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WWF Programme Office Ramboll Natura AB Amar str-4, SBD, khoroo-8 P.O.Box-4205 Ulaanbaatar SE-102 65 Stockholm Mongolia Sweden

Tel:+976-11-311-659 Tel: +46 8 615 60 00 Fax:+976 11 310 237 Fax: +46 8 702 19 14 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.rambollnatura.se Web: www.wwf.mn

SIDA funded project on

Rural Development and WWF MONGOLIA PROGRAMME OFFICE Environmental Education in PROJECT “ RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION” Mongolia

SHORT TERM CONSULTANT REPORT on

VETERINARY SERVICES, ANIMAL BREEDING AND SELECTION

By D.ALTANGERAL, DOCTOR ScD, PROFESSOR

KOVD AND ULAANBAATAR, DECEMBER 2005

Vet-report-Altangerel-eng 1 From www.wwf.mn SHORT TERM CONSULTANT REPORT on VETERINARY SERVICES, ANIMAL BREEDING AND SELECTION

By D.ALTANGERAL, DOCTOR ScD, PROFESSOR

05 December, 2005

As a short term consultant, I have accomplished the activities planned in the directives of countryside trip between 23November, 2005 and 03 December, 2005 within the framework of project on “Education of rural development and natural environment” implemented in the Khar- Us Nuur National Park and its buffer zone in collaboration with Swedish Development Agency and Wild World Foundation Mongolia Programme.

One. Overall goal of the work

To work out recommendation on formation of optimal ratios of herd/flock structure and regulation of pasture capacity by upgrading the livestock breeding breed status and minimizing the total livestock population numbers in Khar-Us Nuur National Park and its buffer zone Two. Methods of the work implementation

As a short term consultant, I have worked in the territories of Buyant, Myangad, Durgon and Myangad soums of province between 23November, 2005 and 03 December, 2005 within the framework of project on “Education of rural development and natural environment” implemented in Khar-Us Nuur National Park and its buffer zone in collaboration with SDA and WWF Program in Mongolia. Mr.Tseveenravdan, director of representatives of WWF in met us on the Airport, and then I traveled together with Mrs.Dashdari, an administrative officer of Khar-Us Nuur National Park and its buffer zone in UAZ-469 jeep in the territories of the soums. In the center of Khovd province I met and talked with head of policy coordination department for Industry, trade, agriculture, nature and environment at provincial governors administration Mr.Tsend-Ayush, head of Food and agricultural department Mr.Tulganyam, head of Veterinary and breeding service Mr.Gurjav, an administrative official Mr. Shurkhuu, rector of MSUA branch in Khovd province Mr.Badrakh, its scientific secretary Dr.Bulgaa, other officials and experts of statistical division of the province, and my work objectives were also represented for them. I worked there to collect the related data and materials for 17 soums and the province necessary for definition of current situation of animal husbandry and livestock breeds statuses at the provincial level. As well as, the policies and trends of local authorities on the animal husbandry were also reviewed. During our countryside trip, I have met 7 nature environmental inspectors in 5 soums, visited to 16 herdsmen families, which are involved in the herdsmen group, saw their records “A” to summarize the materials on current animal husbandry situation and breeds statuses for 5 soums and herdsmen groups. During our visits to herdsmen groups, the number of livestock populations, herd/flock structures, livestock breeds statuses were recorded and discussed, the activities of measuring various body sizes, weighing and controlled milking were accomplished, the issues concerning the limitation of current number of livestock population, ways of reducing the total livestock number by enhancing the animal product yields per animal optimal use of pasture, regulation of

Vet-report-Altangerel-eng 2 From www.wwf.mn pasture capacity, nature conservation by herdsmen themselves and keeping ecological equilibrium without changing the natural virginity were advertised and discussed, and related views were exchanged and oral questionnaire was organized. Herdsmen were keen to ensure further activities of their groups by combining their labors, protect and conserve the nature and their own communities by owning and using definite land areas, and keep less number of livestock by upgrading the breeds of their animals. Therefore the supports on these issues from local authority at first and from our project side at second are tended to be better measure, which are on time and well suited to herdsmen thoughts (attached the list of interviewed herdsmen family members).

