A Non-Profit Organization

November-DecemberJanuary 20152016 • VoVolumelume 36:137:6

Quality Management in Page 12

Bring in a New Member and Save a Year’s Dues! Page 22

ISSN 1054-4305 Cryonics in : Some Historical Highlights $9.95 Page 24 Improve Your Odds of a Good You have your cryonics funding and contracts in place but have you considered other steps you can take to prevent problems down the road? ü Keep Alcor up-to-date about personal and medical changes. ü Update your Alcor paperwork to reflect your current wishes. ü Execute a cryonics-friendly Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. ü Wear your bracelet and talk to your friends and family about your desire to be cryopreserved. ü Ask your relatives to sign Affidavits stating that they will not interfere with your cryopreservation. ü Attend local cryonics meetings or start a local group yourself. ü Contribute to Alcor’s operations and research.

Contact Alcor (1-877-462-5267) and let us know how we can assist you. Visit the ALCOR FORUMS www.alcor.org/forums/ Discuss Alcor and cryonics topics with other members and Alcor officials. • The Alcor Foundation • Financial • Cell Repair Technologies • Rejuvenation • • Stabilization • Events and Meetings Other features include pseudonyms (pending verification of membership status) and a private forum. Visit the ALCOR BLOG www.alcor.org/blog/ Your source for news about: • Cryonics technology • Speaking events and meetings • Cryopreservation cases • Employment opportunities • Television programs about cryonics Alcor is on Facebook Connect with Alcor members and supporters on our official Facebook page: www.facebook.com/alcor.life.extension.foundation Become a fan and encourage interested friends, family members, and colleagues to support us too. COVER STORY: PAGE 12 A Non-Profit Organization Quality Management in Cryonics Alcor Quality Control Specialist Christine Gaspar, R.N. contributes her November-December 2016 • Volume 37:6 first article on the topic of cryonics and quality control. At Alcor we aim to bring our procedures as close to reversible Quality Management cryopreservation as possible. What are the goals of our procedures? What are in Cryonics our current challenges? What can be Page 10 done to make improvements? And how we ensure good data collection and compliance?

Bring in a New Member and Save a Year’s Dues! Page 20

ISSN 1054-4305 Cryonics in Europe: Some Historical Highlights $9.95 Page 22 On the cover: Suite Expansion 105 Dewar Layout Rendering

22 Bring in a New Member and Save a Year’s Dues! For many members, making cryonics arrangements was not an easy decision and involved a lot of research and conversation. Talk to your friends and family about cryonics. If you bring in a new cryopreservation member you can save a year of dues by helping Alcor grow faster.

24 FOR THE RECORD Cryonics in Europe: Some Historical Highlights We take a look at cryonics in Europe, starting in the 1960s and extending to more recent events such as the formation of KrioRus, the first European cryonics organization. Over such a long period we can only cover some highlights but will aim for more interesting items, with emphasis on earlier times.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 3 Editorial Board CONTENTS Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D. R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. 5 Quod incepimus conficiemus Editor Cryonics and Natural Selection Aschwin de Wolf Evolution selects for reproductive fitness and not necessarily for

Contributing Writers strength, intelligence, or even longevity. What does this mean for Stephen Bridge cryonics? At this time, people who make cryonics arrangements Aschwin de Wolf have a higher chance of survival but as our numbers are small Christine Gaspar, R.N. Robin Hanson, Ph.D. and our offspring limited, what does this mean for the evolution Martin Borch Jensen of mankind? , Ph.D. R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. 8 CEO Update

Copyright 2016 Alcor CEO Max More presents some rather encouraging by Alcor Foundation membership numbers. For the first time in our history, Alcor has All rights reserved. reached 1100 cryopreservation members! More members means Reproduction, in whole or part, without Alcor will need more for patients, and plans are currently permission is prohibited. being drawn to expand into other parts of our Phoenix building. Cryonics magazine is published bi-monthly. Another positive development is the growth of the Patient Care Trust Fund, which recently exceeded $10,000,000 in investments. To subscribe to the printed edition and/or change your address, please call 480.905.1906 x101or visit the magazine 10 Why You Want to Read Alcor’s New Book website: Alcor’s new book, Preserving Minds, Saving Lives, is the most www.alcor.org/magazine ambitious collection of articles about cryonics and Alcor ever Please note: If you change your address less than published. Read here why you want to read this, donate, and give a month before the magazine is mailed, it may a copy to friends and relatives. be sent to your old address. 17 Aging as a Problem Address correspondence to: Cryonics Magazine In this article, Martin Borch Jensen tries to outline the concept, 7895 East Acoma Drive, Suite 110 value, and current status of addressing human aging as a fixable Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 biomedical problem and also answers a number of common Phone: 480.905.1906 Toll free: 877.462.5267 objections to solving human aging. Fax: 480.922.9027 42 Membership Statistics Letters to the Editor welcome: How many members, associate members, and patients does [email protected] Alcor have and where do they live? Advertising inquiries: 480.905.1906 x113 43 Resuscitation Update [email protected] Mike Perry surveys the news and research to report on new ISSN: 1054-4305 developments that bring us closer to the resuscitation of cryonics Visit us on the web at www.alcor.org patients.

Alcor News Blog http://www.alcor.org/blog/

4 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Quod incepimus conficiemus

Photo: Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation at 2340 E. Washington St., Phoenix, AZ. Dr. Bedford’s “home” about 1970.

Cryonics and Natural Selection By Aschwin de Wolf

…it is not the strongest that survives; but the survivors) whose (genetic) traits will become sometimes independently arriving at the same species that survives is the one that is able best more common in a population but the ones conclusions (think of and Evan “to adapt and adjust to the changing environment whose fitness leads to greater reproductive Cooper). As cryonics received more mainstream in which it finds itself” so reads a quote that, in success. It can hardly be denied that cryonicists exposure, however, we see different reasons modified form, often has been mistakenly are extraordinarily capable of adapting to why people endorsed cryonics. A partner had attributed to Charles Darwin but was in fact change (or ready to adapt to future change) cryonics arrangements and the other person a description of Darwin’s views penned by but it has also been quite firmly observed was persuaded to do so, too. Subcultures like a Professor of Management and Marketing that cryonicists (or life extensionists in strongly favored it. A strong named Leon C. Megginson in 1963. But surely, general) are lagging the general population in fear of death prompted a person to do anything one reason for the popularity of this quote is terms of reproduction, either because of the not to die, regardless of a doubtful assessment that it captures the modern view of evolution higher number of single persons or because of cryonics. In more recent times, even career quite well. In this column I would like to briefly of the lower interest in having children. It is considerations could have been a factor since reflect on what cryonics means in the context sometimes observed that whereas most people more “market-based” salaries were available in of evolution and natural selection. seek “” by ensuring their genes will the field. So it appears that the personality type Any cryonicist that has not kept his support survive in future generations, cryonicists see that chooses cryonics is getting more diverse. Still of cryonics completely to himself must have immortality by seeking to survive themselves. In it makes sense to ask about the demographics found himself in a situation where even the addition, even allowing for a growing interest of cryonics so long as the cryonics population most reasonable arguments seemed to leave in cryonics, the number of people making is substantially different from the mainstream. someone else completely indifferent, or even cryonics arrangements is simply too small Where does all this leave us concerning hostile. Even in the case of family members or to have a meaningful effect on the genetic cryonics and natural selection? Natural friends there comes a point where one cannot and mental traits of future generations. At selection is basically about reproductive success help thinking, “well, if you would rather die best, cryonicists may find themselves being despite death. So it does not seem correct to than think, fine, I am not going to stop you.” It perceived as independent, courageous, characterize the small group of cryonicists that appears, then, that people who make cryonics individuals that were simply more capable of will survive (where others do not) as an example arrangements are part of an extremely anticipating the future of science and medicine. of Darwinian evolution in action. It may be small group of people that will escape the It is tempting, indeed, to think of cryonicists tempting to use Darwinian terminology to common fate of all humans (i.e. death), as a as a homogeneous group of people who are characterize our situation but on closer scrutiny consequence of being extremely open-minded extraordinarily analytic and adaptable but a there are problems with this. What might be said, and adaptable. But is this the “survival” that closer inspection of the motives of people though, is that (successful) cryonicists will be in the theory of natural selection speaks of? who make cryonics arrangements suggests the extraordinary situation to live for such a long The modern theory of natural selection something different. If we look at the early time that they can see human evolution further is essentially about reproduction. It is not days we see a disproportionate number of unfold and even be in a position to consciously necessarily the longest-lived individuals (the cryonicists who were extraordinary visionaries, direct it through human enhancement. 

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 5 LETTER TO THE EDITOR

To the editor:

Thank you for publishing Ralph Merkle’s fascinating proposal for a “Decentralized Autonomous Organism (DAO) Democracy” (Cryonics Magazine July-August, 2016). I wonder if Dr. Merkle can suggest a suitable online forum in which to discuss further some of the many questions it raises. I too have proposed a DAO, with a complementary purpose, called Overlaid Personal Semantic Networks. It can be thought of as a “graph of all ideas”, which can support decentralized discussion and collaboration. It’s written up in “a Social Network for Ideas” at http://oresmus.github.io . It attracted high-quality discussion when crossposted to Google+ (which pointed me to several related proposals), so I can recommend that as a possible forum.

Bruce Smith

Merkle’s Futarchy By Robin Hanson, Ph.D. · July 6, 2016 3:00 pm · www.overcomingbias.com

y futarchy paper, Shall We Vote on Values But Bet on Beliefs?, has just passed. .. Summed over all citizens and made public in 2000 but officially “published” in 2013, divided by the number of citizens, this gives Mhas gotten more attention lately as some folks talk about us an annual numerical metric between 0 and using it to govern blockchain organizations. In particular, Ralph 1 inclusive. .. An appropriately weighted sum Merkle (co-inventor of public key cryptography) has a recent of annual collective welfares, also extending paper on using futarchy within “Decentralized Autonomous indefinitely into the future, would then give Organizations.” us a “democratic collective welfare” metric. .. I tried to design my proposal carefully to avoid many potential adopting a discount rate seems like at least a problems. But Merkle seems to have thrown many of my cautions plausible heuristic. .. To treat their death: .. ask to the wind. So let me explain my concerns with his variations. the person who died .. ask before they die. .. First, I had conservatively left existing institutions intact for [this] eliminates the need to evaluate issues Vote on Values; we’d elect representatives to oversee the definition and candidates. The individual citizen is called and measurement of a value metric. Merkle instead has each upon only to determine whether the year has citizen each year report a number in [0,1] saying how well their life been good or bad for themselves. .. We’ve has gone that year: solved .. the need to wade through deceptive Annually, all citizens are asked to rank the misinformation. year just passed between 0 and 1 (inclusive). .. Yes, it could be easy to decide how your last year has gone, even it is intended to provide information about one if it is harder to put that on a scale from worst to best possible. But person’s state of satisfaction with the year that reporting that number is not your best move here! Your optimal

6 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org strategy here is almost surely “bang-bang”, i.e., reporting either 0 approach would be to appoint, as President, or 1. And you’ll probably want to usually give the same consistent that person the prediction market said had the answer year after year. So this is basically a vote, except on “was highest positive impact on the collective welfare this last year a good or a bad year?”, which in practice becomes if appointed as President. .. Similar methods a vote on “has my life been good or bad over the last decades.” could be adopted to appoint the members of Each voter must pick a threshold where they switch their vote the Supreme Court. from good to bad, a big binary choice that seems ripe for strong Finally, I said explicitly that when the value formula changes emotional distortions. That might work, but it is pretty far from then all the previous definitions must continue to be calculated to what voters have done before, so a lot of voter learning is needed. pay off past bets. It isn’t clear to me that Merkle adopts this, or if he allows the bet process to change value definitions, which also seems to me to risk self-supporting changes: “I,too, have proposed a DAO, with We leave the policy with respect to new a complementary purpose, called members, and to births, to our prediction market. .. difficult to see how we could justify Overlaid Personal Semantic Networks.” refusing to adopt a policy that accepts some person, or a new born child, as a member, if the prediction market says the collective welfare of I’m much more comfortable with futarchy that uses value existing members will be improved by adopting metrics tied to the reason an organization exists. Such as using the such a policy. .. Of greater concern are changes market price of investment to manage an investment, attendance to the Democratic Collective Welfare metric. to manage a conference, or people helped (& how much) to Yet even here, if the conclusion reached by the manage a charity. prediction market is that some modification If there are too many bills on the table at any one time for of the metric will better maximize the original speculators to consider, many bad ones can slip through and have metric, then it is difficult to make a case that effects before bills to reverse them can be proposed and adopted. such a change should be banned. So I suggested starting with a high bar for bills, but allowing new I’m happy to see the new interest in futarchy, but I’m also bills to lower the bar. Merkle instead starts with a very low bar that worried that sloppy design may cause failures that are blamed could be raised, and I worry about all the crazy bills that might pass on the overall concept instead of on implementation details. As before the bar rises: recently happened to the DAO concept.  Initially, anyone can propose a bill. It can be submitted at any time. .. At any time, anyone can propose a new method of adopting a bill. It is evaluated and put into effect using the existing methods. .. Suppose we decided that it would improve the stability of the system if all bills had a mandatory minimum consideration period of three months before they could be adopted. Then we would pass a bill modifying the DAO to include this provision. I worried that the basic betting process could bias the basic rules, so I set basic voting and process rules off limits from bet changes, and set an independent judiciary to judge if rules are followed. Merkle instead allows this basic bet process to change all the rules, and all the judges, which seems to me to risk self- supporting rule changes: How the survey is conducted, and what instructions are provided, and the surrounding publicity and environment, will all have a great impact on the answer. .. The integrity of the annual polls would be protected only if, as a consequence, it threatened the lives or the well-being of the citizens. .. The simplest

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 7 CEO Update By Max More

s Alcor grows, it must expand its membership growth has once again pulled The core of the project is to expand footprint, both physically and in ahead of growth in the patient population.) the Patient Care Bay into unit 105. Steve Aterms of personnel. If you read Although 1,100 members is a pleasant Graber produced some initial renderings of my updates regularly, you will know that – enough round number, here’s an even better the layout as well as for an upgrade to the at least recently – I like to provide current one: The investments in the Patient Care existing unit 106. We will gain extra office numbers on membership. That was not Trust Fund recently exceeded $10,000,000 space and room for constructing tubing pleasant back in 2013, when membership for the first time. As of August 31, 2016, packs and other activities at the front end contracted by 0.92%. In contrast, this feels the investment account amounted to of 105. Even so, based on early sketches by like a good time for another update. Not $10,097,174.56. That does not include the Steve Graber, and assuming the adoption only has membership growth continued to funds in the PCT checking account. The of the yet-to-be-tested Superdewars (each accelerate (so far), on August 29 we reached latter is the account from which all PCT holding 9 whole-body patients, or 8 whole- the nice round number of 1,100 members expenses have been paid, allowing the body plus 10 neuro patients, or other (1,101 at the end of the month). Here are investment account to grow. combinations), the additional storage space the growth rates since then, as of the end allows for 22 Superdewars. That means of August 2016: Expansion of the Patient Care room for another 176 whole-body patients Bay and Other Building plus 220 neuro patients (or 1,980 neuros!). 2014: 4.02%. We are making progress on shaping up Other work we hope to have approved 2015: 4.36%. plans and starting initial work on expanding and underway very soon includes weather- 2016 YTD (August 31): annualized = 6.7%. the Patient Care Bay, as well as creating new proofing another roll-up door that has been office space. On July 25, we had most of letting in rain at times. The Emergency The most recent gain of 100 members the internal parts of unit 104 torn out. Vehicle will take up a good portion of unit came much quicker than the previous 100: Stripping and retreating the floor was 104, but that unit is deeper than most. That completed on August 8. As soon as curing leaves us with space for a follow-up project 1100: 2016 – August was completed and permit obtained, we had that could include creation of new office 1000: 2014 – September 24 the doorway cut higher (on August 22) and space and installation of a mezzanine to 900: 2009 – August moved the Rescue Vehicle into 104, freeing give us more room for storage. (We always 800: 2006 – June 30 up 105 for the first steps in the expansion. need more storage space, even though we We have a new architect with an impressive have been weeding out obsolete equipment If we can maintain the current growth collection of projects to his name. He and and supplies.) rate for the year as a whole, it will be his team have proven themselves adept The plan to move the server and phone the fastest growth in cryopreservation at securing permits quickly, and at being system to a different, more secure and membership in 11 years (and a much larger highly responsive in drawing up plans. accessible room, is moving along. Our growth in absolute numbers). It should go We expect to have detailed plans and usual handymen came by to scope out without saying that this is far from inevitable. cost estimates for various options ready in the project of moving the power supply Although applications are coming in at a time for the Annual Meeting on September circuit from the existing server room to pleasing rate, they could drop off. We could 10. We will also have a phased schedule, the new server room. Assuming approval have more cancellations, especially if fiscal that includes, but goes beyond expanding is received once costs are determined, the prudence and long-term sustainability the PCB. Management and Board can then contractor will have to run a new point toward higher cryopreservation decide on the timing and the scope of the pipe and pull wire from the circuit breaker minimums or underfunding dues. (We also work. Below is a rendering by Steve Graber board behind the O.R. (generator supply) added patient numbers 147 and 148, but of the proposed new layout. over to the small server room, then install

