APPENDIX 1

Telescope Limiting- Magnitude & Resolution

Listed below are limiting-magnitudes and resolution values for a variety of common-sized (SIZE in inches) backyard telescopes in use today, ranging from 2- to 14-inch in aperture. (The 2.4-inch entry is the ubiquitous 60 mm refractor, of which there are perhaps more than any other telescope in the world!) Values for the minimum visual magnitude (MAG.) listed here are for single and are only very approximate, since experienced keen-eyed observers may see as much as a full magnitude fainter under excellent sky conditions. Compan- ions to visual double stars – especially those in close proximity to a bright primary – are typically much more diffi cult to see than is a of the same magnitude placed alone in the eyepiece fi eld. Among the many variables involved are light pollution, sky conditions, optical quality, mirror and lens coatings, eyepiece design, obstructed or unobstructed optical system, color (spectral type) of the star, and even the age of the observer. Only a few representative limiting magnitudes are given here (in increments of increasing aperture), as an indica- tion of what an observer might typically expect to see in various sizes of telescope. Three different values in arc-seconds are listed for resolution, which are for two stars of equal brightness and of about the sixth magnitude. These fi gures differ signifi cantly for brighter, fainter and, especially, unequal pairs. DAWES is the value based on Dawes’ Limit (R = 4.56/A), RAYLEIGH on the Rayleigh Criterion (R = 5.5/D), and MARKOWITZ on Markowitz’s Limit (R = 6.0/D). Note that in these equations “A” (for aperture) and “D” (for diameter) are the same thing.

167 168 Appendix 1

SIZE MAG. DAWES RAYLEIGH MARKOWITZ 2.0 10.3 2.28 2.75 3.00 2.4 1.90 2.29 2.50 3.0 11.2 1.52 1.83 2.00 3.5 1.30 1.57 1.71 4.0 11.8 1.14 1.38 1.50 4.5 1.01 1.22 1.33 5.0 0.91 1.10 1.20 6.0 12.7 0.76 0.92 1.00 7.0 0.65 0.79 0.86 8.0 13.3 0.57 0.69 0.75 10.0 13.8 0.46 0.55 0.60 11.0 0.42 0.50 0.55 12.0 0.38 0.46 0.50 12.5 14.3 0.36 0.44 0.48 13.0 0.35 0.42 0.46 14.0 14.5 0.33 0.39 0.43 APPENDIX 2

Constellation Names and Abbreviations

The following table gives the standard International Astronomical Union (IAU) three-letter abbreviations for the 88 offi cially recognized , together with both their full names and their genitive (possessive) cases, and order of size in terms of number of square degrees of sky.

ABBREV. NAME GENITIVE SIZE AND Andromeda Andromedae 19 ANT Antlia Antliae 62 APS Apus Apodis 67 AQR Aquarius Aquarii 10 AQL Aquila Aquilae 22 ARA Ara Arae 63 ARI Aries Arietis 39 AUR Auriga Aurigae 21 BOO Bootes Bootis 13 CAE Caelum Caeli 81 CAM Camelopardalis 18 CNC Cancer Cancri 31 CVN Canes Venatici Canum Venaticorum 38 CMA Canis Major Canis Majoris 43 CMI Canis Minor Canis Minoris 71 CAP Capricornus Capricorni 40 CAR Carina Carinae 34 CAS Cassiopeia Cassiopeiae 25 CEN Centaurus Centauri 9