Three. Results of the survey

3.1. Number and herd/flock structure, and breed status of livestock populations in Khovd province

1. Number and herd/flock structure of livestock populations (provincial averages) (table 1)

As of the first half of 2005, there were 1,788,472 heads of livestock populations including 628,807 sheep, which accounts for 35.2% of total livestock population, 986,348 goats, which for 55.1%, 83,566 cattle, which for 4.7%, 73,182 horses, which for 4.1%, and 16,569 camels, which for 0.9%, in Khovd province. Greater number of goat number by 20% than sheep reveals the optimal flock structure and traditional ratio between both species are enormously lost. Because goats eat selectively the flowers of vegetation and haves harp hooves, they cause some adverse impacts on natural vegetation structures and compositions, by trampling and cutting plants in lowlands. Major source of herdsmen cash is goat cashmere at present time, and therefore, goat number is increasing due to such reason. Number of cattle populations, which is believed as the most productive animal, accounts for only 4.7% of total livestock population of this province.

2. Percentage of livestock belonging to purebreds and strains (provincial total)

(Table 2)

Only 11% of total livestock population belong to purebreds, descript strains and types. According to the survey, 16.4% of sheep, 9.4% of goats and 2.8% of cattle are now involved in definite breeds. However, tracing with breed status demonstrates that Torguud breed group in Bulgan soum, Sutai strain sheep in Darvi soum, and Altai ulaan breed group goat in Altai soum have been approved. Numbers in other soums belong to crossbred animals and these can be seen as grades. Sheep are upgraded by Torguud, bayad and sometimes by Darkhad and Uzemchin rams, goats are upgraded by Altai ulaan breed group and Uvs Olgii Ulaan strain bucks, and obtained animals are included to the numbers of animals with breeds.

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3.2. Productivity of livestock populations of Khovd province

Besides of number and herd or flock structures of livestock in the province, the productivity of sheep (table 3), goat (table 4) and cattle (table 5) at the current level was surveyed. 3.Current level of sheep productivity (provincial average) (Table 3)

Average autumn live weight of ram, hogget, ewe and female tegg is 65.7, 61.9, 54.9 and 30.3 kg respectively. With live weight, rams in Altai, Bulgan, Darvi, , Mankhan and Erdeneburen soums, and hogget in Bulgan, Altai, Darvi and Erdeneburen were higher by 8-12% as compared with the average of the flocks. Similar levels of live weights of ewes and female teggs reveal the reduction of Torguud breed group sheep number, bred in Bulgan soum, the use of this sheep as improver sires in the few neighboring soums, and reaching sheep weight at similar level as a result. Average wool yields of ram, hogget, ewe and female tegg were 2247 g, 1750 g, 1445 g and 1100 g respectively. As of total average it was 1686 g or greater by approximately 300 g than Mongolian sheep average in association with the use of Sutai strain ram for upgrading.

4. Goat productivity (provincial average) Table 4

Average autumn live weight of buck, cut-buck, doe and female yearling is 55.7, 51, 43.7 and 28.5 kg respectively. It is around the standard level for Mongolian goat. Although goats are selected by cashmere yield for further breeding, it was found that there are no any significant increase of live weights. With major productivity of goat- cashmere, buck, cut-buck, doe and female yearling have 440.6 g, 375 g, 308 g and 205.6 g cashmere respectively. Despite Altai ulaan group goats have fine cashmere, they are able to produce cashmere at the level similar to semi-fine cashmere crossbred goats, bred in Mankhan, Erdeneburen and Khovd soums. These are as follows: Buck, cut-buck, doe and female yearling give 500 g, 450 g, 400 g and 280 g cashmere respectively and these amounts are greater by 60 g or15.0% for bucks, 92 g or 29.8% for doe and 74.4 g or 36% for female yearling as compared with the averages of provinces.

5. Cattle productivity (provincial average)

Table 5

Daily milking yield of cow was 3.3 liter. Live weight of bull, mature steer, mature cow and yearling were 412.2 kg, 347.1 kg, 282 kg and 140.1 kg respectively. It was less by 15-20% as compared with Mongolian cattle and it is an evidence that no measures were taken to upgrade Mongolian cattle and instead they were only inbred for the last 15 years.

3.3. Number of livestock populations, herd or flock structure and breed status in 5 soums belonging to buffer zone.

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Numbers and herd or flock structures of total livestock populations in Buyant, Myangad, Durgon, Chandmani and Mankhan soums, which belong to buffer zone were summarized in table 6.