8 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org a receptacle that matches the plug on the infrequently bring in patients during the in a documentary. Linda also joined me for rack mounted server battery backup. middle of the night, it’s important that the a USA Today interview on August 19. We finally got solid quotes on installing local police know who we are and not stop At the RAADFest (Revolution Against vacuum-jacketed lines for liquid nitrogen us in the midst of an urgent procedure. Aging and Death Festival) in San Diego in fills. As we suspected, doing this would not International kits: Although we early June, I gave a talk covering cryonics be financially sensible. We use the lines for have been busy building multiple kits for to an audience of around 800 life extension fills far too infrequently and briefly to make deployment in other countries, we have enthusiasts. We took four boxes of Cryonics this a sound investment. been finding it remarkably difficult to magazine and the information packet with From outreach to efficiency: Over deploy them. Our current focus is on us. Every one of them was picked up. At the last few years, we have done a great deal Canada. Although we had little trouble the event, I was pulled in to give a half- to improve Alcor’s presence online and in getting two kits to England, Canada has dozen interviews. Among the speakers the public mind: a revamped website, FAQ been much more challenging, in part due were at least another 8 Alcor members – videos, a YouTube video channel, and other to NAFTA regulations. We already have a a fact I pointed out to the audience along initiatives. We have some projects still to kit in the Toronto area. Aaron Drake and with a challenge: Why aren’t YOU signed complete. These have been on hold due to myself simply dragged several Pelican cases up? other priorities, but include a New Member with us through Customs. Among other media recently are several Package (designed to inform new members Shipping kits presents much greater pieces focused on EDM (electronic dance about next steps and improving their difficulties. It’s almost as though someone music, for the unhip among you) DJ Steve chances and support from those around had built a huge wall between the US Aoki. Steve’s music (especially his recent them) and a few Science FAQ videos. and Canada, requiring filling out reams Neon Future I and II) explicitly promulgates For the most part, especially in light of of paperwork and navigation of arcane technological optimism, transhumanism, the persistently frequent media coverage rules to get through. We are not selling life extension, and cryonics. Neon Future we receive, I would like to shift emphasis the kits. They are not for medical use (at I even has introductory words by Ray from public education/marketing projects least according to the law). And yet our Kurzweil and concluding words by Aubrey to business process engineering. We professional shipping agents have so far de Grey, both Alcor members. See, for need to ensure that we can handle all the not solved our problems. We may have to instance: “Inside Steve Aoki's Quest for attention effectively and efficiently. To resort to having one or two people take the EDM Immortality”, Rolling Stone, August that end, we have started analyzing how to kits with them. We are trying to get a full kit 24, 2016. improve our business processes, especially (including field cryoprotection equipment) You can find one of this month’s stories, to ease the load of billing and membership to Ottawa, followed by Vancouver. “When Will Science Be Able Freeze People administration – making things easier for us Pet pricing: Finally, after several And Thaw Them Out In The Future?” and for members (and potential members). meetings, it looks like we are on the verge (with accompanying video) here: http:// Tours: We had a busy and interesting of having a new, more formalized schedule aplus.com/a/scishow-cryonics-health week or two for tours. This started with a of pricing for pet cryopreservation. As I On a personal note: Well before you tour by several people from the Association write this in early September, I’m hoping we read this, I will have celebrated the 30th of Realtors, which will probably lead to can approve these prices at the September anniversary of Alcor membership. Back in more in future. On August 9, we met with board meeting next weekend. 1986, I believe I was the 67th member, and and gave a tour to six people from a Chinese Media and public education: Briefly, Alcor had only 3 or 4 patients. Now we have hospital. This is another group interested in among the media for the month: On 1,101 and 148 patients. From one point of setting up a cryonics organization in their August 10, Alcor co-founder (and current view, this seems like major growth. But province, with a close connection to the staff member of many talents) Linda from a broader perspective this looks like hospital. In yet another sign of improving Chamberlain and I were interviewed by extremely slow and disappointing growth. I relations with medical professionals, we Norwegian TV – NRK, the biggest channel call upon all of us to do our best to improve had a visit by a group from a local hospital’s in Norway – that is producing science our practices and to spread awareness and biobank. shows being aired during primetime with understanding of cryopreservation and of Finally, on August 11, I gave tour to a market share at 30-40% in Norway and Alcor’s leading-edge approach. We could the Scottsdale Violent Crimes Unit. This other Nordic countries such as Sweden and be near a tipping point, but it won’t happen resulted from my conversation with a Denmark. The producer said: “We are now on its own. The public and the medical detective relating to a mid-July episode (not producing a TV series (5 episodes) about profession adopted anesthesia relatively directly involving Alcor). She was intrigued the science of aging and research that give quickly but took far longer to fully adopt when I explained what we do and quickly us new perspectives on life extension in the antisepsis. Let’s aim to emulate the former got her new boss to agree to a tour. She future.” We also did filming for a STEM rather than the latter.  was also very willing to pass on the word to project, Xploration Earth 2050, and did a the police who patrol the area. Since we not tour to lay the groundwork for participating

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 9 Why You Want to Read Alcor’s New Book

By Stephen Bridge, co-editor

o perhaps you’re fairly new to Alcor and cryonics. You’re pretty sure this technology might be worth investigating; Smaybe you’ve even gotten signed up. But there’s a lot you don’t know. When your friends and relatives ask you those awkward questions about WHY you’re doing this and what makes you think it will work, you haven’t figured out solid answers yet. Especially if you live in an area without many other people involved in cryonics, you may really need solid ideas. You may even wish you have a book you could hand some of them, something that might make all of these ideas clear. We have that book – Preserving Minds, Saving Lives: The Best Cryonics Writings from the Alcor Life Extension Foundation. We have were made along the way and how do we know cryonicists been working on those answers for more than 35 years, often in have learned from those mistakes? Why the heck isn’t the pages of our magazine, Cryonics. This book takes many of cryonics wildly popular? those great answers and puts them together in one volume for you. It’s all here, along with many other discussions, by the best Why do we preserve patients in liquid nitrogen? How might writers Alcor has had to offer for more than three decades. There that change in the future? are a handful of technical articles, because we want to make sure that the bases for this technology are readily available for future What is the difference between freezing and ? researchers. But most of the articles are accessible to anyone. Why is vitrification better? This is the book you need. We have both hardcover and How does cryonics connect with religious beliefs? paperback copies, and we’re working on an e-book version. The book is printed on very high-quality paper and will last a long time. What kind of research has been done in the past and what It ought to say something worth lasting as long as the paper. is needed for the future? You can order from Alcor right now: http://www.alcor.org/book/index.html Why do some people choose whole body preservation and Really, we want you to have this information, because we want some choose to only preserve their brains? you to last even longer than this book. That’s what cryonics is all about. Get smart, live long – buy a book.  When will the cryopreserved patients be brought back to life? Wait – should we even call them “dead” or are they already “alive” in some way? And who will pay for it?

How did this odd idea get started in the first place? What has Alcor gone through to get to this point? What mistakes

10 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Item# 01808 Item # 01907 Item

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MKAQAV160101_AD02 Alcor_AMPK.indd 16 1/20/16 10:31 AM Quality Management in Cryonics Bridging the Gap Between Cryonics and the Medical Industry

By Christine Gaspar, R.N.

s the well-read cryonicist will two in the long run. What is the missing which cryonics organization is best are know, Robert Ettinger, who by ingredient? highly inappropriate. What they need to Aprofession was a physics teacher, The average cryonicist today belongs to know is that the person they have just lost had thought of the idea of cryonics by the a rather homogenous group. Remarkable from their lives will be cared for in the 1930s and published a story depicting it as a exceptions aside, the majority tend to most professional, effective, competent method of medical time travel in 1948. He be highly intelligent, with aptitudes for and dignified manner possible. promoted cryonics in 1964 with his book mathematics, physical, or computer Only when cryonics graduates to the The Prospect of Immortality, and went on to sciences. They are overwhelmingly young realm of mainstream medicine will it found The in 1976. to middle aged introverted Caucasoid men. ever gain traction with the rest of society. Dr. was the first human They’re generally very enthusiastic about the Cryonics needs the approval and the to be cryopreserved under controlled future, and prone to heated discussions on support of the leaders of our communities, conditions – on January 12, 1967, by such esoteric topics as quantum mechanics, and this will not happen if we remain a Robert Nelson and his associates. Bedford the persistence of identity after revival, fringe curiosity for the next hundred years. has been under the care of Alcor since uploading, and cryptocurrency when they All of this has been presented as an 1982, after a checkered career at various are in groups of kindred spirits. They are introduction to the main discussion to locations, including a mini-warehouse the Early Adopters. The Chamberlains and illustrate a few ideas. From its inception, where his son periodically had his capsule Robert Ettinger were Innovators, along with only two Alcor CEOs have been medical replenished with liquid nitrogen. Of all of the many pioneers professionals (Allen McDaniels, Jerry the people cryopreserved prior to 1974, Dr. There is a second group of cryonicists Lemler). While contract surgeons have Bedford is the only remaining one. who are very different. They might been used in Alcor’s operating room Fred and Linda Chamberlain be interested in the concept and tread for decades, it wasn’t until 2003 that incorporated Alcor in 1972 and then along the periphery of the various paramedics began to be used by Alcor for cryopreserved their first patient in 1976. member forums, or maybe they have field procedures. Alcor chief executives At last count, Alcor has 1101 members and just been introduced to the idea. What have been astounding, heroic, and well- 148 patients. these people have in common is that meaning laymen for the most part, with This progress has been glacial. Why? they are often grief-stricken patients or incredible backgrounds and qualifications, Alcor and the Cryonics Institute are both relatives desperate not to lose their lives but they lacked the depth and contextual long-lived, stable organizations. New faces or their loved ones. Or perhaps they just knowledge to appreciate what it means to are entering the market, such as Oregon lost someone – a father, wife or child. care for patients on the scale that they were Cryonics and others, but historically, North For these people, conversations about taking on. They simply did not know what America has only been able to support ideology, or passionate arguments about they did not know.

12 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Since 2011 Alcor has incorporated Alcor of Quality Management Specialist. which is used with each report to ensure that Inc. (SA) into Alcor has agreed to ensure that standards a consistent set of objectives are met each their protocols for service to most of the are being met, not only by its own time. This checklist is also employed by the continental US. Just as Alcor uses contract employees, contractors, and volunteers, but Medical Response Director to ensure that surgeons in its operating room, SA has also by those of their main support service, the items on the checklist are conducted, extended this concept to using contract Suspended Animation, Inc. (SA). SA has captured and related back to the author in cardiothoracic surgeons and clinical long agreed to permit a third party observer an efficient and accurate manner. perfusionists for performing field blood to attend their cases and has shown interest For many years, Alcor has been substitution of cryonics patients. This is in some of these ideas as they developed. capturing audio and video data of standby/ an excellent concept that should extend Ten months ago, after the latest Alcor stabilization and cryoprotective surgical the reach of professionals to deliver timely conference, I was approached with this procedures. This data was archived but stabilization to patients. It can be fairly idea by Dr. Max More, the CEO of Alcor. seldom studied. When the task of case stated that they are falling short of this goal We had discussed the possibility of my report writing shifted to a full-time and are also in need of quality management assisting with writing case reports. They consultant, there was an opportunity to administered by a third party observer. had found themselves backlogged and begin watching, transcribing and assessing Evidence of these needs is described in increasingly busy with new patient activity, this valuable data. The task is very time- this article. so it was a challenge to catch up in a manner consuming and requires someone with a As cryonics is now an expanding idea that could give the case report writing the critical eye and a medical background to that is beginning to circle the globe, various time and effort it deserved. evaluate appropriately. It has also yielded volunteer groups have formed. Some have I wrote my first report draft, and unexpected, helpful information that been present for many years and are quite after going over all the material found it would not have been obtained otherwise. well practiced. Others are just getting started. necessary to submit written feedback on It makes sense to maintain a separate job It needs to be emphasized that teaching a the case. This feedback was then added position for this task. layman the mechanics of delivering good to the case report and can be seen on Changes to patient care have started standby and stabilization is entirely different the Alcor website. Until then the case to see an impact from these efforts. For from having these procedures administered reports had mostly been written by the example, a concern was raised from a by seasoned medical professionals. To team members providing patient care, or remote team member that there was then take the matter up a level, the medical the Medical Response Director. Looking bleeding observed from a patient’s professionals also require education, at the situation objectively, without any endotracheal tube, which then required ongoing support and oversight to ensure suggestion of previous wrongdoing, it was vigorous suctioning. By having a process that they are applying critical reasoning to clear that having the administrator and the in place to assess historical records, having their cases in a manner which is consistent with care reporter be the same person was not the input of experienced providers and cryonics goals, not medical goals. a sound idea to implement broad-reaching scientists, it was discovered that this was not The bottom line is that we do not oversight and quality management. the first example of this phenomenon. The ultimately need medical professionals or Giving a written case report the matter is still under examination, but the mortuary professionals to elevate our attention it deserves is almost a full-time key point is that through the input of the practice. We need cryonics professionals. job. It is a tremendous opportunity not team, a decision was made quickly to hold We also need to establish the appropriate only to assess a case from a bird’s eye one of the protocol medications and then oversight and quality management to ensure view, but to be able to collate data, find administer it later in the cycle. It remains that goals and standards are consistently new opportunities for collecting data, and to be seen if this will alter the problem but met, that excellence in practice is achieved, recognize patterns that may not otherwise now team members are being prepared to and that transparency and accountability be obvious. Separating this task from all of effectively deal with this adverse event. are maintained. How do we build cryonics the other responsibilities of the Medical This discussion, as well as the material professionals? We must start from within Response Director has the added benefit of this article, is an effort to introduce the the medical professions and then shape of freeing that person up to focus on Quality Management initiative to the public, these already experienced individuals into patient-oriented tasks. Alcor cannot grow as well as demonstrate Alcor’s dedication to ones with our goals and our sensitivities in and remain healthy if it does not begin transparency and accountability. mind. Our act of cryonics is a gesture of dividing these massively diversified jobs What is proposed in the following flow trust and belief in the progress of science, into more narrowly focused roles. sheet is a series of objectives that are being and of hope that those who choose to bear Concurrently and collaboratively, Dr. brought in front of Alcor’s chief decision the mantle of Pioneer, and take into their More also implemented changes that are makers for their consideration. It is a care our fathers, our mothers, and then helping to evaluate and standardize care in an combination of efforts already underway ourselves will always strive for excellence effort to improve patient outcomes. These as well as strategies proposed to remedy and continue to break ground in our most changes include instituting and reinforcing concerns related to recently assessed case important experiment. the practice of video recording all aspects of video and carried forward from a long Approximately a year and a half care delivery, and the careful review of such career in emergency medicine. All of the ago, James Clement, an Alcor Director, video and audio where applicable. As well, ideas are subject to modification by Alcor proposed that a position be created within Dr. More authored a Case Report Checklist at their discretion.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 13 Area of Focus CONCERNS INTERVENTIONS

Utilize remote telemetry, and end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) to monitor pre-arrest and peri- Poor prognostication arrest patient decompensation Review assessment skills with Standby Standby is often attending team members understaffed, underqualified, and/or poorly equipped Explore alternative solutions for increasing staffing pool in collaboration with SA and Alcor decision makers

Create a protocol flowsheet Errors and omissions in to be used during stabilization protocol administration to ensure all tasks are met

Frequent errors and/or Immediate re-education of STABILIZATION disregard for universal precautions all staff on proper sterile field and sterile surgical technique. creation and maintenance, and universal precautions Inadequate and infrequent video data capture Review audio and video needs with team members Inadequate video data capture Review audio and video Frequent errors and/ needs with team members CRYOPRESERVATION or disregard for universal precautions, sterile Strict application of universal surgical technique and precautions, aseptic, sterile appropriate safe attire principles & appropriate safe attire

Years of undocumented Written case reports and video patient care in terms of reports published for all patients missing case reports by objective third party DOCUMENTATION Incomplete patient history Complete records for all patients and medical data which including up-to-date medical history, affects decision making records of final hospitalization and regarding patient care comprehensive original field notes

Create a non-punitive error reporting system and debriefing Errors in stabilization process modelled on similar protocol delivery hospital practices

Demonstrated inability to Regular, frequent, COMPETENCY prioritize patient care, manage ongoing, targeted educational stress and apply critical opportunities, including selected thinking when providing subsidized medical modules stabilization support The use of flowsheets and decision trees as is mandated in hospital care delivery Demonstrated inability to prioritize patient care, manage Reporting must be conducted by ACCOUNTABILITY stress and apply critical an observer / author not associated thinking when providing with the delivery of care stabilization support

14 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org EVALUATION GOALS

Assess length of time between Utilize remote telemetry, and end tidal cardiac arrest, pronouncement and CO2 (EtCO2) to monitor pre-arrest and initial stabilization Metrics TBD peri-arrest patient decompensation Review assessment skills with Set target goals for staffing pool TBD attending team members At minimum, a standby and stabilization team needs to have a surgeon, perfusionist, two high-skilled paramedical/ Explore alternative solutions for nursing team members increasing staffing pool in collaboration with SA and Alcor decision makers Regular, scheduled, signed checks of equipment during standby and down- time which will be monitored Immediate re-education of all staff on proper sterile field creation and Immediate and ongoing evaluation maintenance, and universal precautions of safety goals and observation of individual performance in real tIme in terms of maintenance of sterility A 50% decrease in the time spent and proper aseptic technique transcribing and assessing video data which would improve the efficiency of the author Audio/video quality will improve. Important and enable them to take on other tasks within variables will be narrated by team the first two new cases reviewed

