) in the Wandengereko Native Authority, 102 in the Warufiji Native Authority and 16 in the Wamatumbi Native Authority. These men have retaillsd their offices from the old reime. Only those who held office during German times are government nominees, an the remainder being elected by the people. The old system of the Jumbe being at the beck and call of every government employee is gradually being wiped out and. the people are being tonght that he is their local tribal representative in all matters. In fact it is the alm of the present administration to put the Jumbe In such a position that in time he will be lokked upon as the actual head of the Vilage, md not the servant as has bean the cas in time past. ex N J , ý>, atý- 7- 7, (Aý-

RLIfýji province ard Rufiji

Chlefs Barazas. RUFIJI DISTRICL Sheet No., Surnmary of Proecedings. BARUA HILD AT UTET present#:om arl mp en lu Muhenga. Vanlengereko. Shabani bin all - mwenycEpha, sslåle. Ha~ bin Mohomel my anj ati. MulmCa bin mpiri Kikal& Saill bin MarinOD Kibitl.

Chief's Barazas. Summary of Proceedings. where harvest is below that of last year iue to late planting. Mtam a. ALso a oig barvest especially in Mtnza ani KWangwast which will help to balance the shortage of Rice. Siam. plentiful in Mapnjo but hnort in Tawi. Baboons ani -game responsible for latter. OJttun. Very favourible reports from everywhere except Busenie Late planting reaonaiblo for latter but if rain falis in jply a g oI ocuop shoull be harvesteL. Muuenga warufiji statel it is the lesire of is people living in the vicinity of Utete to uave a cotton market there as will save eossing the Rufiji, also a long walk to Kilimani. He is of the opinion that people from Niunlu wouli sell at Utete. He ails that if this is approvel his people will .:lnt larger areas next year. plenty of iater in wells., Muhenga waniengereko requests that operations for sinking the elol at KikLe for which funis have been approval, shouli commence in september. Instructel to arrange ior labour asf to search for the man who sank the well at Ssale to aujerviae the work. The Vamatumbi want a well At Tawi but there is not. fficient money in their bulget to meet the ezense. If the extra 50 cents rebate on tax is apj~rovel there may be sufficient funle tol mke p gnvislon in the 199/;D e0timatpa. Deprelations oy game are reportel from every area. The unanimous opinion is that the staff of 5 Native Cultivation Cuanis ot large enough to beeffi4it. 'uggestel by Muhenga Vaniengereko that Native Treasuries shouli k rifles of a heavy calibre ani men ahoull be eagagel locally to *assit the p~resent guaria. The Wanleneero request the appointment of a Kstbi for tbeiroum areson tkie grounls that the present Katbi is~too far away from tbi.tr ibal bkftouartera, that owm Lreference cannot be male to N1ative Court ani that the present Katbi is a foreigner an1 not onversant with Wieneereko Native affair. If funls permit pro vision shoull be male waen submitting estim ates for 12/D HI&TU General satisfaction' is expressiL~Wita the new treatment. for jpkYloamlmiat Sheet No.

Chief's Barazas. Summary of Proceedings. LePers are coming forwarl for Injections as this treatment appears to be sueessful. lot of Malaria ani Dysentry in reportel. Junotioning satisfactory No appeals regLstereL NATIVE TREA0IE pears expreasel that revenue from coDurt fees ani fines will not reach the estimtei Amount ani that there will not be sufficient money to meet expeliture. ALl present informel that they are not to increase fines to make up this shortage as other means will be founi to meet it. The shortage must not be permittel to influence their Ju igments.7 All present erpress satisfaction with the present form of alministration ni on no Account wouil they revert to the Akia Byse. The. Village llers are arbitrating in many suits, ani Native Autbori are persuaiirg moull be litigants who appear before them to take their complaints to the village * before taking lotion in the Courts. Sheet No,¢ I L

RtIYZ ISTRIC?. Summary of Proceedings. 0p 1> . Afan &*ug kuu&.tånt Oka*t4.t otlieer. Tb* flållir Nthørlty og tb* lanumgørØg AU~~~ 'UL og t: ** ånt 5 ølomJ3.~ø UM3. ch,£lesirne th* Tmahegrue Httive Amthrty fer s bSSå e£ tliulr uj, das referret to tb* PL'vlnotl C>msomer wl ii b» ha ulo* ,sft41 esausIting ultsa tb* Distr1.4 Offloer ith4 thi. Is net hocee8æ4y. il* 641m et tb* Zbåtå &6 . b* horme pruprtkn~I by øesh walw. ?reees ant. met by tb* wamlji ja ak yrmmt, Tt* The Es 1.1 at U4A&l en Ill/29/ amt tb* eleetlem øf hin moewer w» *rmeseiei 4b TZere elro tøe ejøem (las~mU b Soft o£ Nwingeya ant, Ab~rehamai ~alm a t ø.*r& ?4e Seumor egelvt 512 veto., øf t#*is p ramt AA tho urama USi tb* latter 12 ro*e& Hamffl hin soft 'a~ fe Ihai l i* oeri In befor *hø the lse b&aaa 'k b er r lUm tattoo ultheut tØox erlftur * I Chief's Barazas. Sheet No. Z-

Shee No.Chief's Barazas. Sumnmary of Proceedings. Lffeot thir ftnaiolau. *a weL. ab tåa Eprornläut. It la sp.tiell~tt<4 tu..t Ulemrå 141j he 001341ra Ut±ou.Lty in böttinö the tUJ.i. WMot ut tag tbt-. JGår ~s tihe COttonl OMP LIAN XGUGe TU3 1s the isalt, ut FKG*Gre - theY mall not takt thg&r ~2,! chen reay for 11utrlbutäon,. *ni oioiumUy iver* läate In klJ.*agtn& GIKT§: Tån eSUbAO1tnt Eharcbon b~m been ~aLg tour* for tö* £utrl4o&o of treatg tbc ~hle .ok~nalt~m for ~iiluwbs de The ztttlmco w»S not &ätt åfaoto y dn!. in läkruvumt la *konot on hlis sat. t~u. The lnas la c»nt*49u& anl therr pw*aLtles om b* Ixposmi nler tae N411'@ &ptierity orlin.uoce for $4Laåre lo Out la n tkk4eåra»4ie. J~g9!2R 5 o% of tåe kreamtscarlä, o% laå total taillrc. 11 wam ÅMImttel töat %nå£OU tal j. d11e t;roerå ter not obtåLnIng $å*Lr ..dl åt the låroicr U&*.. jaa agrl«.kUlral Dkartment Läa mal* armåmnata. :or %ho Jistibution ut ä@mi to t** atteet iameiiåleLy In låe ~ctern Rufljå% jäl ejecers at~.ilngm~i At t tig alreå for~ l do Urins thcr ootom tUr aåc to tak* åx* å am on am tMö &å*1dlo Lc .ta~l N~*iv Ilutiwru«. &äait the alv*ntagc to bo bbteizdci tio the planting 09 Gottima, aml hals ent.rtiek* to ase that töckr pcoe*c get tiacir acel. In =Pi tim. *h" hare citate&låat i arger asea. di£ ha kats unlr cotom penh iear. 4The vwmisaeseb or KIkåLe wer* Införsel %hål a mårket cam I411 from Um t411: jsar a the area @Antar oottav Ut, not juctifi the *kong* or o#iiutng amuakt^ å prmlc me bee~cn salu by the figrioaUjtraL Department that markot. 411l be opmnel it lias, *here *he, arma el cettem la lår&* *nänih ta . pMLe waås &ift. thät the läte of ulraot4ng ffil bertig of cotton for j~m ma ham bemn tlael tor Domuber 31^t a t5rthcr notlöam niU be gtven om Scember lat anl ab flnal motc an Decemaber p 111 USll my poUi js ta ýrmooutc for £älling to oupftt fuls *ottan ~ero D etc 314 bo 4.u ouly åare mourta 1. ac, 2TUFL2§ft9' TU* great aivuat4e la Gojp 71411 t be *b~c~ bl klatng. au Slicet No.

Sheet No. II cgs In li~e gø& øklgnual. Mils.. !Éwingim, !MA *8pgøb at RO&Me, *4r.s.io to baa 411 »t*tøl tbm tø eak.rimont bal bgn masle os a ~o zio n og t I,'4uLa 'Nit;b åa in! nlthat the Yiull from tb-xt ,ort en .,Ifftel otiz Ine.nø å* ftve tti... ereter tiam thL4 *t tb fi gat*4m ~01ate la tkr4 o11 b4LIa UAl 1» bo~ r¥ e. A ea rt tb N 4t1t V ' U 7 -4t0.n Gu arla Ays ro ehiøhiom o.. 4 g Imýe bolna vy , w . whaLa 7 tAt.a tba 4~t U a ~ø~ t~ tø uAl 4 85.o( ååelSåtil bøj .,AhJ ~5It. Ti qmabe ost Uewa - Matmhi a1 ffi - m---

Sheet- No.. tåa u X~ ~I

Sheet No. BARAZA AT UTET1 O"i 24 /5 /2 re MhIt~ ,0 pellu r ~1 .~I W.y.Nqg.n t3iarietO ie, 79 30*mu a ia 41 tilu r% 499* 70, o ver all the trtrit,,ý eal rio. t coslete fuiålmre in maupa A a t n Rrll. Th 0817 ;eopla to re g usraj hryggt og. råg# are tho.., at 521l19. whR1a. S ai io@ fallet än, rsUn 09*491 from k. rI 15%h tD May leth jaa* as the Young riog wa. Dat 09 the giomni &nå n9e1e1 mIDIere, Nläe mul M= vete letNyc by 1loM*te. a. PLutIn9 O-t DuIae On the bufka o ethe Rut»j cher* the water hag, reoetl.l being ri&PGUslY o0~191 Ou- uOhsOL is heung »ute! by thse who are not forguats cmt4 to boe~a the river. ~hrt c»osum oeotej everygbore, hat tä*ekstuation la m4i 4sio999 aS 1t ls not 9490tei that frÉl4oatlen WIll be kal* for fula relief. .~zm. mitom ham witto tja* aIvern* oJ4nati conStierons In a ~%mråolory *«amr. ?b# aliiOikate 76111 Gill be 3D% å9uu om the estimale. It w f rae, amitte! by all i recet *hat kai itbc settoft ärop LaUi , ehIere iiu1S have be2 50 USD5 to tar. ,w ~ .I . ~.

Sheet No. å* i.Antn~i on the iined LA1l oan uj tia* 6gi4ril ariou.ltur..L Of±iOGr Ai serve å&m o0, kIC*k åmonå4r*iufl 1o Uhus -duo treuil blå. metbo ii. JWt'mSTlAyl ON. LknL g åerort 4 sace åmi ý,ultnöå but *Itu tt&- uAL. k. åwIvo resåncc to urlera 1~91O Dy NAUTGr At00 ti"d Infor*el tåat no.uor ~ullJ. bo l*quel unåeo~ N AtI V*,, Mth>oJlÅ ! caMoöS± to etu cc* t'^e Tue *Y V 4,1OM4UIncy vehn lt m in taS db**S oof tu*m ?ttive AuthorItj Orin*nce iril tÉley must m*e ~a o:r It. TUGeY knoo täckr *el£e ueiinouja to unlerat*ni tå*% nm teferil arier 41Li bo oh#Jsi until 4 f04 64ÅKe'a hr* &Al* Of iåg** UbOýf*IL. TU* District Of,*r, *i11 ¥ 141t 5Ik.i.e an% S>ALU Le ery next Montå Lco01@1fJe bl tåa t3bs»4tm*i sua&n who WIll. bring ImLý# for %ha trötaieni of gjuokcoms !lsocö~5l ror whole jyalation to Pan**k or this, Irue, to i3r*vunt lo-ifotil therelöre all. e In i*Me w~inty atoall attenk Tille waa.li bo mn ojwortunIy to takt ~sie afdagt thono reur~lå dmo fälle, to oberk 2q)UWs. flature ot tho preulun of the omri. Wative ptio>Ktiga uusi täakt dur* of tåa onntents of iscms uni.bt e 0vin h ~UanL %s hor* *U bo !wserer* dortage o£ east this y#ai Vk was4 löciiei ltt. no Lineas ~1oulo* e u-osel in ariiana i rooeeil.ngs es It woli onl ll eto isorrovkag fram Intiok's mesily - a &l80 *te Jlontent. In tinvial, osw.a rqpriweni moUIi auffice, ini in,*.ihers i kbort tara of luprlwnment. ybINf prwnceru sre sent to Utöe iunåckft iheir punishauni tåe Cas file musti be* amti Xit the cemmtie warrat. Lou.Ther. in 3n w,ýle u221y at presufti hut egoeftion Is tiken is the pilees wrk tå*. sei by mr.Blennent in the Delta *ni mr. Sohute#rt 9* MbUUI. Tbe termer rcmjir.s bio jm to cut a huniles of EffiLrövs hihi* tor a IY'sa wgk-.4 Thisa hms been ålscumset wit th 15i. wh sett* tkha a**e krosunt et NImsete wh en Mr. 5öeum as irr*n..skest xIta 19 Immr to out 7 wnlils m a la m~ m rk. år.Bensi to 4 äek>0 Åolkei dt&t th . o tos ,a *ayin. 73 cent. å buntie for au. *a*k lellverei, a oui 1 out 4e 1417y lack. - aI ret4rås nr. solaubert it * ar. thet å* reKjulrs. his labour to li2c b. 125 1 *y yls å-n ch lo*i -1u7b ýx A hry tasavy iaukisi*el mr.scauabsrt to b* %4ero*oftei with tiae vie. i reouink, the td

- Sheet No. &høgON Aet MO0 I - *KI4e zeaum.Å 'bo 'ki* iiatr1o*- lurm, %be iaat year. It t» unXortun*åta v* hare hal a hal year at.fIouJturaUly to It dju oh#t the røtn of otber *Il It~~ns Ile Aattolp* t *h*% *bøere NiU bø iL l*rr Mirain tut*s year 00 ~@oUnt of *eab *ni abo eort ajg Htlye IAtbotiles *re -,iate eintLenl~I. th*e *ha lzratløn *tUý oiklY be tatiorI17y. TAK. ælleottons to oonoe øn 3uli let. o1! tiokets for 19/ to hrGuCht MIn hånle! over betort nUw tlekøt;a il8u*e Oetahltersfræ vt oqo ýVå to NAtiVe Attortý uhio wili sil I10 th »Os *e ni the ti&" imsneS thøie it lo exkuote* tk:*1 t4grøe u be 4 tiil In t&& ý»eoUeoss *berg wlU be a' akao rt4L* of1 uony In* to gir et r0ý;t. !tlvø Af~ltbltl Ø sil 1ot t . fo~~r t*£ tløose a.ýW lt o har* ZIflhte gotten on a 50511 larga necuk te rrtlIoe the SDMOLS. Th, Vhruflij1 80h001 at M, hn~my ELnsn a r*Lular of att.Øe.e af 40 o: øy 417l. The Wm!e Øscheol at X1k51e haa a9~ veylrr*Euhar *øtuIe%' 'vMVlnF ma 6 10 25 b076 8IALl. -The. aiefp ueit *** %e egeøm br*to# 14 boye to attøi rsciuarlj by 1ntørv1øn tbeir fathøerm 1,k tstlte mt there *ro 60 høy* Ini Xtk&*ml lte ytoinity, mi a GL ~o1ds efkrt *koala ha ate *i*tng før Å oeb"el ror 7 tre~ 1l &g abet h ave OR4n the zýe&len løpartt 00,,ý ly~1 'hk* ~ ateelc't gtlbgu W* not Ikrwi røwW£»r tie*ø b *ae ø rå*te'Oýteaho £" lit 4. 10 m~ HALFERLMYBARA OFALLNATIVE AUT(RITI ELD AT W l OW 28.8.30. Present:- District Officer RufIji uhengma Undengereko luhenga Urft President Unatumbi Comcwil All Sub-chies and .Tmbos. (r.Steples, Acting Deputy Director of 'Agriculture aM Mr.obertwiw attended on the second day). -. The Sub-Awistwnt-3urgson on tour report that attendances for treatmunt are very poor. All Native Authorities should make every effort to ensure fall attendances. No m knows if the diasse ito his system and shwU take this opportunity to e.acte it. Th. Chief and Sub-chiefs must aeccompany the Sub-Assistant-Sugon and gve him every assistance. MU P01. Quarantine of Infested akreas sua bez=srjW, Ineffeotiye vaccination does not. give lammEy. It,4 M'AGGIt1on 4oesnot 'take' the pero aholA -attend for raVointo MiA4 t dos.;- It is better to be pujt to this - sac.# than to ntjmhI*4 a& U. w-Jumbos must send statistics eVery mouth to the Ivwegeph to ezdeU to this office.

-2 - severely punished. The Jumbos have power under the Native Authority Ordinance to prosecute any person who failes to obey an order to appear before the Native Authority, and it should be as easy to make the man appear as to collect his money. A few prosecutions of people failing to appear would have a salutary effect. Jumbos area responsible to the Mwenyegoham for their people, and if the tax is behindhand, than the Jumbe is not performing his duty. 2. The Warufiji in the afflicted areas should/b pressed for their tax. It is not proposed to recommend exemption. If they cannot pay this year they ust pay the arrear next year. In the Cocoanut producing area of Mbwera tax collections should be normal and pressure aust be brought to bear. People from this area who are unable to pay should be brought to Utete to be given work. Ag.. d by all present that Cotton was the only standby In the event of a failure of food crops. Decided without a dissentient vole, that all people in the cotten producing areas shuld be adtiaed to plant one acre of cotton next year. If the maize planted In November rains Is planted in lines, Cotton can be planted in between and when the maize Is ripening. This mans tw crops from one shamba without any extra labour. Pope who fall to follow this advice will be the first to be celled upon if labour for essential public works ts required, as their action will show that they are indifferent to their - welfare, and 9ovosment must find some mans to give them the funds to buy food amid met their obligations. ?he District Agricultural Officer agees to detail his native agicultural Instructors to give assilnce in the l1ng out of maise. 2. The fall In Cotton prices this year mst not be a deterrent to next year s plantings. All e ps are affected, and the depression in world wide. 3. The maiz seed Issued by the Agriculture Department to assist sffereW from the floods ant be returned after the harvest. This should be the imdiate concern of the Jumbos. IA 1115VI AT IMM AND TAi. 6 months have passed since the these buildings warn started, end yet they are mot finished. It Is.....

It is to be understood that the people do not want a dreaser,. The uaatumbi Native Authority ha no funds to meet the salary of the dresser and purchase the drugs, so Government has undertaken to meet this expense if the people would erect the buildings. 300/- were allocated for the purpose and still there is no sign of completion. If the buildings are not completed by the end of October a recommendation will be made to cancel the offer of Government as the people show no desire for a dresser. O . Parents must warn their children of the danger of runnin after motor vehicles. So far no accident has occurred but it is better to avoid all possibility of an accident. 2. A stone to the memory of Commnder Bridgeman D.S.O. R.N. has been erected by the Navy at Kiomboni. Tb care of this memorial is to be undertaken by the Jumbe of Kiomboni, and 10/- from the Contingencies vote will be allocated for the purpose.