6. Numbers and structures of herds or flocks of livestock (in 5 soums)

Table 6.

Of total livestock population of the province, 573,626 or 32.0% are kept in this region and 30.3% of sheep, 33.1% of goats, 31.3% of cattle, 32.1% of horses and 40% of camels are localized and bred there. Of these 5 soums, the soums with highest number of livestock populations are Mankhan with 157,477 animals (27.5%), Chandmani with 143,582 animals (19.9%) and Myangad soum with 114,109 animals (19.9%). The province has 17 soums and 5 of them or 29% keep about 32% of total livestock populations, which exceeds the pasture capacity in such comparatively small territory. Although there is no way of condemning the native people living and breeding their livestock on the beautiful places with a lot of springs, rivers and lakes surrounding Khar us nuur lake, the limitation of livestock number increase and the enhancement of the productivity per head of livestock without increase of livestock number are necessary measure for formation of nature ecological equilibrium in the future. When we were meeting the herdsmen, advertising our activities, and talking open minded to explore their thoughts, it was clear that the herdsmen were realizing this issue and keen to participate. With number of sheep populations in these 5 soums, Chandmani, Mankhan and Myangad soums stand at the first 3 ranks, while Mankhan, Chandman and Nyangad soums with goat numbers, Myangad, Buyant and Chandmani soums with cattle number, Myangad, Buyant and Chandmani soums with horse numbers and Dorgen, mankhan and Chandmani soums with camel numbers. Majority of goats are kept in the territories lasting from Uush end to Yamaat ulaan and then toDurgen nuur lake and Tsagaan khairkhan mountains. Cattle and horses are numerous in such places as Sharguu and Tsagaannbulan. With herd or flock structures in the soums (table 1), 56.5% of all livestock populations of Buyant are both sheep and goats, 51.8% goat and 35.9% sheep in Myangad soum, 73.2% goat and 16.0% sheep in Durgen, and 59.9% goats and 33.8% sheep in Mankhan soum. Ratio between sheep and goats was 2:1 before, however this ratio is vice versa at present time.

7.The percentage of purebred and strain livestock (5 soums)

table 7

Number of al purebreds and crossbreds in the province was 198,157 (table 2) and of them 29,527 or 22.6%, including 32.4% of sheep, 13.2% of goats and 17.5% of cattle are kept in these 5 soums. Majority of purebred and crossbred sheep in these soums were Bayad sheep, whereas goat were crossbreds of Uvs Ulgii Ulaan goat. Goats in Mankhan soum is still keeping the crossbred traits of former period Govi gurvan saikhan and Uulyn bor breeds. No cross breeding was for Mongolian cattle populations in the last years.

Vet-report-Altangerel-eng 5 From www.wwf.mn

Sheep in these soums have rapid growth, hardy and white coat colors. Goats are mostly red or reddish, have 280-350 g cashmere yield, and 380 g average cashmere yield in some cases. Especially we have detected goat with 350-360 g cashmere yield and very fine fiber with 12-14 µ, and with even red coat color.

3.4. Productivity of livestock populations in5 soums of surrounding regions

Besides of number structures of livestock populations, the determination of productivity levels in sheep, goats and cattle was essentially important for breeding and selection in the future.

7. Sheep productivity (in 5 soums)

Table 8

All 5 soums average live weight of ram, hogget, ewe and female tegg is 62.7, 58.9, 55.2 and 30.6 kg respectively, and it is less by 3 kg or 4.6-4.8% for ram and hogget than provincial average, and similar to the average for ewe and female yearling. Wool yield of sheep was less by 70-138 g than provincial average. These 5 soums, attracting our attentions were greater with livestock number and less with breed status, as well as lower with sheep productivity than provincial level.

9.Goat productivity (5 soums)

Cashmere yields of buck, cut-buck, doe and female yearling for 5 soums averaged 428 g, 375 g, 299 g and 197 g respectively or it is less by 4-12.6 g or 1.0-2.8% than provincial average. Goat live weight was less by 1.5-2.3 kg or 2.7-4.5% than provincial averages.