169 170 Appendix 2

ABBREV. NAME GENITIVE SIZE CEP Cepheus Cephei 27 CET Cetus Ceti 4 CHA Chamaeleon Chamaeleontis 79 CIR Circinus Circini 85 COL Columba Columbae 54 COM Coma Berenices Comae Berenices 42 CRA Corona Australis Coronae Australis 80 CRB Corona Borealis Coronae Borealis 73 CRV Corvus Corvi 70 CRT Crater Crateris 53 CRU Crux Crucis 88 CYG Cygnus Cygni 16 DEL Delphinus Delphini 69 DOR Dorado Doradus 7 DRA Draco Draconis 8 EQU Equuleus Equulei 87 ERI Eridanus Eridani 6 FOR Fornax Fornacis 41 GEM Gemini Geminorum 30 GRU Grus Gruis 45 HER Hercules Herculis 5 HOR Horologium Horologii 58 HYA Hydra Hydrae 1 HYI Hydrus Hydri 61 IND Indus Indi 49 LAC Lacerta Lacertae 68 LEO Leo Leonis 12 LMI Leo Minor Leonis Minoris 64 LEP Lepus Leporis 51 LIB Libra Librae 29 LUP Lupus Lupi 46 LYN Lynx Lyncis 28 LYR Lyra Lyrae 52 MEN Mensa Mensae 75 MIC Microscopium Microscopii 66 MON Monoceros Monocerotis 35 MUS Musca Muscae 77 NOR Norma Normae 74 OCT Octans Octantis 50 OPH Ophiuchus Ophiuchi 11 ORI Orion Orionis 26 PAV Pavo Pavonis 44 PEG Pegasus Pegasi 7 PER Perseus Persei 24 PHE Phoenix Phoenicis 37 PIC Pictor Pictoris 59 PSC Pisces Piscium 14 PSA Piscis Austrinus Piscis Austrini 60 PUP Puppis Puppis 20 PYX Pyxis Pyxidis 65 Names and Abbreviations 171

ABBREV. NAME GENITIVE SIZE RET Reticulum Reticuli 82 SGE Sagitta Sagittae 86 SGR Sagittarius Sagittarii 15 SCO Scorpius Scorpii 33 SCL Sculptor Sculptoris 36 SCT Scutum Scuti 84 SER Serpens Serpentis 23 SEX Sextans Sextantis 47 TAU Taurus Tauri 17 TEL Telescopium Telescopii 57 TRI Triangulum Trianguli 78 TRA Triangulum Australe Trianguli Australis 83 TUC Tucana Tucanae 48 UMA Ursa Major Ursae Majoris 3 UMI Ursa Minor Ursae Minoris 56 VEL Vela Velorum 32 VIR Virgo Virginis 2 VOL Volans Volantis 76 VUL Vulpecula Vulpeculae 55 APPENDIX 3

Celestial Showpiece Roster

Below are 300 of the fi nest deep-sky treasures for viewing and exploration with telescopes from 2- to 14-inch in aperture. Nearly all of them can be seen in the smallest of glasses, and many even in binoculars. Arranged in alphabetical order by constellation (which makes it more convenient to pick out objects for a given night’s observations than with one ordered by coordinates), it features brief descriptions of each entry. Primary data sources were Sky Catalogue 2000.0 and the Washington Double Star Catalog. Constellation (CON) abbreviations are the offi cial three-letter designations adopted by the International Astronomical Union (see Appendix 2.) Right Ascension (RA) in hours and minutes, and (DEC) in degrees and minutes, are given for the current standard 2000.0. Other headings are the class or type of object (TYPE),* apparent visual magnitude/s (MAG/S) and angular size or separation (SIZE/SEP) in arc-seconds. (Position angles for double stars are not given, owing to the confusion resulting from the common use of star diagonals with refracting and compound telescopes, producing mirror- reversed images of the sky. Observers desiring the latest values of these as well as component separations should consult the US Naval Observatory’s Washing- ton Double Star Catalog on-line at http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds.) Approximate distance in light- (LY) is also given in many cases. Double and multiple stars dominate this roster because of their great profusion in the sky and also their easy visibility on all but the worst of nights. This list extends down to −45 degrees Declination, covering that three-quarters of the entire heavens visible from mid-northern latitudes. (Two “must see” showpieces actually lie slightly below this limit.)

*Key: SS = First-magnitude/Highly tinted and/or Variable single star, DS = Double or multiple star, AS = Association or asterism, OC = Open cluster, GC = Globular cluster, DN = Diffuse , PN = Planetary nebula, SR = Supernova remnant, GX = .

