Feline Panleukopenia the right choice for patient welfare and for (aka Feline Distemper or Feline Parvo) herd health. Infectious Disease Profile Transmission: Bodily fluids, especially vomit Type: unenveloped DNA virus. and feces, fomites (hands, thermometers, anything) carrying fluid particles, Clinical Signs: contaminated (poorly sanitized) GI symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting) environment. Fluids can be aerosolized into Fever (24hr), lethargy, droplets. Virus can remain infective >1 year Sudden death in contaminated environments. Can infect Unborn kittens: cerebellar hypoplasia and /mink.

Diagnostic tests: Sanitation requirements: Quaternary Canine Parvo SNAP (<10 min): vomit/feces ammonium products are not effective. Use May get false + with vax Trifectant®, Bleach (1:32), or Rescue™ May get false – with small sample, (1:16) with appropriate contact times intermittent shedding (>10min). CBC (10min-24hrs): blood- low white cell# PCR (>24hrs): vomit/feces Shedding: Recovered may shed for up Necropsy (30 min): segmental necrosis to 3 weeks after recovering. Shedding can be intermittent. Negative SNAP test likely Time until onset (incubation period): indicates reduced/negligible shedding. average 5-7 days (range 2-14 days) Prevention: MLV SQ vaccination before Usual course of disease: Fever, listlessness intake or within 1 hour of shelter intake of and lethargy develops into anorexia, with ALL incoming cats <4wo (regardless of possible vomiting/diarrhea before septic health status). Protection achieved 24- shock, DIC and death in 24-48 hours. 100- 48hrs. Kittens <16 weeks are particularly 50% of unvaccinated cats die even with vulnerable because of maternal antibody treatment. Illness in recovering cats lasts 5- interference; vaccination every 2 weeks 7 days. Since the virus attacks intestinal villa, until 4mo and foster until surgery/adoption diarrhea may continue for >5 days after is highly recommended. Isolation of all recovery while the GI tract lining regrows. animals with infectious GI symptoms is also Subclinical infections (no signs but recommended. shedding!) may occur in some cats. Recovered cats will be immune, probably Outbreak risk assessment: Some for life. communities (and seasons) see more panleukopenia than others. Highly Treatment: aggressive supportive care only contagious, highly fatal. Investigate if appropriate biosecurity and isolation is vaccination, sanitation, biosecurity, possible. Strict isolation, IV fluids, dextrose, especially if kittens are frequently “found antibiotics, anti-emetics, and trickle feeding dead.” are common therapies. Euthanasia often

Feline Dermatophytosis hairs the sheds. Lesions resolve in 1-2 (aka Ringworm, Microsporum canis) weeks. Cure in 4-6 wks. Infectious Disease Profile Transmission: Hair and skin particles shed Type: Fungal skin infection into the environment carry infective spores. Any mammal can contract M. canis. This is Clinical signs: a zoonotic disease, meaning that people Skin: semi-circular areas of patchy hair loss can get this disease from infected cats and May have no symptoms. environments.

Diagnostic tests: Sanitation requirements: Difficult to kill and Wood’s Lamp (<5min): many with M. canis persistent! Control of hair and organic will have glowing apple-green hairs material in the environment is key. Use Trichogram (10min): pluck hairs and Bleach (1:32) or Rescue™ (1:8), along with examine w/ microscope removing all cloth, carpeting, and hair. PCR (3-5days): pluck/brush hairs Normal washing and drying of laundry (high Culture (2-14days): pluck/brush hairs and heat, no bleach) is effective in killing incubate. Monitor daily. Positive plates dermatophyte spores. typically grow <7 days, white colonies with immediate red color change. If no growth Shedding: Cats that are not infected may >14 days, considered negative. carry active spores on their coats, acting as “dustmops.” Cats with unrecognized Time until onset: 2-4 weeks for lesions. May infections shed spores into the start to shed spores 1 week before signs. environment. Cats with healed lesions may Can remain in the environment >1 yr. continue to shed spores if dips are stopped too early; DTM culture is the best way to Usual course of disease: Esp. kittens. One or identify whether a cat is shedding or not. more areas of patchy alopecia with mild Cats with positive cultures of any type dermal crusting and occasional scabs. Most should be dipped. commonly affected are face, ears, feet. May progress to hair loss throughout body, Prevention: There are no effective especially if stressed or immuno-suppressed. vaccinations for dermatophytosis. Thorough Cats may clear the infection on their own in physical exam and Wood’s lamp on intake, 4-6 months. With proper treatment, cats keeping litters of kittens separated, and may cure as early as 3wks after diagnosis. managing pet hair can all help to prevent Cure is defined as 2 consecutive negative spread in the shelter. Regularly cleaning DTM cultures read daily for 14 days. with disinfectants like bleach, Trifectant®, and Rescue™ can help prevent spread. Treatment: Usually consists of both a daily oral antifungal (itraconazole or terbinafine) Risk assessment: Contagious but mild and topical bath or dip (typically 8oz/gal disease for cats. Significant implications for lime sulfur in the US) twice weekly. During shelter-wide outbreaks and transmission to treatment, lime sulfur inactivates spores on shelter staff and adopted families.