10.Cattle productivity ( 5 soums)

Daily milking yield of cow in 5 soums was 3.2 liter in average. Live weight of bull, mature steer, mature cow and yearling were 380 kg, 337 kg, 255 kg and 128.8 kg respectively in average for 5 soums. It was less by 10.1-32.2 kg as compared with Mongolian cattle, but live weight of yearling was greater by 11.3 kg . Live weights of cattle for Mankhan soum were highest among other soums.

3.5. Number and structures of livestock populations of herdsmen groups

Three herdsmen groups named “Jargalant orgil”, “baigali eej” and “Bayanbadrakh” were founded in Buyant, Myangad and Chandmani soums, have potential organizational structures developing business plans and their activities are now only beginning. Nowadays 54 families have affiliated and going to affiliated to the herdsmen groups, and number of members will reach 310. It can reliably be said that the interests of collaborations are raised, they are hopeful for any effectiveness and basically they are very enthusiastic for the future. We have visited 16 families, which are seen to represent these 54 families and be influential as said by the local people. As a result of our survey it was revealed that the average number of livestock per family and member is 140 and 24 heads of livestock respectively (table 11).

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Of totally 7524 heads of livestock of 54 families, 159 or 2,1% are camels, 627 or 8.3% are horses, 819 or 10.9% cattle, 2014 or 26.4% sheep and 3905 or 51.9% goats. Main financial sources of herdsmen groups are goat cashmere, cattle milk, and meat, skin or hides of few livestock slaughtered during winter, which are sold. Some families deal with human transportation by their own private vehicles to Khovd province center, and sometimes they also carry animal dung as fuel to the center for selling. With their livestock, there were no any livestock belonging to any breeds, strains or types in other words they were all non-descripts. Mongolian cattle are relatively smaller in body sizes there. Sheep and goats are similar to other families or all Mongolian animals. During our interviews, it was clear that every herdsman family is interested in breeding less number of livestock with higher productivity.

3.6. Productivity of livestock populations bred by herdsmen groups

Livestock productivity was also surveyed for each herdsmen families similarly to the province, and soums levels (table 12).

With mat productivity, ram, hogget, ewe and yearling weighs 60.0 kg, 58.2 kg, 51.7 kg and 30.9 kg respectively in average or they are around the average of soums of the buffer zone. Wool yield of ram, hogget, ewe and yearling was 2350 g, 1496 g, 1190 g and 1040 g respectively (table 13). With goat productivity, cashmere yields of buck, cut-buck, doe and yearling were 430.7 g, 378.3 g, 320 g and 213 g respectively or they are greater by approximately 4% than the average of soums. Live weight of of buck, cut-buck, doe and yearling was 56.8 kg, 51.3 kg, 42.4 kg and 30.2 kg respectively (Table 14).

Cattle productivity

We have visited the families, which were weaned their calves and milked the cows, and had measure3d daily milk yield, which was 480 –500 g milk per milking as an average of 10 cows. So, according to our survey on herdsmen groups, it is clear that sole policy is necessary for enhancing livestock productivity because herdsmen groups are the part of the soums. Therefore it is advised that relying herdsmen groups one nucleus herd or flock from each of sheep, goat and cattle populations, followed by growing the superior sires, and upgrading the livestock populations of herdsmen group families at first, and then all livestock in 5 soums of the zone within a newly initiated breeding and selection program.

Four. Actual problems in animal breeding and selection

4.1. At provincial level

4.1.1 It is necessary to implement taxation and business policies tended to improve and multiply sheep and cattle populations , limit the growth of goat populations by the local authorities 4.1.2. A law on limitation of goat multiplication can be proposed through the parliament member, elected from the area,

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4.1.3. As a support center of the zone, Khovd province should develop and implement the program for developing animal husbandry in not only own province, but also in other western 5 provinces., and upgrading livestock by improving the breed statuses.