173 174 Appendix 3 cent! & larger scopes. 300LY ″ Nucleus, disk, dust lanes, spiral arms all visible. visible. all arms spiral lanes, dust disk, Nucleus, 2,400,000LY wonder! Binocular Wide golden pair parked on SW edge of cluster NGC cluster of edge SW on parked pair golden Wide 360LY 752. Almach. Brilliant topaz-orange & aquamarine double – superb contrast! B is close blue & green, binary for 61- 8 Easy, wide duo. Yellowish-orange & ruddy-purple & or Yellowish-orange duo. wide Easy, lilac. Saturn Nebula. Striking bluish-green bright, ellipsoid. 3,000LY Neatly matched, easy bluish-white pair. bluish-white easy matched, Neatly 1,200LY stars. 60 over clan of sprawling Large, Often-pictured but dim edge-on galaxy with dust lane. 13,000,000LY altitude. low Matched, off-white bright, Famous 850-year close pair. 76LY binary. Lovely pale rose or reddish & light emerald-green double. Stellar beehive – a starburst in larger scopes. 37,000LY Blue Snowball. Small but striking soft-blue cosmic egg. 5,600LY Mesarthim. Stunning, perfectly matched blue-white pair! 200LY Another Both roomy pair. stars bluish-white – hint of hues. other / Andromeda Galaxy & companions – magnifi ′ 6 ′×