WM1lY ADINSMlMhION., I NOTES BY MR. A. V. HARlTROlL DAMD §aL34. On taking over charge of the District on 1st. June 1952, I found that the system of Indirect Rule as instituted in 1927 was being attacked in the North-Eastern, Unyagatwa, area. This can be seen both in the PA1nual Report for the year 1951 and also on page 5 of Mr Ronayne's Handing Over Report, where it is stated:",Evidence is on record in Utete file 41/62 proving that the Iajongoh*aive abtructed and attempted to discredit " the authority of the Chief whose office and power the Jongo "plotters wish to usurp. The Provincial Commissioner visited " the affected area of Nyanjati in April 1952, and conducted " an1nvestigation: the plotters since that date have shown 0no signs of activi~ty; but, I suspect, that they will resume 0 their methods of obstruction in the near futura. eanwhile, "I have been wat.U for the result of the ,Proviratal Comma"issicor's repprt to th.QChioe Seoretaay. It shva3A be bore in mind that the 1.4 cmw aft not oum@ 'to the established Ssystem of indirect native administration; they objet to "the appointed Chief, Oman Mpentub and they dem the righ~t to have the present Chief deposed and a substitute appointed from the members of their owsmusU comrnity, * egardlps q the douirou of the majoity qtf the-Idengereko population who are intagtAbly in favour of Qasri Mpendu'. ((2) Aotually, o~n-taing over charge, I found t Rq a~vq of U~ygj*, -,vh, iaqldestallys. had briefed a 1 r'M Im 8rowq to -Uke up *sb *mi'a with the Chief Secretary, inavery local natives were posWt*o (t whdh th Jango leAWe, beA~~ gW r r'qt o, toIw ?.q of their separation under the leaders of their own community from Undengereko, and on being informud that in consequence they must obey Chief Omari Mpendu, the people openly stated before -the District Officer that they would not do so. Later, on the night l2th/15th of October, the Ndengereko Court House at Nyanjati was burnt down and the District Officer's car, wkich was under the eaves of the Court House, only escaped destruction by the prompt action of a native of Nyanjati village, who managed to remove it before the fire had reached it. It was proved that the fire Was an act of incendiarism, and, as the wanyagatwa were agitating against the lawfully constituted authority of Chief Omari Mpendu, under whose jurisdiction lay the Native Court of Nyanjati, it was strongly suspected, though evidence was not forthcoming sufficient to arrest the actual culprits, that the fire was started by Vajongo adherents. (5) As it became plain, after investigation Vy the District Officer, that the Wanyagatwa should not on tribal grounds ever have been incuded with the Wandengereko under a Ndengereko Chief, on the 12th. February 1955 the Provincial Commissioner at Nyanjati read out a letter from the Chief Secretary to the people assembled in baraza, ordering the separation of Unyagatwa from Undengereko, and placing them through their Headmen directly under the control of the District Officer. After this matters were more quiescent, and the anyagatwa were subsequently given a Court consisting of their Headmen at Mohungu. (4) During the year 1953, it became more and more apparent that the system of Indirect Rule set up in 192. had serious defects. The District, under this system, had been divided Into three areas:(I) Urufidi. Under a tribal Chief, by uae Abdalla Sheamti. (i)Undengereko., Undo? Chief Omari Kpendu. (Mi) Umatumbi & Kichi. Under a tribal Council. (M Itbecame

( ) It became evident that these defects were as. follows:(i) The division of the District into three areas bore no relation to ethnological fact (see my remarks under "Ethnology and Anthropology"). Such divisions in fact amounted to dividing the people on geographical considerations. (ii) There was no recognition of the Clan. (iiM) The establishment of Chiefs in Urufiji and Undengereko had io fo=UAtion on tribal traditon. Thus their position was rendered easy to attack, as occurred in Unyagatwa, where the Jongo Clan, by asserting their tribal rights, successfully challenged the position of Chief Omari Mpendu. (6) Subsequent paragraphs will explain how these defects have been remedied. It has been difficult to do so without completely wrecking the structure established in 1927. The line taken has been to recogise any alteration put up by the people themselves, which can be justified on tribal grounds. On the other hand, no effort has been made to urge the people to depart from the old system. (7) In January 1954 the Wmatumbi, whose leading clan is the Wambonde, were recognized as being a separate unit under their clan head Kinbandu, aM similar recognition was given to he taliofi under Wburi, Mabirb, whose leading clan is the KingjaelX~o ai. ( 8)The batiibi - £i~)ii Council cea.sed to exist as from the eiid of 1953, and thi peop1e6of ihat area Were inorporated with- the Urnfii Native Adainisti-4tion., (9), to so-Salaam boii the secssion of a of Jumbeatev from U terngino Iten lMade *5 %, man~ I~r. -ii ~ e tBp

(10) In June 1954 the Wanyagatwa, whose behaviour since their separation from the Undengereko Native Administration early in 1955 had been satisfactory, were recognized as a separate unit and allowed to elect their own Headman. How far their choice, Kassum bin Ahmed, who, as can be seen from the records of the Jongo dispute, has not behaved well in the past, will conduct himself in the future, retixs-to:.be seen. (11) Finally, at a baraza held by the Provincial Commissioner at Utete on 1/6/54, the people agreed to the formation of a single council for the whole of the Rufiji. This has now been gazetted in General Notice 715 d/d 5/7/54. At this baraza the people agreed to the abolition of the titles of, Muhenga and Mwenyegoha as denoting Chiefs and Sub-Chiefs, and the substitution of Mwenyenzi and Mtawala. It will be noticed that in this General Notice that the Mwenyenzi is designated a Superior Headman, and not a Chief, while Wenyenzi and Watasala possess equal status on the Council. The people have now intimated at a baraza held at Utete on 2/8/54 that they wish the Council to be known as the "Akutano". (12) There is at the moment an agitation in the Kibiti area for the recognition of the Momboka clan there. Undoubtedly the Momboka clan possess tribal rights in this area. But matters have not yet come to a head, and perhaps never will do so. If they do, it will follow naturally that Omar i pOndLs9 present office of Superior Headman at Kkale will no longer have any justification, as he is not recognized as the Clan Head. (15) There is also trouble at the moment in the Katuabi are, where I usA am informed that the people are re.Pudiating Mirabandu. This requires early investigation. (14) In the old Urufiji Native Administration area no demand has been openly expressed for clan recognition. It may be that the disrupting influences mentioned in Pam 16)of y ntesunder Ethnology and Anthropolog d/d 2/8/54 2/8/54 are too strong. On the other hand, in Western Rufiji, or Ruhingo, I the iub 4ivisions of Mtanza and Kwangwazi, the Makuka Wahehe clan undoubtedly holds tribal rights in the land. It is probable, however, in this area that the present Headmaen of these two sub-divisions are actually the clan leaders, as they are both Makuka Wahehe, but, as stated in pars (6) above, no effort has been made to urge the people to depart from the old system, and in consequence no investigation has been made as to whether they are actually the clan leaders or not. (15) The number of Village Headmen in the District, no less than 195, is undoubtedly too Lnge. Every effort has been made to reduce them in numbe±b~utithout success, as it has been found that to do so has only aroused petty tribal friction. (16) No mention has yet been made of the Native Administration in the Mafia group of Islands. Hitherto they have been administered under the old Akida system. But, at a barasa held at Kilindoni in July 1954, and attended by 700 natives, 200 spontaneously requested for a form of Indirect Rule. They made no mention, however, of the form they wished it to take. The bulk of the-Mafia native population belong, I beliew, to the Iambwera sub-tribe or clan, and are thereby related to the natives of Mbwera in the Mainland. It is not, however, unlikely that the Arab elements have been settled on these Islands for as long, if not longer, than the Vambwera themselves. The formation of a native administration on Mafia should, I consider, be the subject of an investigation of an experienod Officer at an early date. inefficiently carried out in- 1952, that it had to be taken over direct by the Diatriot Off dr i i155 and during the present year. Nevertheless it can be said that the people are peaceable and well behaved. During my tour in the Rufiji there have been a few petty disturbances, mainly the outcome of jealousy between the followers of local Sheikhs, but these have not led to any really serious rioting. By allowing the office of Kadhi to lapse, and by instructing all Headmen to refrain from taking any part in these petty so-called religious disputes, these disturbances have decreased. The Kadhi was by no means universally accepted as the religious leader of the Warufiji. DISTRICT OFFICER.

COPY OF GFJNNL NOTICE 115 of 5A7/54. S.M.P. 19283/254 NOTICE. The Native Authority Ordinance (Cap 47 of the Laws). ESTABLISHMenT OF NATIVE AUTHORITIES IN THE. EASTERN PROVINCE. In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Governor by section 5 of the Native Authority Ordinance, it is hereby declared that the native Lauthorities for the rufiji District of the Eastern Province shall be astdoified hereunder:- Native Authority District The Tribal Counoil of Urufi3i...... rhe Superior Headma and Headman of Xbwra, tohoro, Ndundu, Rusende, Ktanza, Kwangwasi, Uaohi and Umatumbi ...... Rufiji District excluding Mafia k'tL.-tl P- I-"V~ olc rt1 C7 nyýtiorkQ ii-0i- ä t0~ 7&~ 4,~t ~ r4..J' 4-4. 4L4 ~'' At- ffi - i (-) 55,9,

EXTRACT FROM ANNUAL REPORT - 1939. 1 RUFIJI DISTRICT. A. PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION. 1. Native Affairs, General: p In ordet* to appreciate the developments of 1939 it is necessary first to classify the stages ,through which the District and its native peoples have progressed in the last 20 years. These stages are best divided into four phases as follows:(1) Pre -.1927: The old Akida System. (2) 1927 - 1933: The inauguration of Native Authorities resulting in three groups:(a) Jarufiji Sb) Wandeniereko (c M"atumb. (3) 1933 - 1938: The reconstruction of the Native Administrations on clan bases, resulting in the recognition by Government of 18 tribal groups, each with its own Court presided over by its own chief known as the Mtawala. (4) 1939 The consolidation of the reconstructed Native Authorities . 2. Native Affairs, Past: At the end of 1938 the situation as I found it was briefly as follows:The work of reconstruction on sound tribal lines had been completed to a point beyond which further local subdivision appeared to be most unde Considerable doubts had been expressed as to whether the recently

5. Native Affairs, Present: (a)(Contd.) capacity and I have no doubt that with adequate backing and sympathetic instruction even the weaker members will in due course prove themselves fully worthy of the positions they occupy. (b) I have taken great pains to make it clear to the Chiefs and to their people that, though Government took great care to ascertain from the people of the various tribal groups who it was whom they recognised as their rightful chief, Government, having ascertained these facts and having appointed the people's own nominee, would not tolerate demands from any sections of the people who might resent the proper use of his lawful authority by the Chief whom they themselves had nominated. Moreover, if it became clear that any Chief was failing to do his duty, it would be the task of the District Officer to advise, instruct and if neceslary to coerce that Chief in order to eradicate his weaknesses rather than to dismiss a man for failings which would probably be equally apparent in any substitute. (o) The Chiefs therefore have been encouraged to exert their authority impartially and in the full knowledge that they would receive ample measure of support provided that they did their duty to the Government and to their people without feqr or favour,

. Native Affairs, Present:(d)(Contd.) If it appears to the Chief, who must report such complaints to the District Officer, that Jumbe X is guilty of impropriety, the Chief, instructed and advised by the District Officer, will deal with Jumbe X in whatever manner fits the circumstances and will dismiss him if necessary. Three Jumbes have been removed for incompetence; the authority of many others has betn substantiated. (e) The functions and the utility of the Jumbe "qua genus" have been frequently questioned. I would therefore like to make it plain that, especially in what might be termed "A composite and complex Native Tribal Authority" such as we have to deal with in the IYufiji District, the Jumbe is not only an essential component part of the Native Authority but that his duties are many and his responsibilities are such that a compentent Jumbe is worth far mor than the paltry pittance which he has been allowed hitherto. To the Jumbe, whether he controls 00 or 400 men in the closely settled areas or a mere 70 or 80 in the scattered areas, fall the following tasks:(1) The settlement-by arbitration of innumerable small disputes which are too intimate or too insgnificant to be brought for trial to the Chief's Court. (2) The duty of communicating to the people the orders or inforatic given out by the Chief. (5) The duty of seeing that such orders are duly obeyed.

3. Native Affairs. Present: (f)(Contd.) The Chief has tht right to reject the candidate. If the candidate is rejected the Wlazee must produce other candidates until one is found who is equally acceptable to the Mtawala and the 7,azee alike.

Native Coujis RtJJIJI DOT8.RICT. Sheet Nm-I The flative ourt of the firat cläs of thes VutUnsa of tt'. Warfijic. fl fl l fl l fl f Usal al es.n Tbc Nigttve Court o. the firat olems of tbc Muhen1 Oof the oaf bc .itm «CnlMvcyeyh o was-l Tt'S ALtife Q>Rrt of tt'. firat clas. of the. gial Cu: of theVmtqbl

NOTES BY A.V. fiARTNOLL 9/8/g4 Now that the Native Administration of the District has been revised under General Notice 715 of 5th. July 1934, Native Courts are now estab- lished as follows:A class Native Courts The Court of the Superior Headman of Ubwera, Mohoro, Ndundu, Rusende, Mtansa Kwarasi, Kiohi and atumti The Court of the Superir Headman of Kikale, Kibiti and Mahege. B class Native Courts. The Court of the Headmah of Mbwera The Court of the Headman of Mohoro. The Court of the Headman of Ndundu The Court of the Headman of Rusende The Court of the Headm n of Mtanza Th Cut of the Headman of Kwangwazi The Court of the Headman of Kiihe T* Court of the Headman og Matumbi The Court of the Headmn of Miale The Court of the Headman of Court of Appeal The District Officer',s Court. Ditto Ditto The Court of the .Superior Headman of Mbwera, libboro etc. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto The Court of the Superior Headman of been received. The Court of the Kadhi of Utete was abolished under authority of C.S. 15652/114 d/d 51/1/55 (Utete office file 2/5/8). It had been found that the work of the Kadhi's Court clashed with that of the other Courts. Court records are all inspected monthly at the Boma, and also whenever possible on District tour. Keeping of separate records for Criminal and Civil ases. Permission has been given by the Provincial Commissioner to keep separate Criminal and Civil native court books. (P.C's 547/D/15 d/d 19/6/50, this office 41/50). I DISTRICT OFFICR 9th. August 1954.

NOTE BY A.V. HARTNOLL 9/8/54. Under Government Notice 15 of 16/1/52 1he following Native Subordinate Courts are established in Mafia under see. 1.5 of the Courts Ordinance:The Native Subordinate Court of .the First Class of the Kadi of Mafia. The Native Subordinate Court of the Second Class of the Headman of Bftni. The Native Sibo1dinate-Court of the Seoond Class of the Headman of Utende. The Native Subordinate Court of the. Second Class of the Headman of Kilindoni. DISTRICT OFFICER. 9/8./54.

LIST OF ORDERS MADE UNDER SECTION 8 OF THEb NATIVE AUTHORITY ORDINANCE RUFIJI DISTRICT. 1.Section. District. Area. Description in brief. Text of order in full. 2. Section. District. Area. Description in brief. Text of order in full. 5. Section. District. Area. Description in brief. Text of order in full. 4. Section. District. Area. Description in brief. Text of order in full. Native Authority Ordinance Sec. 8 (n). Rufiji. Whole District. Restriction on burning. 1. No person may burn grass or bush on land other than land in his own occupation without the permission of his headman. 2. Warning neighbours and provision of firebreaks. No person may burn off his shamba without adequate precautions. (a) to warn his neighbours and (b) to prevent the fire. spreading by clearing a proper firebreak. 5. All natives to follow instructions of N.A. All persons shall follow the instructions lawfully given by a Native Auth6rity or Headman to prevent and control grass fires. Native Authority Ordinance Seo. 8 (r) Rufiji Whole District. Destruction of pig and baboon G.N.67/59. 1. Every native must attend any appointed pig or baboon drive. Native Authority Ordinance Sea. 8 (P). Rufiji. Whole District. Early Clearing of Shambas. 1. All Shambasa to be cleared ready for planting by October 15th. Native Authority Ordinance Sec. 8 (r) Rufiji. Whole District. Compulsory attendance at Schools. 1. All children registered in school rolls must attend.

LIST OF ORDERS MADE UNDER SECTION 8 OF THi NATIVE AUTHORITY ORDINANCEQUL'JI DISTRICT. Section,, Native Authority Ordkmwe S~ec. 8 (P) District. RufiJi. Area. Whole District. Order in brief. Planting bananas and cassava. Text of order. 1. In Xwangwazi, itanwa, libambo, Utete, Ndundu, Mohoro, ksomeni areas and in the Rufiji portions of Kikale and Mbwera areas, every house holder must plant in one shamba twenty five banana trees every year unt~l he is in pssession of one hundred growing trees. hereafter he must always be in possession of one hundred mature trees and must look after them properly. Every owner of banana trees must protect them from being damaged by fire. 2. In Bungu, Mahege, Kibiti, Mohukl, Mbwara, Taul and in Magongo part of Kikale and in Mwera every house holder must plant every year one acre of cassava. He must also have a reserve of 200 cassava cuttings which will be planted near his watch hut. The cassava plantantion must be well fenced morder to stop pigs from getting in. It is forbidden to dig out the roots of the cassava cuttings before the next planting season. Date issued. 2. Section. District. Area. Order in brief. Text of order. Date issued. 5. 6ection. District. Area. Order in brief. Text of order. Date issued. 4. Section. District. Area. Order in.brief. Text of order. 22.8.47 Native Authority Ordinance Sec. 8 (q). Rufiji. Whole District. Restriction on planting within road reserves. It is forbidden to cultivate within a distance of 10 paces from the centre of any motor, road in the Rufiji District. 22.8.47. Native Authority Ordinance Se. 8 (e) Rufijl. Whole District. Clearing obstructions in Rufiji River. Every adult male, when ordered by his headman, jaust assist in the clearing of fallen trees obstructing the Rufiji Yater course within the area of his headman. 22. 8.47. Native Authority Ordinance Sec. 8 (G.N.404/1942.. Ruf1ji. Whole District. Cleaning of coconut plantations. 1. The Native Owner, lessee or person in charge of.any coconut plantation shall:(&) Fell any dead coconut palm at ground level and shall burn the crown andeither burn or bury the stem under one foot of soil. (3) Burn or bury under one foot of soil all dead leaves or parts of a coconut palm which are rotten. (5) Cut down all grass and bush and rubbish immediately around all coconut palms once a year and dispose of them in such a manner as to prevent fire,, (4) If he wishes to mark his trees for identification do so with palul

LIST OF ORDERS MAE LDER- SEC!TION 8 0 THE NATIVE AUTIJORITY ORDANCE (CON~TINUED) RUFIJI DISTRIOT. 4. Section. District. Area. Order in brief. Text of order. Native Authority Ordiance Sec. 8 (G..4041942.) Rufill. Whole District. Cleaning of coconut plantations. 2. Any person lighting a fire In the vlcinity of coconut palms shall so supervise it so that the palms are not endangered by fire.-

TANGAYIKA TERRITORY. THE BRE,4ING AND SALE OF PlMBE OR FERMEIED TOGdA RULES. RUFIJI DISTRICT. In exercise of the powers conferred upon the Tribal Council of Rufiji District by Section 15 of the Native Authority Ordinance (Cap.47) as amended by Section 4 of the Native Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 1955, the following regulations are hereby made:1. These regulations shall be cailed the Brewing and Sale of "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa"' Regulations. 2. The brewing and sale of "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" of whatever kind without the permission of the Native Authorities is hereby forbidden. 3 (a) A licence to brew and sell "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" may be granted for a period of one month provided no more than five brews and sales are made in any one month. (b) The licence shall specify the place where the "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" is to be brewed and sold. The sale at any place other than that specified in the licence shall constitue an offence against these regulations. (a) The fee for a monthly licence shall be Shillings Five. 4. (a) A temporary licence may be granted for the brewing and sale of one brew only on a date and place to be mentioned in the licence and no such licence will be issued to any one person for more than one brew in any one month. (b) The fee for a temporary licence for the brewing and sale of "Pombe" or "fermented Togda" for one brew shall be Shilling One. 5. The brewing of "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" for circumcision or other celebrations where the "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" is not offered for sale shall be free providing first that permission shall have been Obtained from the-o- al Jumbe or Mtawala. 6. Licences to brew and sell "Pombe" or "fermented Togwa" shall be issued at the discretion of the Mtawala of the area concerned. An appeal against his decision shall however lie to the usual appellate courts. 7. No "Pombe" or"fermented Togwa" shall be sold on credit. 8. Any native accused of an offence against these rules may be arrested Without warrant. 9. Any person guilty of an offence against these regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding Shs.100/- or one month's imprisonment or both and to cancellation of the licence. Certified to be a correct translation of the vernacular text of the rules made by the Native Authority of Rufiji attached hereto. Dated 17th bay, 1941. Sd.?,?? Translator. APPROVED BY COM"AD OF THE GOVERNOR. L, B. Freeston. CHIEF SECRARY TO THE GOVERNUW. DAR ES SALA 26th May, 1941.

-2. IV. CLE . According to educatlonal qualificat Minimum of Std. IV. Std. VI. Std. VIII. Std. X. V. MEDICAL (a) Hospital Assistants. Afrioan Medioal Auxiliaries. Tribal Dressers Grade I. Apprentices. e Dressers Woman learners. (b) Sweepers. Lons: Salary. She. P.m. She. S0 x 2/WO to 50 60 x S/60 to 75. 75 x 8/- to100.o 120x6/- to 200. SalarY, She. p.m. 100 x 7/0 to 145 x 10 to 202. 85 x 5/- to 10. 60 x 260 to 85 Wx 2/b to SO 0 x 2/0to 22 80 x 2b0 to 45 25 x 2/50 to 5o Ad bo. VI. AGRICULTMDAL INSTRUMCTS GAIM S00UTS (VEMs TRAPPERS) Shs. 5 X.S/0 to 60. VII. M SSUGmES. (a) Grade I. Head messengers: Kilosa, Morogorc, Eisarwe Shs.50 x S/0 to 60 3Waia. 20fiji, Bagemoys. She.46 x S to 5. alangn:- Shs.40 x 2 to i0. Town, fafltime, Bbs.4x Ito 55. r~ntrtl Line end within 5 miles of sisal estates:- t S'.POV XCoMa NATIVE AuTHORITY AT S OP Py FIXED 8. P OVIIOAL BASIS:SALARY SSVISl(, 15 I. CHIEFS. Chief of UIugu. wakilil M~u of u eareno. Swnyemni of Utete. ) Ad he. Memzsn of Kiles. Liwal O a Chiefs of Kilosa, Ulanga. ub-ohife of MoSgoro. ) following snale Wakili Of Kisarawe. Asfiji end ag o.) akili .eyaezi of R fi. (minimus ad maxim points given to allow for local variatioms where reuiired): o. of TsXpayerS. she. P.. Below 1000 - 70 100 - 1500 40- 80 1500 -2000 60-100 0o 3 000 50-120 5000 4000 120 - 180 400 5000 10-20 5000 7500 180 -250 7500 - 00 200 - 600 II. SB-IEFS. Morogoro, see above. UlAnga: - Es. Of TaxPafers. r ohs.-pm. Solosw 1000 AS for hoaden, minxo h.5/ 100-1500 40 1500 M 00 45 Above 200 50 -80 III- HEADME. Ne. Of Taxpayers. Below 50 50 100100 200 500-500 300 - 400 400-2KO boo 600 600 - 700 700 8 00 800 - 900 900 OW00 over 1000 salary. She. n.e. Comtinued (see 2). Continned (s.. 6).