4.2. Natural protection and buffer zones of Khar Us Nuur lake

4.2.1. To support any initiatives for nature conservation by disseminating various advertisements, organizing training activities and supporting the activities of herdsmen in order to avoid changing the virginity of national park within the framework of state, governmental and local authorities 4.2.2. To organize the possession, using and fencing of pasturelands in buffer zone

4.3. Competent supervision and personnel 4.3.1. To supply nature inspectors with self defense means, vehicles and communication tools 4.3.2. To ensure the participation of herdsmen family members in special training course and tours, and provide with possibilities of seeing the experiences and exchanging their views with others working in the same field 4.3.3. To provide legislative environments, which ensures the herdsmen will be nature protectors themselves

4.4. Livestock quality

4.4.1. To provide herdsmen with professional recommendations, well suited for the interests of herdsmen and transfer the technologies for improvement of productivity 4.4.2. To establish nucleus herds or flocks of superior quality sheep, goat and cattle in the zone

Five. Recommendations

5.1. Activities to be accomplished by the state, government and local authorities

5.1.1. To organize primary stage distant training on nature conservation and ecology for herdsmen, living in the areas of buffer zone 5.1.2. To ensure the possession and use of winter and spring camping sites by the herdsmen 5.1.3. To provide with taxation, remuneration and business support on improvement of breed status and decrease the number of livestock populations

5.2. Activities to be accomplished by the project for rural development and nature and environmental education

5.2.1. To work out and implement the plan for upgrading the livestock populations of herdsmen groups at first having established the long and short term agreemenst for collaboration with competent personnel and scientists from MSUA and its branch in Khovd province 5.2.2 To print and disseminate the posters and flyers for advertisement of the project activities to be accomplished among the herdsmen

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5.2.3. To print, deliver and advertise illustrated color atlas of highly productive livestock bred in western region and Mongolia, and organize the measures tended to promote the public for growing and breeding these animals 5.2.4. To establish one nucleus herd or flock for each types of livestock such as sheep, goat and cattle relying on herdsmen groups from the project since 2006, and organize the activities tended to upgrade livestock of herdsmen groups at first, then other soums in buffer zone and then whole province. These are as follows:

1. To form nucleus flock of sheep relying on one of the following herders: Dulam with 2500 sheep in Tsagaan gol, and Baatar and Dondiv each has 500-600 sheep in Ulaan davaa in Bayankhairkahn bag of Chandmani soum 2. To form nucleus flock of goats relying on Purevjamts with 500 goats in Buduun area, and Namkhai-Ochir in Sair area of Talyn bulag bag of Chandmani soum 3. To form nucleus herd of cattle relying on one of Lkhagvasuren with 70 cattle in Tsagaan suvraga of Myangad soum, and Dashdavaa with 90 cattle, including more than 40 cows in Tsagaan bulan of Chandmani soum 4. In these cases, the goats will be upgraded by Altai Ulaan breed group, the sheep with Torguud, Uzemchin and Bayad breeds, as well as Dorset-Suffolk (AI), and cattle with Khalimag, eastern red breed, Alatau and Selenge breeds bulls or semen.

Report was written, and recommendation was worked out by:

Dondivyn Altangerel, ScD in agricultural sciences, Professor

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ANNEX 1. Number of animals and structure of Khovd aimag

Than all animals All animals sheep goat cattle Horse camel Name of suoms quntit quntity % quntity % quntity % % quntity % quntity % y 1. Altai 115173 6.4 42206 36.6 63393 55.0 3899 3.4 4609 4.0 1066 1 2. Bulgan 182916 10.2 42294 23.1 115441 63.1 12686 6.9 9869 5.4 2626 1.4 3. Buyant 85411 4.7 24921 29.2 48282 56.5 6784 7.9 5212 6.1 212 0.2 4. Darbi 90343 5.0 41272 45.6 44048 48.7 1524 1.7 2854 3.2 645 0.8 5. Durgun 73047 4.0 11719 16.0 53460 73.2 2265 3.1 3474 4.8 2129 2.9 6. 72288 4.0 27485 38.0 38492 53.2 4046 5.6 2128 2.9 137 0.2 7. Zereg 87869 4.9 30612 34.8 48584 55.3 3761 4.3 3675 4.2 1237 1.4 8. Ìankhan 157477 8.8 53173 33.8 94353 59.9 3693 2.3 4271 2.7 1987 1.3 9. Ìyangad 114109 6.3 40978 35.9 59085 51.8 7654 6.7 5770 5.1 622 0.5 10. Must 104930 5.8 47698 45.5 46182 44.0 6722 6.4 3763 3.6 565 0.5 11. Ìunkhairhan 71550 4.0 32819 45.9 31935 44.6 4546 6.4 2002 2.8 248 0.3 12. Uench 106972 5.9 39406 36.8 56374 52.7 5378 5.0 4556 4.3 1258 1.2 13. Khobd 119065 6.6 31230 26.2 78673 66.1 4279 3.6 4300 3.6 583 0.5 14. Tsetseg 94634 5.2 38437 40.6 47841 50.6 3781 4.0 3915 4.1 660 0.7 15. Chandmani 143582 8.0 59843 41.7 71491 49.8 5838 4.1 4787 3.3 1623 1.1 16. Erdeneburen 121060 6.7 50736 41.9 59863 49.4 3291 2.7 6263 5.2 907 0.7 17. Jargalant 48046 2.6 13978 29.1 28851 60.0 3419 7.1 1734 3.6 64 0.1 Total 1788472 100 628807 35.2 986348 55.1 83566 4.7 73182 4.1 16569 0.9