′ /8 ′ ″ ″ 10 ′ 63 28 17 2 ′× ″ ′× Wide color/magnitude-contrast double. 105LY double. color/magnitude-contrast Wide ′ ″ ″× ″ ″ ″× ″ ″ ′ ″ ′× ″ ″ 08 14 08 14 DS 6.5 5.8, 36 04 02 DS 7.2 5.5, 38 00 01 00 01 DS 4.5 4.4, 49 00 GC 2 6.5 13 05 41 05 41 SS 6.6–8.4 – A lovely glowing red ember! 42 20 20 42 DS 5.5 2.3, 10 41 16 16 41 GX 3.5/8.2/8.0 42 33 178 PN 8.5 32 42 42 GX 10.0 11 37 50 37 OC 5.7 50 39 02 DS 37 15 DS 6.8 6.1, 5.9 5.7, 17 190 39 34 39 SS 5.4–6.8 – to observed seldom – owing star “carbon” red Striking 23 36 36 23 DS 7.7 4.9, 37 19 18 18 19 DS 4.8 4.8, 8 13 28 28 13 DS 7.3 5.3, 22 11 PN 13 8.3 25 + + + + − − + + − − − − − + + − + ARI 58 01 AQR 29 22 AND 04 02 ARI 54 01 NGC 752 AND NGC 752 58 01 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON γ AND 59 56 AND 02 AND 11 56 01 17 57 AQL 55 19 15 AQL 15 05 19 M31/M32/M110 00 43 00 M31/M32/M110 AND NGC 7662 26 23 U ANT ζ 94 AQR 35 10 AQR M2 AQR 7009 NGC 04 21 23 19 34 21 NGC 891 AND NGC 891 23 02 λ γ V AQL 04 19 Celestial Showpiece Roster 175 light! nest spirals in sky. sky. in spirals nest BOO. κ Matched white, ultra-close binary. Stellar egg 125-yr. in glass. small Sweet pair – white & bluish or lilac. off-whiteNice matched a pity! Little-known pair. 495LY – Pretty double – tints real but elusive. Closer version of Neat double with variable companion. variable with double Neat Tight mag.-contrast pair for steady nights. Lilac & 110LY yellow. One of the brightest & fi All periods. 12,000,000LY 1150-yr. 60-& with trio matched Close, 70LY yellow. Albireo of Spring. Superb orange & blue pair! 165LY Striking – yellow & reddish-orange or purple. 150-yr.binary. 22LY Neat triple system! B-C two is 260-yr. binary. Yellow, 95LY oranges. Izar. Bright, tight double Bright, – superbIzar. pale-orange & sea- green! “Pulcherrima” Struve’s (the most beautiful one). 160LY seeing. good Needs Lovely cluster of 60-some stars. 4,000LY Very rich & uniform stellar jewelbox – superb! Best in 4,500LY AUR. A hundred suns arranged in an oblique-cross formation. 4,000LY ′ ″ ″ 11 , 2 , 6 ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ′× ′ ″ ″ ′ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ 0.04 0.04 – Arcturus. A splendid yellowish-orange stellar gem! 37LY − 08 27 DS 7.4 5.1, 6 62 62 39 SS 8.1–8.6 – One of the reddest stars in the sky. 68 10 68 10 SS 36 65 GX 7.0–8.4 8.4 – 18 Another ruddy stellar gem. 83 25 25 83 DS 5.8 5.3, 22 51 47 47 51 DS 6.6 4.6, 13 46 0046 SS 0.08 – Capella. A radiant golden-yellow sun! 42LY 37 13 13 37 DS 41 32 DS 7.1 2.6, 7.4–7.9 5.1, 4 15 37 37 23 DS 7.6 7.0, 4.3, 108 38 27 38 SS 34 08 OC 32 33 OC 5.3–6.5 6.0 35 50 OC 5.6 – 6.4 12 24 21 stop celestial a – color red Beautiful 28 46 28 DS 6.6 4.2, 30 27 04 DS 4.9 2.5, 3 16 25 25 16 DS 5.8 4.9, 6 13 44 13 DS 4.6 4.5, 0.7 17 17 39 DS 17 6.2 6.0, 14 5.6, SS 0.9 5.7.5 – A stellar ruby! Tint obvious even in small glass. 