=5 = (b) Grade II. Norogoro ad Kilosa. Tom, full time shs.56 x 1 to 45. central Line and within 6 miles of sisal Eblsewhere Shs.20 x 1 to 50. Kisarawe. Headquarters Shs.55 x 1 to 46. Elsewhere Shs.2bx1to55. Rufiji, Mafia & Bagaoyo. Headquarters hs.50 x 1 to 40. Elsewhere Shs.20 x 1 to 5U. Ulanga. Headquarters Elsewhere VIII. TRANSPORT. (a) Drivers. (b) Turn-boys. estates: Shs.25 x 1 to 55. shs.25 x 1 -to 55. Shs.18 x 1 to 25. Shs.80 x 5 to Bhs, 150. Shs.25 x 1 to Shs. -S& IX. MARKEIG. (a) Market Inspeotors Shs.60 x 6 to 100. (b) Market Masters (Clerks), permanent staff Shs.40 x 2/50 to 60. (C) Market Clerks, teqorary Market Assistants. Ad hoe.. Market sweepers.

Native Treasuries Sheet No, -1 WAi!JFII NATIVE TREASURYpinancial affairs of the Wrufij'it are in the hands of the Muhenga, but all disbursements other than personal emoluments are scrutinisel by the District Officer crior to the passing of the expenliture. The Nuhenga is responsible for all Hut & poll TaX collections' which are pail to the Sub-Acoountant by him. The clerks employed by the Mwenycegha make the collection and then pay in to the Muhenga. The present rebate on tax collected is I/- in 10/- but it is proposed to ask for 1/50 in ]0/- for 19W/0 as epenliture is greater than current revenue./..J. /.. ,of The reserve balance to the crelit of this Treasury was Sb.15,717 on rarch 31st 192. A current account for each Native Treasury has been openel with the Standard Bank of South Africa Dar-es-Salaam and is drawn upon over the si-nature of the Muhenga countersigned by the District Officer or Administrative Officer. Native Budgets of estimated revenue and ei-cnliture should reach the Provincial Commissioner before December 31st of every year. / Extraordinary exenliture for the current yearis £50 for repairs to the school buillings at Mpanganya. -4r 114,4"'4,- P 4ais'4 i. W4ZNENGER UNATITRASURY The general remarks wri'tten unier-Warufiji Native Treasury apply to thsTreasury. Tue reiserve balance on March 310t, 1 ae Nh. 4,691. It is necessary to drawon this reserve for the current year -As expenliture will excee revenue. .ith aliitional 50 cents rebate next year the revenue-shoull suffice unles. unforseen~ ezpeniture, such as the upkeep of schools together with the payment of teachers salaries, sboull be male a charge agiinst Native Treasuries, when it may befpuptX necessary to ak for a greater increm than 30 cents. Extrardinary expenditure for the current year is ..0 for s* to nk a -At Kikale. Pruvision shull be mate in the Jqq.3 etimates for the sikn f 1 well at jituiti where there is-lvi seamn-2.s~e~i Tisa Truasury Is controllel. by tiv. pred lent of the Trib4l Council. As he' Is ------

Native Treasuries is illiterate his clerk signs &ll cheques irawn on the account with the Stan ar ank. The clerk' a sinpture is countersignel by the Ditrict Officer or &iministrtive Officef% The reserve ualance w'as Sh. 422 on 31st march, 192b. The income . f this freasuiry is very wnall, lepenling aLiuost entirely on the rebate from Hut ani Pll. TaL On this account no exenL.1ure of an extraorilnAry nature can be proviiel for altkaoueA a well at T&aw is urgently neei. Sheet No.

NATIVE TREASURY. NOTES BY A.V. HARTNOLL, DISTRICT OFFICER 9/8/54. Native Treasuries have been amalgamated as from 1st. June, in order to conform with the establishment of one Native Authority for the whole District under General Notice 115 Of 5th. July 1954. (2) There is a healthy balance in hand of £600 on fixed deposit, and a further balance of about£460. (5) Under Estimate of Extraordinary Expenditure as approved under the 1954 Revised Estimates, no canoe has yet been constructed or purchased or constructed for the Kiwili ferry, neither has the Kibiti Tribal Dispensary yet been built. The Dresser for this Dispensary is at the moment undergoing a course of- instruction at Morogoro. (4) The following suggestions are put forward for- the 1955 estimates:(a) If tax comes in well, a restoration of salary outs made in 1952. (b) £50 for repairs to existing Native Authority buildings. (o) Construction of a Tribal Dispensary at Ndundu. (5) In connection with the last paragraph, the fact that a large sum of money may be required in order to construct markets and maintain marketing staff should not be forgotten. Actually I have submitted a scheme for the giving out of a concession for the marketing of the main economic crop of paddy' but if this cannot be done, it - ajybe found necessary to institute markets. (8) in -1952 two sugar mills were- purchaseot by-the

Headman of Ndundu, under whose charge they are - as in his area is most of the sugar - can be compelled to show more diligence in the collection of the charges. As he himself possesses a private machine, this is unlikely. V DISTRICT OFFICER. 9th. August 1954.

GQ~rIL~2I0 uF 2~iX ILVI2~2 L~R8. I 0ne tUird of the Distrlct shoiild be re-reristered by the tax dc.sannual ly and this seliddule is to be iiaintaiiued reLulrly by ii,itruction of~ the 1-rovilal ;oiýunicsiuiier. iiti lcehu.kwi Utete id.unlu - iý,ohoro T2awi. ,.b«ara - Aý)!lrox.1ro. of t&xpa.jers. -- 701 .-5002 --2619 2652 126 666 4G9 éw 32T,5 1950 ]~ahee --1221 klibaiabo --1076 1.tanza --1966 k.wangýwaz± - 1167 T2otal. ___ A Nlotes:- (ýa) libainibo's register exIdres in 1948ý and so must be done out of time in 1948. (b) Mýooro's register . exjp±res in 19418 arid must be done fl.: in 1949. C00( 000U0=~~=~ 1948 (1951, ete.) 1949

Taxation-General. H-UT KD POLL TAX Sheet No. I After the war the previous rate of 3 rupees was maintained until the end of the financial year 1924/25, when, as elsewhere in the Territory, the rate was raised to 10 shillings. The tax on plural wives was reduced to 5 shillings in 1931/32. In 1P5Jt/,5, concurrently with the lowering of rates in neighbouring Districts,the rate was reduced to 7 shillings, with 3/50 for plural wives, the previous rates being restored in 1935, except for the poozar I of M atilm' *and Kichi, January. First tax,- Plural wives. 1917/18 to 1934/55 6/- 6/,

19i3/34 Shs.129,474/- About 14,000 Payers. Instalment stamps were still used. Arrears of 1932/33 tax were waived from any who who paid up promptly for 1933/34: and in practice they become completely waived by 1954/55. Plural wives tax was waived for all who paid tax promptly and in full: and in practice was waived completely. 1934/35 Shs.138,933/- 20,562 Payers (17,723 full,2,839 half) Tax reduced to Shs.7/- and Shs.3/50, following the Kitching Report, the recommendation being made not on account of the poverty of the District, but the weakness of the Native Administrations both in securing attendance at tax barazas and in inculcating the amount of cultivation necessary to secure sufficient cash resources: and also,in particular, the probability of food shortage in Mohoro and Ndundu and the absence of cash crops in the 17agongo area, 1370 tax labour tickets issued. The continued default led to a complete revision of the machinery of collection. Tir.i{artnoll's account of this is preserved in full. In brief, it amounts to direct collection, instead of through the Native Authorities, at decentralised barazas, the responsibility for securing attendance at which remained with the Native Authorities - a responsibility which they were very negligent at shouldering. 1955 Shs.184,917/50 19,984 Payers (16,910 full,5074 half). The .capacity of the District to bear a 10/- tax without a falling off in the number of payers was clearly show;n. The need for a reduced tax in the Kichi - itatumbi area had already been separately represented and agreed to in 1954, and the lower rate was retained there, on account of' overty of soil,laboriousness of cultivation, expense of marketing and depredation of game. The punitive clauses of the Native Tax Ordinance, 1934, were brought into operation towards the end of the year, and proved immedately effective. The immediate effect is estimated at.an increment of Shs.30,000/- in late i955 and another 30,000/- in early 1937 to the revenue. Instalment stamps were again heavily used in the Magongo area, where crops had not been ggod. As before they brought in immediate revenue, and left a legacy of trouble. Tax labour tickets issued. 1956 Shs.262,284/- 30,771 taxes (24,667 full taxes,6,164 half taxes). The comments on the 1914/95 collection can be repeated word for word, with the addendum that in the latter year the riverine people took and repaid- cash advances from the Native Treasury of over 14,000/- to buy food after the catastrophic floods, and spet another 6,000/- in buying rice seed. Tax labornn tin1rp+ 4..,A

A74,y'gic i * /y 3 c,4STDDJrDiPMa, /i r r C... kk ».wU L t ~ ~ off-, tt- 4Dk ) . ------#VV. fip2i) Ii 16 -/x

HUT & POLL TAX. NOTES BY MR A.V. HARTNOLL d/d 9th. August 1954. Authority is contained in the Treasurer's G.841 d/d 21/1/50 (this office 5/50/7 and P.C's 50/504 d/d 25/1/50) to relax para 57 of Native Administrative Memoranda no VIII in the sense indicated in Sec. Ciro. letter No. 64 Of 1929. It is stated in that letter that instructions will be issued to the Native Authorities concerned that if an Administrative Officer has not checked the reoeipts in their possession during any month, they must be brought to the District Office at the end of that month. By the above is meant that remittances may be made only once a month, instead of once a fortnight as directed in the paragraph referred to. (2) Under P.C's letter d/d 8th January i952 the following are the authorized collectors of Hut & Poll tax:All Chiefs. All Sub-Chiefs. Al Clerks for the time being in the employ of the Native Administration.

(4) The District for the purpose of tax collection is now divided into seve# areas:Sub-Division Tax Collector's name. Mohoro Saidi Ndende Xbwera Ndundu Salim Saidi Mwerani Rusende Mtanza Ahmed Saidi Kwangwazi Matumbi Abdulla Saidi KichiKibiti - Mohamedi Huseni Kikongo Mahege Uketo Kikale Ali Vbwana Unyagatwa All Ibondera. (5) Each of these areas is divided into a number of tax barazas, consisting of groups of Jumbeates. The situation of these tax barazas can be obtained by referring to the Chapter of this Book headed Tribal Governmext and the map of August 1954 showing the position of all the J'mbeates in the District. (6) It is the duty of the Jumbes and the Watawala to enforce attendances at -these tax bames, a duty whioh they are very negligent about doing. (7) The Collectors visit each tax baraza. nornally twice- a month during the tax season, on dates well advertised beforehand, promgated by the Watawala. () ..If defaulters do not appear, the regular punishment, in the absence of a valid excuse, is 7 days I.H.L. . unde' the Native Authority Ordinance sec. 7. (9) The Collectors carry the Boma Assessment Rolls with them, so actually the tax when paid is first-entered into the Assessment Rolls in their possession, and not into the copies of these Rollos in the possession ofthiatawala, which, when the I1---las CleriW-6i present at the tax barzaa - when he fills up his book at owe8 - are entered up afterwards. (10) Lists have been compiled, copies of which have beer given to each Mtawala, with the relevant extracts to each Ju nbe, giving the name of every defaulter of two year's standing or more, and these have been required to work off their indebtedness forthwith. (11) The Provincial Commissioner in his 50/D/157 d/d 5rd. August 1954 has authorized the issue of ten books of tax tickets to Native Authorities at-a time (see this office 2 /j 1 5 ) .- .... (12) Instructions as to the calling in of outstanding instalment cards are given in P.C's 50/945 d/d 7//4 (Utete file 2/2). (13) As the number of defaulting taxes is so great (over 58,000) tkut it is impossible to require all defauliers to work off their tax in labour. Hence the following are being called in first:.a. Those who cannot produce Shs 7 cash to pay the current year s tax, and who are not in possession of a ch~it stating that they ares not in arrears for more than bone year, and-have more than one acre of cotton -planted and doing well, and that they will-not be called out-forlabour util their - I conclusions that can be drawn are:(a) The Headmen have not the prestige to force all their people to cultivate sufficient land. (b) The Headmen either from laziness, or wilfully from fear that they will lose their positions by becoming unpopular, will not send in the tax defaulters we want i.e. those described in para 15 above. (15) The main economic crop of the District is rice. Present methods of marketing this crop require revision and the matter is at the moment under consideration. I mention this here, as an improved system of marketing will bring more cash into native hands, and have undoubted good effects on Hut and Poll tax collections. DISTRICT OFFICER 9th. August 1954.

HUT COUNTERS. In addition to standing instructions to Hut Counters, as laid down in Idinistrative Memoranda No VIII, the following have been given:(i) In addition to the numbers of Exemption and Labour tickets being written into the Registers in red ink, The letters ÅA for exemption tickets and Kl for Labour tickets are written before the numbers. (ii) Whenever possible the family or tribal name of the tax payer must be written, in addition to his (ahomedan name. (iii) If a native has mora than one wife, a separate line in the Assessment Roll must be given to each witfe. DISTRICT OFFICER. 9 th August 1934.

L= Or TAK am"Za.W3u csi IN E IJm I ØDY I or~ mmS~PPÅNMK En smmcxæ 21n or ~~ru mO30 ne. Pu2ag Om^e c< all Ba~a~Isti æ ~Ji Nau« C~.æ His *t:- EI-. 5-.- Uke. 5-. TRADE-(a) Export,. (b) Import, (c) Marketing systems. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date Lf exP-A-F.

Sheet No. I . In the 1920's marketing took place by a combination of auction markets and ginnery buying posts, these being ginneries at Logeloge, Kilimani and Betja (opposite Salale in the Delta) all under different management In 1932 the arrangements were:Logeloge: purchase allowed at the Ginnery and a buyinig post 0 miles west, and nowhere else. Kilimani: purchase allowed at the Ginnery. East Rufiji:, the Liverpool Uganda Co, then having no Ginnery, aitiat Betj: being dismantled to buy at Mohoro and by arrangement e~ewhere with Kilimani Estate. All ginnery might use lorries to send out into the cotton areas to bring in growers with their cotton to the ginneries. In 19&4 the Liverpool Uganda Co, opened a ginnery at Msomeni. In 1935 and 1936, the buying arrangements scheduled above being insufficient, and A number of ginnery buying posts cameiuto existence, the full schedule (March 1937) now being:W. Rufiji. Place Type of building. (East African Cotton Co,Ltd),* Mgohori Wattle anddaub: 2nd hand C.1. roof.j Mtanza Banda grass roof and sides. Zombe 2nd hand C.I. Nyakisiku Wattle and daub: 2nd hand C.I. roof Note:- The Western Rufiji production cannot stand the overhead charges of permanent buildings as yet. Central Rufi.i (Liverpool Uganda Co Ltd). Koon Banda, grass roof and sides Nyanungu -do- -doNyera 0.I. store, new but not rat prof. Used also as depot for sisal and cotton bales, and cotton seed. Kitundu 0.I. store, new, Kipera C.I. Store, new; with cement floo Eastern Rufiji. (Liverpool Uganda Mup i Ndundu I Mohoro Trade-Marketing systems. 4, a competitive post with 11goholi, and M4upi is badly sited, while in 1936 one cent less than the minimum price was paid at Usimbe, as road communications were lacking. These are now provided, and the payment of the full minimum price is now recommended. Prices. The prices for the Rufiji District are the approved minimum prices plus one cent (zoned areas) less Central and Eastern Rufiji 1 cent Western Rufiji 2 cents, this deduction representing differential transport cots between the Rufiji District and the Central Line. Statistics of production and prices. See under "Agriculture" I

TE MARKETS (ESTABLIShmMnT) (RUFIJI DISTRICT). ORDER 1947. In exercise of the powers conferred upon them by Section 2 of the larkets Ordinance, and with the approval of the Governor, the Native authorities-of the Rufij. District hereby make the following Orders:1. The order may be cited as the karkets (Establishment) (Native Authorities of Rufiji District) Order 1947. 2. The places set forth in the Schedule hereto with the names therein assigned to them are hereby established as markets. The following Ginnery and Pioneer Buying Posts established by Government Notice No.77 of i947. Logeloge Ginnery Xgohori Ki kal e. Zombe Ytanza Tawd Kilimani Ginnery Nyakisiku Uitundu Xturma Kipera Mupi Nyera Kooni Msomeni Ginnery Iibiti Usimbe Ndundu Made at Utete this 4th day of September 1947. Sgd. A. Shazte Native Authority of Utete. Sgd. S.H. Bumbo Native Authority of Kikale. Certified to be a correct translation of the vernacular text of the order made by the Native Authorities of Rufiji District attached hereto. Sgd. L.H, Braddell. Date 4th Sept. 1947. TRANSLATOR. APPROVED. By HIS EX.ELLENCY'S XOWND. Sgd. E.R.E. SURRIDGE. .DAR ES SAIAAM. CEF A TO S A THE 0OVWINT. 27th SETMM, 1947. ZW/JD.