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2. PERCENTAGES OF PUREBRED AND STRAIN LIVESTOCK

Than all animals All animals Name of sums sheep goat cattle quantity % quantity % quantity % quantity % 1. Altai 61376 53.3 2104 4.9 59272 93.4 2. Bulgan 29881 10.3 25984 61.4 3485 3.0 412 3.2 3. Buyant 1506 2.7 967 3.8 539 7.9 4. Darbi 21467 23.7 20819 50.4 648 1.4 5. Durgun 346 0.4 346 0.6 6. Duut 994 1.4 282 1.0 712 1.8 7. Zereg 5258 6 4738 9.7 520 14.0 8. Ìankhan 9693 6.1 5 0 9569 10.1 119 1.5 9. Ìyangad 4280 3.7 3212 7.8 520 0.8 548 8.1 10. Must 1415 1.3 1150 2.4 265 0.5 11. Ìunkhairhan 568 0.8 568 1.7 12. Uench 17751 16.6 16873 42.8 830 1.5 48 0.9 13. Khobd 8368 7.0 3130 10.0 5232 6.6 4 0 14. Tsetseg 9188 9.7 9188 23.9 15. Chandmani 13702 9.5 12496 20.8 1206 1.7 16. Erdeneburen 11416 9.4 6800 13.4 4616 7.7 17. Jargalant 950 1.9 340 2.4 410 1.4 200 5.8 total 198157 11.0 103350 16.4 92417 9.4 2390 2.8

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3. SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY

Ram Hogget Ewe Female yearling Name of sums Live weight, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Wool yield, kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 1. Altai 70.9 2400 63.0 1900 55.2 1500 30.5 1100 2. Bulgan 69.9 3000 64.3 1950 58.8 1580 31.5 1150 3. Buyant 59.5 2300 57.5 1500 56.0 1200 31.0 1000 4. Darbi 78.0 2700 66.0 1800 58.0 1700 31.5 1300 5. Durgun 62.0 2400 60.0 1600 52.0 1130 29.0 950 6. Duut 68.0 2600 61.0 1750 53.0 1300 30.0 1000 7. Zereg 70.0 2500 63.0 1700 60.0 1800 32.0 1400 8. Ìankhan 70.0 2100 62.0 1450 56.0 1390 31.0 1050 9. Ìyangad 61.0 2500 58.0 1750 56.0 1450 31.0 1100 10. Must 62.5 2600 56.7 1700 51.0 1405 28.0 1100 11. Ìunkhairhan 65.0 2600 59.5 1800 55.0 1410 30.5 1100 12. Uench 60.0 2200 56.5 1650 53.0 1550 31.0 1150 13. Khobd 66.0 2510 61.0 1700 56.0 1470 31.5 1050 14. Tsetseg 60.0 2100 56.0 1800 50.5 1575 27.0 1200 15. Chandmani 61.0 2400 57.0 1950 56.0 1365 31.0 1050 16. Erdeneburen 70.0 2500 63.0 1900 56.0 1395 31.0 1050 17. Jargalant 63.0 2200 57.5 1600 51.5 1350 29.0 1000 Total 65.7 2447 61.9 1750 54.9 1445 30.3 1100