19 06 19 DS 7.0 4.7, 6 19 11 SS + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + AUR 05 17 BOO 16 14 BOO 24 15 BOO 41 14 BOO 14 14 AUR 00 06 BOO 41 14 CNC 08 12 BOO 14 51 BOO 45 14 CNC 47 08 Struve 1835 BOO Struve 1835 32 CAM 23 14 U CAM ST CAM 49 12 42 03 04 51 π ζ α AUR 14 05 15 θ NGC CAM 2403 37 07 ζ ι X CNC 55 08 µ κ ξ ε UU AUR AUR M36 AUR M37 AUR M38 36 06 36 05 α 05 52 29 05 176 Appendix 3 sses. sses. eld telescopes. 590LY telescopes. eld cent blue-white double – one of the ery reddish-orange interstellar beacon. eld eld stars. nest! 130LY fi Albireo Splendid of Winter. reddish-orange & greenish- pair! blue Rosse’s Whirlpool Galaxy.Rosse’s beautiful Big, face-on spiral. 31,000,000LY ower. ower Galaxy. some Like vast celestial fl Sunfl 35,000,000LY 22,000,000LY spiral. tightly-wound bright Small, bright & boldBig, spiral for small gla 33,000,000LY Humpback Whale Galaxy. Large edge-on spiral. 39,000,000LY Sirius. Blazing blue-white sapphire with famed white- away! dwarf companion!9LY A 50-year now widening. binary, Just Adhara. A miniature Sirius – and much easier! 490LY Spring’s Globular. First bright Globular. First GC of seasonSpring’s – radiant 35,000LY starball! Lovely but overlooked cluster in shadow of Beehive. 2,500LY Cor Magnifi Caroli. fi 400LY Lovely bright sparkling big, clan of 80 suns below 2,400LY Sirius! Canis Majoris SmallTau Cluster. glittering jewelbox of 60 diamonds surrounding a bright 5,400LY central star. Beehive A sprawling Cluster. commune of over suns. 50 Best seenwide-fi in binoculars& ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 8 8 3 8 9 ′ ′ ″ ″ ′ ′× ′× ′× ′ ′× ′× ′ ″ ″ 1.46, 8.5 8.5 1.46, 7 − 42 02 GX 41 07 GX 8.647 18 GX 8.2 8.3 12 11 18 47 12 47 12 GX 8.4 11 45 26 SS 5.5–6.0 – La Superba. A fi 32 32 GX 9.3 15 38 19 19 38 DS 5.5 2.9, 20 28 23 GC 6.4 16 28 58 58 28 DS 23 19 DS 7.5 1.5, 6.8 4.8, 7 27 20 45 OC 57 24 OC 4.5 4.1 38 8 11 49 O C 6.9 3 0 19 59 OC 3.1 90 11 11 55 SS 6.4–7.9 – Red ember in nice contrast with surrounding blue-white 16 43 16 DS − + + + + − − − + + + + − − + + 51 56 46 46 CMA 06 4 CVN 12 CMA 0659 CMA/NGC 2362 07 19 W CMA 08 07 M63 CVN CVN M94 CVN M106 16 13 CVN NGC 4631 12 19 12 42 12 α ε CMA h3945 07 17 M51 CVN M51 30 13 α Y CVN M3 CVN 45 12 42 13 M41 CMA M41 τ 06 M67 CNC M67 50 08 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON M44 CNC 40 08 Celestial Showpiece Roster 177 -mag. -mag. th forming weak double-double. weak forming ″ size scope! 17,000LY & 46 ″ Easter Egg Double. Beautiful yellow & ruddy-purple & yellow Beautiful Double. Egg Easter A combo. magnitude-contrast & color garnet or 19LY 480-year just Nearby – binary. Elegant but tight triple system. Hues lilac & yellow, 160LY. blue. Tight pair with intense bluish & greenish tints. Quite distant – 1,400LY Colorful, unequal faintish pair – ruddy-orange & blue. A small fan-shaped clan of several dozen suns. 8,000LY Owl/ET Distinctive Cluster. splash of 80 suns & two 9,300LY “eyes”! of assemblage uniform Rich Cluster. Herschel’s Caroline more than 300 faint stars against stardust. Wondrous sight on dark night! 