Staff will demonstrate the ability to maintain Audio/video quality will improve. Important a sterile surgical field and an understanding variables will be narrated by team of how to correct for breaches 90% of the time within 3 months of training. Immediate and ongoing evaluation of safety goals and observation of Staff will demonstrate appropriate universal individual performance in real tIme precautions and wear approved attire while in terms of maintenance of sterility rendering patient care 100% of the time and proper aseptic technique immediately following education

Documentation is a cornerstone of patient Target dates TBD in terms of completing care. Creating comprehensive patient records backlogged case reports, case video will not only (potentially) serve future patients, but it is a resource for process improvement reports and complete medical records research, and servers to protect team members for past and current patients and Alcor from accusations of improper care. This goal has already begun to be met with the Quality Management Process Assess for frequency of errors using live and video observation and determine if intervention The goal is to improve general competency has a measurable effect on numbers of all staff in terms of patient care and protocols with immediate re-education on key items. Based Evaluate employee/ volunteer propensity on video evidence, the problems are related to to self disclose errors and investigate their skill acquisition and critical thinking in a wide attitudes towards implementing this system spectrum of interventions. The concerns at this time are greatest in standby and stabilization Yearly competency assessments in select by many of the participating members. areas of practice as well as ongoing monitoring These goals are in support of improving patient outcomes above all, public relations, Progress to be evaluated quarterly for strengthening relationships with members and the first year, and then yearly thereafter supporters and creating an environment of pending satisfactory evaluation enhanced transparency and accessibility www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 15 Ultimately, Quality Management is one strategy of many that is being implemented ABOUT THE AUTHOR at Alcor in order to improve patient care delivery. The challenge is to link changes in Christine Gaspar is a Registered patient care to specific, measurable results. Nurse who specializes in These measurable results are represented emergency medicine, trauma by looking at the fundamental goals of and tele-triage. She served in the current cryopreservation which are: Canadian Armed Forces in the capacity of medic for the Lorne • Standby: To minimize time Scots Infantry Regiment and between circulatory arrest and start the 11th Field Royal Canadian of procedures Artillery Regiment. She lives near • Stabilization: To keep the brain Toronto, Canada. viable by contemporary medical criteria Christine has been the president of the Cryonics Society of Canada almost continuously since 2003. In this role she helps advocate for local cryonicists and • Cryoprotection: To inhibit is working with others to build an infrastructure in Canada to support cryonics formation and preserve standby efforts. She participated in the Alcor Southern California standby team. ultrastructure She has appeared in press interviews; on TV, radio and internet media in an • Cooling and long-term care: effort to engage and educate the public on cryonics related matters as well as To minimize fracturing, and being a guest lecturer at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. She is a writer maintain a secure long term patient who has contributed essays and articles in support of cryonics and transhuman environment. philosophy as well as working on a field manual for local DIY cryonics standby. She is a member of the Cryonics Institute and an associate member of Alcor Life This is still a work in progress, and it may Extension Foundation. Her goal is to realize a fully capable network of volunteer take a few months to be able to assess the cryonics standby groups in Canada with professional support and service in an success of the changes as demonstrated in effort to stabilize patients over a large geographic area with field vitrification the above goals. This is a discussion that can capabilities. be reopened once there is enough data to determine its success. Until then, Alcor will Christine is currently acting as a contractor for Alcor, assisting with writing and continue to make process improvements examining case reports, and helping to create a Quality Management system and continue to maintain accountability and within the organization. transparency for its actions and plans. 

16 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Aging as a Problem By Martin Borch Jensen

etting older is the single biggest would that be worth trying? OK, Stalin may has been so rewarding for us modern risk factor for most scary have had a valid point about millions of humans, has only been applied to aging for diseases (cancer, heart disease, deaths being statistics rather than tragedies. perhaps sixty or eighty years. And in fact, G 1 Alzheimer’s…) . Such diseases, caused But it’s not hard to spot tragedy caused in the last two decades researchers have primarily by aging, kill about 32 million by aging: aging will kill your parents, and been able to slow down the aging process people per year, or 87 thousand people per will force your children to watch you grow through genetic manipulation, drugs and day. The simple graph below compares this senile and forget who they (or you) are. environmental factors3. Almost all such to the bloodiest conflict in human history, They will likely watch you in a hospital bed work happens in model organisms (mainly as well as the most violent incident of that eats away a BMW-sized chunk of their worms, flies and mice), because they allow terrorism. savings every month2, and when you are genetic modification and have short enough To be fair World War II didn’t involve gone will feel the absence of one of the lifespans to make controlled experiments the entire world, and the total population most important things in their lives. possible. This lack of anthropocentrism was smaller back then. But the 3.5 fold Seeing aging as a problem is of course should not discourage us, however, since scale should adequately balance that. Try not new, and throughout history different the same is true for almost all biological to visualize WWII raging, people dying people have tried different methods to research and drug development. We are in in agony; if there was a chance to end it, avoid it. But the scientific method, which fact surprisingly genetically similar to other animals: even fruit flies have parallels for ~75% of genes involved in human disease, and the biological pathways are even more conserved in terms of function. Thus aging is now de facto a modifiable property of organisms, though this has yet to be properly demonstrated in humans. Despite this progress in understanding and modifying the process of aging, there is no clear-cut definition of precisely what aging is. This is in large part because the symptoms of aging (such as wrinkles, or age-related diseases) are often conflated with the underlying biological process4. In the research community, one currently favored definition is “loss of the body’s

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 17 thousands. That is, comparable to a single mid-sized company. As another way to size things up, the National Institute of Aging is by far the primary source of research funding in the US, and has a budget of just over a billion dollars. ~20% goes to non- research expenses, and about a third of the remainder to social and geriatrics research. So we’re left with ~0.6 billion dollars. This may sound like a lot, but it is only ~12% of the National Cancer Institute’s budget (even though aging is the biggest risk factor for cancer). The military budget is more than a thousand times larger, but perhaps more capacity to return to homeostasis after also exist: salmon and octopi mature, critically the total US healthcare spending is environmental insult.” A more traditional reproduce and then die abruptly rather definition might be “comprehensive than undergoing a gradual decline. Perhaps at least one hundred times the entire budget and progressive decline of physiological more remarkably, aging is not strictly a for biomedical research (of which the biology function,” and this conveniently serves as unidirectional process: some members of of aging is ~2%). This despite the fact a decent working definition to distinguish the turritopsis and hydra genuses do grow that a huge proportion of the healthcare 2 aging from specific symptoms: does a given old and decrepit, but are then able to spending is due to age-related diseases . treatment alleviate a broad spectrum of return their entire body to a youthful state. I won’t discuss this allocation here, but symptoms, or just a few? And moreover, Axolotl salamanders and planarian worms simply emphasize that the cavalry is not on does it affect “normal” individuals, or only are famously able to regrow large parts of its way. A smallish number of researchers those suffering from a specific disease? their bodies, which is a similar process of are working pretty hard, but regardless of Another reason we don’t have a clear turning old cells into young ones. Indeed, their talent and effort scientific progress definition is that we still don’t know exactly from a biological rather than individual is not straightforward; the fact that you’re what causes the human body to decline point of view, humans routinely perform in unexplored territory inevitably implies with age. A number of theories have been the same feat: the egg of a middle-aged many false starts and detours. With the proposed over the years: some have fallen woman has the capacity to produce a current setup, real progress on avoiding the by the wayside, while others remain popular complete human body where all signs of problems of aging is likely to be slow. despite evidence that they do not offer a aging have been erased. Similarly, the 2012 In summary: Negligible aging is complete explanation for the aging process Nobel Prize in physiology recognized the biologically possible. Barring extinction (e.g. free radicals, or telomeres). More demonstration that any cell in our body can of the human race, we will eventually turn likely aging is multifactorial, although the be turned into a stem cell. Rejuvenation the implausible-but-possible into reality, different factors may converge on certain is thus biologically possible in humans, as we have for such miracles as flight, biological processes. Work is ongoing to though we are still far from understanding space travel and wireless communication. identify measures of physiological age (as the barriers that keep it from happening in Whether this will happen in 50 or 5000 opposed to simple chronological age), of our adult bodies. years is impossible to say for certain, which DNA methylation has shown the The media can sometimes make it because it depends both on our efforts best results so far. seem as though there’s a focused effort and how many unknown unknowns Aging may seem universal because the by brilliant scientists to solve the problem we run into. At present only a minority animals we most commonly interact with of aging (and all other problems, for that of research is aimed at modulating the (cats, dogs, livestock) go through much the matter). Unfortunately that’s far from true. rate of aging itself, with the majority same process as humans, albeit much faster. The biogerontogical research community is addressing individual age-related diseases But there are many examples in nature of growing, thanks in part to aforementioned or trying to understand specific cellular qualitatively different aging: tortoises can progress, but is still very small. I don’t have mechanisms that seem to be involved live much longer than humans, but more actual numbers, but I would guess the in aging. Some would argue that this importantly their rate of mortality does number of researchers is on the order of should change, although such research is not seem to increase over time. In other words they do age, but as far as we can tell they don’t undergo the same process of deterioration. Note that this doesn’t mean they never die, just that their probability of staying alive and healthy is constant year to year. This may also be true of lobsters, who also do not seem to lose fertility with age. Though less attractive, opposite examples

18 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org undeniably providing clues about aging that suffered from a complete knowledge exclusive realm of people in the early itself. Regardless of allocation, more reset every few decades. stages of life. resources directed at this problem would And this effect of keeping everyone Of course, opening up such possibilities unquestionably accelerate progress5. healthy and active would be on top of would break some of the assumptions But what if we were to get there? the direct healthcare savings that would we currently make in social interactions. What if we developed technologies that follow from reducing, let alone eliminating, Unable to correlate wrinkles with wisdom, eliminated disease and death completely. In age-related disease and infirmity (recently we would have to do a lot more research reality there would never be such an abrupt estimated to be trillions of dollars, just to discover other people’s situations and switch, but rather a continued development from the effect of currently available drugs perspectives. There would likely be serious of things that add a few months or years on animal models). It’s highly possible (or complete) dilution of recognizable ‘life of healthy living (as we have already been (and discussed elsewhere) that the current stages’, and quite likely we would have doing throughout modern human history). demographic trajectory will lead to the fewer spontaneous instances of social Thus one common fear, that life extension collapse of traditional retirement plans groups with a shared identity (e.g. college). would mean additional years of frailty and in the foreseeable future, which would The ‘elders’ of a family would not be easily sickness, is rather unfounded; speaking as evidently be alleviated by simultaneously recognizable for outsiders, and without a biologist, it’s simply inconceivable that preserving people’s ability to do useful attrition families might expand indefinitely we would continue to find ways to keep a work and reducing their demand for (albeit likely much slower). It’s hard to profoundly broken organism alive. Modern healthcare. But honestly this is a bit predict how our ties to blood relations medicine does have tools to sustain life at misleading, because if we did not age there separated by many decades of experience its very end, but although the emotional would almost certainly not be a concept of might feel. impact of these final days is great, the ‘retirement’ involving indefinite cessation Returning to more tangible issues, actual period of time is tiny compared to of productive work. one challenge that would be alleviated by the added years granted by treating disease This is an example of something that extended lifespans is that of absorbing in mostly healthy individuals. Come old age would be a radical and not strictly positive the ever-increasing sum of knowledge in and multiple morbidity, the effectiveness change in a post-aging world. On the other the world. In 1940, ~25% of Americans of treatments drops drastically. And indeed hand, if we remember that we would not finished high school, <5% college. In the premise of research into aging, rather be ‘worn out’ at this age, it’s not necessarily 2014 those numbers were 88 and 32% than specific age-related diseases, is to slow strictly negative either: The basic premise respectively. Even since 2000, the fraction down the process that causes such diseases would be the same as now, that we work of US population with at least a college and thus maintain the youthful state. enough to support periods of non-work. degree has risen from 25% to 33% (and So we can rest assured that the fate of We would only be changing the timing and graduate degrees from 13 to 18%). The Tithonus is not a realistic consequence of frequency of such periods (which some average age of college attendance is also aging research. And as I’ve addressed in people already do). At present, it is very rare rising. In other words, the part of our another post, neither is overpopulation. So for people to have more than one or two lives deemed necessary for meaningful these common fears are actually not things careers; there simply isn’t enough time to contributions to society keeps increasing. we need to worry about. But of course get good at many things. But if “retirement” One solution (which is already taking place) there are a number of likely consequences meant some years of complete separation would be increasing specialization, in other from significant life extension, some from your profession without any acute words allowing ourselves to be ignorant in desirable and others challenging. loss of ability to support yourself, you many areas. But if we don’t want this taken The most obvious, perhaps to the point might decide to go in a different direction to extremes, either our lifespan or rate of of under-appreciation, is that we would upon reentering the ‘active work’ phase. learning must be increased in pace with the not suffer the loss of loved ones. But Without physiological decline, you would amount of information worth knowing. beyond the obvious, the vacuum left when be able to have as many or as few careers as On the other hand, I sometimes hear the someone passes away extends beyond you had appetite for. And here’s it’s worth objection that with endless time we would personal loss; in the modern world, what noting that physiological decline is not end up trying everything and grow bored. you learn is indubitably a greater factor in limited to disease: Post-aging, we (women This does not seem relevant, for the simple your ability to contribute to society than especially) would no longer need to balance reason that the human race is creating is the infinitesimal genetic improvement the choice of parenthood against building faster than any individual’s capacity to that comes with being part of the next career capital or pursuing other life goals. consume6. More than a million books per generation (in fact I would argue that While I’m not qualified to offer personal year are published in the US alone, so to genetic evolution is no longer applicable, experiences here, I would estimate having even stand a chance of running out you’d but that’s a separate post). Particularly if we the option of raising children whenever have to read three thousand books per subscribe to the notion of combinatorial it suited your lifestyle of inclination to be day, under the incorrect assumption that creativity, a person who continues to exceptionally liberating. And breaking the the output won’t continue to increase. accumulate knowledge and is not subject confines of our biology in this manner Similarly, there is no real end to creative to dementia or other debilitating effects of would empower more than reproduction: processes, nor to improving your ability in aging would perpetually and increasingly no longer would professional sports whatever area. Certainly you could grow outpace even genetically superior persons (or dance, or military service…) be the bored of it, but not because you “finished.”

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 19 A more plausible objection is that without guy makes more money than me” … Americans from the societal structure we have now. new blood there would be a dearth of work an average of 47 hours/week, even There is no question that things would innovation and creativity. This does seem though less than a third of this would change drastically if we cured aging. to be a general trend, although it is not provide food and shelter. We compare But this cannot be used as an objection, without exceptions; I think Tempest is an ourselves to our peers, and compete for because society is certain to undergo excellent album, and Dylan was 71 when whatever is scarce. When material needs drastic change regardless. Moreover, drastic he put that out. Plenty of examples exist are fulfilled we eagerly compete for scarce societal changes were also incurred by in other fields as well. I don’t really have intangibles, such as love or fame. And the codes of law, the steam engine, computers, any hard data on this topic, and would not absence of death would not change this. the internet… Yet now that the damage is venture to explain what drives creativity in Curing aging goes against God’s done, few of us would want to return to people at any age. But I wonder to what plan: I am still unable to understand how the society that preceded these changes. extent a drying up of ideas could arise from anything we humans do could legitimately In some cases we can fairly imagine that a choice not to get into new things “this challenge an omnipotent God. If (some) change would have been resisted if the full late in life”… God exists and this goes against his plan, consequences had been known in advance At this point we’ve covered a lot of then our attempts will simply fail. No need (e.g. pollution post industrial revolution), possible consequences, so let me conclude to worry. but nobody is suggesting that we reverse with a few short answers to objections that “Death does not concern us, because even these examples. I hear with some regularity: as long as we exist, death is not here. If you happened to be born female a Curing aging is unnatural: Only if And when it does come, we no longer few hundred years ago, your lot in life was you don’t consider humans and the things exist”: OK, this argument from Epicurus to be pretty, perhaps play an instrument, we make to be part of nature. Either way, was not actually delivered to me in person. and hope that whoever you were married the same argument is equally applicable to The idea persists, though, and it may even off to wasn’t abusive. From our present correcting poor vision or brushing your be well-founded. But accepting it does perspective, this lack of choice seems teeth. Or to wearing clothes, for that matter. not imply that we shouldn’t seek to make utterly barbaric. Now imagine that you are With endless horizons, we would each of our future moments of existence restrospecting from a future society that not be motivated to do anything: as desirable as possible (which Epicurus has cured aging: would our lack of choice Possible, I suppose. But as far as I can tell, would no doubt have agreed with). regarding sickness and death be considered a decades-off demise doesn’t really seem to Whether or not we consider death to be similarly barbaric?  guide our daily routines. Overwhelmingly, part of our life, curing aging would make our actions seem to be motivated by “I want the experience better. people to admire me,” “All my friends are going To summarize this section, most of to college,” “This person is nice/mean to me,” “I our worries arise from imagining a future want that person to get naked with me,” “That without aging but absent any other changes

REFRENCES 1. Age outshines even diet (saturated fats etc.) for heart disease, to affect aging, and the vast majority are undoubtedly bogus. A although for diabetes it is second to diet in importance. For lung few are based on legitimate scientific studies, though without cancer smoking is a bigger risk (with aging 2nd), but aging is #1 human studies it’s not clear that they will work as advertised (nor for cancer as a whole. For the various neurodegenerative disorders what the relevant dose is). I should note that aging is currently and dementia there’s absolutely no comparison. And of course not recognized as a disease by the FDA, which means that one there are a miscellany of non-lethal diseases where aging is also the could not get a drug targeting aging itself approved for sale. It is biggest risk factor (e.g. arthritis). possible that the first effective drugs against aging will be sold as 2. In terms of society, on average about 20% of lifetime medical supplements until the regulation changes (though it might change costs (including birth-related) occur before age 40, ~30% between rather quickly if we have something in hand that clearly works). 40 and 60, and half after age 60. 5. One successful example of this kind of impetus is the Apollo 3. The size of the effect is generally larger in simpler organisms. In program, where a large influx of funding and manpower in the a somewhat relatable organism, mice, genetic manipulation (of 1960s allowed the US to leapfrog the USSR space program. growth hormone pathways) has doubled the healthy lifespan, 6. This ever-evolving world also discredits the concern that a drugs extended healthy life by ~10% (Rapamycin, Metformin) post-aging human race would stagnate due to a lack of natural and caloric restriction 30-40% (although there’s controversy evolution. I will go over the details in a separate post, but in short about whether this effect is specific for inbred strains of lab mice). the fact that the modern world now changes much faster than 4. Not a single “anti-aging” cosmetic sold by under well-known our reproductive cycle means that the mechanism of Darwinian brands has any effect whatsoever on aging. Some may remove selection is approaching irrelevance: increasing the successful wrinkles, but that’s like saying that morphine cures cancer reproduction of individuals whose genetics are better suited to because the pain disappears. Some existing drugs (e.g. rapamycin, the environment will not improve the next generation when the possibly NSAIDs) may affect the aging process, although they are environment that the child grows into is very different from the not sold for this purpose. A huge number of supplements claim one that favored its parents.