THE MARKETS ORDINANCE (CAIP. 109 OF THE LANS). THE RUFIJI DISTRICT (NATIVE AUTHORITIES MRKTS) BYE-LAWS- 194., In exercise of the powers conferred upon them by Section 4 (1) of the karkets Ordinance, the Native Authorities of the -District of Rufiji, with the approval of the Governor, hereby make the followin Bye-laws 1. These Byelaws may be cited as the Rufiji District (Native Authorities Markets) Bye-laws, 1944. 2. In these Byelaws (a) "Market" means any one of the markets lawfully established in the Rufiji District under the Markets Ordinance. (b) "Marketmaster" means the Marketmaster for the time being appointed by the Native Authorities and shall include a Market Supervisor appointed by the Native Authorities or a Market Lessee. 5. No African shall within the area of jurisdiction of the Native Authorities of Rufiji sell for resale any of the produce set out in the First Schedule hereto except in a market, provided that nothing in this bye-law shall apply to sales in wholesale quantities between persons holding Trading licences issued under the Trades Licensing Ordinance. 4. All produce specified in the First Schedule hereto shall be sold by auction by or under the direction of the Marketmaster in such lots or parcels as he may direct. Provided that the Naftve Authorities concerned may, in their discretion and after due notice, oider that all or any of such produce may be sold in any other manner. 5. The Native Authorities may in their discretion close any market for the sale of produce specified in the First Schedule hereto for any period during which the bye-laws will cease to apply. 6. All persons using the market shall obey the reasonable directions of the Marketmaster given for the purpose of preserving cleanliness, order and regularity in the Market and facilitating the despatch of business therein. 7. The marketmaster may order the ejection from the market of any person contravening a direction given in pursuance of bye-law 6. 8. The Market shall be open to the public on such days and during such hours as may be appointed from time to time by the Native Authority in whose area of jurisdiction the market is situated. 9. Every vendor shall offer his goods for sale at such place within the market as he may be directed by the marketmaster. 10. Applications for stalls shall be made to the Marketmaster who shall, upon payment to him of the prescribed fee, allot available stalls to applicants. 11. The market fees payable shall be such as the Native Authorities may from time to time, by notice published in a conspiouous place in the market, direct, not being less than those set forth in the second column of the Second Schedule hereto, nor more than those set fortin third column of the said schedule provided that the Native Authorities may for good and sufficient reason waive any fee. All such fees shall be due to the Native Authorities or the market Lessee, if any, as the case may be. Fees due upon sales by auction shall be payable by the vendor immediately the auction of each lot is completed. 12. All purchase of produce in the market shall be paid for in legal currency in the market at the time of purchase. 13. It shall be unlawful to sell in the market the produce'set out in the First Schedule hereto, except by measure of weight and such produce shall be placed in bags or other containers by the purchaser immediately after purchase. No produce shall be allowed 1 remin upon the market premises overnight. 14/ (see second page)

THE MARKET ORDINANCE (CAP,109 OF THE LAWS). THE RUFIJI DISTRICT (NATIVE AUJTH0RITIES MARKETS) BYE-LAWS - 1944. (oN D). 14. Any produce, and in particular the produce apecified in the First Schedule hereto, exposed or offered for sale in bags, baskets or containers of any description may be inspected by the Marketmaster at any time during which such produce is within the precincts of the market; and if, as a result of such inspection, such produce is found to be mixed with any other matter which is foreign to the produce concerned, the Marketmaster may prohibit the sale thereof until such time as the defect is remedied to the satisfaction of the marketmaster whose dbcision in any matter arising out of this Bye-law shall be final. 15. The Native Authorities may grade any class of produce to be sold in the market and when so graded it shall be unlawful for any person to sell graded produce except according to the grade thereof. The Marketmaster may prohibit any person from offering such produce for sale in the market -*xt by grade. 16. No-stall-holder may sublet his stall except with the permission of the Marketmaster. 17. It shall be an offence to commit any nuisance or to cause an obstruction or to loiter within a market. Made at UTETE this 27th day of May 1944. Sd. Abd. Shamte. NATIVE AUTHORITY OF UTETE. Sd. S.H. Bumbo. NATIVE AUTHORITY OF 1WKAL. Paddy Rice Maize Maize Flour. Millets Mtama Flour SiMui M Muhogo. Muogo Flour. Makopa Beans. Copra Beeswax Gum Copal 1 Stalls where (a) a daily rental is charged .... (b) the rental is compounded 2. For articles not sold .at rented stal. Percentage on sale to be paid by ( purchaser. SDam. Maximum 10 cents per day Shs.2/- per month Bsh.2/- per day. She.20/- per month. Date 27/6/"

THE MAIfS ORDINANCE (CAP,109 01 LAWS) THE RUFIJI DISTRICT (NATIVE AUTHORITIES MAmETS). (AMENDWM ) BYE-LAWS. 1948. In exercise of the powers conferred upon them by Section 4 (1) of the Markets Ordinance, the Native Authorities of the District of Rufiji with the approval of the Governor, hereby make the following Rules:1. These Rules may be cited as the Rufiji District (Native Authorities Markets) (Amendment) Rules 1948. 2. The First Schedule to the Rufidi District (Native Authorities Markets) Bye-Laws, 1944, is hereby amended by the insertion of the word "Jaggery" immediately under the words "Gum Copal". Made at UTETE this 21st day of October 1946. Sgd. A. Shamte NATIVE AUTHORITY OF UTETE. Sgd. S.H. Bumbo NATIVE AUTHORITY OF KIKALE. Certified to be a correct translation of the vernacular text of the Rules made by the Native Authorities of Rufiji District attached hereto. Sgd. R.OR. Risley. Date 21st October, 194. Rd. ATOR. APPROVED BY BIS EXLENCY' S COMlIhID. Sgd.L. R. E. MIDGE. DAR ES SALAAM.' 50 NOVEMBER, 1M. CIEF SECRETARY TO THE GOVERMUMT THR MARKET ORINANCE

THE UARKT ORDINANCE (CAP. 109 OF THE LAWS). THE RUFIJI DISTRZICT (NATIVE ATTHORIPI2S MARKETS) (AMENDENT) BYE LAWS, 1947. In exercise of the powers conferred upon them by the Section 4 (1) of the-Market Ordinance, the Native Authorities of the District of Rufiji with the approval of the Governor, hereby make the following Bye-laws 1. These Bye Laws may be cited as the Rufiji District (Native Authorities Markets) (Amendment) Bye laws, 1947. 2. The second schedule to the Rufiji District (Native Authorities Markets) 'Bye Laws, 1944 is hereby amended by the addition of the following bye-laws "3. Cotton Market fee 2 cents per kilo." Made at_ Utete; thi 23.rd day _of August 1947. Sgd. A. Shamte. NATIVE AIITHORITY OF JETE.-.... Sgd. S.H. Bumbo NATIT, AUHORITY OF KIKALE. Certified to-be a- orrec translation-of the vernacular text of the Bye laws made by the Native Authorities of -Riiji Distiet atached herat.. ,Date, 23rd August, 1947. sa~d_-?- E M_

AGRICULTURE Crops grown, methods and Implements of cultivation, pests, anti-erosion measures, reclamatiox. etc. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date /Ar 0 , c T c'7 7, C 7 To /. /9St M- - - I '9. . /,9 7'F, . P /

METE, RITFIJI_. 23/76 8th December, 38. The Senior Agricultural Officer, i/c South Eastern Circle, Dar - es - Salaam. BLUE BOOK FIGURES. Your 1o5/32 of 8/12/W8. Blue Book figures, Section 22 (c) and (d) for the Rufiji District are submitted herewith in duplicate. 2. There seems to be no recognized method of arriving at figures for this section of the Blue Book, and in the case of a great many districts, the production shown would not suffice for the barest minimum of subsistence for the population. For this reason the method of arriving at the figures given will be described. 3. Measurements of native cultivation in this district show that an average effective cultivation is in the neighbourhood of two acres per average household. More may be cultivated, but the ravages of game, vermin, and disease will reduce the effective cultivation to the figure given. This is the figure for annual food crops. Cash crop acreage will be additional. 4. There are some 26,500 families in the district (taxpayers plus those exmpted) so that the total acreage of foodstuffs will approximate 53,000 acres. At a yield of 500 Kilos. per acre, this will give 26,500 tons of food. 5. FoodIsusually scarce towards the end of the year and the natives on short rations. At other times they feed sumptuously. It is considered reasonable to allow one kilogram of food per head of population to all except infants, for every day of the year. (This is less than a prison ration, see section 24 of the Blue Book). The total population from the latest returns is 75,587. Discounting 2,587 for infants, the remaining 75,000 will consume about 26,500 tons of foodstuffs at the rate of one kilo per head per day, in the course of a year. Of this quantity of food stuffs, observation indicates that approximately one half will be maize (on a whole district basis), one quarter other grains, and the balance vegetables, bananas, mangoes and other fruits, mushroom and other bush products,, fish, very occasional meat, etc. etc. 6. Exports have to be allowed for, but because of the improvidence of the natives, they are not provided for in the average cultivation of food stuffs. The'export of these products, but more especially of rice, leads to short rations at the end of the year. 7. With regard to grazing, the figure given is pure guesswork. The area of the valley and delta' is over 500,000 acres and is potential grazing, but little of it would be- immediately available because of very coarse gras, proximity to "fly" et". 8. It -is realized that the above methods of arriving at production figures. are not satiqfaetory. They do, however, remove the figures from the\realm of pure guesswork, and they explain why the figures submitted are different from those formerly submitted. AG4ICULTiJRAL OFFICER. C

17 An in (ýn1.ly 19s8, týlis. -'Leýý conditiý)ns, tiý,ý Rýj-l.ýort on ilt o2 ti,ý,' 7ýuýiji an(ý, K ile ý,ýro ,ýiritte t t'k I pci'j.od, is v r,ý i ].,-le f t' r(,nt is to ,ýoeunt, to laetlila,ý, to u-,) to ýiatý; and in raro iný,ý,tances to Une -,ý"oint ,ihich to be goecýnt(ý,ý is the n 0 ecesýity for 01 r, ii,,,, t li ann b,ýi',,ýre the a.lvknt o' the rains if sue(ýeý;ý,ful eroý,)s are týý be ralscll. Cýe Officer has .,ven held the vie,,,; tlint the iýiost ii-.i-i)ortant agricultural mont lis in the year are to In the hill aieass vitiere stii.ftliz oultivation is s thicket ha- to be cut back viherevýýr it is n(ýoeý-ý,ýary f I o . r nevi area-, to be broutý>'Lit im: and in, the valley, the ran£. 6!rass Lyrovith is such tItiat it cann,)t beattaclGd in the fevi days before actual Se(, -,ýýararýra!jlls 58 an1 7 of the T(ý'ford Re,ý.)ort. L'act,,r YU(iuircs attýýntý,o,ýi is the latýjný3,,s Of out of late prepai,,iýtiý i o(ý a buiý,.týr but out n ýý,ýiat' tbýý floods of t' tzi,_, er(yiýýp. 3(ýe page 7 of !,'.'r. n_,týý,ý. liý'lis i, )lijs ..articularly to the rain-grovm cotton erop, the planting of ;,-ýi,-Ly April is v,;i-I d4ýfficult to sýeure; espeeiý.,lly in tlixý castern portion of the Diý,trj-ut. T'ýie t',ii- ýýnd point iiýlieli to 'jtý boý-nc ýJr, ýriind is t , Rufiji river floo,-ý,Fý an nually to (.ýXttýllt: and that výherever f1,jý J ing L),1ý- t it !ýý po?ýýible to plant a eroý,, ý,,htýn t}ý,- fluoý2 It 01) t -a'ý actt,ýýi a- a ýopular orop ratýt r tlian.onu desired "ýj Gýov(-,iniient: the ýqLie cQnditioný, are rtýý2,.onýýible for the improvidence of the valley in t11,ý; ý,aY C) 1 1,001 si-ný;,ý a er op in in týýc vallev, an,,- of t,,ýn nontlý. in týi(ý yý;ýil,: and ,ýaLqcj conrlitýoni, ikýnclei- improbable the appearance of any but a short term famine. WTTOY: The main attention Of Officers in agricultural matters tends to be focussed on . the develonment of' lie c,ntt.nn (.rni)- 1rýicý (,ermnnq 'heý,nn the o t.16 coitii to nos. i t" 2I . t(/I tons 1.21t 's tor , /i tons i. 22to', .!,,,o~

PA10DDY: ThiI erO uxhibitr Vov,, ruat fluctuatiun,, oq on Jing on rainfall, oth in un% nfl dtribution. 'roO on( und oJ t vwlloy to to. othlit', the nstiveS pin their 4'aith on it a tn le . rol , and since coo, failu'ru ppcor to ton i to cxcc;ed - ue'oa o, foodI shorta; o is chronic. Durn thu recont yars:i, *t Alnost co1tl failulr ( flool ' o Lve) iSJ~. Pood. 1 P2. Wry pacr. I ... etrr good. I, 7. (1 od, xce'pt kolovo, yrlore I troyo y locusts. i955. Poor excopt in Delta. i3C. Don~ .iete filu'O C0xcept in pavts of lta on] 7ntr .e st of Rufiji. C PRA: Th' industry nank into a very detpressed state culminating in 1934, when tht market rate sank to Sh.i/- per fraoila. Prices have since risen, touching a peak of Shs.5/- in late 1956 as a consequence of the operations of H. D. Hasmani, and thereafter d clinin ; to (iiarch 1.937) *lhs.4'- per frasile. ThI is a good price and ofers sn incentive to looking after plantations properly, but many are still in a very u relict state. There are constant complaints about coconut thefts, and proposals are raised for registration of otmers and the establishment of a system of permits for sale as obtains in M[afia and Kisiju; but the complainants are at present a small minority only. GR0UDITUTS OYD SI}TSIL.: Both these crops grow excellently in the unflooded parts of valley, mainly in the West, and in- the hills.- Should the extension of bollworm eventually make rain-Thrown cotton uilcultivable in the West Rufiji, these may prove a substitute: but the Director of Agriculture has pointed out that a large supply of seed is essential if they are to become economic crops, as distinct from foodstuffs. In the hill areas simsiim seed of improved qualizy was distributed in 1935/36, and a limited quantity of groundnut seed in the Kibiti Division in 1936/7: a0funds exist for further developments. Gon-arvation* among the planters is intense however. NILLRTS ID WM ZE Maize, the universal short rains crop, is nowhere regarded as other than a stopgap, and whenever there is a surplus it immediately comes on the market at low prices: the local maize also keeps poorly. In the valley, a second mlao cra is planted, of proportion varying with the size of the paddy crop. Millet is gradually disappearing. In the valley, except in isolated instances in the" West, it has been displaced by paddy, though in the past it used to be the staple crop: and in the hills, though fairly extensively cultivated, it tends to diminish. conse,,uoncf of t ec cenulos,' exhortation-; to tIh p .o )le to orottot tl:,( 2 Ivu a ainst ioCu tn .tn 1 faiii, flriains f0o i other Go(0 . AvailLblc spcce in i itt:dly small sincu theiu arc ,oiny calls on the non-flooded lands, but the croj is unopular mainly because it involves thu maintenance of additional lan un or cultivation. Thc onervating valley con ition do not produce an unu,')eic cultivator, and ,;hilu the 1lanting ofua'ava, is easy, the constant wcu ding celled for in th v-allcy ia not, also tht valley ca ava is said to be of poor uality. -ht rcu h iOevcr a fc:' cultivators who take an annual mlto can.avo crop: ad in th. coastal villages it in iso groin an an annual crop. Frecuent efforts have ben made to establish the crop in tie ,ohoro Division b':hich has een in a state of chronic food shortage since ]§P. losing one padl y cro after another through drousht, excesnive rains, floods or locusts. All the u efforts have foundered on the rock of pa, 'ive resistance: action has been taken both ithout and within the framework of the Native Authority Orninance and a disproportionate amount of several officials'time devoted to breaking don the resistance to no avail.* In carly 1O a further attempt wa- made which was equally suecessfully resisted and after an interview between the Provincial Co:miis:ioner and the non-croerotors the policy wabs dropped in favour of banana and cotton planting. To revive it is to ask for defeat. o Z. g .

H@44 d g '~ E hidi ro å p Ml4a EN M ~ 0 2 00 1, l - i

-, Ma. a- r - .m -. Tribe Sheet No. / AGRICULTURE O THE DISTRICT. May be liviiei into three hls..I- The HillI-lanis, k The UPlAnis, 3 Lowlani. No.1 inclulem all the Magonip country north from the e.ge of the river flats to the bounlary, ani all the Matumbi aal Kiehl listricte to the south. No. 2 A 3 refer to the actual river iouoitel ani flool formel lanis mul the lower areas extenling arounl lakes ni swamps like UtungiL These two classes liffer markelly ani iatinctly In times an1 season for planting, anl In a few instances In particular cropIL Thus in 1 two kine1 of yam are fairly common, never seen on the lowlanis except., as a rarity in some peculiar iry spot. Thq VV o ntory ,is ppuecliarjy pleaaingin its vaetyof-oultivation tl wealth of fruit trees mn plants. The moil conasast largajy qf leap red smal (of a somewhat coarse nature in parts) the capilJlarlty of which ismiufficient to supply requimite moisture alike for oconut., asin)es, e te, etc. .4houKgk the water bearing stratum Is at such a lepth that villages on the hills are often entirely withbut water ezcept what can be irawn from stin t valleys 6r collectel as rain water, hence In xaanip we finl nearly every coconut tree is at times oncirelel by a banl of fibre lealing the rain water a. it escoenlo the stem to a lropping point where it falls into a pot or 1tungI. cultAvation arouni the villages consists largely of Muhogp or Cassava which grows well in the Mapnip country al yams, bananas, beans ani pigeon pos, but, one may fini acres of hill rice of a variety known to the Native as "rskupata" which grows entirely without other water than rain ani containl sil moisture. The whole of the hill country more over is frequeuni/ by valleys of a. or moil. 2!1 Uplan14. The most striking feature of the uplanis is the presence of numerous VNanp-trees, which mark the site of almost every illage ani are an important moure of fool supply. A further feature is the local iifferenzes of soils, resaulting in patches of luxuriant tall grams lenoting rail fertility, ml aisort spar grass lenoting it least superficitl infertility. It is rare that large areas of uniform voilse occr, ol hence care is necessary-, V *eleoting P1 aztaiions-for lu'ropean cultivation, the patches of

Sheet No. 2- L , M.,anner- avid C6tIMM. Tribe sterile moll are often the ieoiling factor of profit or loss. Large areas of uniform moil occur at itarula Estate, ant a part of Ny*kislku Estate. careful selection of 0oil for cultivation is usually male by the native. The agricultare carriel out is wile ant varieL. Cotton may be regarlel as the chief cash crop, while maize is the chief fool crop, millet* are mown on toe lighter 8ils Rice in lowlying Iepressions, which usually occur some little ilstance from the river. A very few pigeon peas sometimes occur near the owners nut. Hubogo also is not grown as a crop, a few bushes occuring here al there near the native houses. sim-sim is also grown, but not wliely. The normal year consists of maize planting in the "small rainsw- (that i-d Oc oober, November, or even December), tae crop ueing harvestei in january or jebruary, at the time when fool is most scarce hence the cobs are often pi ket before fully mature. ollowing this maize comp'of the "mall, rains"-a further crop may be -tkh, this being o0an at the begInning of the big rains usually yebruary, ani very often millets will be intersmun. The miize il1 be harvestel April to may, ani the millet* in July. or the .L A may be learel anl mown with cotton, ant a further area preparel for a main crop o f mase to be mown in ujrch for harvest in Jne. The corn from this main crop being harvestel in a Iry monti is usually storel for future consumption. The rice crop may be plantei in marshy areas luring januar7 anit yebruary, or on iry lanis which have a higb moisture content sewings being male in December ant January. The perlol from moing to harvest being approuimately 1g0 ils. The rice crop in the uplanis is precarious ant requires at lea4t a normal rainfall to be succesful. The main prineples of'the native mthl Is are fairly aount, but where the native farmer fails is with the letails of crop cultivation such 9A cleanly farming ant urface cultivation, by the lack of which he sacrifices the previous heavy vork of clearing al Jigging. There aas Amo been no lining out of crops, which is eecially important on the uplants, for in allition to giving the masimum number of crop plants per, unit of lant, it aLows ml edcourages weeting ain surface cultivstion, both of which are essential to Woisture conserwation. The rarie floo -ings which- dave frmel -the uiplWn4 have proiuoel layers of clay a l &mL A crop, (cotton ieaplays the phenomenon ebst)- may look wel sAl thriving, until after a spel of try weather, the whole crop vwll *lldnly

EM11., N o .ne.- Tribe Sheet No. iroop ant wilt, loosing its leaves mt fruits. If the lani is examinel it is ususlly founi that, although the surface soil may appear to -e uniform ant suitable to the crop it carries, there is a thin layer of either sani or har clay, preventing subsoil water rising by capillary action to be surface- Thus the only moisture available to the crop is that between the surface ani the above mentione layer. It is as if the crop were plantel in a large bowl. The noel of conservation of the'water in this bowl is apprent, mn if methols are not aloptel to to go, aob as cleanly farming wen surface cultivation, a great reluction in yiell will occur unless ezotremely favourable rains fall throughout the life of the Crop. The Cotton crop shoull be sown February 14th to March 7th, on the lighter eolls, but with the natives it is best to instruct to plant from Fobruary 7th onwarlaj safe plan is to aw the proposal area in the milile o February, nt the reuatiler luring the first week of Usrcb. Plantings have been mate far too late, ant February plantings of 1926 are loing remarkably well (now 7/1/26) that a further seasn' s active propagmnla a1UNU n WIinstruction shoull inlicate to the native the best ant most profitable time for planting his ootton, ant at the se time to attain an early alean up ntee 'control insect pet Te est imp rtant point, requiring mphsals are_Early swing of cotton (lining out anl correct uacingis well followel) JLining out of all fool rops. (In orier of importance 1st Maise 261 Idea 3r1 Millet 4th pulse). 3 surface cultM vaton .4Increase in use of pulse _3 The I9plnls. The main fe taure of griculture in the lovwdls. is the growing of rioe. (At one time the lAfiji was known in Zanzibar mt even Mombasa as thle "lent of riee) plantings may be male as early as Setember, but the main crop Is mwn Novmer to December. Very few vowings are male after January exept in years of late rain, Maise is also grown, but it Is a precarious crop Inlowaui areas, sailan fbools quickly lamstroyimig the maize crop. cotton aleo Jpes wOUbut caamt be gon Juntil.ay as rule,- or even.ater, A mowing's have been male up to ZuJly. Very often the motton is Internown amgtthen-ie, whuen the latter is near maturity, bu~t some light showers are essential to promte germination. or mowingis are sale after the rice has been - harvests!, am! the grount