6,000LY Omega Centauri Colossal Cluster. stellar beehive containing more than a million suns – an amazing any in spectacle Black Belt Galaxy. Large globe split by dark dust lane. 22,500,000LY Pale-white starry globe nicely contrasted with 8 with contrasted nicely starry globe Pale-white star. 40,000LY star. Yellowish-orange CYG. in Albireo of Beautiful miniature blue. & triangular-shapedRich, sparkling group of at least 100 4,000LY stars. Algiedi. Naked-eye/binocular orange pair with faint 7 at comps. & 700LY! Stars unrelated: 110LY Wide binocular combo – yellowish-orange & sky-blue. 560LY Neat, closely matched blue-white pair for small scopes. ′ ″ 14 ″ , 7 ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ′× ″ ′ ′ ″ ′ ′ ″ ′ 67 24 67 DS 8.4 6.9, 4.6, 2.5 64 51 DS 66 06 DS 8.8 6.8, 7.3 5.9, 35 15 61 35 OC 60 42 OC 6.9 7.4 13 6 55 4555 DS 7.1 5.0, 3 58 20 OC 56 44 OC 6.4 6.7 13 16 57 49 49 57 DS 7.5 3.4, 13 47 29 GC 3.6 43 01 GX 7.0 36 18 21 21 19 SS 23 11 G C 6.5–8.1 7. 5 – 11 Lovely warm-hued gem. 14 47 47 14 DS 35 18 DS 6.2 3.4, 6.6 6.1, 205 22 12 33 33 12 DS 4.2 3.6, 380 + + + + + + − − + + + − − − − − CEN 27 13 -2/1 CAP -2/1 20 18 CAS 59 23 CAS 0049 CAP CAP 20 21 30 20 CAS/NGC 457 19 01 CAS 29 02 ι σ CAS Struve 163 Struve CAS 3053 51 01 03 00 φ NGC CAS 7789 57 23 ω CEN NGC 5128 26 13 η CAS M52 CAS M103 24 23 33 01 β ο RT CAP M30 CAP 20 17 40 21 α 178 Appendix 3 -mag. th us. ucle apart! 4,000LY & & apart! 4,000LY ′ eld! ) in fi ″ Striking triple system with double Struve 2819 (7.5, 8.5, 8.5, (7.5, 2819 Struve double with system triple Striking 12 ection nebula surrounding 7 Iris Nebula. Bright refl sky. 2,800LY sky. Lovely pair – greenish-white & bluish-white. Pinwheel Nebula. Wonderful face-on spiral. 50,000,000LY lane. dust equatorial dark edge-on with Ghostly spiral 20,000,000LY Striking pale orange & blue gems. Primary prototype of famed Cepheid variables – period days. 5.4 1,000LY Neat bright pair with subtle colors – bluish & yellowish. 80LY 40,000,000LY Neat unequal pair – greenish-white & blue or purple. 980LY Exquisite! Like a miniatureLike Andromeda Galaxy. Stellar n Vivid orange & blue-green duo – a lovely jewel! 300LY A dim ball of minute stars. Needs aperture to really 65,000LY enjoy. blue star. blue Close, bright pair with delicate tints – yellow & ashen. 