Rabies Virus Does not survive in the environment, only Infectious Disease Profile direct transmission occurs.

Type: DNA virus Shedding: Shedding starts several days before clinical Time until onset: signs become apparent. Infective tissues Variable- signs may not show until 3-12 include saliva, neurological tissue, ocular weeks (range 10 days to 6 months) after tissue, or any bodily fluid. being bitten by infected animal. Bats, skunks, raccoons, and carry wildlife Prevention: rabies in the US; pet animals that have had Recognition of abnormal or neurological contact with these species should be re- behavior and isolation of suspect animals. vaccinated and quarantined. Behavior training to avoid bites. Judicious physical and chemical restraint. Clinical signs: Aggression, hydrophobia, salivation, Risk assessment: paralysis, unusual behavior, lethargy, death. Cats are 3x more likely to test positive than in the US. Always fatal but very rare. Diagnostic tests: Endemic areas exist. Vaccinate all domestic No tests are available for living animals. animals, recommend vaccination livestock IFA histopathology: (~24hrs) Microscopic and for all animal-handling staff. Comply examination of brain tissue is the only with bite quarantines; know quarantine currently validated test. laws if working with health department. Antibody titers: (>2 weeks) for testing Contact your local health department with response in certain circumstances any suspicions or concerns.

Treatment/Management: No treatment is currently known. If bitten by a rabid animal, euthanasia is mandated by health department unless quarantine or proof of vaccination is available. Vaccination and 4-month quarantine for unvaccinated dogs and cats after exposure. Vaccination and 45-day quarantine for vaccinated dogs and cats after exposure. Other regulations exist for ferrets, livestock, and wildlife (including - or -dog hybrids).

Transmission: Bite, scratch, or contact with neurological or ocular tissue.

Sanitation requirements: Canine Distemper Virus (aka Hardpad Disease) Transmission: All bodily secretions, but Infectious Disease Profile most commonly inhalation of airborne virus or direct contact with infected dogs. Dogs, Type: Enveloped RNA virus. ferrets, , skunks, raccoons, , tigers, sea lions, seals, dolphins. Clinical signs: Coughing, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, (kennel cough signs) Sanitation requirements: Routine cleaning anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, twitching, and disinfection. Will not survive in the seizures, death. Puppies most commonly environment >2-3 days. affected. Shedding: Starts appx 1 week after Diagnostic tests: exposure (1 week before clinical signs) to Conjunctival swab (<5min): inclusion bodies up to 6 months post-infection. PCR can help in epithelial cells on dif-quick stained slide detect shedding post-infection. RT-PCR: (2-3days) conjunctival or nasal swabs, send to lab Prevention: MLV vaccination is extremely Titers for Distemper antibodies: (~30min-3 protective. Partial immunity possible in 4- days) blood, bedside kit or send to lab. 6hrs, full immunity in 48-72hrs. Maternal Necropsy: requires histology antibodies may interfere with puppy vaccination- puppies should be placed in Time until onset (incubation period): usually foster homes and vaccinated every 2 weeks 2-4 weeks (range 10 days-6 weeks) from 4 weeks until 4 months old. Dogs with respiratory or GI disease should be isolated Usual course of disease: Generally in this from healthy dogs. Dogs and puppies order (may overlap or skip): should not be co-housed. immunosuppression, then oculonasal discharge and conjunctivitis. Anorexia, Risk assessment: Some communities see vomiting, diarrhea (+/- blood). Wasting, more distemper than others. Highly dehydration, systemic collapse. contagious, highly fatal. Investigate Hypersalivation, chewing type seizures, vaccination, sanitation, biosecurity, grand mal seizures. Hyperkeratosis. Rarely, especially if large numbers of dogs are pustules or -like rash. Up to 50% of coughing. unvaccinated animals die. Some animals may be infected and shedding but show no clinical signs. Some show signs associated with secondary infections. Dogs with neurological disease are more likely to die, may never fully recover and may shed copiously.

Treatment: Supportive care (IV fluids, antibiotics, antinausea meds, B vitamins). No specific treatments available.