20 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Options for Sa fe, Sec ure a nd Lega l Asset Preserva tion for Post-Resusc ita tion Ac c ess The Eighth Annual Young Cryonic ists Gathering Teens & Twenties 8 2017: Getting to Kno w Yo u - Yo u Getting to Kno w Eac h Other Fri-Sun; May 26-28, ’17 Deerfield Beach FL Host: Life Extension Founda tion SCHOLAR SHIPS AVAILABLE iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Greetings to ALL Young Cryonicists, You are receiving this invitation because you are among the future leaders in cryonics.

All attention will be focused on: Enjoy this exciting & fulfilling weekend. our getting to know you and SCHOLARSHIPS: you getting to know each other. Life Extension Foundation, through a gener- PLUS: an update on the latest emergency ous education grant, is offering 40 scholar- response technologies and revival strategies. ships that pay for ALL of the following: Who is Eligible? — U.S. airfare to/from Fort Lauderdale, FL (up to $1000 for origin outside the U.S.) Fully signed up young cryonicists from all — Hotel accommodations for Friday & Satur- cryonics organizations in their late teens day nights - plus Thursday & Sunday through age thirty (18-30) a s of Ma y 28, nights (specifically) for scholarship atten- 2017 - may apply to attend. dees who room together. Younger Cryonic ists With Pa rent(s): — Meals and beverages on Friday night, all day Saturday, & Sunday breakfast & lunch Thirteen thro ugh seventeen year o ld s — Registration fee - $350 - also covered may attend w hen ac c o mp anied b y their p arent(s) o r guard ian(s). Please click on this website for a full Parents/guardians of attendees aged 18-19 packet with all details and application are also encouraged to accompany their forms. child. All attending parents will be put in http://www.alcor.org/T2_8_2017_details.pdfAschwin, please fill this in. touch with each other should they choose to have their own “get together” during the Forever, “young cryonicists” gathering. Cairn Erfreuliche Idun Progra m Founder/Director: T2 Some individuals are social butterflies. PS Come Early. Stay Late. This is not so for everyone. And we want Some attendees to T2 enjoy spending extra everyone to meet everyone. time in Florida - especially since their flight Therefore, I have designed a diverse range is already paid for via their scholarship. of “getting to know you” activities. IF yo u This is at their own expense for w o uld enjo y p artic ip ating in these additional lodging and food. vario us getting ac q uainted ac tivities, THEN this is fo r yo u. I look forward to getting to know you. Bring in a new member and save a year of dues!

embership growth has been slowly accelerating since bottoming out in 2013. But we would benefit from faster Mgrowth. Alcor is now at a point where we could enjoy considerable economies of scale: We could manage many more members with minimal or no increase in staffing costs. That would enable us toreduce membership dues while building up our resources. A modest acceleration in membership growth would move us into a virtuous circle where growth enables reductions in dues which further spurs membership growth. Growth will also make it easier to hire highly skilled people in medical and technical areas.

The most effective way to bring in new members has been through direct encouragement by existing members. Many of us realize this, but may not make it a priority to nudge our friends a little more to sign up and potentially save their lives. How can we spur more members to gently persuade those they care about to move ahead with making cryonics arrangements? Perhaps some financial incentive will help.

Anyone who is primarily responsible for getting a new member to sign up will, at their request, be given a one- year waiver of membership dues.

For an existing member to receive the dues waiver, they must (a) be credited by the person who has signed up; (b) ask for the waiver; (c) not be otherwise profiting from the signup; (d) wait until the new member has completed all essential cryopreservation paperwork and has paid at least six months of dues; and (e) the new member must not be a member of their family. If the member signs up two new members, they are eligible for a two-year waiver of dues. If the new member is a student, the existing member is eligible for a waiver of six months of dues.

Who do you know who could do with some encouragement to sign up? Please, give it some thought, then help yourself and help the organization by helping to stimulate membership growth. Bring in one new member per year, and you will never pay dues again!

22 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org and save a year of dues!

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Cryonics in Europe: Some Historical Highlights By R. Michael Perry

ryonics started in the United States a newsletter where like-minded people will continue to progress and still has most of its following could communicate as they developed their at its present pace, and I Cand activity in this country. It is well own organizations and approaches. (The see no reason why it would stated, however, that death is international term cryonics itself wasn’t coined until mid- not, sooner or later, either in scope, and the movement to combat it 1965, initially for the Cryonics Society of the bio-chemists or other by cryogenic storage has also taken root in New York (CSNY); within a few years it medical scientists will other parts of the world. Here we take a had spread to more general usage.) The achieve a break through into look at cryonics in Europe, starting in the first issue of the Life Extension Society sustaining human life beyond 1960s and extending to more recent events Newsletter appeared in January 1964. (With its present paltry period of such as the formation of KrioRus, the first the January 1965 issue the rather prosaic existence. European cryonics organization, in 2005. title was changed to Freeze-Wait-Reanimate. It seems to be that we who Over such a long period we can really only There it remained until publication ceased are alive now are rather cover some highlights but will aim for more with issue number 60 dated September unfortunate in being born interesting items, with emphasis on earlier 1969.) Interested individuals, some of them about a century too soon. times. in other countries, read and contributed to This idea therefore of the newsletter, or otherwise heard about freezing the newly dead Startup the practice, and cryonics groups began to human body and storing it 2 The cryonics movement had two principal take shape elsewhere. ready for future scientists originators, Robert Ettinger and Evan The first appearance in the newsletter to re-animate is a bold, Cooper. Ettinger’s main early milestone of a contribution from outside the United imaginative and courageous was his book, The Prospect of Immortality, States was in the September 1964 issue, suggestion. commercially published by Doubleday in from a Welsh telecommunications worker However, whilst your June 1964, which widely publicized the and science fiction writer named Gerald society are enlightened on idea that persons should be cryogenically Evans. Here quoted as printed (with this conception, it may be preserved immediately after clinical occasional ellipses, corrections of typos, well to consider some of the death for eventual reanimation. Cooper and the like, as elsewhere in this article; objections of those who will also independently wrote a short book, see note following Sources), the letter oppose it. Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now, offers a lively, apparently independent (a) The expansion of the which paralleled Ettinger’s, but was never synopsis of Ettinger’s basic thinking from earth’s population up to commercially published and for a long time another sharp mind. (Evans doesn’t refer explosion dimensions might 1 was difficult to obtain (now it’s online ). to Ettinger’s book and does not appear to well deter any scientists 3 Cooper, however, accomplished something have read it.) of the future re-animating crucial to the early movement that no one Dear Ev Cooper, stocks of millions of frozen else did. His Life Extension Society (LES), Thank you for the copy of bodies to add further to the dating from late December 1963 and Life Extension Society’s protoplasmic congestion of a based in Washington, D.C., was the first Newsletter. I am very groaning planet. organization promoting the cryonics idea interested in your freeze (b) Unless there is and the first to have conferences and publish and wait idea. If science some protective continuous