63LY Intense star-like core surrounded by circular haze. 82,000,000LY Blackeye Galaxy. Superb bright spiral with dark “eye”. rayless pearl in abalone pendent colossal a 25,000,000LY “Like void”! Unique cluster-galaxy combo set 38 ′ Dull reddish-grey disk with central 3,000LY star. ″ 10 ″ ′ ′ ′ ′ 40 ′ ′× 3 5 4 6 5 , 20 ″× ″ ″ ″ ′ ″ ′ ′× ″ /11 ′× ″ ′ ″ ′× ′× ′× 68 12 68 12 DN 6.8 18 64 38 DS 4.4, 6.5 8 60 38 60 38 OC/GX 8.9 7.8, 8 00 01 GX 8.8 7 03 14 03 14 DS 6.2 3.5, 3 57 57 29 DS 48 55 DS 7.8 7.7, 5.6, 12 7.3 5.5, 18 58 58 47 SS 3.4–5.1 – Herschel’s Garnet Reddest Star. naked-eye star in N. 58 25 DS 3.5–4.4,6.3 41 25 59 25 59 GX 9.6 16 21 41 41 21 GX 8.5 9 72 32 32 72 PN 10.2 60 70 34 DS 7.9 3.2, 13 14 25 GX 9.8 5 18 10 GC 7.7 13 18 23 23 18 DS 6.7 5.2, 20 25 14 GX 9.5 7 + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + − 13 36 57 35 32 31 13 02 52 CEP 44 21 CEP 29 21 CEP 29 22 CEP 04 22 CET 02 43 NGC 7023 CEP NGC 7023 21 NGC 40 CEP 00 Struve 2816 CEP Struve 2816 39 21 Struve CEP 2840 21 NGC 4565 COM 12 ξ µ M99 COM 19 12 δ M53 COM M64 COM 13 12 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON β NGC 6939/6946 NGC 6939/6946 20 M77 CET COM 24 02 43 12 COM M88 12 CEP CEP γ 10,000,000LY Celestial Showpiece Roster 179 - th Sun’s Sun’s × rst star to have eld with Blinking with eld esolved binary harboring a a harboring binary esolved cent topaz & sapphire-blue pair in radiant but stars are yellowish. Binary with 1000-yr. period. ζ mag. central Alternating star. between direct and averted vision makes it blink! 3,300LY. Coma Star Large Cluster. naked-eye hazy, & binocular 270LY wonder. Pretty pair of bluish-white & greenish-white suns. Like Algorab. Nice color & mag. contrast – yellow & violet 125LY lilac. or Twin yellowishTwin binary – stars appear in contact. 69LY Neatly-matched close pair of yellowish-white suns. yellowish-white of pair Neatly-matched close brightness! 1,600LY brightness! Large, round dimly glowing nebulous disk. 2,600LY Antennae/Ring-Tail Galaxy. Colliding pair of galaxies! heavens! the in sights grandest of One Albireo. Magnifi 380LY star. double Finest setting. MW Lovely wide trio – orange, blue & white in rich MW 200LY setting. closeBright, unequal pair – tough but pretty. Greenish- white & ashen. Best seen in larger apertures. An 800-yr.-period binary. 270LY Lovely matched golden duo in wide fi Planetary. Beautiful easy orange pair. Famous as fi as Famous pair. Beautiful orange easy its distance Slow (parallax)binary. directly measured – 11LYs. 650-year hole! black Large triangular-shaped splash of 30 stars – best in binoculars 890LY & RFTs. Blinking Planetary. Pale blue disk with obvious 10 obvious with disk blue Pale Planetary. Blinking ″ ′ , 338 2 ″ ′ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ′× ″ ″ ″ 50 32 DS 6.1 6.0, 39 50 31 31 50 PN 8.9 27 45 17 45 17 SS 1.25 4446 DS – 45 08 DS 4.8 7.7, 3.8, 107 6.3 2.9, 2.5 Deneb. Colossal blue supergiant 60,000 48 26 48 26 OC 4.6 32 33 52 DS 6.6 5.6, 7 36 38 38 36 DS 6.0 5.1, 6 38 4538 DS 6.0 5.2, 30 35 35 31 SS 5.6–7.0 – Striking red gem – an unr 37 04 37 DS 5.1 4.8, 1.3 26 0026 OC 1.8 275 27 58 27 58 DS 5.1 3.1, 34 13 01 01 13 DS 6.1 6.0, 5 16 31 31 16 DS 8.4 3.0, 24 18 48 PN 18 52 GX 10.3 10.7 80 3 + − + − + − − − + + + + + + + + + 41 41 31 25 06 39 30 24 02 45 45 42 07 42 32 45