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4. GOAT PRODUCTIVITY

Buck Cut-buck Doe Female yearling Name of sums n Cashmere Live Cashmere Live Cashmere Live Cashmere Live yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg 1. Altai 500 60.7 450 53.0 400 45.4 280 32.0 2. Bulgan 425 56.0 370 52.0 310 46.8 210 32.5 3. Buyant 400 51.0 345 48.0 290 41.5 190 29.0 4. Darbi 505 68.0 420 59.0 285 49.0 190 30.0 5. Durgun 400 51.0 350 46.0 270 41.8 180 28.0 6. Duut 410 57.0 360 52.0 300 43.0 210 29.5 7. Zereg 450 60.0 380 53.0 310 45.0 210 31.0 8. Ìankhan 510 61.0 430 52.5 302 42.5 200 29.5 9. Ìyangad 420 54.5 370 49.0 325 43.0 215 30.0 10. Must 410 55.0 360 48.5 290 42.5 190 29.0 11. Ìunkhairhan 415 50.0 365 46.0 295 42.0 190 28.5 12. Uench 410 51.5 360 47.0 280 42.5 180 29.0 13. Khobd 500 56.0 430 52.0 362 43.0 250 30.0 14. Tsetseg 405 54.0 350 49.0 290 41.0 195 28.0 15. Chandmani 410 53.5 360 48.0 310 41.5 200 28.5 16. Erdeneburen 500 55.5 410 47.5 320 46.5 210 31.0 17. Jargalant 420 53.0 370 50.0 300 47.0 195 33.0 Total 440.6 55.7 375 51.0 308 43.7 205.6 28.5

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5. CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY

Live weight, kg Name of sums Daily milk yield, kg bull steer cow yearling 1. Altai 3.1 395 337 280.3 130 2. Bulgan 3.8 390 330 248.0 124 3. Buyant 3.4 395 340 227 114 4. Darbi 3.1 510 382 254 127 5. Durgun 2.8 385 330 234 120 6. Duut 3.1 486 387 288 143 7. Zereg 3.6 500 460 400 195 8. Ìankhan 3.3 400 360 300 150 9. Ìyangad 3.4 375 335 270 135 10. Must 3.3 355 320 248 124 11. Ìunkhairhan 3.2 330 313 281 140 12. Uench 3.4 422 358 310 154 13. Khobd 3.3 430 382 335 160 14. Tsetseg 3.3 380 340 293 145 15. Chandmani 3.4 345 320 244 125 16. Erdeneburen 3.4 490 376 263 130 17. Jargalant 3.5 420 360 320 162 Total 3.3 412.2 347.1 282.0 140.1

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6. Number of animals and structure of Bufferzone soums of KUNNP

Than all animals All animals Name of sums sheep goat cattle horse camel quantity % quantity % quantity % quantity % quantity % quantity % Buyant 85411 14.9 24921 13.1 48282 14.8 6784 25.8 5212 22.2 212 3.2 Ìyangad 114109 19.9 40978 21.5 59085 18.1 7654 29.2 5770 24.5 622 9.4 Durgun 73047 12.7 11719 6.1 53460 16.4 2265 8.7 3474 14.8 2192 33.0 Chandmani 143582 25.0 59843 31.4 71491 21.8 5838 22.2 4787 20.3 1623 24.5 Ìànkhan 157477 27.5 53173 27.9 94353 28.9 3693 14.1 4271 18.2 1987 29.9 Average 5 573626 100 190634 100 326671 100 26234 100 23514 100 6636 100 sums Average of 1788472 32.0 628807 30.3 986348 33.1 83566 31.3 73182 32.1 16569 40.0 aimag

7. Percentages of purebred and strains in 5 soums

Than all animals Aqll animals Name of sums sheep goat cattle quantity % quantity % quantity % quantity % Buyant 1506 2.7 967 3.8 539 7.9 Ìyangad 4280 3.7 3212 7.8 520 0.8 548 8.1 Durgun 346 0.6 346 0.6 Chandmani 13702 9.5 12496 20.8 1206 1.7 Ìànkhan 9693 6.1 5 32.4 9569 10.1 119 1.5 Average 5 29527 22.6 16680 11641 13.2 1206 17.5 sums

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8.SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY IN 5 SOUMS