24 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org organization set up, dedicated frozen), for on re-animation to ‑20° C (‑4° F) for more than six months with a fanaticism to see that he could not expect a great and then restored to body temperature. stored bodies are brought deal of glamour from his The cat had been anesthetized and the back to life, we might be wife. A father could die at brain removed. The blood was replaced trusting posterity too much thirty and his son at ninety. with a protective solution of glycerol prior to do the necessary for Who then be the father on to freezing; the glycerol was again replaced frozen lives. re-animation? with blood on rewarming. Not only did (c) The bodies that are I have listed these the brain revive and resume activity, but frozen must be bodies that obstacles; because in your the brain wave pattern did not appear to are not too mutilated by campaign they will have to differ greatly from that of a live control. disease. Brain cells can be faced. Perhaps (g) at The following month (October 1965) there 5 be so damaged before death least could be answered in was further confirmation: for instance, that on re- the belief that these future The report last month that animation the person would scientists will be able the brain of a laboratory be an imbecile. Still, it to average out the age of animal had been perfused, can be argued in this case anybody to say late youth. frozen for six and one half that a science that could ... months and revived to the bring back life to frozen Please let me hear from extent of having a good EEG, dead could even look after a you again. Could you tape [was] almost too good to be problem like that. your next conference, or, at true. We feared it might be (d) Storage space for least high lights from it? a hoax or an exaggerated millions of frozen bodies ... account. For if the report may also prove a problem, but Very best wishes and great were true it would probably there is always the Arctic success to your project. be the most dramatic and Antarctic‑‑incidentally Yours sincerely, cryobiological advance the low temperature of these Gerald Evans since Dr. Audrey Smith froze regions would be a “natural” (Swansea, Glamora, [Wales,] hamsters to ‑5°C, stiff for the grave yards of the Great Britain) as cardboard for an hour, deep frozen bodies. Another early indication of cryonics and revived them with long (e) There will be strong activity in the U.K. was this short notice by term survival. The report 4 opposition from religious Cooper in the July 1965 issue: now appears to be true in organizations who believe NEWS OF BUDDING FREEZING its rough outline with a in “pie in the sky” after FACILITIES IN ENGLAND confirmation and short report death as we move around in Our LES Coordinator in from Prof. Suda.[…] bodies made of fog. Perhaps Hull, England, Alan Worsley, The following year the Suda experiment these people can be answered reports that he is now “on was reported in the well-respected science best by agreeing that if telephone” and will attempt journal Nature. A few months later, in they are right, then our to do his best to freeze the January 1967 issue that reported scheme will fail, as future anyone in need provided the freezing of James Bedford, the first science will not succeed in they help him manage the cryonics preservation under controlled bringing us back to life if costs. He suggests that as conditions, Cooper further reports on 6 their primitive belief is a a university research fellow Gerald Evans’ activities in England. correct one. So why should his salary doesn’t allow him With the headline “Freeze- they interfere with us? to be so reckless as to offer Wait-Reanimate” Geoffrey (f) The vultures who now free freezing. However, he Moorhouse writing for the bury us may lose a lot of has ordered a refrigerator prestigious British weekly, revenue, and will oppose, if for experimental purposes the Manchester Guardian, freezing and storage can be and his advice will be free. interviews Gerald Evans our done more cheaply, on the Heartfelt thanks are in order LES coordinator for Swansea. other hand, it may be more for Alan’s great effort. In a very casual good natured costly and those creatures Shortly after this, in the September issue, way Mr. Moorhouse discusses will take it over as a new there was electrifying news: the main ideas with a and better money spinner. Astounding Advance in flourish and then some of the (g) Some difficulties could Animal Brain Freezing and possibilities for Britain. be created if a married Recovery. “Unlike a lot of visionaries man dies at thirty (and is Dr. Isamu Suda and colleagues, at Kobe he can also see a lot of frozen) and later his wife University in , had detected electrical obstacles in his path. He dies at eighty (and is also activity in a cat brain that had been frozen would like to hope that the www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 25 Life Extension Society will of the programme editors statement by the Astronomer become an extension of the claimed that it reached an Royal back in 1958, [when National Health Service, audience of over 5 million. asked] what he thought about with bunkers up and down the […] space travel[, that] “it was country full of encapsulated One of the most sensational all bilge!” people (they can hardly, results that came out of the We had quite a party in this condition, be programme was when Frost after the show. Rediffusion called corpses) awaiting asked the live audience of Television are fine to reanimation. And if this some two hundred people to their guests. They gave me is not practicable there indicate how many of them a wonderful welcome. The are always the unpopulated would follow me into freezing intellectual atmosphere spaces of the Arctic and after death with the hope of generated by other guests Antarctic, heaven-sent, you possible reanimation some removed all inhibitions. I might almost say for this day. To my amazement twelve felt that at last I was in the very purpose. people put up their hands. company of “free minds.” I “He can imagine the day […]So 6% are with us! It felt too, for the first time, when the cryobiologists will sounds promising. that some people really want not only be able to reanimate Dr. Pegg, who was on that LES to succeed, and are tired but rejuvenate as well; they Twenty Four Hour programme of intellectual timidness will be able to give us back of the B.B.C. last year, and religious childishness. not only life but what Mr. put in some deglamourising […] Evans calls ‘the of 30.’” material against me. He said Dr. Pegg was quite friendly Readers of our newsletter that our claim of hamsters to me off the air, and I will remember Gerald Evans being frozen at ‑5 degrees C showed him NATURE’S article as a frequent contributor was wrong‑‑it was ‑1 degree about Suda’s experiment, and including a long write-up in C. He even downplayed Suda’s asked him if he questioned our November issue of Prof. success with the cats’ the accuracy. He said that Suda’s deep freeze cat brain brains. he had found some errors in experiments. His work is with I think I upheld our flag the past. You can’t win can the G[eneral] P[ost] O[ffice] however. I said that quite a you? But whether they like in Britain, but his avocation few scientists believed that it or not‑‑Prof. Suda has has always been with new Freeze-Wait-Reanimate was shaken Western science and ideas, writing about them in possible and disagreed with the LES can go forward with science fiction and science Dr. Pegg’s pessimism. Dr. confidence. journals and now acting upon Pegg has asked me to provide Sincerely, them. A letter of his that him with the names of these Gerald Evans, Swansea, follows […] tells of some of scientists and he said that Great Britain the results of the Guardian he would write to each one story including a television personally. France program in London. Earlier in the show, I made Here we backtrack a bit. Cryonics in Here is Evans’ response, in his usual the following points which Europe really began in France, though the lively, informative style. (Readers may note I think helped to tarnish French didn’t start making the pages of that the date of the Frost Program referred Pegg’s merchandise of gloom the LES newsletter as early as the English. to in the letter is the very day of the Bedford and death. I said that Dr. But they were more proactive over all, freezing, now celebrated as Bedford Day by Audrey Smith […] by writing and started their own organization when observant cryonicists.) in the Penguin Science Review finally they were frustrated with LES, then Dear Ev, “that she did not think another organization when frustrated with Now for the news. The biological immortality would each other; and published newsletters. Guardian Newspaper publicity be available through deep LES at least was instrumental early on. In led to the best television freezing during our life the spring of 1964 a photographer named plug for LES so far in this times” [had] implied that Marc Collet living in Rosieres-aux-Salines country. I appeared in it was however possible, and near Nancy read an article in the magazine the FROST PROGRAMME with that coming from a British Science et Vie (Science and Life) which focused David Frost and Dr. D. E. scientist was hopeful indeed. on The Prospect of Immortality. An exchange Pegg, a specialist on low I reminded the TV audience of correspondence with Ettinger brought temperature biology, on 12th of traditional British Collet in touch with Ev Cooper, who named Jan. 1967. This was a London scientific gloom, the worst him LES Coordinator in France in January only transmission, but one instance of all being the 1965. An article in Science et Vie in April 26 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org that year carried Collet’s address. Several Because the scientific bases and desires to be frozen people wrote to him and soon a chapter of are real.” immediately. Andre is a 9 LES was formed with Collet as president A further tribute came two months later: handsome vigorous 33, with and Andre Chareyre, a general semantics Marc Collet, LES an unimaginably beautiful teacher and mentor of a group of non- representative in France, wife of 24. He is working on 7 aristotelians in Paris, as vice president. The continues to be irrepressible. his doctorate at the Sorbonne June 1965 Freeze-Wait-Reanimate carried this He continues to get articles in psychoanalysis and is 8 notice: about freeze-wait-reanimate interested in politics. But Marc Collet, our LES and LES in the papers. He considering everything he Coordinator in France, continues to gather in new wishes the honor of being has been most active members and would enjoy the first person frozen. investigating freezing costs visiting with LES members who Considering everything, his for the more expensive liquid come to Rosieres-aux-Salines wife agrees.[!] nitrogen freezing, and being from other parts of the globe. Turning for a moment to interviewed by the French Write to him in advance, of Lyon, Roland Missonnier, scientific journal Science course, and in French if at LES Coordinator, has made et Vie. The following are all possible. Collet has also an immediate conquest of translations of Marc Collet’s been traveling throughout the press. He has been words as published by Jacques France meeting with people instrumental in getting Ohanessian in Science et Vie. who might be helpful in the at least five newspapers to “I am sure that tomorrow freezing movement. We cannot carry a long article about men will be capable of thank him enough for the the freezing possibility, resuscitating the people and radio broadcasts which that will have been properly have carried the idea to frozen. Of course, the first both areas in France and [in] experiments will be doomed. Germany. Friends and others The way is a long one, but why interested have been formed not start now? I am trying into a group of a good dozen for this reason to assemble for Lyon and surrounding around me all the good will region. possible to bring about an If Lyon is bursting into organization for freezing on flower, LES in Paris is a high scale. I have contacted distraught, agitated, and several French enterprises at sixes and sevens. There Marc Collet10 of the cold industry. The are various reports, all financial problems are almost of which are not clear. insoluble. To freeze one tremendous amount of work he However, if we understand person would cost about 30 has done. Chareyre’s position and or 40,000 francs, plus 3 or In the end, though, according to Anatole suggested program it is 4,000 francs per year for the Dolinoff, another early French activist, as follows: 1. LES and the upkeep. But if the practice Collet’s group “failed to launch a viable freezing forces should make became widespread the prices program, although membership cards a whopping frontal attack would decrease considerably. and testamentary forms were printed.” In on the Catholic Church‑‑and “There is no doubt hope. October 1965 another French LES group various other major parties. No one denies it. Therefore formed around Roland Missonnier, a 2. There should be a general why should we let such hope 22-year-old cosmetic salesman in Lyon. In language reform along the escape? What is the risk? 1966 Missonnier published two issues of a lines of General Semantics. “As for myself, if by cryonics newsletter. Meanwhile there was a 3. As long as LES is so slow carelessness I did not have further enthusiastic writeup in the March and pokey a separate French a member of my family frozen 1966 Freeze-Wait-Reanimate, shortly before freezing formation should upon death‑‑for which of someone was finally frozen with some be created to implement the 11 course I do not wish‑‑I would thought of reanimation. objectives above. 4. Andre have the feeling that I am FRANCE EXPLODES WITH Chareyre wishes the honor committing murder. Some of YOUTHFUL, ZESTFUL LES of being the first person your readers will probably ACTIVITY frozen and offers to do this believe I am crazy. I believe In Paris, Andre Chareyre immediately. I am reasoning logically, on says good-bye to his LES Some of our more suspicious valid scientific hypotheses. Coordinator’s position LES readers will jump to the www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 27 conclusion that Chareyre Dear Ev, Our mission is to awaken has a radical or possibly It is with great sorrow consciousness deluded Communist approach. However, that I write of my father’s by ancient negative according to today’s death, on the night of April philosophies. Washington Post the French 21, following an embolism. We are not born to die. Communists “offered the I never thought it would I am trying to teach this Party’s hand to people be so quick. His body has through General Semantics. with Christian beliefs” and been inhumated in a little Naturally, I have to face “respect for the convictions cemetery in the village enormous difficulties. But of every one.” French where he lived. the world wasn’t made in a politics are very confusing. For me, who do not believe day. .../... Marc Collet, who heads in death, it has been a I would now like to […] LES coordinating activities harrowing experience. If straighten out a few aspects for France, suggests that luck would have had it that of what was written about me although Chareyre’s offer we be equipped with cryogenic in the last newsletter. to have himself frozen is material, I would have been 1. I don’t think I have generous, freezing is only able to save my father. ever told you, in any of a last chance alternative. This brings me to consider my letters, that a frontal It would be better not to a reality we cannot elude. attack should be opened on be a guinea pig at this time What good is it to inform the Catholic Church and other when the state of the art is people through the press if influential groups. Since you so little advanced. Freezing we do not have the technical have written it, you must is advocated for those who means to give tangible proof have heard it somewhere else. are immediately faced with of our works’ conclusiveness? Followers of Korzybski, the death or who have just died, To this day not a single father of General Semantics, but not for those with years person has been frozen. And do not attack anyone, and on of life ahead of them. LES how would that be as long as the contrary, regret that policy should be based on we do not create “frigorific men fight each other. I merely reason and scientific hope, dormitories”? told Marc Collet and Roland with full recognition of Rather than talk, wouldn’t Missonnier that in the case the dangers, but not on it be better that we unite our thesis did not agree with romanticism. ourselves to gather the funds that of Church and political Several LES officers needed for the creation of parties, complications were in Washington, with no our enterprise? If we wait to be expected. To avoid knowledge of French politics, for generous patrons to this, we had to be on the nevertheless observed that come forward, don’t we run look-out. if the new Parisian freezing the risk to see a number of 2. I do advocate language forces did overwhelm the ourselves be entombed when reforms through General Catholic Church and the the day of our death comes? Semantics (see the trouble major political parties, The Mormon people have we have in understanding that would take all the life been able to hoard up a each other in our letters) out of French politics and huge fortune by establishing to the extent it would widen religion. Then where would regular monthly dues (10% our vision of human life Andre Chareyre be? of salary). Why not do the and would bring men to this In the next (April 1966) issue: “Andre same? Don’t you agree that brotherhood they talk so writes that his suggestions on policy are this course of action would much about but haven’t as nowhere near as drastic as described in be a beneficial addition to yet acquired. The training the previous newsletter. Added to these that of public information? received from earliest misunderstandings, Chareyre’s father is now At the moment, we are childhood conditions the very ill. We hope that Chareyre continues representative of a new least of our behavior. When with us and that his father’s illness can be minority in a world running we think we are acting, we 12 alleviated and cured.” to its end because it is a are in fact being acted upon. Chareyre himself responds in a letter prisoner of an antiquated and I’ve had this experience a that appeared in the June issue, written obsolete valuation (i.e., few days before my father before receiving the news of the freezing man is mortal). died when talking about the (“Someone Has Been Frozen at Last,” May Our minority must become freeze and reanimate program. 13 1966 FWR). strong, structured, Those who were listening, Paris, May 3, 1966 organized. simple, friendly, amicable 28 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org folks from my father’s (French Cryonics village reacted in a way Association, ACF) which left little doubt as in December 1966. to the judgment they held on Missonnier himself my words. At any rate, not was president and one of them came up to sign Andre Chareyre vice the freeze card. The words president, but soon we use are not the things. the leadership began To convince people, we must to change. Chareyre act and not talk. resigned and left 3. It is correct that I’ve the organization in volunteered to be frozen ... September 1967. His but there is nothing romantic place was taken by or generous about this. Not Anatole Dolinoff, an any more than I consider engineer and teacher myself a guinea-pig. Or of chemistry and in that case, [astronauts] physics. Missonnier Board of Directors of the French Cryonics Association published three (ACF) 25 Feb. 1968. From left: Anatole Dolinoff, Jacques Glenn, Sheppard, Gagarin, Laure, Guillaume Roy, Roland Missonnier.15 Leonov, etc. ..., also are issues of Cryonics romantics and guinea pigs. Nouvelles (Cryonics News) in 1967, with who was interested in being frozen split Please, dear Ev, do not the group. Dolinoff and 12 other ex-ACF believe that I shall jump in articles mostly translated from CSNY’s mouthpiece Cryonics Reports. There would members formed a second organization, the ice, eyes closed, yelling the Societe Cryonics de France (Cryonics “Long live LES.” In the case be five more issues through 1968 into early 14 Society of France, SCF) in January 1969. where my offer was to be 1969. Dolinoff, for his part, purchased a Dr. Martinot became the new president of accepted, I would require ACF, and Missonnier the general secretary. all care was taken to give typewriter, mimeograph machine and me a chance to come back as copier for ACF activities, and subsequent meetings were held in his living room. Activity Outside of France soon as possible. Also, the Outside of France cryonics activity experiment would have to be He constructed a wood and aluminum burgeoned in 1968, in a limited way. Dr. carried under international temporary cryonics storage unit lined Ernst Fasan, an Austrian attorney in scientific control. Where with polystyrene, and, in 1968, published Neunkirchen, met with Dolinoff after do you see any romanticism ten detailed committee reports. Among corresponding with Ettinger and meeting there? ... the other principals in the organization the CSNY leaders in New York. He I won’t sign off without were Dr. Guillaume Roy, a specialist proposed creation of a for-profit company. thanking you and all of in alternative medicine; Dr. Raymond In Munich, Germany, 31-year-old Rudolf our LES friends (Collet, Martinot, an assistant physician also Burkhart founded the Deutscher Cryonics Dr. Leclerc, Mr. Hope, Mr. licensed in atomic physics; and his wife, Club (German Cryonics Club, DCC) on Ettinger, etc ...) who have Monique Martinot-Leroy, a mathematics December 23, 1968 with his brother, a helped in the ordeal I had teacher. In 1968 Dr. Roy obtained the right nuclear physicist, as Technical Director. to face. to carry out the initial stages of cryonics In Barcelona, Spain Jorge Blaschke, a Act quickly to create procedures, a difficult matter in France 26-year-old astronomy student, founded in the world “frigorific where law required nothing be done until a Spanish Cryonics Society with himself dormitories” ... so that 24 hours postmortem. (The law could be as president. Because of archaic Spanish soon sons will not mourn circumvented in special circumstances, laws and traditions they feared there their fathers gone in death. for example, for organ donations, and it would be serious barriers to cryonics in .../... appears this is what the cryonicists were All my thanks, and endless counting on.) their country. In England Gerald Evans, best regards. A talk was organized and given in Brian Blair-Giles, and V. Reed had shown Andre Chareyre‑‑ Geneva, , 18 September considerable interest by late 1969, as had an Paris, France 1968, under the theme “Principles and engineer, Iginio Tansini in Milan, , yet The frustration with the slow pace of Fundamentals of Physical Survival by no cryonics societies had evolved in these LES continued, however. Dissatisfaction the Method of Suspended Animation.” countries. with the organization had led Saul Kent and A writeup was given in a local paper, and others to form the Cryonics Society of New Dr. Roy, the main speaker, was invited to Future Plans York in July 1965. With encouragement another speaking engagement nearby.16 All Plans were laid by late 1969 to create f r o m K e n t , Missonnier formed was not well organizationally, however. A an international Cryonics Equipment the Association Cryonics Francais dispute over a wealthy patient of Dr. Roy Corporation (CEC) which would purchase,

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 29 sell, and maintain the necessary equipment population. The amount of more expensive than that for permanent cryonics storage. The shares purchasable by an available from commercial shareholders would be the members of the individual will be limited sources (at the distribution various European cryonics societies. As a to 40.[…]Shares will cost point) as reported by Joseph “proof of sincerity” each member of each about 200 FS (about $50) Cannon in Wisconsin (6¢ per society was required to make arrangements each. litre). for cryopreservation. The original capital is There are additional cost estimates, intended to finance a small suggesting the operation would be more 1970-1984 cryotorium with but one expensive than a comparable facility in For the next few years, in the early ’70s, capsule capable of holding the U.S. though still presumably within there was a flurry of activity among the two people. It is estimated the expected budget. Overall however existing groups on the European continent; the costs will be as follows: the project was never completed and no England also got in the act and started [about $20,000, including cryonics patients were stored by the ECC, a “cryogenics” (really cryonics) society. ground, building, capsule which had a shadowy existence at best. Much of this is documented in The Outlook, and reserves]. Some highlights of individuals or mouthpiece of the cryonics Cryotorium their groups are also worth noting. All group headed by Robert Ettinger, and the The proposed site of quotes until noted otherwise are from the steadiest source on the ongoing cryonics the cryotorium is located respective issue of the Outlook. movement during the difficult decade of between the towns of Rodez In March 1971 difficulties with French 18 the 1970s. (The publication bore the title and Decazeville in the Aveyon laws regarding cryonics are noted. Cryonics Society of Michigan Newsletter for Department in the south FRENCH LEGAL PROBLEMS two of its then-monthly issues starting in of France. Apparently the Apparently the laws January 1970, then changed to The Outlook. ground has not previously involving interment in It changed again, to The Immortalist, in been built upon. It will be France were so narrowly drawn March 1976, and finally, to Long Life, in designated as a cemetery and that cryonic suspension is November 2006, where it continues today.) will not be owned outright illegal in that country. In the August 1970 Outlook there is a by ECC but will be granted as Accordingly, it has become report of progress, excerpted below, on a concession in perpetuity. necessary that the Societe a European Cryonics Corporation, a later Detailed plans for the Cryonics de France launch incarnation, it appears, of the CEC noted cryotorium have been prepared a program to bring about 17 above. by M. Jean ­Michael Huet, the adjustment of certain EUROPEAN CRYONICS architect and SCF Director parts of the civil code CORPORATION of Works. The building is of the nation so that they The cryonics movement in designed to eventually hold will accommodate cryonic Europe has shown increasing twenty two-person capsules suspension. activity of late. The most and will be built underground Working on the proposal were important news concerns the at a depth of approximately Anatole Dolinoff, dynamic formation of the European four feet in order to use president of the society, Cryonics Corporation the earth as an insulating Jacques Wartell, Judicial (E.C.C.), which is being system. A drainage well Director of the society and organized to provide a storage and forced ventilation are a magistrate, whose name facility of international added features. Space will was omitted in the lengthy scope. be provided as well for report that appeared in The activities of the a machine to produce the the December 1970 issue of corporation will at first be needed liquid nitrogen in the Bulletin de la Society of limited nature. Initial the future. Cryonics de France. [Note: working capital is planned It is estimated that such these Bulletins were massive of 80,000 Swiss Francs (about a machine, suitable to such works, much more detailed $20,000) to be provided by an installation, would cost and in some respects much the sale of 400 shares of about 200,000 SF. It would better than anything then stock to be valued at 200 require 36KW of electricity produced in the U.S.] Swiss Francs each. and approximately 90 cubic The proposed changes Only officers and members feet of water per hour and will involve a number of of boards of directors of would produce 58,400 litres articles in the Civil Code Cryonics Societies are of liquid nitrogen per year. [article numbers are given]. eligible for membership in This would yield the nitrogen It is largely a matter of the ECC. Shares are to be at a cost of approximately slight changes in wording allotted by country and by 15¢ per litre which is much or additions of phrases 30 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org that convey the concept of of M. Dolinoff’s cryonics popularity and existing cryonic suspension. articles in the Acta accomplishments of the Needless to say, we in the Gerontologica et Geriatrica movement. United States are lending our Belgica, and that M. Dolinoff One negative aspect noted good wishes in the success is currently touring Tunisia. was the expense of cryonic of this great endeavor. In September he is to meet suspension quoted at from (Sad to say, cryonics is still illegal in with Art Quaife of BACS 150,000 to 170,000 francs 19 France. ) [Bay Area Cryonics Society, (approximately $40,000), In August there is a report of Dolinoff ’s Northern California] in which is considerably visit to , followed by an article about Paris. increased from the amount 20 progress on the new cryotorium: FRENCH PRESS FEATURES NEW quoted by SCF in 1970 DOLINOFF BACK FROM RUSSIA CRYOTORIUM (80,000F). Anatole Dolinoff, President In late June and early July Not mentioned in the news of the Societe Cryonics de three Parisian newspapers stories but communicated by France, has called us from reported the decision of M. Dolinoff by letter is the Paris and followed with a the mayor and city council intention of SCF to acquire letter, reporting on his of the village of Beauvoir­ its own nitrogen generator, visit to the laboratory of sur-Mer to sell to SCF 1100 which should decrease the Prof. Vladimir Negovski in square meters of Russia. land (equivalent to Dr. Negovski is one of a lot of about 100 the leading experts on ft by 100 ft.) for resuscitation in Russia 1 franc, for the and in the world. M. purpose of erecting Dolinoff is descended from a cryotorium. The a famous Russian biologist, only stipulation is Pachoutine, a member of the that the building Russian Academy of Medicine, must be completed who discovered certain within five years. The vitamins and studied the transaction has been metabolism of glucose. completed. Prof. Negovski was not only Le Figaro, leading The meeting in Russia. From left: Elisabeth very cordial personally, but morning paper, had the Brisbart, fiancée of Anatole Dolinoff; was friendly to cryonics, lengthiest article. Vladimir Negovsky; Anatole Dolinoff.21 expressing the opinions Beauvoir is described that it may work and should as a small village, “all cost to some extent. be encouraged. (On the white, all clean, on the edge In 1972 there were several short notices pessimistic side, however, he of a road shaded by tamarisks about a newly-formed Spanish cryonics believes the human brain more tossed by the wind and sea.” society. This is excerpted from the July 22 delicate than that of the cat, The reclaimed land was at one issue. and present freezing methods time an oyster bed and duck SPANISH SOCIETY GAINS MORE are not fully adequate; of marsh. The mayor frankly NOTICE course, no one has claimed admitted that he thought a The Cryonics Society of they are, and we still have cryotorium would be an asset Spain (La Asociacion cryonics to rely on the repair of to the village in attracting de Espana) has been given some freezing damage.) Dr. tourists. Beauvoir is located its latest write-up in Karma Negovski authorized the near l’Ile de Noimoutier, 7, a magazine devoted to the French society to reprint his which is on the Atlantic “New Horizons of Science.” articles, “Terminal States” coast just south and east Although the magazine and “Reanimation of the of Nantes in the department provides some questionable Body.” Even more remarkable, of Vendee, approximately 150 company including astrology, he has agreed to come to miles from Paris. the article seems, at least Paris for the formalization In all three papers the to one with little Spanish, of the European Cryonics attitudes expressed were, to be fairly straightforward. Corporation! M. Dolinoff is a though slightly skeptical, It contains short interviews splendid ambassador indeed. for the most part favorable. with, and photographs of, Finally, we learn that Dr. In fact, there was a tendency several Society members: H. Lecompte is to reprint one towards exaggerating the Presidert Jorge Blaschke, www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 31 astronomer and writer; with a grace and simplicity Also a comprehensive public Vice President Salvador which I have seen no place relations program is being Torroella, a naturalist; in America other than New developed. Secretary-General Orleans. There have been complaints Ernesto Olivan; Research I wrote to Brian Blair- from The British Cryogenic Director Dr. Buenaventura Giles, of BCS (The British Council in regard to the Deusedes, psychologist Cryogenic Society) before I use of the term Cryogenic and criminologist; Legal left the U.S. and was contacted in the name of the society Director Francisco Saez, when I arrived in London by in England. Apparently it attorney. [Photographs Geoffrey Pearl, Chairman has developed into a legal shown.] of that organization. He matter and is being dealt The vigor of the Spanish does not live in London but with. The probability is group is admirable, spends every evening there that the term Cryonic will especially in view of the at a social club in [or very be substituted. My opinion conservative character of near] Soho.[…] It is close is that this is for the best to the theater as it will lend cohesiveness district and to the international aspect Old Compton of the movement.[…] Road, where I also met and had an are located even longer visit with Jean Wheeler’s and Francois Le Cot[…]. In fact Le Bistingo, I spent an evening at his which no one home, where I met a number should miss of handsome and interesting when in London. people, most of whom were The food and French. company Jean Francois is intensely are of the interested in the research best‑‑and the aspect of cryonics and wishes wine!!![…] to become a cryobiologist. Geoffrey However, he says the and I had opportunity to achieve a lengthy his aim is practically conversation nonexistent in Europe. He about the feels he may decide to study cryonics in the U.S. if he can work movement out an arrangement at some Jorge Blaschke, Cryonics Society of Spain, 197223 in England. university whereby he can It seems to teach as well as study. He have come up is at present a teacher of Spanish society. against the stone wall of French in England. I soon Greater coverage was given in the 1972 indifference and adherence found out, from talking to newsletters to cryonics in England under to old traditions and even Jean Francois’s friends, that the newly formed British Cryogenic Society. hostility that the movement the philosophical aspects There was a lengthy writeup in the March has encountered and is only of the cryonics concept are issue, followed by a travelogue report in the slowly overcoming in the exceedingly important. This September issue by editor Mae Junod (later U.S. was evident in my discussion Mrs. Ettinger) who made a trip to England. However, Geoffrey has with Geoffrey as well. It 24 Her interesting report is excerpted here. many plans to overcome is difficult for a culture TRAVELOGUE - LONDON - BCS these obstacles. He feels steeped in ancient and […]London has restored its that research to perfect valued traditional ways of buildings to a large extent methods of cryonization thought to accept something rather than destroy them and and resuscitation is of so radical as cryonics. replace them with modernity. primary importance. There There are many attendant Consequently walking about are plans afoot to make a areas of disbelief and in the city is a joy. Most start in this direction, and objection that are going to especially the Georgian a building is available upon have to be overcome. Granted architecture is charming completion of the plans. a victory over the problem