Sh0 No..1. -- Tribe - =1 7 clearei, the seei is klantel leeply in holes, but with a little soil actually covering the &eel, when germination is inipenlint of rain. it must be borne in mini that the lowLanIs souli uoe ricekrolucing areas, Ani owing to the fact that Such areas may be founi Irom west ta east of the Ditrie l o separate late for cotton uprooting ani burning can 0e given The lowlanle soils are usually very uniform, anl carry a natural lense growth of grass, there are no trees, except plantei manpes on such soils, aithough small ahruba may be fbunl. The Deolt Tai&although It may come unier the general healing "Lowlanls", requires separate treanat A iescription of one locality will suffice to inlicate the onlitlons over the whole Delta. Native settlements are founi on all- the more elevatel lani, such areas. being reatrictel al bounlel by lense mangrove swamps The soil of these areas is practically pure saul with little humus content, except where bush prevails. Running at right angles to the numerous stream anl river arm are narrow elongatel lepressions with mil of a higher humus ani moisture content, these areas are win with Tue ain awmtivity in the Delta is of course (6pra, which is leat with in more let alls elsewhere. Te above rice sils are, restrictel In ares, an, the Inhabitants annually saw furtuer areas of rice at parts more inlani a. UsImbe. This is important in the Coconut plantations are mainly -neglectel from january to rune, anl hence any intensive enforement of the ooonut Reilations shoeull not be male until Jqy. The above con iition. epply to the Delta strip in ma near the seeboarl, the arel near to the mainlani, shows very true lolanil oonlitions, with stretches of mangroves here anl there, sal large flat* of alluvial moil, floolel at suob tiles. Sheet No. -t .Tribe

Tribe Sheet No. z Lane ~ ram T3.-tme Y. Pat "Ia hea~'"]a thea'uI±ITat -f Ih .ri ver vaU.3 .wfre1"l "sres "nbe "'mml~ ...... tut to Lu. *i f ,,. - e Cotton. Of the listrict areas practically the whole of the Mtanza m Utete Area are eminently suitei to the cotton crep, m these proluce roughly I of the total crop, Eastern Rufiji pro lucing but I of the orop. Ignoring alministrative bounlaries, then)the whole of the river valley consisting of alluvial flat& Is most auitel to cotton that is - from U(imbe on the alga of the Delta area, to ipanga where the alluvial flats cease ant the hills close in on the river forming a bottle neck. on this long narrow area of extremely fertile soil fully ninety per cent of the total District crop is grown,. anl the only obstacle to an almost unlimitel proluction of cotton is the aparaity of population. (although as oomparel to uch a listrict as say Kilwa the population is lense) This area apreals out fanwise over the MohAo area, in the central portion of -which the conitions are ilentical. over the alluvial flats, there are the uplanl ani lowlanl coniitiona. The hill-..ani consist of Magonp ant Kikale in the north, the Mtaw area, ant a jortion of Mahoro on the mouth an1 a mall part of estern tnza (the villages of Ukinlu ant Ukalinso ) these areas proluce a mall of cotton, not more 10% of the total .istrict pro luction, the cotton is of very clean anl excellent quality, but as a rule only one picking is obtaineL. Tue average yiell of, sol cotton per acre is about 3SO k gm. (native grown) but 240 kga. ooull Le an average to be obtainel by better cultural zetho ls antl early plantin-, An average of j acre for the area unler cotton per unit is not excessive. Hanco a possible pro luotion of if million k~g. shouli he the eoehclty of the RufiJi District with its present population. (The greatest proluction is 806,000 kg&. 6&% 0 s, N48211w-0 ARJ Qua-

S ~ ..J Z.L - Apount of cotton roar. 1921 1922 1925 1924 19 25 seel iletriibutel tonatica. Agiount. 41 tons 60 70 12M 192<6 132 1227 41 _~ep"å!oction o f ~lc co tton. *~ieGlown. 1921 52 341» 2ýkgå, .1922 71275 2924, 806,53> 3.926 4781' TRe årerage pricekper kllogram palSS native gron~ cotton 1922 3262 centa per k& 1923 55.6" 1924 36-89 1925 in the RfJi Ditrio0t, 33,47 it fl f A. pol sotton cop ja Creat~ly iepnient on the correot time of ingb niS it is a atter requiring very carefni cwnalisrtlon. Thor. ..n-bone foar-of too early nowi*ig: out the ajority of nativ* proiucel cottozi ban UceD plmnteå fartoo latc.o ver aU. thae Iiamt fo uar y ear&. Tåla la mal lai. to theo 1..oaaä returna wicihave lien rocel-vei Aj thec RB1lI nativ*^, a ooja»arol to nciggbouriaig åt4lo, it- ~sloft thec n Ativer with ,.fagkng ef l.njuatio., *i It aunt bo almittol that 0vornont- Interest In oe tto n hap panc t.c nativ* to regarl the* cop unfavouII just ss moet tkings from Sheet No. In 19 24-> Tribe (I p JZ:INZZIF 60.R ..... - . laot Sheet No.7 pvernment are regarfi no. TUO alternatives for the native planting Of cotton: are either to clear fresa lani, when early planting can be male, ot to wait until his last maize crop is harvestel when but little work is requirel for planting cotton, which however will be late sown, ani a all return in given, wichb. again inluee the natibe to regari cotton as an unprofitable crop. The raney in to evolve some methol of cultivation giving a sai mnu return for minimum output of energy this will be ealt With unler the he l n "Cotton In Its relation to other crops".. The time of swing ezts. at the upanganys Eperiantal Station, showel that there Is a far greater loss from cotton mwn too late than from cotton sown too won, for example In 1925 the optimum time for sowing cotton (unler uplanl conltion&) was,4 rob ai, cotton sown one month previous to this gave 90g% of the optimum yiell, whil-e cotton sown 14 lays after the optimum late gave but 50% of. the optimum yiel. Te optimum time of the moing of cotton unier uplaal oon3Sions as a general piling rule shouli be from nil jebruary to the first week In Marec. &a regarlr the lowlani, natives are &frail to plant before the river has reachel its man um height, for fear of flools washing their crops away. This is much of a (the great flooI of 191? are still rememberel anA fearel,' luring this year both uplanle ani loulanis were floolel anlmalc rops ruinel) ani rather than obtain a go0| rop beease of the rik of a flool which may occur once in seven years (the popular cycle) they are content wItl half a mate crop every year. As a general rule cotton planting on the lowlanis shoull be sale from mi-March to the eni of pril. There are some areas, which are very lowlying ml having, a high water table, where otton may be mown successfully In Mgay ani june these are en the elge of the* Delta, at let&, Ulsb, ani elso iniani at jisagal. (milway between utete anl upaigamys)r It ahoull be unlerste. i that there is no strict lemarcatien between the highiml.s anl lowlanl1a of, too. istrict, both typesn of conlitions can be foul' within 3D miles frz.Q thep *QUth Of the ipfiji River, ai -again at ths aztrame wotern portion of the In thes hill..lanls cotton may be sueeessfsny bkl1*m 4. +~n~1 -1---.'

Sheet No. o January to miu-February. &Ei~kofcotton. Ulaniconitiona. A sAcing O 3ft- z .8 inches, has prove! to give the best results at the NUpngAnya Experimental, station 860:16 Tis not-only gives a maximum return of ael cotton, but it effectively "smothers" all weei growth, s that at the en! of the cotton season the cotton plants are uprootel an! burnt, the fiells areclean, an! very little work is requirel for the planting of the maize crop luring the sort rains, which usually fall in, November. TQis is an important point, as fool is usually scarce at this time an! a 6oo0 crop ol maize from the mortrains will prevent any fear of famine. Tue mail of the low.lanis having.a higher humus anl! moisture content, promotes a more luxuriant an! 'viprous growth of cotton than is seen with the poorer lighter soils of the uplan! conlitions, ani here a spacing of 4ft._185 inches is aiviosble, when the cotton is souwn early (for low.lanis in March) but 3ft. X 13" is suitable frr tihe later April an! May sowings, It has been a. very emsy matter to ensure the lining out ani correct spacing of the cotton cop. planting sticks were male at the Experimental Station 3t. -lon -. to give the listnce between room, an! these were p!nteA half. white an! half re! to give the listance between the plante. These were iasue! to all Ailasp yumbes an! Instructers, the people, being tall to take copies for their own ua&. The cost of sch saue to "20O jumbo* was sixteen sillings, an! Its effectiveness surp ase! all exectationO, Liae Relation of cotton to 'other amps. 0Dtton toes a back p.lace in the eyes of the nativ, when cospae- tdi other crops, 16amns are chillish. (a) A relabively ma.l priqe as comjare! to other iistriats: the fact that a bigger cash return p.er acre is possible with early mowing an! ptaper ultivation of cotton thAn ith any otuer crop is ignore!, t eaylo .not wA"h to aJmit this (b) (overnmental, interest, hi as proiucei a state of mini wherein *tton is regar!. el as apunishmant crop, thoy lo not reaLise, until it is exaJainei to then, tuat tae

-Q-e~'aI Tgp~grphy Sheet No. LJXism 04. qe Ma-, RUfiJi native has become prosperous through cotton. It was an outetanling feature that the native has regarlel cotton nt fool crops a being entirely opposing, uhereas a combination is neeessary t lesirei, ani that such combination ill result in a greater output of both cotton ani fool crops with A minim U expenliture of energy. In this respect the lemonstrations at the Experimental Station have been of the utmost value, ant one of the most pleasing mnl 'ecoursaing signs has been that the District AgriculturaL Officer Is now referrel. to as th-e "Uwmna Shamba" ant not "swana pamba", in faot tha title '1"wna MIAyil YA SiBhuk& 410 been kuxi hearL. A nal point perhaps but one which Ie .n the lemirei Siretion. 2.ttn vrsfoo rops. EAsT. Toe native farmers year, my ja be k*n aS bei.nning 'with 'the small rains, he0 has usually preparel, ant well praparel, lani for thle planting of his first'male crop. The liggng Is well lone, virgin lani ot lent not uiltivatel for omse years is usuly tgken, the ligging is oarrlel out early, the native being well awae ao value of the weathering of such ania. The maize rop is' Mn haphaarlaSul1 wilel intervals of 3 to 6 ft- between the plants. Thi methol of sowing les'awt ellow of eay systematic cultivation to keep Iown weo -got neither Sees tle wle pnting Ail in these m Mothering of weels, both een when the maise crop is lino out at 3ft. i Incheq, In 3inbArY to Yebruary the maize crop is baryetelv It Isrequirel for immeliate consumption, ml hene is rarely allowel to mature outrigt. Th secont aizes crop is then contempatel, the maime stake m eepeithof the eli crop are clearel, anl the plot amain lai. thin ttme nn+ 4.hwa~.--6-k --v--. Sheet-Nl Tc8zgrP 6Ohy return, hich 4owever in the eyes of the native is regarlei as a normal return, ani so i ings the crop to be regarlel as unprofitaile. Cotton cur ±ool cro . 1UTJRY In Mae section cotton versus fool crops, it will be seen that the growth of either crop by the native Joes not a l the one or the other economically or purely agriculturaly, that irty farming follows resulting in wastage of labour, ani the lani while often lying ille for many months, is becoming impoverisheL A rotation of crops is essential-Irom every joint of view, -but such rotation 6ouAI. give a segience of crops, with, a minimum of gaps where the Jani is lying ifle, this together with linirlg out, ani correct spacing of crops will give an economic pro luction, especially where low prices make the labour requirel for crop pro luction of the greastest importance, ali also where we have a lethargic race such as Whe Rufiji valley ass proluceL Two rotations are tentativly G1L!esteL 1j otton sown in pebruary - March - of lst year uprootel November - leaves the lani clean. usown in November - without 1t"ing, 1st year.harvetel January - February. - balance of crop, lug in as green manurea. Jallow. MWay to November- 2n1 year Mise. goun 7ebruary - na2 year h arvest el May as own Jovmber - yii year harvestei January to jebruary. t. noun Pebruary - March - 3r1 year. 'S Ctto n o February - Maarch ugrottei November - 1st year. MaAs. swn November harestel Tanuary - February. Mill eta nterewn with maize- lot year - December to J anuary to harestei une to july - 2nt year. Sheet No. /0

Sheet No. 3111. July to NovIber - I y ear Oowpea s wn NoveAer - 2nl year iarveatel January to jebruary. scumw yebruar- March - 3rl year Iptation l Lining out of the crops at 3ft. x 3A" is enentials not only-to maximum crop returns, but to proluce efficient Emother to wool growth. Aeftr the cotton is uprootil, provilel it has been well cultivat l in Its early stages, the flel will be quite clean, anl after burning, the cowpeas may be sown at once without any ligging high. The ashes from the burning of the cotton crop are esecially valuable to the pulse oftp, the pulse crop sown covers the whole grount surface effectively keeping town all weel growth an a yiell of at least lo kgo of grain per acre may be expectel by the eml of January. The Last pickings Of Pols are ignorel, ant the pulse crop is 14g In luring early February -whlle It has still value as a green manure. anl the main noise erop is mown in the big rains which usually begin to fall In Februar. Tils is sown at ft. x 1s" ani well cultivatei: at harveft in Jun% the laln will be clean, it saoull bo turneoover am It will reoelve 4 months of fallo,. A seeont maise crop is mown with the mall rains, this will be bally neelel for fool, is pickel before fully ripe, ant cotton follows, on clean lanI early planted, nt hence will give a maximum return. 9pogton . This woull be followel on the lighter molls, where millet is an importat crop. The maize crop of the 1st year is sown in the small rains of November, the millets one montkb later, the maise may be spacel at 3ft. x ja, anthe allet at the am* spacing, nl being intermown between the lines of asize whatever rotation Is follewel continuity of crops Is essential, the-lani shoull always 'be growing smeo crop luring the rainy &*ssons, t o aent siiwhngant reveorsion to u wihr tm u*ooiaa

Sheet No.-~2 ~ J~ach rotations, ani lining out of crops at close spacings, result in ma imum return for mirnmut effort, ani will io far to make cotton a very Important essential feature o± native agriculture. Tie following scheme ba been successfully followel to encourage cotton Eroings ani ahoul.i be continuel as preliminary propagania towaris the aloption of a rotation. The oil methois have been for the native to plant the small rain maize crop haphazarl, to await harvest, ani then to g the lani (which becauase of the haphasari, wile spacing is very Uirty) to plant. a seconl maize crop at the beginning of the big rains, ani then this has been barvestel to plant his cotton, entailing a thir heavy clearing ant lim.ging ani resulting in late mown cotton yiel ing a small return, which-agsi-naakes th a cotton, crop unpopula. Cptton with Maime. An important can be attainei merely by thelining-out of the erops, at 3ft. x Is", the LanI is preparei for the lot maize crop nUn In November luring the mall rains. Tie lining out toni. to cleanly. farming, encouraging surface cultivation to keep iown wels ant conserve moil moisture. & much 1kSSsS tigger crop is attainel, an if the rains are poor#, a crop can be obtainel by "Iry farming". jr 2nlamaize crop, it is not necessary to wait until the harwest of the lat crop has been male, it shoull he interown in the ripening lot maize crop, when rains permit, 4ni such Interowing can be maile 3 4 weeks before the lt maize is harveste3. (This poerol will be savel for the cotton crop ). No lgging other than a 1oI cultivation between the lines of the maize crop ls neeleL Again frequent cultivation ahoull be carriel out, ani when the maize or6p is within one month of harvest, cotton maq be sown betwen the lines of maize, this wil then be plantel at least 6 weaks earlier than with the ol mthoI, man furthermore with an ab ute minimum effort. o ilL effects are sufferel by cotton, it ill be ihalel for about 3- 4 weak , mal then hut to mai hegroe the leae of the aaate op lying-off, ant also little or no moisture is taken, from the soll by the maize at this perioL Even though the cotton ii. suffer to some legrei, the earlier planting of the cotton will more than balance the Ussiattages of stale in the early stage, after harest of bth the lot ant niA taise crops the maize stalks are out loun ani lail in the rvw- .. 11 - I. -

-Geogiaiviea Dr",i6j Sheet No. /3 (Mvin Ci, *-- and Q-6 LC- - A these then act is a mulch. At the eni of the cotton seaon, after uprooting ani burning, the lani will be perfectly clean, again requiring minimum effort for the preparation for the 2n1 year crop. Cotton with rice. It is the general custom to follow r&ce with cotton, if the rice crop is early, then harvest of rice is male ant the lint clearel belre the planting of the cotton. If the rice crop is late, then cotton is interown before harvest is male, after the rice harvest, the rice stalks are cut toim This practise has been criticisel, but it seems to be lesireable, even when the rice ani cotton are not linel out, for the resin that the cotton following the rice, leals to continuous cropping ant cultivating, ant a1 time is the lani saowel to revert to bush. The lani in which this practice is followel, are the"Lowlanls" the 01is of which have a high humus an-mo isture intent ant are almost annully "warpe-". Hence there is no longer of impoverishing the a~il, The0 cotton crop whieh Dust neels be late plantet on such soil, muat have the last pickings sacrifice! in favour of a safe policy of uprooting ant burning for the whole listriet, (there being no -stirct' .ii18i0 lemaroation between lowlamis ant highlmnis); but even then, big yials can be obiainel a these for the labour of planting-Z an! cultivation, ant picking al ne An i rovement, resulting in greater yielsof rice ant cotton, an! in more -cloway fafmtig ani saying'of Jabour, can be male, again by lining out. TIhe rie crop jihullhe Tinel out at jit j9", ant ihe-eotton can then be -lrterson, (Posibrp esaliifrti we--tric eglown haphaijj 1)f bewe w othe of a ltM of 3tbw -te rows, - ...... p1atIs as)robably bowt male at 2ft on mch SlS E _t o r o....ro ther.a e market centres, reaulting In buyn at ginerls unler m agreeet betwe the gknnery owner ant. the lkwkhkat ireor of &griouture, by which rices4 pol r basel on the pices of Liveol future for Aerian xiliiu .Te uyngcntesar s olow.

Sheet No. C~.~cdDzrLh iKil.Linri Sinnery uet er RU fij i 2 Lo SeýLo gC 4 MO ho ru ) Kastern Rufiji 5 Kikale KIilmanL receiveå practically hialf of theo total istrict jpiÉiuctIon of native grown cotton, mli serves th~e whol]e of the Utete ak.iate »s far as Marunh, 'east of Marunha (Nlunlu ete.,) hein& taken to UOho ro. it ls on the eige of tie' nielani" maie )by the p~roent course of' the Rutiji mli thec oli Iry river bel of pant courne, wbicob is a very bi co-tton p ra lucimg areu. a'>a ~éve ~to very "Mmi, aunt ),> ifro ienter*n mdNpfli. 'The cotton mlter ginling is tå*mn toý Kisagl by trolley an -I tbaic by 'mna, mli lighrter to iBetym mmi thenc. to Dar..emnslaim by ihou. (jt is hopet tiaat the Iri ver boat nKitaonjo" wi1fl orwd£ river service I m1min conneaýt ui.th Saitb 2ackemnzie "SinIba" ani ffNyati" for oAr-ea-s~Lau a~ Lo&e-LQge ginnery up to 192s servet the~l w of a the Mtanis *1iite, mi isalt with about of the iistricts total native cottom. It amly startei work"g In 19 24, untiJ. then. cotton uas leliverýei to a uarket hali at Utanzm,. b4t tb.re w» nmo competition tkiere, mm anJoge.Loge 1.eing but li Iiour fron MtamZa, toe Itahzaý wake *a loset when Lage-Logeginr sopm . JL UyÉsik u. This sas 9,9ei is a cOtton markktý in 1.926. It is In tkie smtre llof a very kromising cotton are%, thae RukinW ilami strip stretciiing froml Tiniva (11 hour to tue est of "Y*kiiu) to itarula utb at Etamsa). et tilere to Koni an Wi Manga (sithin 2 éiourn) botli af highi potentiaLlitiesl an regaris cotton, mmi outba west is Ijkimu (of.ml = au u anO to cattom" prinei n mnilla.im. «bl"c is the extreme wcpe.r Ilge of the iintrict. *,.ere ssopese teaorgcoongsi.in tbn 'are%, graver& iv the. »ma»t takini their cotton ýto 'mt&fisna ket mmi later in 1925 tø LOpge6.L098, uldell ii*ait Jo~ne qat, Ihburs toMtønza kro uy isku ar 2 laqs wita az hieATY 10&1, afi trol _ikåkinho* ~Mø 9;umer 16 wæuru. U4ksi éaouLi alm be amitabla to Malaha nati e",, tiire.e~s sy ub av, in ýtbp p4pt t*,com t4ker cottom to jiiwa. a jourmey oat sýeveral

'Nati~-z T46o2Acuri, Sheet No. /J- lays jurther potential area to which NYkisiku is suitable are eastern Mahenge, ani south eastern Kisaki, especialy the Ruaha valley. 4. Moboro. Tuere has almost been spirltel competition at Mohoro varket, with prices half as much again or tkice as much as those obtainel in the western market, ant there has always been an auction here. The competitors being the Rosehough, Matharalas Nanji (latterly an agreement has ezitel between these two) Local Inlians ant Arabs, chief among these being Taffer S mji(who left Mooro, however in 1924) ni Ali Sali.m Obyebi who buys for sesson. mohoro receives about of the total listrict proluetion of native grown cotton, serving the whole of the Tawi, anl Moboro akilates the eastern portion of the Utete akilate, ant the southern Rufiji portion of the Kikale akilate: this whatever the lifference in range of prices between Mohoro an elsewhere. When the iifference is very great, large cotton growers, take their otton by canoe from western Uttte, ant even Utants to Kilinli ant thence overlani 2 bra journey to oboro. But the mal grower to the west of Ut.ets rarely uniertakes the long leurney In quest-of h.g. p rices, UO-ho o Is situ ateion. a tiIa] cre,a, i lawsen be .o-ael within_ W arl. of the cotton -market rbei. C~tton purchasel tl~*ro-is Al4ther t;an to letja Ginnetrs or to Dar-Gs.SMAMs anl to both places by ihow, but a steamer service U"a~fant1Uytiw is comteoploteL their port will be within I botar of Noboru,~ ant then it =mall be possibly7 necessary to move the market centre to tiA inrt- i1+M jnaji44 4. w a+ 4.