Ram Hogget Ewe Female yearling Name of soums Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg Buyant 59.5 2300 57.5 1500 56 1200 31 1000 Ìyangad 61 2500 58 1750 56 1450 31 1100 Durgun 62.0 2400 60 1600 52 1130 29 950 Chandmani 61 2400 57 1950 56 1365 31 1050 Ìànkhan 70 2100 62 1450 56 1390 31 1050 Average of 5 soums 62.7 2340 58.9 1650 55.2 1307 30.6 1030 Average of aimag 65.7 2447 61.9 1750 54.9 1445 30.3 1100 n -3.0 -107 -3.0 -100 +0.3 -138 +0.3 -70 Difference % 4.6 4.4 4.8 5.7 0.5 9.5 0.9 6.4

9. GOAT PRODUCTIVITY IN 5 SOUMS

Buck Cut-buck Doe Female yearling Live Name of sums n Cashmere Cashmere Live Cashmere Live Cashmere Live weight, yield, g yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg kg Buyant 400 51 345 48 290 41.5 190 29 Ìyangad 420 54.5 370 49 325 43 215 30 Durgun 400 51 350 46 270 41.8 180 28 Chandmani 410 53.5 360 48 300 41.5 200 28.5 Ìànkhan 510 61 430 52.5 302 42.5 200 29.5 Average of 5 428 54.2 371 48.7 299.4 42.0 197 29.0 soums

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Average of aimag 440.6 55.7 375 51 308 43.7 205.6 28.5 ã=100 -12.6 -1.5 -4.0 -2.3 -8.6 -1.7 -8.6 +0.5 Difference % 2.8 2.7 1.0 4.5 2.8 3.9 4.2 1.7

10. CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY IN 5 SOUMS

DAILY MILK LIVE WEIGHT, KG Name of sums YIELD, KG BULL STEER COW YEARLING Buyant 3.4 395 340 227 114 Ìyangad 3.4 375 335 270 135 Durgun 2.8 385 330 234 120 Chandmani 3.4 345 320 244 125 Ìànkhan 3.3 400 360 300 1500 Average of 5 soums 3.2 380 337 255 128.8 Average of aimag 3.3 412.2 347.1 282.0 140.1 N -0.1 -32.2 -10.1 -27.0 11.3 Difference % 3.0 7.8 2.9 9.6 8.0

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11. NUMBER OF ANIMALS AND STRUCTURE OF HERDERS COMMUNITY

Animal number COMMU-NITY Number of ¹ NAME members All camels horses cattle sheep goats animals

Jargalant orgil with 34 1 147 3840 57 1.5 366 9.5 323 8.4 998 26.0 2096 54.6 families

“Baigali eej” with 14 2 87 1975 66 3.3 151 7.6 274 13.9 670 34.0 814 41.2 families

“Bayanbadrakh” with 3 76 1709 36 2.1 110 6.5 222 13.0 346 20.2 995 58.2 16 families

total 310 7524 159 2.1 627 8.3 819 10.9 2014 26.8 3905 51.9

12. SHEEP PRODUCTIVITY FOR HERDSMEN COMMUNITY

Ram Hogget Ewe Female yearling Name of herders Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, Live weight, Wool yield, communoity kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg Jargalant orgil 58.0 2200 56.5 1490 53.0 1150 30.0 1000 Baigali eej 60.0 2400 58.0 1500 50.0 1250 32.5 1050 Bayanbadrakhy 62.0 2450 60 1500 52.0 1170 30.3 1070 Average 60.0 2350 58.2 1496.7 51.7 1190 30.9 1040

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13. GOAT PRODUCTIVITY IN HERDETRS COMMUNITY

Buck Cut-buck Doe Female yearling Name of herders n Cashmere Live Cashmere Live Cashmere Live Cashmere Live communoity yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg yield, g weight, kg Jargalant orgil 430.0 54.3 380.0 53 315.0 40.0 215 30 Baigali eej 422.0 56.0 385.0 49.9 325 44 220 31.5 Bayanbadrakhy 440 60.0 370 51.0 320 43.3 205 29 Average 430.7 56.8 378.3 51.3 320.0 42.4 213.3 30.2

14. CATTLE PRODUCTIVITY IN HERDERS COMMUNITY

Name of herders Live weight, kg Daily milk yield, kg communoity bull steer cow yearling Jargalant orgil 3.2 400 425 290 122 Baigali eej 3.2 377 405 278 120 Bayanbadrakhy 3.3 385 430 292 127 Average 3.2 387.3 420 286.7 123

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