32 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org of successful resuscitation the reality of the situation is that things first spelled “Martineau” in would obviate much of the were deteriorating and the remainder of the press), 62, is a retired philosophical resistance, the seventies would not be a good time Assistant (Professor?) of nevertheless, much of it is for the fledgling movement, even in its the Academy of Medicine in not going to yield to even American homeland, let alone elsewhere. Paris. His wife, Monique guaranteed immortality. For Most of the early cryonics patients would Leroy, died at 49 of instance, much of religious be lost and only a handful of new cases bleeding related to an iliac belief is inherently would be added to the ranks by the mid- tumor. She was perfused in 26 nihilistic, holding that the eighties. Cryonics organizations needed the hospital with dextran/ life of the body is inferior to be restructured along more financially heparin at the request of her to that of the “soul.” Also, solid lines. And it would be done—in the husband, who then, at home, life is difficult for many U.S. Meanwhile in Europe cryonics activity put her in a refrigerator people. It is not easy for would die down after 1972 and reach a which had been purchased them to believe that it will state of near-dormancy. No ECC or other at an earlier time, when it be any better in the future continent-wide organization would be set appeared he himself might be than it is now, or for that up. There would be no cryotorium. No fatally ill. The refrigerator matter, that it might not be one in Europe would be cryopreserved apparently functions in the worse. and stored there during this period, nor for range of ‑60 to ‑95 degrees I think the discussions I the rest of the century, with one strange Centigrade‑‑roughly as cold had with Geoffrey and Jean exception. as dry ice. Francois and his friends were The story broke when it did of value in several ways; The Martinot Case: 1984 because a power failure made they gave us all a feeling We met the Martinots above: Raymond Dr. Martinot buy dry ice, of being involved together the assistant physician, and his wife, and some unfriendly busybody in a movement, a feeling Monique, the math teacher. Both were told the police. The local that cannot be brought about involved in forming the first French population are mainly by mere printed words. Also cryonics organization, back in 1966. Their sympathetic, we gather, I have a clearer picture of organization soon split, Raymond heading although the parish priest the difficulties that are one part, Dolinoff the other, though the “does not know on which leg confronting the people in two men were apparently still on good to dance”, but there has England and it is possible terms. But after fifteen years, suddenly a been official harassment, we may be able to help them crisis developed, an all-too-familiar one including an effort by the to overcome them. It must connected with the fragility of human Ministry of Environment to have been heartening for life…. The story is well enough told from prove the refrigerator is them to know that we have a contemporary source, The Immortalist a threat to the ecology. faced the same difficulties (formerly The Outlook) of August 1984, However, permission to 27 here and are making at least reprinted below. (By this time the keep the frozen patient at some progress in overcoming Michigan group had formed the Cryonics home had been obtained from Institute, a major cryonics organization the town mayor, and it now which continues today.) seems the hostile forces in SUSPENSION FUROR IN FRANCE officialdom have run out of On July 27 the French ammunition, at least for the news media erupted with the time being. story of a freezing in that Press commentary at first country, last February, which ranged from bad to extremely had just come to light. The bad, with the all-too- largest newspapers carried familiar refrains: (1) prominent stories‑‑a large Trying to cheat death is photo and story on the front unnatural, antireligious, 25 Brian Blair-Giles page of France Soir, for and not very sporting; (2) example‑‑and TV, radio, and You-can-freeze-isolated- print coverage have continued cells-but-a-whole-large- them. apace. We have been able to dead-organism-leaves-no- The above reports suggest a vigorous piece together the following hope-whatever. cryonics community was growing up in information, but of course However, Dr. Martinot has Europe, accompanied, we might expect, cannot guarantee the accuracy received warm support from by a similar successful movement in the of all the details. Anatole Dolinoff, President Western hemisphere. Unfortunately, (Dr.?) Raymond Martinot (at of the Societe Cryonics www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 33 de France, with which Dr. Some further details: Dr. Martinot (he she began by remaining at Martinot‑‑although not really was “Doctor” as other accounts attest) room temperature 7 hours. a member‑‑has long been had purchased a chateau in the 1970s near This was because of a associated. Dr. Dolinoff Saumur in the Loire Valley, France, along technical problem with has been able to arrange with a freezer to hold his frozen remains refrigeration in the clinic several exposures in the should the need arise—as in fact it did for where she died. Since then, 29 various media, at least his wife. Authorities challenged the non- she has been stored at -55 C once in the company of Dr. burial non-cremation, but were warded off (that is, since 1984). Under Martinot, and in addition and Martinot charged admission to tour these conditions, to pretend to the technical questions groups to pay the freezer’s power bill (see as Martinot does that the has emphasized these points: below). He lived on for many years after chances of a future return to (1) Cryonicists seek this incident and there was much concern life of his wife are 15% is, indefinitely extended life, over what would happen when he himself in my estimation, a madman’s but do not expect infinite arrested. Dolinoff may have been initially fantasy. life, since destruction from supportive but later seems to have become In return, Dr Martinot has some catastrophe will occur hostile. I was in touch with Dolinoff refused to put me in touch sooner or later, so for the starting late in 1996; his main response is with another man desiring to religious their faith does included in the CryoNet posting reprinted put his deceased mother into 30 not lose relevance. (2) The below. cold storage. As a result, the French society (like some [from Mike Perry, 30 Jan. said mother remained a month of those in the States) is 1997:] Recently there was and a half at a few degrees strictly nonprofit, Anatole some discussion of a freezing below zero centigrade. After himself working for zero in France that took place that, as soon as this man francs, so those looking some years ago (for example got my address thanks to an for get-rich-quick schemes Anatole Dolinoff, #7353, American organization, this can forget it. The reports Dec. 24). A woman, Monique woman was put into dry ice we have seen indicate that Martinot, was frozen by her (stored in a cemetery), and Mr. Dolinoff’s vigorous and husband Dr. Raymond Martinot contract negotiations were intelligent efforts have after she died 25 Feb. 1984. started--but these dragged made France a little bit Since then she has been on for some time. Finally, friendlier to cryonics. maintained at -55 C in a after a year and a half on Dr. Martinot’s decision to freezer, but might be thawed dry ice, the woman was sent go it alone, in the way he did, out when her husband dies. to Cryonics Institute and, does not seem the wisest, of I’ve had some correspondence being found in acceptable course, but at least he did with Dolinoff, which is condition, was placed into something, putting love and reprinted below edited by liquid nitrogen storage. honor ahead of convenience me for English. I thank Thus, I have no contacts and public opinion, and for Mr. Dolinoff for reviewing with Dr Martinot. I know that he has our respect and the present posting in its only that the Authorities admiration. We have written entirety and for giving have told him that if they to express these feelings, permision to post it to permit his wife to remain at and to ask whether he has CryoNet. ‑55 C in the basement of his any new plans. If he has any ************************* chateau, this authorization requests or proposals for [Anatole Dolinoff to Mike will cease when he dies. the Cryonics Institute, we Perry, Dec. 27, 1996:] As I see it, Dr Martinot will do our best to help him. Hi Mike ! doesn’t have and never will There is nothing confidential have the money to allow in the following. his wife and/or himself to Dr Raymond Martinot intends be sent to the States for to be frozen and hopes that cold storage. Also, his son his son will do that in will not have the right to France. He hopes also that continue the cold storage of the same son will continue his parents. to store his wife Monique at But if it is your wish to -55 C or so. As I see it, get in touch with him, I Raymond and Monique when this is an infeasible dream. give you the address of Dr they were young.28 I don’t support the cold Martinot from ten years ago: storage of Monique because 15, Avenue Victor Hugo 34 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org RUEIL-MALMAISON 92500 FRANCE be acceptable to the people cryonics-related activity in Europe. Sincerely : Anatole involved. The start of “modern” cryonics in DOLINOFF I asked Mr. Dolinoff about Britain goes back to May 1986 when the ************************** the possibility of freezing British Cryonics Society was formed; [MP again:] In a later brains in France and sending within two months its name had been message Mr. Dolinoff also the brain out of the country changed to Mizar (the companion star 34 added that, according to (minus the body of course). to Alcor in the Big Dipper); in 1989 it 35 what he heard several times, The main problem with this, became Alcor UK. The main purpose of he thinks it is likely that according to him, is that the organization was to provide emergency Dr. Martinot would *not* brain death criteria would transport and other cryonics services, up send his wife to the States be applied, i.e. the brain to but not including long-term patient nor permit himself to be could not be removed until storage. In October 1990 Alcor UK hosted sent (after his freezing, if brainwave activity had ceased a “first European cryonics conference” it happens). The way he has (for a “sufficient” time- at the Gatwick Airport, London. About carried out the freezing it -three hours by clinical 50 attended from Great Britain, France, has been very inexpensive standards in France)--very Germany, Austria, Portugal, Italy, Japan, 36 for him--because he charges bad for cryonics. Canada, and the United States. Eventually admission to tour groups who Anatole Dolinoff died in 1999 of ALS, Cryonics UK, another organization with come to visit the basement and was not cryopreserved. He thought a broader theater, would become active of his chateau where his the chances of cryonics working were in assisting cryonics cases in Britain and wife is stored! slim and didn’t want to deprive his widow neighboring countries. Much credit is It looks then as if it of money. Robert Ettinger, who posted due to Alan Sinclair for his hard work could be difficult to arrange this information at CryoNet, commented and financial sacrifices in shaping and for more secure storage for further: “A very depressing case. He was assisting the British cryonics organizations 37 this case, given the mindset a delightful fellow, with diverse interests, throughout their history. of the people involved. and kind-hearted, adopting several stray I very recently wrote to dogs. He visited me and Mae a few years Dr. Martinot at the above back. He also helped in the suspension address, and am waiting for of a French person years ago, building a 31 a reply. (Has anyone had any transport container. I miss him.” success contacting him?) As for Dr. Martinot, I never received Another point worth making, a reply from him, and no one contacted I think, is that, without me who had heard from him. He died of further information to go a stroke in 2002, and his son Remy had on, I would favor continuing him placed in the freezer with Monique. the freezing (contrary to Authorities contested again, and Remy Mr. Dolinoff’s opinion) in held them at bay for four years. Then there spite of the 7 hours of warm was a freezer malfunction that caused Alan Sinclair about 199038 ischemia and other problems warmup of the patients to an estimated (not excepting that -55 C is ‑20°C for several days. Remy thought this not very cold for longterm ended the chances of revival (mistakenly, After the 1990 conference a long storage, and there is the I think many knowledgeable cryonicists interval passed without much in the way additional problem of whether would agree, if conditions were otherwise of similar European events. In 2010 the any warming from *this* favorable. Consider the Suda experiment German Society for Applied Biostasis temperature has occurred in where the cat brain was at this temperature (DGAB) held a symposium “to create a the more than ten years since for months and still showed recognizable milieu for scientific discussion of cryonics- the freezing). An x-ray or CT brain waves). The son then had the bodies related issues as well as to elevate the scan would reveal something cremated, a sad, tragic conclusion to this scientific status of cryonics and bring more 32 about the condition of the gripping drama. scientists into the field.” A second, similar brain. To save on cost the symposium was hosted by the DGAB in 39 sensible thing would be to What Happened to the Rest? 2014. convert Ms. Martinot to Full information is lacking but it appears Today there are, in fact, a good number neuro, which might then that nearly all of the early European activists of cryonics groups in Europe. A “Cryonics 33 permit the authorities to have died and were not cryopreserved. Europe” website lists and gives links to commit the rest of the body groups in fourteen countries: Belgium, to burial and satisfy their More Recent Happenings Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, requirements--but it remains To conclude on a little lighter note, here is Ireland, Italy, , Norway, 40 to be seen if neuro would a very brief summary of some more recent Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 35 Interestingly, France is not included, though I know of French people who are interested, one of them Roland Missonnier, who is still involved after half a century.41 But in Russia there is now something special. KrioRus is a full-service cryonics organization based on the outskirts of , the first of its kind outside the U.S. Started in 2005, as of April 2016 it had 51 human patients and 20 or so pets. It offers a full range of preservation options: brain only, head only, and whole body.42 As a parting shot I note the upcoming cryonics conference in Basel, Switzerland, Staff working at the KrioRus facility located at 43 planned for Nov. 12-13.44 Are you going?  Sergeyiv Posad on the outskirts of Moscow.