Sheet No. oter kisalbJ.ecentres& No other märket centrem are necesar un.Less competition is forthCo!fin6 If soch is likeiy in western iRfiji then auction market shou.li be consilerel at:1 mtanza or lwangWi 2 Kisäal (milway between mjpangsnya anl Utete) (may bo conalilerel too neår ]Killmnfli 3.Niuntu (ilway betweeri Utete anl Kilinli) present-Oatton Mombasa En&Lish>bef anl ginnel at Kilimani. Ki.Limanli, at present., bas ene ].arge cottonr store ggft. x 66ft, 14 roller jins, Iriven, by a steen en6ine, anå one cotton haler (hales 3w -m kgsi). it leal. with about jof thc cotton of tbc distråct, ant con].! lem]. wi.th L.OOOOOO0 kas of seel cotton working for a30 lay. onl. Other ektoreswoOLJ o~f course be neoessary for this amount. lut tiae present &tore is aufficient for 3D0,000 kg. of sie cotton. The- cotton wben hals! is taken by ral.-trolley to Klsang. (ii an hamar) anlthenc. by cano. or llghter ta ¥etja, *ni tåencea by. ihow to Qaree~Salafflk 2, L§påjqi~njery Offne! by E>rn an! GrnMPAtic a nl stuate!. on the Loge- .loge EutaRte It is capable cif runn2.ng. ap gins, hut tåere are, ngn pe.ra.nently bouse! there. Gina being temporarily ruaa ve! frua KIlimmni for Binning thare. &ni then return.! for use at Kili)ian3. This arruigement w>I*u qjuite wall, witbaiat any lelmy In, &applying seel. Gins houcht for Lc&e-L'QF, .ioul, be capitaI. watel, wih the present cottonpro .notion. j?35ýv tå pro ution fo r Dis.trict. 12 oo acren g ing q, §n.annkÄu 321 gas g42kg. 1922 206387 Nutbe T-fe

(L14:.. Tii.e, CEX.L -,n 5-6C:. ~ k Sheet No, 19124 235663 kg. 19 21 79901 1921 n11 Åeag ylells pe4-r~ ik9r9 ah C 198 63 er ap re. _C,~' r etu rn 43 46 195 631" " 7572 _ä~ a the mot Impo rtant too!i cypp of the Distriot, 'it heing mo~ wiiely istributels _havin&i shrt ,pe froe noing to. åtarvent, &nå is eun prei ly ýthe wbola year rounå ne ryn o!toe hra rios n lU.eto hafe hut one seamn. It Is not a valguhi. eport cxrop, at present the grain heing poor, smäll an g anl of varloua colour from White to pur»jle. TAe ooaparatively highu m~ytm for 1922 were Su. to tjaere bein& no export restrict.ons, änl nati Ke mli their _o1 _~am for fini auff er.! f amin* låter. The natqMipeoz no ei9ool 9AmiI# .5lLtJyAttaa to grain, en! vljpur of. grovtå. Tia* a>hu are mall ffil the enskeati1gnract-aIt lonlyeclw tkft cob, anl asy Access5 In male by lnat-hc eMrIfrIe great proportion of tåe flowers: this Is eeeciel1y a!flarehit In a sammon of InterLtt et ougåt- suck, -as 1926.

Sheet No. Czzgraphizd Diotributicir. fr.L:..T.1CF f JjLCL f.. A..... i a fully rike. 2 Ad a "big rain crop". With the oi metboi-of asAtterel planting, the big rain maize crop is male 3-4 weeks atter the harvest of the smal rain crop. Tao lani requiring cleaning ant Jigging - if, the first crop is Linel out, anI the lines of maize kept clean, then it iirossible to p.lant the 'ni maize crop in between the lines of the lot maize crop, if the rains permit. This will save 3.4 weeks anI WWIl permit a thiri maize crop, or better still, early planting of the cotton crop. This 2nI maize crop is allowel fully to mature. 3 As an ergency crop. 50th normally but more especially in bi years of fool scarcity, m~a~e is plant-egn lowlying lepresmionske luring the Iry season after the river level has fallen. A bole 6-1" leep is lug, anl a small bole male in the bottom of this with a pl ting stick, in whioh sproutel, maize &s put ant coverel w th sons, The o*ils chosen in altition to being lowl Ing ant at the water elge, ar. of a heavy alluvl nature. This i-s e alel l"arOmbe ysaja"pisribution-of Ilaize. The maisze rop is awi ly grown over the whole listriot, but it Is most suitel ant grea.st yiell are obtanel from the heavy alluvial lanis, but on such lants there is langer of loss of op by heavy, floo is, ani hence it is mostly founi on the valley uPlan.l There Is very' little maims grown in the Delta, in the bill laim of Xo'nEp, Kikele ani Tawi it' teeoonl place to millet, ant ins own In the numeroius Aall Those are mostly grown in the hill lanis of manep, Kik ep, ai the Noaumbi an 3kichi ails, of western Nohow anb M1t~i. Hcre-they are grown on.-the hillia.opmat alo in %li -Wth - partly weatbarel sanly soils .ovarei with sparse scmh, anlmsc is clearei for the m1U*le86*jcrG~ isNAq 3J.mk~a& int,cjlpartf is a&I%. this io a practise that noel controlling, as largoes -yer b _year are lenulol of forest growth ar1 -are e*po..b to Boil washing. Tho mille~t crop Is 414:o ~ll Erown on .the *xnby acII& ofl the ugluian i. -Athre is equall impo rtant as

Geogaphicel Digtiihtinn (Mi. T I., Cx f --dC..k~ktJ .XSheet N..7 mnam. In the Rubinjp area, (ta. irilanl strip bet*cen TiflwA anl Mtärui.a in the jjtanr.a å)ciläte) -1 ]arge p rofct.on of mil.lets ls mjis. Th e 9 *rio l f rom apwi Ag to åar¥vest 18 5..? moithä: måny varieties *11 Of the open panlele typ. are grown glaci up togetber, aril *ny separation ti al. after harvost, the beals of the. vgr1etie(o with bitter grain are separatel &ni usel for beer, aarietiem with a Y4i11 grain helng, usel for fool OTIac graln helng either roughly brokan up, or pouniel into flour.) The native mlllets grow from _3-.6ft in äeigbt. Thqy atffer severely, from snut 11isease ani a loss of 5o% of crop may renult from this. IffE8iatc1 prolution 1~ Area. 1921 -6-0x67 kg&. 1923-, L, 76Ol.. . 1928- 7.0) 01". !46 .ÉLI.t.ocnp iep'otäqnt'båt seA régarlé loce Os oo 1 app1l* anl export. Export figur.. arp great luring the yar :19.21 aui 1922 because of the greater freclom ellowel to eapo rters tåen than nov,. which however remultel in cx>neiierwa lebesi tool uhrtage. Lm the yecars, 1921 an t 19,22 wr ver famourable för al cop. Great Lepv#eguit In :ý#c pqwitio of råln 1ýqucln cm bo ohtagnel by tiae introluctioia or & uerlgty whioh ¥i&U 09 met renlstant ai o a much shrt maturig periL Trial& hare leen carriej out at the Zaperimtal station in 192s, åni it mull. qpqsatwr legari s*rm is the jj*gl requiret Tt im 01 - T na,,h --

Sheet No. m etA. It was sown at the enl of the rains in 1926, ani yield excellently. Its aeight is 3' to 4', i c n be sacel at 2! x 3' anl high yielis per sore can be o Wtainei. The native mille to are mown November to TJanuary, only one crop per year being gotaine. With the Dwarf Hoganr 2 crops at least can be obtainel with the long rain. It coull also probably be sown in the Iry seamsn in lowlying iepressions, an with maize, ant hence is likely to supplant maaz as the chief fool ani emergency crop of the listriot. Lsthmis of LltiWvAtonj of Milet.. 11illets Are sometimes sown on freshly preparel virgip lent, this more especi ly on the il sloope. of the hill.lanis of Maegon, ,Kikae, ant utawi. 0 jut on the uplapis of the river valley, It invariably f1qws the maize abort rain crop, either after the crop has been harvestel atro the lni. lug, but more usuaily interplmntel haWhanatl through the maise crop 1-2 months after plwting the mase. An improvement con here be sale of lining out the mase crop at 5! x 1", anl teen the millets may be sown in between the rows again at ' z 32". The opcia go foJlowel by tue native are far too wile, giving low yiels, ant Ulrt fi l. is. ELephants are a great peat of millets from the,tme the milky stage of the grAin is reachel U .hen ripe he &talks are cutlown, anti after iryin for ome lays the heas are cut off ani. stoxre in &low shel which Is supportel 2ft from tie grouni Tbe heatl are tken out ant tarselei As'requirel for use or sal e. Tal4o f M(illtA iverage yiaeUmpor acre anl cash -returns, per~ are 1...... 4C 71 . 19600 7 441-1 a Mdfkmi

1,>9a3r 5,0000kuau833 rii 1922 - 120»55 lell O:1 Rioe. Ara£ø lell aXL~s unlåw*el vari per aoem c ni ca rettrn »25~. 746 kgaL per aor...- Bh& .m/41 et&.

Sheet No. EhIC>IILd aIL IJLi ichGten eM £total Jo0~ of crop inay rault am In 1926 a 199. Elucation ms regaris tis point of rice varieties anå th .eIr varyin& requireients la most important. JpulJy Jå.lf tiac fallur. of the rico crop. In 1925 w«s lu. to the plmnting of typ es not muiteX to the conlltions of m>il. jISASe esuunito iiryan la. Afri ca Kil lm ai. U nyen gwa M ärul a Ko t mimngsa M en. eup e

Sheet No. 2 jgo lariing fro numerlm ae gmerall y mýai& Thon tite rio* in nearing aou.n ýafter, tho rio&ret h. a enciiiel hut tlaere uculi appear to be .i.±ttie or no yRounin for mAch critic.am, In the firat place, it can.. the rico* ataksto o utlounmii a ean aaalli ko» areun *ee groutä &nii generaUly pronte clanl f.rlung !hreIn no ianger of natirem evajung tite uprootång amii hunng rui.., as they wieå to hå~ their plets, olearel miii lag prqaparatory to planting rico agmin In Decemhar. Almo the* roots Of the cotton profe irainage au aaration of the mnils miii the twecoro». are thus of uuel hmnfit to on. another...... Imatei total proluction miii averåg. --b 5 aores 23D,000 kge. 19.251121 -L ,364k &a. ----.--2922 - 243 1923 - 2559,179 ~ 1924 - 1809 232 P 19125 - 221,695 1986 192 - n. re. ~-«~D sla $im iå rown akn11~ in the hill lanis of MapimP, Kik al.,% ini Mo houh 1

Sheet N.. th&t :a olaelang ut :y x i' w>uli &Ivo~e. result. In«tructiOn la neiel m.1.o in the åarvosting, '

-NaÉi&åCQuAa Sheet No. . (2) Ska 515 ant (3>) grOunifuts are l.> oueceptihle tø ian ufta'urab&le seamn, ulieremø cotton vill alwuø yjell mome return/proper care *ni cultivation. Raitker than extenl aresa% ofool cropa it In oon.jierj thatthe må&~ of the Depatamt ukwullbe to Inere*se unit.proju*tion at tao , wm orlmemr energ ami min power for the cultivation at oo> This may beý ion. by hetter cultural metbole cigt >ogs wi.kiisthe li1ni-ng out ant corret oing,, ani uaý by the -IntrQjqction of improvei erop vartietties. 14150 asores.. 177,#00 kg&. 1921 - S5s903kg'. 1922 - ^08257 293-90»949 19 4 - .146931 ----...... 925, - mil.

Sheet No. ponavist sean is crown to a mnal extent only, (its cultivation has been wilely extenili in Western Rufij . ) COwpeas an (ram being about eQuaily common Tue pulses are mainly grown in Eastern Rufiji anl Mapn@o taey, Lminishal as one goes westwArip until, in the MtanSa area they are almost nil. Grams are sown chiefly with the small rains, with the big rains they suffer from olight, they are rarely plantel as a pure crop, but are intersown with compe. amongst millets, maize ant jigeonpeas ani aleo with simim especially near the growers house. .owpeas are mainly Mown towaris the ent of the big rains if sown -too early they are very subject to millipile attack the grubs iecorticating the stemsat grouni level, ant large areas will be Iestroyei in a very few iay& jonavist iean is the most uncommon of te pulses, possibly eoause of its long perioI from sowing to harvest, which is 6-7 months anrm ...Cowpe.. being 2.3 months ilay. it is of great st importance that the pqulses e more wi ely grown as pure crop s, t- eir velue in erop rotation requirge no comment. Irn th e view of the n-ative lt, which is far too often neglectei, a greater proluction is eossentil The native liet consits minly of na.i gai millets in the Western ani Central areas ani of rice In the eztres Eastern 3ufiji, ani hence s of an unbaisneel ration consisting mainly ofcarbohyirate;. The anner In which the ntative acookto meat, an1 pulmw grain*, is an in~ioatiom of th. extent of p~rotein *hunger suf ferel by him. A whlly carbonaams liet over an exteniei area periol .9ru iuces inl once over generations its affect is lesonstratei laily in Africa. The. rise o f jopfss iniuatry ant p r.e rity was A&& ei by their boming a hweat siting n ations Chi na is , iii a r'ce~ eating nation.

R~ae Rzezrtz ang kieere. Sheet No. Number See Map From To The pulses as cover crof. It is consderek. that economical bad sound farming in the tropics depends entirely on continuous oropping once land is allowed, to revert to bush oonditions,the suceeding crop will be uneconomical. If cotton is properly spaced at 3' x 18" and has received due cultivation in its early stages,then at the time of uprooting and burning the land will be clean, if left over the smeallrans, it rapidly bears a thick growth of grass. But a crop can at once .be sown at very little -ost on the olared cotton fields,this may be maizebut it should be considered if this is a suitable crop for this time in view of the uncert!Int7 of the extent of the small rains,and its nonresistance to draught. Cowpeas and gram-are ideal,in .that they are .rapid in growthand hence drought resistant to a certain extent,khrvest is made before the big rains begin and the field is -lean for a big rain crop. Coupeas should be sown at 31 2i 1S" in the small-r4.n but 31 x36" (or 4' X21 is necessary during the big raineuhiah give greater vegetative luxuriance. With -gram' 31 x 18" is the optimum foe all seamon, - Bojavist Bean X be sown In January end harvest will not be made until Tuly,from March onwards,if the crop is som at b3' x 180 ,the' land *ill b', aorered with an impeneterable growth, and the land will be quite free of weeds at the end of this pario.Bonavist Bean is of especial value where the land is being rested from cotton for one year,after the last cotton,, crop,jit will be neressary to grow compass or gram in~the short rinelafter thaee are harvested Bonavist Beah -an be sownwhioh will ensure cleanliness of- land over the big reins until the following short rains, when oow.. can be sown, again to cover the land until. cotton 'is-so-On Jis the followingpep~

Sheet No. MIS M1 HMMtltrm it. Number ....S...... Map From To Pigion Peas. The export figuers for pigeon teas are inluted in the figures for pulses of which probably 10% are pigeon peas. Nowhere is the crop grown to any appreciable extent (its cultivation is now much wider in Iagongo, 12..29),it is-some times sown between millets or maize,an extremely bad practice giving but little yield of pigeon pea, and diminishing the maize return. Pigeon peas are extremely resistant to droughtand underproper cultivation good yields can be obtained from the poorest soils. For this reason alone each householder should grow a small area of pigeon peaswhich will assure him of some food during drought periods when the more commonly grown food crops may fail.,These plantings should be near the houseif pigeon peas are planted in rows ft.apart and 6ft.in the rows,over an area from 30 yards up to the hut cultivation is needed only within a 3ft. circle round the base of the bushthe grass elsewhere being out downsthen a certain food -supply is assured and, in addition the breeding grounds. of flies and mosquitoes will be kept clear,t4lis will be more marked where the practise is general over a whole village. Pigeon Peas offers a geod rotation with cassava, 2years :assaya may be followed by 3 years Pigeon Peas. After the second year It is advisable to ratoon the Pigeon peas and on a good land they may remain for five years at least. Csesava Extent of growth and .prodtiotn. 2, ON acres - 2,000,000 kgs. of whole root. Cassava Is as Important c.rop of the Megongo and other hill lands and those lower ares which intervIns between the. hill lands and river beaks proper. It is grown entirely as a source of local food upply.thers is no export wataoeverit may be eaten rawor -ooked In the whole stats,but very often it is dried for storage and .later mande- into flour by pounding in Kinu wi.th water. Starch is also made locally. 1whods of OultivatAla.

Read Rer--e ad !t:i'r-.... Sheet No. Number ...... See Map.. From To Fro m~...... Methods of Cultivation. It is usually grown from slif,planted in both,smalland 41g rains at distances of 3' x 3'. The proceedure is as follows:Harvest is made during May,- 3uly ( i e., of mature roots, Immature roots are taken away if food is immediately required) this is done -by dlgg ,wOUnd the plant and removing all the tubers but one, which is left as a food store for theplant and to carry it over the months of June until the small rains. If all tubers are removed tba.odds are that the plant will die,and the old stems are those required forcilips for planting in the small and big rains. When the rains -are expected the land Is prepairedand when the rains fall,the old stems are cut from the plants,and cut int&slips 6" - 12" longthese are piaced at an angle of 45 in the soil and provided that the rains are good they strike within 24 hours )nd within 4 - 7 days the dormant buds will openf- A very common mistake is to cut imsetUa i slips which will only strike with a-heavy rainfall. Sometimes,but veri rarely,the seed is taken and sewn In *_nursery,the young plants are transplanted during the rains, a small crop only wilibe,.obtained Ithe first year, but this will .give slips for subsequent planting haviqggreatu~ virility and yielding caaiythan where vegetative propagation only has been ,followed for many years. Sugar*. reet o. A.Jt s~~.t low. An improvement can be made by Departmental trials, and issued of proved suitable varieties that all will give yields encouraging beter cultivated methods. Area of Cane Sugar and Production. 1925 - 45 acres - 14,540 kgs. Copra. Estimated number of bearing treee$ 150.000 trees ( in bearing). Export of Copra. 1921 - 633,645 kgs. 1922 - 664,371 1 1923 - 1.195,488 " 1924 - 837, 227 " 1925 -, 791, 977 " The greatest population of coconut trees ocaures in the Delta and coast region. which producesfulljy 95% of the total copra output of the district, coconuts extend through the Kike e Akidate to the Magongo hkidatebut the yields from the latter are veri'al -due to the soil porosity end low moisture retaining capacity, Afew trees occur here and hero through the Ntawi area and an extension of planting coconutein this area would possibly tend to prevent the emigrations of the inhakitants due to game deprsdations,a native having such property as young coconut trees will be encouraged to remain and reap the suoseding crops. The inland ares are of little value when compared to the whole Dljia industry,but they are of great value In preventing emigration as sbove. In these areas t1~a trees are never lined out,ususlly several occurs near each native hut,and probably half of thsprod , ce Is utilized as "HadaX-W ( the Immature cooonut drink). I the Delta the coconut Industry has been on the down grade ever since the abolition of slavary,and at the termination of the warmad forsome years afterithe s plantations were bush ridden. The Plant Pests andDisease (Coconut) Regulations give ample means to an Imp rovement in conditions and they .applied in 1925 in exemplary rather P ,, . II _-i :: ...... ;- . ;;.. ,, . 1! - 11T

Road R ad in.rm,. Sheet No." / ...... -eel Jtjpe ...... -TR-.. .. rather than rigid manner,in 1926, enforoment was made stricter and prosecutions w were more numerous, with very satisfactory results. For the future prosecution should be made in every instance of defaultinstruction and inspection being oontinuoua over the year,but prosecution for neglect of clearing growth should not be aade until July to August to allow a period in which the plantations may be cleared during the dry months suceeding the big rains.Default to out- dOwnburn and burry dead trees should ofcourse be prosecuted at any time. A further point to be considered is that from January to June the majority of the Delta natives .leave their houses to plant rice near the Delta border. Before the abolition of slavry pra- ticollt the whole of the cotton plantations were in the hands of Arabs,the plantings were systemativally lined out, and proper cultural methods were followed. After the abolition of slavery the large Arab Plantations became broken upit being Impossible to cultivate them as formerly owing to the lack of labour,there are still larie plantationeand their ownres have considerable trouble in following the coconut regulations owing to labour scar city. In May - August many Wa-ngoni proceeded to the Delta and to Mafia for work In the coconut plantationsbut each year their numbers beome l eso ,ore attractiv. wages being paid. on plantations near the railwsyat Tanga and also Zanzibar. Plantings since the abolitlon of slavery have been poorly made, with no lining out resulting in. either over crowding &r a wste of space.. The native methods. of makig copra are to he. condemned as raGule, nt dry the copra more % one or.tws days before Mkketin.and to ive the n nrn nt mw ira. amnnearanonathv wnrinkla wood mahms over the

Sheete No.d se velfti Ftelwa1hai Number From ..See Map. To in two and the halvesdrled for one da ythe kernel is then removed with a pointed stick and dried for seven days on matsprotection being given froim rain and dust. Some natives cure their copra over fires. There are usuallY 4 harvest, of o0onuts per year. 1. June - July 2. August - Beptember 5. Novewiber - Decenber 4. February - .arch. The last gives the biggest returnthe Noveaber - Decsmber fall being the second biggest. Own Copal (Sandarusi) Exprts. 19~112, 270, cgs. 1922 19,421l -" 1923 1 69. " i dU This Is oleot rom trae on wqathiered sandstone qpola of KagongoIik2le and .'tawi.2il. above figures inlude pma ollected both fir the branchesa and mots. The fm I collected towards the ad f the big raisthh .tter during the dry season. 92Z 16 -32 4,9 Sheed No.

Rzazi rts-nd ktr...... i . Sheet No. J-3 N um be ...... See M ap ...... F ro m ...... T o ...... Kikale and Mtawi Aidatee,i.e. on the old weathered sand soij.eNo rubber trqes occur on the recent alluvial soils of the river valley. Begax. 1921 280 kgd. 1922 270 1923 ,449 a 1924 1,019 1925 909 Beewax is collected in the wood areas of the old weathered sandstone sqi of MNgongo, Kikale,Utawi and Western Ntanza where a hive of bee ielocated In atree,this will be cut down to obtain honey and wax. Bark cylinders are also hung in trees to attract swaims,&f swarms builds in the trap and when sicient honey has been stored there, the bees are driven out with smokeaand the bath cylinder removed.

Sheet No. Ruad rpulm 811d hlla X.-. "istances, Camping around,. w -c MJ Z...... i M .A 1. Pig. These are widelj distributed, o^urlng over the whole district from the Delta itself,along the whole river valley,and inths hill lands of Magongo,Kikale and Mtawi. It attacks maize, rice and cassava mostiy,but maj damage cotton and other Drops in burrowing for larvae etc. Rewards are paid for the destruction of pigs,organiased hunts are carried out by whole villages with nets and spearsfnot now. In the Delta dogs are used to attack them down.These hunts should however be made either before or soon after the young have been born,it is then an easy matter to round up families, of pigs. The matter requires most systematic and energetic action, positiontrenhes and stockades then would not be necessary except in the thickly wooded areas. 2. Hipatmous. These d& great damage all along the river valley and over most of the Delta. They are declared vermin,not now,their numbers can be imagined from the fact that 120 Hippo heads were actually killed and heads recovered by &ne official in two years in the Rufuji,in addition to a gr.at number which were shot in the riser and the heads not recovered. They do most. damage to rice and maie, they do not eat cotton but much damage by trampin is done. Although residents and Passing shooting parties are allowed to shoot as many as possible, this is by no means sufficient,t rained natives "fundis" should be armed and stationed over stretches of 8 - 10 mileeand all hippo should be shot. Mahange spearmen have been employed from time to timebut their kills Thave no apparent effe.t In. reducing the number of hippos. There are stories of natives on the the upper reaches of the Rufijithat have knowledge of plant poisons which when thrown into the water near a sohool of hdppo will kill whole schools. Natives guard their fieldi from hippo,,from watch towers. 3. Buff'!alo. These occur in greatest numbers over the alluvial flats of the river valley, during the rains they di little damage.,but during dry periodawehn the natural vegetation bezomes dried up they do imense damage to maizo,ri-e and cotton. They raid in large bards an.in a very short time will eat down the whole-of large fields pf these crops. Natives build watch towers to guard against buffalo and at times of the year the night

T rib e Sheet N o. (Maiii T.i:L, CL:Jels -a Su " W. A.vs, ts night echoes with the noise made to scare buffalo and hippo. Buffalo should be declared vermin in the Rufijilthey are nowin the small plain between Mpanganya and Ngwenda (a distance of 10 miles). It is estimated that there are more than 2,000 buffalo. In one year (1925) thirty buffalo were actually shot by the game watch-man on the Mpanganya Experimental Station. 4. Eland. These occur in greatest numbers on the southern strip of the district, running from Mtawi, to the Ruhingo,to Mpanganya.There they raid native fields of maize and millet., and are especially partial to cotton. If eland could be eliminated from these areas,it is considered that 100,000 kgo. of cotton coulg be produced..At present the out put from the areas is very small. Also the elands depredations are so severe in Mtawi that many natives. have abandoned their homes and moved to more favoured areas. 1jand should also be declared vermin in this district. 5. Elephant. The greatest number of Mango treo and the abundant supply of water the whole year round,mae the Rufiji District a favourite haunt of the elephant.But they do not damage crops to the extent that is popularly consbtved,occasionally a mischievous herd or rogue alephant will :reate havoc in a village,but damage is usually spasmodic, except in the Kikale Magongo Akidateswhere the eltphante are mostly tuscers of lees than 30 lb.. and hence rarely shot upalso the c-over in these areas is donse,and food, cassava,is present the whole year ound. The greatest loss is suffered by the millet. crops, especially of the Ruhingo and Utawi areae,maize is not frequentl attackedand cotton very occasionally. Up to the present shooting. by. private Individuals has kept them In -hok.PFor the future there will probabl., be loseah ~ootingmost of the bi.g tuakers having been killed,but two 7 or three trained natives "fundis should be able to cope with raiding. ... .T K.4... ULT....A L.

Agriculture lqoes !.AV.ifnol Iat _1h Aupust 193i4. lie most noteworthy feature of the years 1952 and 19Vi wan, the increase of cultivation of cotton by natives. The following figures illustrate this:Year Amount of native gr~wn seed ootton muaketed...... 44) tons. 19V2 ...... 255 " 153 ...... n 442 M (2) It is anticip ate( t that the precent year rill also see a substantil i5OGftse. (3) The licrease In cotton growing haz been aievod by the conastant rpa d -of bo~th Adminitraiive and Arimtural Officers* The fact also tha~t enoraeet ha been

(5) Copra. Owing to low prices, the copra industry is in a very depressed state. The market rate for copra in the District is about Shs 1 per frasila, which is the lowest on record. (6) With regard to the marketing of native grown cotton, there are three declared zones, as follows:Eastern Rufiji Area, with a Ginnery established at someni belonging to the Liverpool Uganda Co. Central Rufii Area, with a Ginnery established at Kilimani, beIongin to Messrs. the Kilimani Ginnery. Western Rufiji Area, with a Ginnery established at Logeloge, the property of Messrs. Kepetsakos & Hutchinson. These Ginneries possess the concession of buying cotton in their areas at fixed minimum prices fixed by Government. DISTRICT OFFICER. 11/8/34.

MISCELANEOUS. Agriculture. Locusts. Notes by A.V. Hartnoll dated 10/8/54. The District was visited by enormous swarms of flying locusts in December 1955 and January 1954, and wholesale laying throughout the District occurred. (2) The efforts of the Agricultural, the Administrative and Gme Officers weke concentrated during the early part Of 1954 in leading the native population against the hoppers. In this they were mainly successful, save in the Mohoro area, where the paddy crop was los, t, in the Matumbi Kiohi Hills. (5) At the time of this campaign, extensive propaganda was indulged in for the planting of more muhogo and sweet potatoes. This met with a good response, and the District is in a good state, f .om a food point of view, to resist another invasion. (4) The District was clear from the hoppers and young locusts by the end of June 1954. /4 5J 9 4;)!

Ci&(P . JcP gi( . i I~i~t Z iT. RUFIJ!, I ~IRITT C'fr2W: Extension of cotton growing can best be affected by advising natives of hev'iefits of the cotton crop in stabilising local prices, and in provid ng a suitable cash crop for the native cultivator. The crop is easy of cultivation and i G tended with reasonable care will give a yield of seed cotton which when sold in the local markets provides a reasonable cash return to the producer. otton by reason of its drought resisting properties can produce a .rop in years Of very low rainfall and on a wide range of soils, and (his fact makes the crop a valuable one in areas where periodical famines occur chiefly on account of climatic conditions. cultivation:- In this Disurict the crop is generally groan intermixed with grain crops such as maize or rice, and this pract ,ce is at present the main reason. for the comparatively low yields obtained. j system was introduced during the ILast planting season of planting cotton in ripening short-rain ilize, thereby eliminating the evil effects of simultaneous interplanting yet calling for no extra expediture of labour which it seems is the general objection to growing the crop pure. easured yields over the entire district show the yield of seed cotton to be anything from 150 to bOO kilograms, the highest yields being obtained from cotton planted early in the season on the alluvial flats of the river valley. aother source of low yields is the practise of planting after instead of before or during the loag rains. Experimants at the Lp anganya jagricultural station have shown that maximum yields are obtained by planting in the months of January and February, and that yields from plots sown in 1pril and Nay may be only half those of early sown plots. AS a rule cotton should be sown so that flowering takes place i mediately after the long rains, therefore, as the crop normally takes six weeks from sowing to flowering the optimum dte of sowing would be maid-February, In practie, heavier yields are obtained-by soigearlier, and l mprovei.knt:- Til lines on wkich ip:Loveclat of th coLoa crop m.iy be con.inued are therefore:(a) The continuation of the system of Ii erplanting cotton in ripening short-rain .iaize as opposed to slimultaneous in erplaai ding. (b) ,ryy sowing (preferably january and February) so thaL tne plants flower inueiately after the long rains. (c) Correct spacing. 2his is ensured if the crop is in terplanted in maize grown in lines at 6 ft. by 18 ins. (d) Cutting off the supply of seed to natives after the end of The plating season. This protects the growers against late planting with consequent low yields Lad poor quality of seed cotton. (e) Eonomy in seed distribution. Ing: aize besides being the main food of the native has formed in recent years a considerable export trade from the District. The type still most coanonly found is the inativelt or ISwahili"t maize constituting a mixture of varieties giving a low yield and inferior grain. Cultivation:- owing to the annual flooding of the river, maize can be grow practically all the year round. The fields are prepared towards the end of the year and sowing made as the short-rains permit. This short-rain maize is harvested in February and Iarch and is followed by cotton, millet, or more maize on the same plot of land. Thea as the River water recedes in june, the river banks and stretches of alluvial soil are planted up and this maize may be harvested as late as the final uaa -o of the year. Improvement:- A very obvious improvement required is the adoption of an improved variety. Three main varieties (Kenya Hybrid, ptohestroom pearl, eand white Cango) have been tested at the mpanganya Agricultural station and the type found to be most suitable for introduction into native agriculture is ,,wjhite Cengb". This variety, a white flint, embodies the desirable qualities of early maturity, heavy yield, and good quality of grain. Improved dent varieties have been intoduced into the native agriculture of this District but have not been popular with native on account of the longer period of maturity required, while the grain is soft and easily damaged by weevils. on the average, Kenya Hybrid requires 4 months, potchefstroom pearl Z months and White cango 3 months from sowing to maturity.

An im.provement of no less importance (which is also bound up with the cotton crop) is that of spacing. The optimum spacing for White Cango maize on the alluvial soils of this District is placed at 5 ft. by 18 ins. A maize crop properly lined out at these distances and followed by a cotton crop interplanted is the first year of the rotation advised for this District. It gives the native a food and a cash crop, while the correct specing and interplanting promote heavy yields, reduce labour expenses to a minimum and in addition leave the land free of weeds at the end of the year. In passing, it may be mentioned that cotton is often grown as a rotattonal crop with maize, more because of its rotational value and beneficial action on the soil than the actual value of the crop itself. The improvements summarised are (a) Extension of an improved variety, preferably "White Cango". (b) A fuller understanding of the relation between maize and cotton crops in promoting a better and more balanced system of farming, and in particular the continuation of the system of interplanting cotton in ripening short-rain maize. (c) Correct spacing. MILLE T: Next to maize, millet is one of the staple foods used by natives, and although a considerable proportion is exported, millet cannot rival maize as an export crop. Cultivation:- Millet is generally interplanted in the ripening short-rain maize, although on the hill lands it is usually planted pure. Planting may be from December to February, earlier on the hill lands than in alluvial parts. The period of maturity of local varieties is roughly 5 months. Improvements:- The greatest defect of native millets is the long maturity period required. Local varieties are well suited to the damp coastal area and up to the present time no quick maturing introduced millet can compare favourably with them. Varieties introduced from the Sudan because of their rapid maturity have been tested for thu past 3 years at Mpanganya and will be discontinued after the present season on account of their soft grain. It has been shown that these varieties mature in half the time taken by the indigenous millet crop but the grain is so soft that it quickly becomes moildy or is attacked by weevils. Three varieties from inland parts of the

Of mdi ,enous varietice "Ilganena" is most suitable as f berd- t 'olc1 1I. ps ;.ell in stora c, nd selection for - arly e'turity nay po ;:ibly lu n iA the production o) a type roquiring, a shlorter maturity period ihile retaining tiue good quality of the grain. Te j1provelients enumerated are (a) r-raual introduction of an imProved type with a better quality grain and shorter maturity period than local varieties. e.g. Sukesha. (b) Selection for early maturity in local varieties. RIC: Th, alluvial tracts of land so extensive in the Rufiji valley are admirably suited for the -production of rice. The crop is also gro,, m in parts of the Kagongo and Mtai hill-lands, but only in small lo-lying patches where rain water colleots to a certain extent. Cultivation:- In this District rice is f;enerally planted in the month of January and one crop only is obtained per annum. Rice bein[ a swamp plant is normally planted in tidal areas or in parts inbndated by river water. Should the water su)ly fail, however, as is evidenced in years of low rainfall these swamp rices fail to produce a crop. The maturity period is from 5-5 months. Improvement:- "Dry-land" rices, that is, those growm on pa:-ts not inundated by water have demonstrated their adaptability for growing under both dry-land and swamp conditions. gxperimentation at L panganya has proved the superiority of the "Unyengwaa" variety and has been instrumental in securing increased acreages of this improved rice every year., The variety is very popular in the Rusende area. Concentration of effort in the improvement of rice should therefore be made on these dry-land varieties. The Patna type of rice (of which there are none in the Territory, the nearest to this type being the Turiani "Faya"l) has been introduced into trials during the present year and will be extended into native agriculture in the future. Patna rices command highest prices of any type in the world markets, and in view of increased production of rice in the N Territory and possibly an export trade, their superiority must be kept in mind. A 1& 0

Miscellaneous.-Forestry Sheet No._J (Natural Forests and Resources, Afforestation, etc.) jorest Department affairs are in the control of a j]res-statioW4t SAlase in the Delt 16 Although there are 14 porest Reserves in the listrict the primary Iuty of the Forester in tas care of the Mangrove swamps in the Delta. The marketing of Mangrove poles wol bark is hell by the RufIJI Delta Traling Co. on a concession from the Cloverament. The lorester's utes comprise the checking anl marking of all proluce, anl the ssessment of royalties to be poll by the concessionaslean the amount exportel. prom zmnuary to mlle April there Is consilerable activity in pole cutting to meet the lemanis of Arab lhows coming from Muscat. The number varies annually, but 36 is a fair average for a seasm The pole eutting season inishes completely on the coimencment of the aouth west Monson as all bhows then set sa l on their homewarl Journey. Bark cutting is earriel on throughout the your but the business hasnot attainel my maileA, aerman - C.P.Bnent - Is engagel on this busLness, but as he is not very popular, wit his labour, he Soe not export a large Quantity. The Deta natives are les fbnl of manua l-aour than their neighbours up river, ml they are not too foul, of it, z-l- It ma be that, thisis the pain rear be ing esportel. The orester seis a copy of his monthly report to Ulstriot healquarters, ml a reference to the file will show his activities in re - aOferestatn. The 14 ]preot Reserves Ic not appear to carry such timber of eomercial value, ml in Is unlerstool. that they are retainel as catch water area These appear to be most necessary In the Mtbambi gills where there are three reserves anl yet there Is aLways & soarolty of water a month after the ol of the heavy rains.

MISCELLANEOUS Forestry. The Forester was withdrawn from permanent residence at Salalre as from the end of May 1954. In the Conservator of Forests' DS/9/415 d/d 4/4/54 (Utete 16/9/1), he explains that in future there will only be a Forester in residence for the five months January to May in future. (2) It will be noticed in the above letter from the Conservator of Forests he states " free issues of mangrove " produce to local natives will not-be further recorded and no " written permits will be given as heretofore". (5) It is to be noted that local natives are not required to purchase timber for their domestic and personal use from the Rufiji Delta Trading Company, and that "domestic and personal" includes timber for the repair of local native owned dhows. The interpretation of these words will be found in C.S. 2I20/86 /d. 7/12/55 (Utete 16/4). . DISTICT OFFCE 12t//4.

UI'TE D)ISTRICT. FOISTS. I .3ThFF. 1. :he present staff consits of:Sa European (Jfficer I part taime. b Forest Ranger 1 c Forest juards 7 d)yiotr Boat Driver 1 el Boatan 1 (f) 1jessenger ± 2. Up to the time of the worlN Lrade depression a European Forester was permanently stationed at salele but owing to staff reduction it is now only possibl'e to station a European Officer in the delta during the busy season- november to :-ay. A. Headquarter salale. Forester. 13. Native staff Forest RAger 1 saldle .i.ngrove Forests. - Forest Gtard I Salale Mangrove Forests. Forest Guard 1 Nyamsta Mangrove Forests and mainland reserves and public lends. Forest juard I Kiasi Mrangrove Forests. Forest Guard i Jaja Miangrove Forests. Forest Guard i Tambaru Mainland Forest reserves and public lands. Forest Guard i Iyangwai ainiand Forest reserves and public lands. Forest Guard 1 i tza Mainland Forest reserves and public lands,. Motor Boat Driver, Boatman and Messenger at Headquarter. 4. During the few months he Forester is at Salale his activities must perforce be confined to the mangrove area and therefore the mainland resoives are seldom visited. 5. The Forest Ran er ammv" ,oatrol during the absence of the Forester; The Forester, Dar es Salaam, makes periodical visit to the delta during the slack season. -III. ILVIGULTURE. 6. Regeneration. A. Artificial Regeneration. Ujp to 1932 the department carried out~ reaffore Z ' " n operations in tne mangrove forests, since when, own to lak of funds no additional areas have been planted. Fortw plantation hw odstnso you~ng growth and mantenance ofthese plantat ions is con tinued afrasfm permit. iLioaced Forest squatters perform useful work by showing annually, seed at s as follows:- i0 staes per man.. Reserve. Approx, . No Species ... squatters. Kizangalia. C. S xtl Nyaagoobi 12 .laiEtC

(a) a din.UId ItCs. It )w very dotluhll i. L r o oIui' I mailnla !oresbs o-Ing'To the incident of annual fires. (b) hangrove Forests. Natural regenzeratLon of the waagrove species occurs throughout tg o.eita woodands and forest managemient provided for the protection of same by prohibiting the felling of boriti etc. in or near such groups. IV. E.KPL0I2.i"2ICN 7. Exploita-ion of forest produce in the U lele district Lidinly occurs in the delt a area. This exploitation covers two classes of forest produce ( ) poles and (I) bark. Exploitation of these classes take place during more or less set periods; namely, (1) poles. id ,ovember to mid aprii governed by the northern and southern monsoons. (B) Bark. ist june up to 28th February. ceases during the wet season to prevent bark becoming discoloured by rain. 8. persians and Arabs from the persian gulf are the chief buyers of toles which are re-sold for constructional work and house building. I have een told that the Rufiji DelLa is generally knowa as'Ssiuba Uranga' to merchants who trade in these poles and that business is usually less difficult if the dhow ovmer of: Naiodha can state that his cargo was obtained at 'Simba uranga' as these are considjered the best boriti obtainable. 9. Bark. The bark export trade is in the hands of the Liverpool uganda company whW"espatch consigfpents to England iiamburg, America and Egypt. at the moment, I believe, the Company make a ne tt profit of Shs.0/- per ton. 10. Export Figures. Export figures given in appendix I are an approximat o a is available in this office as to export values during the time the Rufiji Delta Tra'ding Company enjoyed the concession. However, they can be regarded as fairly correct and a useful indicatin. 12. Appendix I also shows actual amount of produce on which royalty was paid during the past six years. It is estimated that the exploitatiA of all classes of produce will gradually increase. l5. OIHE EaLUILTAICK. As will be seen Appendix II exploitation elsewhere Mn ne ueze District is negligible. 14. The decrease since 1951 is due to li.nland trees (mainly Mkongo) bein, issued free for canoes. lb. Free Issues. Appendix III shows the colossal sum ofshs.45,465/95 as being tne va±ue of free issues during i956. The free issue of mainland trees for canoes is partly responsible for this marked increkse. IV A PROEfI(HI. 16 (a). M ost of the mainland reserves 4re swept through by fire during the grass burning period. Owing to the paucity of allocations under this head only a mere fraction of the necessary protection work can be undertaken annually. The three reserves which receive prior treatment are (1) ohoro (2) Idohoro :iver and (6) Nyamakulwi. V SEED. 16. A small quantity of Teak (Tectona Grandis seed is collocted. annually from the Uohoro plantations. vi ýflURSULIlý1. J.V. ',one in tlnc Utýjtc DJIstrict. -J VII FOREST 4ýU ý7åRS,ý I.S. Tkle number of scuatters licenced to residQ and.ouitivate in.forest reserves amount to gl,; a-,, T ýUru Kironý i! 'll ýý,juvL; squatteis 2 0'- c,- il ýt st,ýLc ever'- year durinýý ti.c rainy ýýeasulý. VIII UILDLIGS. 20. A Forest -A 22.- Forest Guaris ýiuts ke-ý,t up by d,2ýlartiný?ntal funds.