Sources AC. Angelique Chrisafis, “Freezer Failure Ends Couple’s IS. Isamu Suda, K. Kito and C. Adachi, “Viability of long term Hopes of Life after Death,” https://www.theguardian.com/ frozen cat brain in vitro,” Nature 212 268-70: 15 Oct 1966; science/2006/mar/17/france.internationalnews accessed 5 Sep Gregory Fahy, private communication 14 Aug. 2012 (email). 2016 The remarkable work of Suda and colleagues half a century ago AD. Anatole Dolinoff, “Cryonics in Europe,” Cryonics Reports has not been repeated as of this writing but cryobiologist Fahy 4(11) (Nov. 1969) 8-11. has carefully examined it, including extensive unpublished notes supplied by the late Dr. Suda, and judges it scientifically sound. BW. , “Report on the European Cryonics Conference,” Cryonics 12(2) (Feb. 1991) 11-14. KR. http://www.kriorus.com/en/about-us; https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/KrioRus; both accessed 5 Sep 2016; http://kriorus.ru/ CRN. Cryonics News (reprint 2012, Roland Missonnier). en/pressa/KrioRus-where-you-can-be-FROZEN-come-back- CUK. (Cryonics UK) http://www.cryonics.org/case-reports/ DEAD, accessed 7 Sep. 2016. the-cryonics-institutes-117th-patient; http://www.alcor. LW. Luigi Warren, “Alcor UK: A Status Report,” Cryonics 11(2) org/AlcorUK.html; http://www.evidencebasedcryonics. (Feb. 1990) 5. org/2008/09/29/time-for-the-rebirth-of-cryonics-in-britain/, all accessed 7 Sep. 2016. MM. Max More (as Max O’Connor) “Cryonics in Britain,” Cryonics 7(11) (Nov. 1986) 26-27. DGAB. https://www.fightaging.org/archives/2010/10/ reporting-on-the-2010-cryonics-symposium-in- MP1. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record: Ev Cooper and the germany/; https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_ Conference That Didn’t Happen: Trials of an Early Freezing” Q9EZE1oLIqjUZo3oqLAOAyHOs2MPZN4; both accessed 5 Cryonics 37(3) (May-Jun. 2016) 14. Sep 2016. MP2. R. Michael Perry, Martinot case, CryoNet posting 30 EC. Evan Cooper (as Nathan Duhring), Immortality: Physically, Jan. 1997, http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=7536, Scientifically, Now, Washington, D.C., 20th Century Books, accessed 4 Sep 2016. 1962, http://www.evidencebasedcryonics.org/ev-cooper- MP3. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record: The Seekers of immortality-physically-scientifically-now/, accessed 6 Sep. 2016. Immortality: A Listing of Cryonics Patients with some Remarks EUR. http://www.quantium.plus.com/lr/cryonics-europe/ on Growth of the Movement,” Cryonics 19(4) (4th Q 1998) 35- ce.htm, accessed 5 Sep 2016. 39, https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1998-4.pdf, accessed 6 Sep 2016. FWR. Complete Back Issues of Life Extension Society News and Freeze-Wait-Reanimate, ed. Evan Cooper, http://www. MS. Miriam Stoppard, presenter, “Where There’s Life,” http:// foreverforall.org/, accessed 17 Mar. 2016. www.quantium.plus.com/lr/cryonics-europe/martinot/lr6.htm, accessed 6 Sep. 2016. GE. http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/evans_gerald, accessed 12 Sep. 2016.

36 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org OI. The Outlook before Mar. 1976, otherwise The Immortalist. Note concerning quoted material. For lengthier, quoted RE. Robert Ettinger, Dolinoff, CryoNet posting 1 Jun. 2000 passages in courier font minor spelling, typographical http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=13812, accessed 6 and punctuation errors are silently corrected. Square brackets [] Sep. 2016. are used for editorial revision. Editorial ellipses are enclosed in square brackets […]; ellipses already in the quoted material are RM. Roland Missonnier, private communications Aug. 2016 as written (unenclosed): ... . Dashes are standardized to “‑‑”— (emails). RMP. SW. (Swiss Cryonics Conference) http://cryosuisse.ch/en/ conference-2016/, accessed 7 Sep. 2016. W. “Cryonics,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics, accessed 6 Sep. 2016.

References 1. EC. 16. CRN 7 (Sep.-Oct.-Nov. 1968), cover, 32. AC. 17. 2. MP1, FWR. 33. RM, GE. 17. OI 1(8) (Aug. 1970) 1-2. 3. FWR 1(4) (Sep. 1964) 3. 34. MM. 18. OI 2(3) (Mar. 1971) 5. 4. FWR 2(14) (Jul. 1965) 2. 35. LW. 19. W. 5. FWR 2(16) (Sep. 1965) 1-2; FWR 36. B W. 2(17) (Oct. 1965) 1-2; IS. 20. OI 2(8) (Aug. 1971) 1-2. 37. CUK. 6. FWR 3(31) (Jan. 1967) 3, 6. 21. OI 2(11) (Nov. 1971) cover; OI 3(5) 38. BW (photo by Brian Wowk). (May 1972) cover. 7. AD. 39. DGAB. 22. OI 3(7) (Jul. 1972) 3. 8. FWR 2(13) (Jun. 1965) 3. 40. EUR. 23. OI 3(4) (Apr. 1972) cover. 9. FWR 2(15) (Aug. 1965) 3. 41. RM. 24. OI 3(9) (Sep. 1972) 1-2. 10. CRN 2 (Jul.-Aug.-Sep. 1967) 23. 42. KR. 25. OI 3(3) (Mar. 1972) cover. 11. FWR 3(22) (Mar. 1966) 1-2. 43. KR (3rd source). 26. MP3. 12. FWR 3(23) (Apr. 1966) 8. 44. S W. 27. OI 15(8) (Aug. 1984) 1-2. 13. FWR 3(24) (May 1966) 1; FWR 3(25) (Jun. 1966) 7-9. 28. RM, MS. 14. AD. (Covers several paragraphs.) 29. MS. 15. CRN 5 (Apr.-May 1968) cover 30. MP2. (source: Roland Missonnier). 31. RE.

Acknowledgments. I thank York Porter of the for permission to use text and photographs from back issues of the (now) IS newsletter (Outlook, Immortalist). I thank Roland Missonnier for help with some of the early French material, including images. I thank for permission to use the KrioRus photo. I thank Max More for clarifications regarding cryonics in the UK since the mid-1980s. Any use of copyrighted material outside of permission is consistent with what I believe to be “fair use” policy for nonprofit, educational purposes—RMP.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 37 Important Historical Document Brought to Light

t Alcor’s website, http://www.alcor.org/ Library/html/declarations.html, is a section, A“Scientist Declarations.” These supportive communications were provided to Alcor in 1988 and 1989 in connection with legal proceedings involving various state and local officials in Alcor’s then location of Riverside, California. Cryonics was a controversial practice, and its propriety was being challenged on various grounds, including (though not limited to) whether it was scientifically defensible. In one such case, “Roe v Mitchell,” an Alcor member, Dick Jones (anonymized in the proceedings as John Roe), sued for the right to be cryopreserved. This rather draconian response followed a declaration of David Mitchell, Chief of the Office of the State Registrar, Department of Vital Statistics, that “Existing California statutes provide no basis to authorize cryonic facilities to store human remains. Therefore, if the Alcor Foundation has any bodies or body parts stored in the facility, the foundation is guilty of a misdemeanor … and should be reported to the local district attorney for investigation and prosecution as appropriate.” (In the end Alcor won the right to practice cryonics in California, which had important repercussions for cryonics organizations in general both in and outside the state.)1 In one of the declarations connected with the Mitchell case the famous science fiction and science author Arthur C. Clarke made a much-heralded endorsement: “Although no one can quantify the probability of cryonics working, I estimate it is at least 90% – and certainly nobody can say it is zero! The statement that it does not advance scientific knowledge is absolutely ridiculous, because whether it will work or not, research in this area will obviously be of great medical value.” (Clarke was not personally attracted to cryonics, though, and died in 2008 without being cryopreserved. I should also note that cryonics today uses vitrification with significantly less damage to References tissues than the procedures Clarke had in mind.)2 The above quote 1. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/legalbattles.html; from Clarke and a bit more, actually part of a letter from him, will http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=63 be found at the website. Due to sensitivities of the time and later, the rest of the document was not made public. Greg Fahy, the 2. http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/declarations.html; recipient of the letter, has now okayed its full publication, so here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke it is—read and enjoy!  All sources accessed 12 Sep. 2016—Mike Perry.

38 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org Reduce Your Alcor Dues With The CMS Waiver

Alcor members pay general dues to cover Alcor’s neurocryopreservation members under this election would operating expenses and also make annual contributions to be $110,000). Once this election is made, the member the Comprehensive Member Standby fund pool to cover the cannot change back to the original minimums in the future. costs of readiness and standby. Benefits of Comprehensive To have the CMS fee waived, these are the minimums: Member Standby include no out-of-pocket expense for standby services at the time of need, and up to $10,000 for • $220,000 Whole Body Cryopreservation relocation assistance to the Scottsdale, Arizona area. ($115,000 to the Patient Care Trust, $60,000 for Instead of paying $180 per year in CMS dues, Alcor also cryopreservation, $45,000 to the CMS Fund). provides members the option to cover all CMS-associated • $100,000 Neurocryopreservation ($25,000 to the costs through life insurance or pre-payment. Members who Patient Care Trust, $30,000 for cryopreservation, provide an additional $20,000 in minimum funding will no $45,000 to the CMS Fund). longer have to pay the $180 CMS (Comprehensive Member Standby fund) fee. This increase in minimums is permanent If you have adequate funding and would like to take (for example, if in the future Alcor were to raise the cost of advantage of the CMS waiver, contact Diane Cremeens at a neurocryopreservation to $90,000, the new minimum for [email protected].

Become An Alcor Associate Member! Supporters of Alcor who are not yet ready to make cryopreservation arrangements can become an Associate Member for $5/month (or $15/quarter or $60 annually). Associate Members are members of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation who have not made cryonics arrangements but financially support the organization. Associate Members will receive:

• Cryonics magazine by mail • Discounts on Alcor conferences • Access to post in the Alcor Member Forums • A dollar-for-dollar credit toward full membership sign-up fees for any dues paid for Associate Membership

To become an Associate Member send a check or money order ($5/month or $15/quarter or $60 annually) to Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 7895 E. Acoma Dr., Suite 110, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260, or call Marji Klima at (480) 905-1906 ext. 101 with your credit card information. Or you can pay online via PayPal using the following link: http://www.alcor.org/BecomeMember/associate.html (quarterly option is not available this way). Associate Members can improve their chances of being cryo- preserved in an emergency if they complete and provide us with a Declaration of Intent to be Cryopreserved (http://www.alcor.org/Library/ html/declarationofintent.html). Financial provisions would still have to be made by you or someone acting for you, but the combination of Associate Membership and Declaration of Intent meets the informed consent requirement and makes it much more likely that we could move ahead in a critical situation.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 39 ORDER Preserving Minds, NOW! Saving Lives The Best Cryonics Writings of The Alcor Life Extension Foundation

“Cryonics magazine introduced me to Alcor and cryonics at its best back in 1983. The visions and technological breakthroughs that you will read about in this book continue to shape Alcor’s mission to preserve life through science.” – Max More, Ph.D. President and CEO of Alcor

ryonics is an experimental medical procedure that Cuses ultra-low temperatures to put critically ill people into a state of metabolic arrest to give them access to medical advances of the future. Since its inception in the early 1960s, the practice of cryonics has moved from a theoretical concept to an evidence-based practice that uses emergency medical procedures and modern vitrification technologies to eliminate ice formation.

Preserving Minds, Saving Lives offers an ambitious collection of articles about cryonics and the Alcor Life Extension Foundation. From its humble beginnings in 1972, and its first human cryonics patient in 1976, Alcor has grown to a professional organization with more than 1,000 members, more than 140 human patients, and more than 50 pets, all awaiting a chance to be restored to good health and continue their lives.

This book presents some of the best cryonics writings from Cryonics magazine from 1981 to 2012. There are clear expositions of the rationale behind cryonics, its scientific validation, and the evolution of Alcor procedures. Also covered are repair and resuscitation scenarios, philosophical issues associated with cryonics, and debates within the cryonics community itself.

Soft Cover Edition: $20 – Hard Cover Edition: $35 To order your copy, go to: www.alcor.org/book or call 1-877-GO ALCOR (462-5267) Table of Contents Foreword: Cryonics and Hope • Introduction

WHAT IS CRYONICS? Why We Are Cryonicists • Cryonics: Using Low Temperatures to Care for the Critically Ill • Medical Time Travel • The Bricks in the Wall HISTORY OF CRYONICS John Hunter, Cryonics Forerunner • The Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Dead • Riding the Jameson Satellite • The First Cryonicist • Robert Ettinger: Some Brief Historical and Personal Notes • Notes on the First Human Freezing • The Realities of Patient Storage • Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years • Dear Dr. Bedford • Robert Nelson and the Bedford Freezing: A Comment • Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Cryobiologists HISTORY OF ALCOR A Brief History of Alcor • Where did the name Alcor come from? • New Home, New Life: Alcor Moves to Arizona • The Alcor Patient Care Trust RESEARCH IN CRYONICS Evaluation of the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford after 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension • A Brief History of Alcor Research • The Seminar: Amazing Breakthroughs in Cryobiology and Resuscitation Systems for Intermediate Temperature Storage for Fracture Reduction and Avoidance ALCOR PROCEDURES AND TECHNOLOGIES How Cold is Cold Enough? • History of DMSO and Glycerol in Cryonics • Mathematical Analysis of Recirculating Perfusion Systems, with Application to Cryonic Suspension • Getting to 8M Glycerol and Other Perfusion Problems • How Cryoprotectants Work • Vitrification Arrives: New Technology Preserves Patients without Ice Damage • New Cryopreservation Technology • Cooling Down • Elements of a Transport • Cardiopulmonary Support in Cryonics: The Significance of Legal Death in Cryonics • Rapid Stabilization in Human Cryopreservation • Securing Viability of the Brain at Alcor • Case Reports in Cryonics RESCUSCITATION OF CRYONICS PATIENTS To Wake Refreshed • The Anabolocyte: A Biological Approach to Repairing Cryoinjury • Cell Repair Technology • Realistic Scenario for Nanotechnological Repair of the Frozen Human Brain • A Cryopreservation Revival Scenario Using MNT • Neural Archaeology • Cryonics, Cryptography, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation • Information Storage and Computational Aspects of Repair PERSPECTIVES ON CRYONICS A Message for Terminal Patients • The Death of Death in Cryonics • Why Suspension Members Need More Than Minimum Funding • Conservative Medicine • Binary Statutes, Analog World: Burke’s Paradox and the Law • Why a Religious Person Can Choose Cryonics • Cryonics and Emergency Medicine • Ethics of Non-ideal Cryonics Cases • Let’s Talk About Cryonics • How to Protect Your Cryonics Arrangements from Interference by Third Parties DEBATES WITHIN CRYONICS But What Will the Neighbors Think? A Discourse on the History and Rationale of Neurosuspension • The Neurocryopreservation Option: Head First Into the Future • The Case for Whole Body Cryopreservation • Responsibility, Probability, and Durability • The “I” Word • The Road Less Traveled: Alternatives to Cryonics • The Myth of the Golden Scalpel • Has Cryonics Taken the Wrong Path?

Afterword • Biographies of Contributors

“Society’s failure to take cryonics seriously is a tragedy “Alcor appears to be the leading organization that is probably costing countless lives. Alcor, notably in the application of cryonics in medicine. via its magazine, is leading the fight to change that.” I’m proud to be a part of this effort.” – Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D. – Michael D. West, Ph.D. Biomedical Gerontologist and Chief Science Officer Stem Cell Scientist and Chief Executive of the SENS Research Foundation Officer of BioTime, Inc.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / March-April 2016 41

1020

TOTAL 137 12

Number of Alcor patients Alcor of Number

31 3 United Kingdom United

1 0 United Arab Emirates Arab United

4 1 Thailand

3 1 Spain

1 0 Singapore

4 0 Portugal

1 0 Norway

1 0 ealand Z New

1 0 Netherlands

1 0 Monaco

4 0 Mexico

1 0 Luxembourg

4 0 Japan

3 0 Number of Alcor members Alcor of Number Italy

1 1 Israel

2 0 Hong Kong Hong

10 0 Germany

0 1

1 0 Chile

50 2 Canada

13 3 Australia Australia

Country

Patients Members

International

1569 1551 1547 1448 1430 1411 1406 1405 Total

320 311 315 227 218 206 200 201 Associate

148 146 146 146 146 146 144 144 Patients

1101 1094 1085 1075 1066 1059 1062 1060 Members

DEC NOV OCT SEP G U A UL J N U J MAY APR MAR FEB JAN 2016 Membership Statistics Membership Resuscitation Update Reported by R. Michael Perry

Putting a Computer in Your by Sequencing), makes it possible in the Hippo pathway, which controls organ Brain Is No Longer Science a single experiment to trace the long- size. XMU-MP-1 has proven to inhibit the range projections of large numbers of activity of MST1/2, the central component Fiction individual neurons from a specific region of this pathway and promote cell growth in or regions to wherever they lead in the four different mouse models of acute and Like many in Silicon Valley, technology brain—in experiments that are many chronic injuries, including acetaminophen- entrepreneur Bryan Johnson sees a times less expensive, labor-intensive and induced injury, which is a common cause future in which intelligent machines can time-consuming than current mapping of liver failure worldwide. Zhou said they do things like drive cars on their own technologies allow. Although a number of have applied for a patent … . and anticipate our needs before we ask. important brain-mapping projects are now What’s uncommon is how Johnson wants under way, all of these efforts to obtain Xinhua News Agency to respond: find a way to supercharge the “connectomes,” or wiring maps, rely upon 20 Aug. 2016 human brain so that we can keep up with microscopes and related optical equipment http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ the machines. From an unassuming office to trace the myriad thread-like projections 2016-08/20/c_135618154.htm in Venice Beach, his science-fiction-meets- that link neurons to other neurons, near science start-up, Kernel, is building a tiny and far. For the first time ever, MAPseq chip that can be implanted in the brain to “converts the task of brain mapping into help people suffering from neurological Designing Ultrasound Tools one of RNA sequencing,” says its inventor, with Lego-Like Proteins damage caused by strokes, Alzheimer’s Anthony Zador, M.D., Ph.D., professor at or concussions. Top neuroscientists who Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. are building the chip — they call it a neuroprosthetic — hope that in the longer Peter Tarr / Cold Spring term, it will be able to boost intelligence, Harbor Laboratory memory and other cognitive tasks. The 19 Aug. 2016 medical device is years in the making, http://www.cshl.edu/news-and-features/ Johnson acknowledges, but he can afford revolutionary-method-to-map-the-brain- the time. He sold his payments company, at-single-neuron-resolution-is-successfully- Braintree, to PayPal for $800 million in demonstrated.html 2013. A former Mormon raised in Utah, the 38-year-old speaks about the project with missionary-like intensity and focus. Chinese Scientists Discover Elizabeth Dwoskin / Molecules to Repair Organs The Washington Post Protein-shelled structures called gas 15 Aug. 2016 Chinese scientists have discovered a small vesicles, illustrated here, can be https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/ molecule that can regenerate tissue, which engineered with Lego-like proteins to improve ultrasound methods. The gas the-switch/wp/2016/08/15/putting- in the future could make tissue regeneration much easier for many. The research was vesicles can help detect specific cell a-computer-in-your-brain-is-no-longer- types and create multicolor images. led by professor Zhou Dawang and Deng science-fiction/ Credit: Barth van Rossum for Caltech Xianming of the School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, and professor Yun Ultrasound imaging is used around the Brain Mapped at Single- Caihong of Peking University. The findings world to help visualize developing babies were published in the latest edition of and diagnose disease. Sound waves bounce Neuron Resolution Science Translational Medicine, on August 17. off the tissues, revealing their different Zhou said they have discovered a drug, densities and . The next step in Neuroscientists today publish in Neuron XMU-MP-1, which can promote repair ultrasound technology is to image not just details of a revolutionary new way of and regeneration in the liver, intestines and anatomy, but specific cells and molecules mapping the brain at the resolution of skin. In the future, the pills may do away deeper in the body, such as those associated individual neurons, which they have with the need for organ transplants or with tumors or bacteria in our gut. A successfully demonstrated in the mouse complex biomaterial and cell therapies, he new study from Caltech outlines how brain. The new method, called MAPseq said. Zhou and his colleagues specifically protein engineering techniques might help (Multiplexed Analysis of Projections targeted a critical signaling molecule in achieve this milestone. The researchers

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 43 engineered protein-shelled nanostructures Google’s Plan for Quantum without which our modern lifestyle would called gas vesicles—which reflect sound Computer Supremacy be impossible. Those materials are usually waves—to exhibit new properties useful found by luck or accident rather than for ultrasound technologies. In the future, design. It has been impossible to create these gas vesicles could be administered artificial capillaries with atomic-scale to a patient to visualize tissues of interest. precision. Now a Manchester group led by The modified gas vesicles were shown to: postdoctoral researcher Radha Boya and give off more distinct signals, making them Nobel laureate Andre Geim show how to easier to image; target specific cell types; make the impossible possible, as reported and help create color ultrasound images. in Nature. The new technology is elegant, “It’s somewhat like engineering with adaptable and strikingly simple. In fact, it is molecular Legos,” says assistant professor a kind of antipode of the famous material of chemical engineering and Heritage graphene. When making graphene, people Principal Investigator Mikhail Shapiro … Superconducting qubits are tops often take a piece of graphite and use UCSB Scotch tape to extract a single atomic plane Whitney Clavin / Last month, Google engineers of carbon atoms, graphene. The remaining California Institute of Technology quietly published a paper (arxiv.org/ graphite is discarded. In this new research, 24 Aug. 2016 abs/1608.00263) detailing their plans for Manchester scientists similarly extracted https://www.caltech.edu/news/designing- “quantum supremacy”: to build the first a strip of graphene from graphite, but ultrasound-tools-lego-proteins-51834 quantum computer capable of performing discarded the graphene and focused on a task no classical computer can. “It’s a what was left: an ultra-thin cavity within the blueprint for what they’re planning to do graphite crystal. Such atomic scale cavities can be made from various materials … Science Set to Upstage Fiction in the next couple of years,” says Scott with Fantastic Voyage Aaronson at the University of Texas at Austin, who has discussed the plans with University of Manchester the team. So how will they do it? Quantum 7 Sep. 2016 Fifty years to the day after the filmFantastic http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/ Voyage was first shown in theatres, the computers process data as quantum bits, or qubits. Unlike classical bits, these can news/atomic-scale-pipes-available-on- Polytechnique Montreal Nanorobotics demand-and-by-design/ Laboratory is unveiling a unique medical store a mixture of both 0 and 1 at the same interventional infrastructure devoted to time, thanks to the principle of quantum superposition. It’s this potential that gives the fight against cancer. The outcome Brain Connections Are More of 15 years of research conducted by quantum computers the edge at certain Professor Sylvain Martel and his team, it problems, like factoring large numbers. But Sophisticated Than Thought enables microscopic nanorobotic agents to ordinary computers are also pretty good at be guided through the vascular systems of such tasks. Showing quantum computers Inhibitory synapses act as the brakes in living bodies, delivering drugs to targeted are better would require thousands of the brain, preventing it from becoming areas. An action-packed 100,000-kilometre qubits, which is far beyond our current overexcited. Researchers thought they journey in the human body, Fantastic technical ability. Instead, Google wants to were less sophisticated than their excitatory Voyage recounted the adventure of a team claim the prize with just 50 qubits. That’s counterparts because relatively few proteins of researchers shrunk to microscopic still an ambitious goal – publicly, they have were known to exist at these structures. size who, aboard a miniature submarine, only announced a 9-qubit computer – but But a new study by Duke University travelled into a patient’s body to conduct one within reach. scientists, published Sept. 9 in Science, a medical operation in a surgically overturns that assumption, uncovering inoperable area. This science fiction classic Jacob Aron / New Scientist 140 proteins that have never been mapped has now been eclipsed by procedures 31 Aug. 2016 to inhibitory synapses. “It’s like these and protocols developed by Professor https://www.newscientist.com/article/ proteins were locked away in a safe for Martel’s multidisciplinary team comprising mg23130894-000-revealed-googles-plan- over 50 years, and we believe that our engineers, scientists and experts from for-quantum-computer-supremacy/?utm_ study has cracked open the safe,” said the several medical specialties working source=NSNS study’s senior investigator Scott Soderling, together on these projects that herald the an associate professor of cell biology future of medicine. and neurobiology at Duke. “And there’s Atomic Scale Pipes Available a lot of gems.” In particular, 27 of these Space Daily on Demand and By Design proteins have already been implicated by 26 Aug. 2016 genome-wide association studies as having http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/ Materials containing tiny capillaries and a role in autism, intellectual disability and Science_set_to_upstage_fiction_with_ cavities are widely used in filtration, epilepsy, Soderling said, suggesting that Fantastic_Voyage_999.html separation and many other technologies, their mechanisms at the synapse could

44 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org provide new avenues to the understanding Landmark Map Reveals the tell what kind of properties to look for in and treatment of these disorders. Genetic Wiring of Cellular Life searching for highly connected genes in human genetic networks with the potential Donnelly Centre researchers have created to impact genetic diseases,” said Dr. the first map that shows the global genetic Michael Costanzo, a Research Associate in interaction network of a cell. It begins the Boone lab and one of the researchers to explain how thousands of genes who spearheaded the study. The study took coordinate with one another to orchestrate 15 years to complete and adds to Andrews’ This colorful graph shows a peak of cellular life. The study was led by U of T rich scientific legacy for which she was abnormal epileptic brain activity in a Professors Brenda Andrews and Charles awarded a Companion of the Order of brain’s hippocampus in which an inhibitory Canada. protein called InSyn1 has been depleted. Boone, and Professor Chad Myers of the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities. It opens the door to a new way of exploring Jovana Drinjakovic / Donnelly Centre, Duke University / Eurekalert! how genes contribute to disease, with University of Toronto 8 Sep. 2016 a potential for developing finely-tuned 22 Sep. 2016 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_ therapies. The findings are published in the http://tdccbr.med.utoronto.ca/news/ releases/2016-09/du-bca083116.php journal Science on September 23. “We’ve landmark-map-reveals-genetic-wiring- created a reference guide for how to chart cellular-life genetic interactions in a cell. We can now

A Roadmap to Resuscitation uccessful rejuvenation of cryonics patients will Magazine (July-August 1977):80-83. Reprinted in Cryonics Srequire three distinct technologies: (1) A cure for the 29:4 (4th Quarter 2008),14-17. disease that put the patient in a critical condition prior to cryopreservation; (2) biological or mechanical cell Gregory M. Fahy, “A ‘Realistic’ Scenario for repair technologies that can reverse any injury associated Nanotechnological Repair of the Frozen Human Brain,” with the cryopreservation process and long-term care at in Brian Wowk, Michael Darwin, eds., Cryonics: Reaching low temperatures; (3) rejuvenation biotechnologies that for Tomorrow, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 1991. restore the patient to good health prior to resuscitation. OR it will require some entirely new approach such as (1) Ralph C. Merkle, “The Molecular Repair of the Brain,” mapping the ultrastructure of cryopreserved brain tissue Cryonics 15(January 1994):16-31 (Part I) & Cryonics using nanotechnology, and (2) using this information to 15(April 1994):20-32 (Part II). deduce the original structure and repairing, replicating or simulating tissue or structure in some viable form so the Ralph C. Merkle, “Cryonics, Cryptography, and Maximum person “comes back.” Likelihood Estimation,” First Extropy Institute Conference, Sunnyvale CA, 1994. The following list is a list of landmark papers and books that reflect ongoing progress towards the resuscitation of Aubrey de Grey & Michael Rae, “Ending Aging: The cryonics patients: Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime.” St. Martin’s Press, 2007. Jerome B. White, “Viral-Induced Repair of Damaged Neurons with Preservation of Long-Term Information Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Comprehensive Nanorobotic Content,” Second Annual Conference of the Cryonics Control of Human Morbidity and Aging,” in Gregory M. Societies of America, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Fahy, Michael D. West, L. Stephen Coles, and Steven B. April 11-12, 1969, by J. B. White reprinted in Cryonics Harris, eds, The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life 35:10 (October 2014), 8-17. Extension, Springer, New York, 2010, pp. 685-805.

Michael G. Darwin, “The Anabolocyte: A Biological Chana Phaedra, “Reconstructive Connectomics,” Cryonics Approach to Repairing Cryoinjury,” Life Extension 34(7) (July 2013): 26-28.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / November-December 2016 45 MEETINGS

About the Alcor Foundation [email protected]. See also: https://www. The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a nonprofit tax-exempt scientific and facebook.com/portland.life.extension. educational organization dedicated to advancing the science of cryopreservation and promoting cryonics as a rational option. Being an Alcor member means British Columbia (Canada): knowing that—should the worst happen—Alcor’s Emergency Response Team is CryoBC, a special interest group ready to respond for you, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. within the nonprofit Lifespan Society of BC (http://www.lifespanbc.ca/) holds Alcor’s Emergency Response capability includes specially trained technicians and meetings for cryonicists in the Vancouver customized equipment in Arizona, northern California, southern California, and area. To be notified of meetings join south Florida, as well as many additional certified technicians on-call around the the CryoBC mailing list: https://groups. United States. Alcor’s Arizona facility includes a full-time staff, and the Patient yahoo.com/neo/groups/cryobc/info. Care Bay is personally monitored 24 hours a day. TEXAS ARIZONA San Francisco Bay: Dallas: Flagstaff: Alcor Northern California Meetings are North Texas Cryonauts, please sign up Arizona without the inferno. Cryonics held quarterly in January, April, July, and for our announcements list for meetings group in beautiful, high-altitude Flagstaff. October. A CryoFeast is held once a year. (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ Two-hour drive to Alcor. Contact eric@ For information on Northern California cryonauts-announce) or contact David flagstaffcryo.com for more information. meetings, call Mark Galeck at (650) 772-1251 Wallace Croft at (214) 636-3790 for details or email [email protected]. of upcoming meetings. PHOENIX VALLEY OF THE SUN: FLORIDA Austin/Central Texas: This group meets monthly, usually Central Florida Life Extension group A new group for the Austin area in the third week of the month. Dates meets once a month in the Tampa Bay has been started for those interested in are determined by the activity or event area (Tampa and St. Petersburg) for discussion and understanding of the planned. For more information or to discussion and socializing. The group relevant technologies and issues for RSVP, visit http://cryonics.meetup. has been active since 2007. Email cryopreservation, genomics, epigenetics and com/45/ or email Lisa Shock at lisa@ [email protected] for more medical research for increased life/health alcor.org. information. span. Contact Tom Miller, 760-803-4107 or [email protected]. At Alcor: NEW ENGLAND Alcor Board of Directors Meetings and Cambridge: JAPAN Facility Tours—Alcor business meetings The New England regional group Cryonics meetings are held monthly in are generally held on the second Saturday strives to meet monthly in Cambridge, Tokyo. Send queries to grand88@yahoo. of every month starting at 11:00 AM MST. MA—for information or to be added com. Guests are welcome to attend the fully- to the Alcor NE mailing list, please public board meetings. Facility tours are contact Bret Kulakovich at 617-824-8982, ALCOR PORTUGAL held every Tuesday at 10:00 AM and Friday [email protected], or on Alcor Portugal is working to have good at 2:00 PM. For more information or to FACEBOOK via the Cryonics Special stabilization and transport capabilities. The schedule a tour, call Marji Klima at (877) Interest Group. group meets every Saturday for two hours. 462-5267 x101 or email [email protected]. For information about meetings, contact PACIFIC NORTHWEST Nuno Martins at n-martins@n-martins. CALIFORNIA A Yahoo mailing list is also maintained com. The Alcor Portugal website is: www. Los Angeles: for cryonicists in the Pacific Northwest alcorportugal.com. Alcor Southern California Meetings— at http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/ For information, call Peter Voss at CryonicsNW/. UNITED KINGDOM (310) 822-4533 or e-mail him at peter@ Alcor members in the UK can contact optimal.org. Although monthly meetings Oregon: Garret Smyth at [email protected] for are not held regularly, you can meet Los The contact person for meetings in information about local meetings. Angeles Alcor members by contacting Peter. the Portland area is Aschwin de Wolf:

If you are interested in hosting regular meetings in your area, contact Alcor at 877-462-5267, ext. 113. Meetings are a great way to learn about cryonics, meet others with similar interests, and introduce your friends and family to Alcor members!

46 Cryonics / November-December 2016 www.alcor.org What is Cryonics?

ryonics is an attempt to preserve and protect human life, not reverse death. It is the practice of using extreme cold to attempt to preserve the life of a person who can no longer be supported by today’s medicine. Will Cfuture medicine, including mature nanotechnology, have the ability to heal at the cellular and molecular levels? Can cryonics successfully carry the cryopreserved person forward through time, for however many decades or centuries might be necessary, until the cryopreservation process can be reversed and the person restored to full health? While cryonics may sound like science fiction, there is a basis for it in real science. The complete scientific story of cryonics is seldom told in media reports, leaving cryonics widely misunderstood. We invite you to reach your own conclusions.

How do I find out more?

he Alcor Life Extension Foundation is the world leader in cryonics research and technology. Alcor is a non- profit organization located in Scottsdale, Arizona, founded in 1972. Our website is one of the best sources of Tdetailed introductory information about Alcor and cryopreservation (www.alcor.org). We also invite you to request our FREE information package on the “Free Information” section of our website. It includes:

• A fully illustrated color brochure • A sample of our magazine • An application for membership and brochure explaining how to join • And more!

Your free package should arrive in 1-2 weeks. (The complete package will be sent free in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom.)

How do I enroll? Signing up for a cryopreservation is easy! Step 1: Fill out an application and submit it with your $90 application fee. Step 2: You will then be sent a set of contracts to review and sign. Step 3: Fund your cryopreservation. While most people use life insurance to fund their cryopreservation, other forms of prepayment are also accepted. Alcor’s Membership Coordinator can provide you with a list of insurance agents familiar with satisfying Alcor’s current funding requirements. Finally: After enrolling, you will wear emergency alert tags or carry a special card in your wallet. This is your confirmation that Alcor will respond immediately to an emergency call on your behalf.

Not ready to make full arrangements for cryopreservation? Then become an Associate Member for $5/month (or $15/quarter or $60 annually). Associate Members will receive: • Cryonics magazine by mail • Discounts on Alcor conferences • Access to post in the Alcor Member Forums • A dollar-for-dollar credit toward full membership sign-up fees for any dues paid for Associate Membership

To become an Associate Member send a check or money order ($5/month or $15/quarter or $60 annually) to Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 7895 E. Acoma Dr., Suite 110, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260, or call Marji Klima at (480) 905-1906 ext. 101 with your credit card information. You can also pay using PayPal (and get the Declaration of Intent to Be Cryopreserved) here: http://www.alcor.org/BecomeMember/associate.html

Call toll-free TODAY to start your application:

877-462-5267 ext. 132 • [email protected] • www.alcor.org Get the world’s premier publication on prolonging youth and longevity for only $1.00 an issue. MKAQAV160101

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