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LATD TZEiI . The Frovi 1ial Co,,i sioner asked th6 followi L questions in his letter iTo. 2C I/ of 25th -,arch 1943. (i) Are there any tracitional "ifrioaan land authorities in thcir districts, and if so, what or who ar they and what arc their jlowers - Do these latter, for exaiie, include trusteeship for un&a, oca*ted land, and have they any recognised coltrol over hiethods of cultivation ? have they ower to decide which land shall be rested aad vJ.ch crot ,ed ? (ii) How arc Orcsent shazbas allocated, and on what terms and by whom? (iii) Are there any traditional forns of mutual help in cultivation, and if so, are these based on the family, clan or village and who is responsible for the arrangements made? The Tribal Council was consulted and the gist of their views is (i) There are no traditional land authorities. A person wishing to cultivate in a new area'opens up a new area or if he wishes to dultivate near the shambas of another family he asks the head of that faily. Permission of the Mwenyegoha or Jumbe has never been and is not required. There is therefore no trusteeship over uiallocated land, and no contol of methods or cropping. Cases that I have seen in the Native Courts bear o this statement. (ii) There is no shortage of land and so cultivators help themselves. L man's rights in land left fallow are extinguished if the land is left beyond the normal period. (iii) Cultivating Dartieq arp Y,-- , n - .. ..."......

ME DISTRICT OF RUNIJI. 8up-g ep n ~OL UIM AT PMÅaWz

XXXV1 Townships & Minor Trading Settlements. Under Government Notice No. 205 d/d 29/9/52, Mohoro and Utete, also Chole & Kilindoni, ceased to be Townships as from 51/10/52. (2) Under Government Notice No. 205 d/d 29/9/52, the following were gazetted as Minor Settlements in the Rufiji District:- Chole (Mafia). Kilindoni (Mafia) Mbwera Mohoro Utete On one side the Indian Ocean low water ordinarY springs, and on the other sides, straight lines connecting the Beacons marked A. B, C, & On one side the Indian Ocean, low water ary springs, and on the rmaininghies,-N~ lines connecting the Beacons marked A, B, C, A A circle having a radius of half a mile with the Mbwera creek bridge as a oentre. A circle having a radius of on6 mile with the native Court House as a centre. A oiro& having a radius of one mile with the Boma as acentre. D.

COMMUNICATIONS-(a) Railways, (b) Main, District and Village roads, (c) Aerodromes and landing grounds, (d) Motor transport, (e) Postal and Telegraphic, (f) Harbours and ports. Subject Sheet No. Compiled and inserted by Date 4 1

CO,1JITICATIO"ic. 1. A scheme for making the river navigable for about 125 Kilometres at a1 usti- iated o!t of five dllion ha-": ws Pirod by the normen Gover)-icnt in j910 (3). This to a large extent explains the development of nnerous projerties as far ,est as Fyakisiku. Jll have now becn abandoi. d except Logeloge and tlt only as a ginriery and purposes ancillary thereto. In the saxie year (1913) the then Govermaent grait d a concession to a prominent 13erlin cotractor for an electric p~ower plant to utilize the FangmUi Rapids in the ,iest near lipanga (4). A propos of the first item it is interesting to note that in German times a shallow draught stern wheeler, the Kitomondo by name, travelled up and doun the river making two trips a month. It is reported that she once reached the Rapids and twice managed to make 14panga (5). These voyages were obviously made during teasonably high floods. !lonally her dry season terminus was Kisagai, nine miles west of Utete. In 1917 this steamer took refuge at Lgohori, near Logeloge, she was located however and shelled by the British Forces. Here she' lay until 1928 when she was purchased and salvaged by Iessrs. Smith Lackenzie & Co., and put into comission resming her journeys up and down the river, albeit to no fixed schedule. With the coming of the depression in 4960 she was withdrawn and I believe ( I am open to correction) serappe, in Daressalaam.

Jýtote to: Li glo 'o ::dm,ýu (via ,ýil)iti tc; ROflI) Dfflq'RAM-TWFIJI I)ISTIý)CT (Nor rø s4nLff)

Main I District I Village Roads. TO AU MOPLWL@ DALMLBOUNDARY-' makima KO se Lamtø Brlýge utete MOBOBO - moml Mileage D UTETE 4 8 16 10 I RO AW mo ha ro 35 UTZTE - MALI - MOIOR ROAD utete Ny arln&wa Kly ora mblnø> MuluJa BrIlge Ik wl rl Å mitemba ængwø Lungara Lubøl BrIlge NgatIma MbIVEP muinja Brlýgeý ikwlrlrl "tmba Lungara Luhol BrIl£9 Nsatlua Kikalo li-tvøýr - T- m nr - un 4n I> mn Å n utete llui nJ a B ri tg* Marømba ulunlu EtUFIJI DISTRICTý Remark.s. AHowance per annum ; Rate per mile; Arrangements for Upkeep; Bridges, etc. M3-jQLqåRqIN DEff SEAMN 0nY- MOTOR RO AI> nmi: namw r*tim Yr - MulnJa Bril90 Marmba Niunlu Kilinn NOTE:DÅR-zs. BOU n l ArY maklima Kose Lambo Brilge utete Sheet No. ;ý,

She No.Main / District / Village'Roads. Mileage Allowan KILIN- O -~ IfOIDR EIDD. Remarks. ce per annum; Rate per mile; Arrangements for Upkeep; Bridges, etc. Rutl nle MO ho CO 4 uAn VT ujtRA - I KiP &I* Mbierai 6 cwP 2 UOMHiD - TANWI - mom1 Kilinji Kijp *1e Ubuckli Mbwera Fiin ion IQ Tambu ru Ubwakre Tea Ut ete IL angany, a It et eIn a NgD hiori Lo ge-Lo ge -TAVI w--O - 1100T ini 9I'RAPWTtl ONLY. RB 3,&D, QTWBEJ OVL%. TRAMrP POSSIDLE TO L -XKk!OtR_,H & ltpe, 14 17 UTCI W INTL - NYALABIKD - MOTOR mBOD SOUTH BANK 0710fl Riangwa Itet0* Np b r K)ipugira LO ze-LO Fe Mtanza - Y ~- Ro n ton 19 6 Tamburu 9 Mbwa 17 T&UI 12 Sheet No..

Main / District I Village! Roads.ShtN. I From utana ut Srul a ut ete lip or& Mbunau utarula Tindlis .0mbe Kwsewtwi 'NY~~k Luho River Mileage NY AirA~kT KH - UKCAT.TV M - I 00,I YR i = ; =~ - 4= = my2kalku Utete -Rusenlo_KilimanLetste K--ooan1 are.&~ -Mk Inlu, ]~Ukkin w SmAUnAUVA 31* UIIEflW HCFIJI DISTRICT. Remarks. Allowance per annum ; Rate per mile; Arrangements for Upkeep; Bridges, etc. .1VT a. um~n ~AtL Kitun lu-2ptate 3 3RsenI a g1iipaannjy Lztt ~Kooir1 3 jCMg3Z~ny 2a -MID LAU v -AIAI mn.p ~3AV~IV~. - - * haam~ *~~*~...i~S*M 1jul11 mkunja ji W19aten 2 2 %WUmADY L~ irmi ~ I = Ir- iii Mn ass n ~av Sbeet No..; -t

Maino Distict I VIla9, Rola. W9pIj OIBTKICT. SlooNo- Sb-o N... Mali, District 1Village Roads, L, Uk-Ol 9,d ok ,oo Bod-, o Ki9lg UOCj 9 Ilbiti N .JObCr 4 Wboehi mu-. 4 9.1s Choli Uteobi 13 -Uobblbi Booooimy 3 Ilik.L. i9ie M.hual lhbi tt 14 DåP0.KSBÅLI U fl9{R VIA KIK ALt - KILINU! -OOR TO926 79 119, ~g~froi 2 DUNART MO 9002 66251. 66.01,l M..ya 2 60..0l Kifa5cOi fl ______~.I±i halta Kl k.1f . l ____ li l1. Ubomi (forry) 6 -~ ______b001(frrry) j4pwyoya 11Kil- 06000617 4

1 District Roadibiti -,Kikale Notes. C)See aketob Wa. Ch) At alle 5 from Kikale. the Tioiogi River presents a bad anag (e) The <1n1 othergaly bad ae aa le1 hr a rf habe oeruated (RUe 19 from ikale &5 from Kibiti>. Cd0 By relocating the, ahole road fro a plaoa wear :caay mteGradng iiiDaro od a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~IMC eatflrdelema efedaOICER.bot aneg metiend i moem t)&ti~1nd/ama5 the (b) _ä dmå 4,.t. i~ /mw d.,.- Dietrict Road Quroew ~m -Mbitil - State. Seotion Guroud~g - Kiiti . . . . Kibiti - Lohol River ...... Luhot River- Lambo eXbankaent L92bo eIMbankaent - Rofijil ya Zamani CRusaode) Rofiji ja Zamaoi, - ttte ferry .. .. Utate feiry *- Ute'te Roma .. .. T o t a1 .. . Miles Rta 21 C) 12 Cb) 7 Co(), 4 (d) 6 (e) d cmtrutedby tx dfauterlahor in 19.55, a)New road sberoted a rinx dstretr at the ... hnatal aýbit bompy, asmno atteapt ham yat benm

District Road Utete - Ndundu. Notes. (a) See sketch map. (b) Road generally badly located. (c) The tio biggest snags are the bridges at mile 5 and mile f4 from Utete. These are over old river beds. These cannot be avoided, unless a deviation was made from the Dar-es-Salaam road at about mile 6. This / , ' ., possible deviation has not been explored. It would ?ip.f. " probably be unsatisfactory owing to its length and- "A owing to the fact that it would probably fall to ' pass through where the population lies. (d) The road is annually flooded at numerous places in the first i4 *iles from Utete. DISTRICT OFFICER. 10/8/54. District Road Utete Nyakisiku. Section Miles Notes Utete - Mpanganya.. (a) Mpanganya - Mtanza . . 00. .1 0 19 (b) Mtanza - Kwangwazi ...... (a) Kwangwazi - Nyakis- ...... (d). Total ...... Notes. (a) See sketch map,- also sketch map of new deviation not yet constructed. This stretch is at the moment impassibl, as -the- -Kilingogo Bridge-- at-Utete oollapse& -in February 195 A deviation has been approved in order to avoid the Kilingago~ Bridg, -and pegged out. About a mile--has been cleared. Mpanganya is at present reached by leaving the- Dar-a-Salaam-road at-about. mile 6 andl -proceeding-along the village road to Nyera, where a temprsx'y ferry is in operation in order to join up with this, road. (b) See sketch map. The main snag on this stretch is the MseneC tti 1h-4 A ff - 41 . CM - -,,IA_' -......

District Road Utete - Mohoro. Notes. (a) See sketch map. (b) At mile 11 from Utete the road floods during the rains. Embanking and draining is required here. (c) At mile 12 from Utete app. there is a river bed, which fills in the wet season. (a) For the last mile from Mohoro there is black cotton soil. (d) The bridge at Mohoro requires watching, especially after the rains. (e) The road on the whole is very good, and could with a little expenditure be made all weather. District Road Mohoro-Marendego. Notes. (a) Near the Kitwa border, there are two river beds, which only fill in the wet season. At the moment they possess drifts. (b) There is much cotton soil near Mohoro. District Road Tawi Mohoro. (a) Was imassible during 1932 and 1955. I have not been along it so -c'ant say what repairs are required. -Distriot Road iohoro - Kilindi. Notes. (a) This r6ad gives very li-tle trouble. It is flooded by the rif near Kilindi during the flood season. DISTICT OFFICER. 10/8/54. , 4 I-q /. /..Afr :11874'

* ' ~ / *1 II 0OTES BY AR A.V. HATOLd/d 1QL 34 The following are the Graide 13 roads In the T~strict (there are no Grade A roads):Hliles Notes Guruandanga, (iar-es-salaam boundary) -Kibiti - Utete 51 (a) Kibiti - Miale.. 9** 9.9 999 190. .. 24 tete - Tawl .* 6******99.* Ltete, ;udndu . ** ** Utete - dPanganya - Utanza , KwimgvWa Nyakislku Utete - ohoro , . 99 9* IJohoro - Marendego, ., * . . Tai- Mcohoro .. ... 99 99 49 9 U~ohoro - Kilindi- ...... *~**9 ~0 t a 1 ...... (a) The Utet. - 'Dar-es-Salaam road. (b) The Utete - Kilwa road. The fo'lowling are the more Village roads:'Idundu Ve Kikale ...... 94 9 Kilindi - juanction~ of Nddu~ - Kikale roat Ndundu - Matingi ...... e.. Rusende4 (o Dar-s-Salaam - Utete road)~ - important of the Miles N10tes *.. ..(a) *IA 2? 256

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FERRIES. NOTES BY MR A.V. HARTNOLL d/d 10/8/54. The following Ferries for motor traffic are under Government Control,Utete Ferry Nyera Ferry. Tempv' y ilnti the TTtte-Upaeg~ya The following ferries for pedestrian traffic are under the control of the Native Authorities:Kilindi Kiwili T Mpanganya Msomeni Kipale Kilindi II I1tawatawa Kiassi Msite Usimbe Mbumi In P.C's 184D/43 d/d 15/6/51, the following is stated:- lee -L ZJ/.-k , I' and system 6f collecting f -~a in respect of the Government ferries at tltete and Ki __di (nb.n~, longer in operation) :'Shs 2/50 should paid direct to the ferryman and~ marke oketssee Financial Order 419) issued for the SIM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6 0/5 duQoenet oie oti f~tso " reply, approval ii " under tfie control regards :iven to of your 1951.

The following fees were arranged, see Utete-, Office file 109, as from 12/11/50:- Shs Cts. Passengers Adults Children ...... Merchandise Load of lbs 50 ... II St IS 10 Small hand loads Copra, rice etc. sacks of lbs 100 " " 50 Coconuts 1000 ... 100 .. 25 to 50 ... Thatohinpg ...... - 05 - Free...... - 02 ...... - 01 ... .. - Free - 05 - 05 ... 2 66 - 2 - 15 Ordinary C.N. per 1000 pieces special closely plaited 100 pieces Livestock .Cattle Sheep, goats, dogs Donkeys ...... Ducks & fowls, in orates 4 " " ,singly Persona emloyed by Government crossing on ov't service e.. -5 - 10 -55 of four 04 ... 02 Free DISTRICT OFFICER io/V54 I... 2 66 5 -

.Road Reports and Itineraries. Sheet No. . (Distances, Camping Grounds. Water and General Remarks) Number ...... See M ap... From To It loes not appear to be necessary to .iake a special report under this heading as it muli only be repeating the letails given under Iain Ant District Roals. There are camping places at all villages, but it is consilered advisable not to erect Banlas for Europeans on account of the prevalancy of Spirillum tick. This, however, is not harlship, as there are always trees to give shale for tents. A banla for the kitchen ani for followers is erectel at each village together with a latrine. 'water is Spol all over tie district but toere is sometimes a shortage in the MaeonoD -wi Matuwibi Uila. Fuel is al=m plentiful. Mosquitos are numerous id, the Delta and on the banks of tfe Rufiji, but cease from annoying during the South West Monsoon. They are mostly steeami, and provided 5 grains of Quinline are taken iaily, Malaria Should not cause much trouble. Lions are plentiful in the district ant it is alvisable to have a watch fire it night when camping. The system of engaging porters from camp to camp is in vogue at the moment - ant is giving every satisfaction. They are pail 50 cents if the journey is unier S~ te hours an- 70 cents if over or if they are kept over night The natives lo not like being kept from their homesespecially luring the time their crops are in the grouni as there is always night guarding against pigs ant. game to be lone. By taking fresh l orters laxily they Are al. satisfied, ntn also a consilerable saving Is effeetel in the Transport Vote. Villages m.arkel x in the fAA r fa ~ S cam e reached uy thbe Motor DO At. I..e " ......

MISOELLANEOUS.. Education. There formerly used to be two Schools one at Kikale and the other at Mpanganya. These were closed down in February in consequence of.instructions received from the Director of Education (his 51/15/16 d/d 20/1/52, Utete 24/52/2). s (2) In the year 1952, the people of Mohoro requeted that they should have a school at Mohoro, but the financial situation of the Native Treasury at the time did not allow of their request being granted. However, the financial situation improved in 1935 and accordingly provision was made in the 195,4 Estimates (N.T.) for a school at Mohoro. (5) The Mohoro school has now been functioning satisfactorily since the beginning of February 1954, and good kttendanoes are being obtained. (4) For correspondence concerning the opening of this school see Utete file 2/100, P.Cs 6 /D/96d/d 9th November 1955. DISTRICT OFFICER. 11/8/54. I -

TikxiV Mlan LLAtio. Medical and Sanitation. (2) the C (a) andc Present Medical facilities are as follows:Native Hospital at Utete Kilindoni. Tribal Dispensary at Kwangwazi w S , ~Mtanza ,, t Mbera Kikale A Tribal Dispensary has been sanctioned in urrent year's Native Treasury Estimates at Kibiti. There is a Sub Assistant Surgeon at Utete me at Kilindoni. Reported injuries by crocodiles and hippo, which received Hospital treatment at Utete are:No. of cases 10 Males 7, females 4 Amputations Leg i 1 All were treated as in patients. DISTICT OF]ICK. -- m

Missions NO Mias!OnGWY work elåa, as yet, been unJertäken in the listriet. It Is rerortel t,ýat in Septeåber 1914 a ROT.lån CättiOlic Missionery årrivel at Rusenle neÄr Utete htt, aft er for sone t,ýýrec lays, shook the lllgtl;of the RUfiii froi hIs feet, gayln, tiat týie Jistrirt was li"flt för htiman h3L'hitation.. The late Bishop of Zanalbar is sail to hive ta"eg thrniý,ýh the lintrict in5 he ljlewise was not favourably JrInpresseL The 1ýh-ihåtnrts are Umst entirälv Drofessel Mohamme53ns hlt their rell M50" is, satl)ratel with superstitlan and witch'rrlft. 9 lue Sh~ N..

Cemetery Register. Where registered 57ALiq.

Sheet No...... Cemetery Register. Grave No. Name Where regiatered Remarks. -m Jh WiFUA; « I ......

TANZANIA NATIONAL ARCHIVES Description of Document- RUFIJI (UTETE) DISTRICT BOOK VOL.II C overing D ates ...... R eference N o...... The following reproduction of documents, the property of the National Archives of Tanzania, have been made by the Library Photographic Unit of University College, Dar es Salaam, solely for the purpose of research, and must not be quoted, either in whole or in part, without the express permission of the Director of National Archives, P. 0. Box 2006, Dar es Salaam, to whom all communications respecting this film should be addressed. Die folgenden Photokopien von Dokumenten, die aas Eigentum des National-archivs von Tanzania sind, wurden von der photographischen Abteilung der Universitatsbliothek, Dar es Salaam hergestellt. Sie sind ausschliesslich fur Fprschungszwecke gemacht und durfen nicht, weder im ganzen noch teilweise, zitiert werden ohne ausdriickliche Genehmigung des Direktors des Nationalarchivs, P. 0. Box 2006, Dar es Salaam. Betreffs jedwede Verwendung dieses Films muss er benachrichtigt werden. D ate of R eproduction ...... W

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