CYG CYG 20 -1 CYG CYG -1 20 14 CRB 15 16 CYG CYG 19 CRB CRV 15 12 CYG CYG 19 CRA 19 MEL 111 COM COM MEL 111 γ 12 σ CRV Struve 1669 12 ζ δ NGC 4361 CRV CRV 4361 NGC NGC 4038/4039 12 12 β CRV CRV α ο δ 16 CYG 61 CYG 19 21 90,000,000LY V460 CYG CYG V460 CYG M39 21 CYG 6826 NGC 19 21 180 Appendix 3 - th eld eld ) visual ″ nest of its class & BOO but primary has comp. µ . Both white – superb! Nice µ eld. eld. 100LY ) in fi ″ years ago. Best seen in large binoculars & wide-fi 1,500LY telescopes. Pale-yellow pair with 7.5-magnitude star nearby. star 7.5-magnitude with pair Pale-yellow Another pair of perfectly-matched but suns, brighter & much wider than binocular 120LY pair. Pretty yellow & lilac combo – easy for small glass. Nice triple system like white. All Stunning golden-yellow & greenish-blue combo – splendid object!6 “Ghost Double” Struve (7.6, 2725 8.4, Stephan’s/Webb’s Proto-Planetary. Small, blue & & blue Proto-Planetary. Small, Stephan’s/Webb’s 3,000LY intense! yellowish-whiteCozy, identical-twin 480-year binary. 82LY Cat’s Eye/Snail Nebula.Cat’s Bright blue-green egg with 10 Veil/Filamentary/Cirrus Nebula. Large ghostly arcs 3 mag. nuclear One sun. of the fi always above horizon! 3,500LY Splinter Galaxy. Long, narrow & dim edge-on spiral. 35,000,000LY Foxhead Small, stars. Cluster. dim but rich clan of 150 7, 3 0 0 LY Neat pair – both yellowish. Primary close (0.7 Radiant white, far-south gem! 120LY binary. 200LY binary. Tight but striking identical-twin suns. ′ 8 ′× ″ ″ /60 ′ ′ ″ 16 11 6 2 ″ ″× ′× ″ ″ ″ ″ ″× ′× , 90 ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ 04 18 04 18 DS 7.1 5.4, 10 07 11 11 07 DS 7.4 7.4, 3 66 00 66 SS 66 38 PN 6.8–7.3 8.8 – 22 A glowing stellar ruby! 80 00 DS 6.1 5.7, 19 52 52 55 DS 5.4, 6.4, 5.5 3 55 11 11 55 DS 4.9 4.9, 62 54 28 DS 5.7 5.7, 2 56 19 56 19 GX 10.4 12 40 18 40 18 DS 4.3 3.2, 8 42 14 PN 9.0 18 40 11 40 11 OC 7.3 5 31 13 SR – 70 76 76 34 SS 5.9–7.1 – Another stunning red sun. 72 09 72 DS 6.1 4.9, 30 16 07 07 16 DS 5.5 4.5, 10 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − 41 16 51 56 22 59 42 36 00 47 32 05 07 59 02 2 EQU 21 1 EQU 20 DRA 17 DRA 17 DRA 17 ERI 02 58 DEL 20 RY DRARY UX DRA DRA 6543 NGC 17 12 19 ψ DRA 17/16 DRA 41/40 16 18 γ ν µ CYG NGC CYG 7027 21 degrees apart from supernova explosion some 5,000 NGC 5907 DRA DRA 5907 NGC 15 ε= OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON NGC 6819 CYG 19 NGC 6960/6992-5 20 λ= θ Celestial Showpiece Roster 181 -mag. th sh.” nest barred-spirals in the sky. light. Big splashylight. & spectacular stellar cent sight! Orange comp. is eclipser YY GEM, YY eclipser is comp. Orange sight! cent outskirts. Clusters lie at vastly different distances from each & 16,000LY! other – 2,700LY Lassell’s Most Extraordinary Object. Blue-green jellyfi “celestial Lovely topaz-yellow & sea-green in superb contrast – a 300LY beauty! pairFaint an amazing white-dwarf & red-dwarf 248-year binary. 16LY central sun looking a hazy like star at low power. 3,000LY Rasalgethi. intensely Bright, tinted orange & blue-green pair – superb! Primary huge pulsating semi-regular variable – a supersun! 380LY Famed, very delicate optical (unrelated) White & pair. 94LY violet. Striking yellow & garnet jewels! Herschel’s Binary. 34-yr. Rapid period – over 6 orbits since discovery! 30LY Fornax A. Luminous leader of Fornax . Galaxy Cluster. Fornax of leader Luminous A. Fornax 55,000,000LY Bright egg-shaped overlooked jewel. 980LY jewel. egg-shaped overlooked Bright One of the fi Castor. DazzlingCastor. blue-white binary 470-yr. – a magnifi over hours. 20 A & B are to 9.6 ranging from 8.9 spectroscopic binaries – a vast six-sun system! 52LY Close yellow & reddish-purple duo. Binary – 1200-year 53LY period. Lassell’s De Lassell’s 10 with disk blue Vivid Nebula. Face Eskimo/Clown Neat yellowish-white and bluish-white 450LY pair. ″ ′ ″ ″ ′ ′ 17 ′ 6 6 4 , 8 ″ /5 ″× ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ′× ″ , 72 ″ ′× ″ ″ ″ ′× 02 57 02 57 DS 07 39 DS 6.1 4.8, 11.2 4.4, 9.5, 83 7 31 36 36 31 DS 5.5 2.9, 0.7 31 31 53 DS 8.9 2.9, 1.9, 4 37 12 12 37 GX 8.8 7 36 08 GX 9.5 10 24 50 50 24 DS 8.7 3.1, 14 21 59 59 21 DS 8.2 3.5, 6 24 20 OC/OC 5.1/11 28 20 55 PN 8.3 20 25 51 51 25 PN 9.4 6 14 2314 DS 5.4 3.1–3.9, 5 03 17 DS 6.5 5.3, 28 17 47 17 DS 6.9 6.3, 20 12 44 12 PN 9.4 20 − − − + + + + − − − + + + + + 41 15 15 15 14 08 08 23 33 34 35 20 32 09 09 HER 17 GEM 07 -2 ERI -2 04 HER 16 HER HER 17 16 GEM 07 32 ERI 32 ο ERI NGC 1535 03 54 04 α δ κ ζ NGC 1316 FOR NGC 1316 03 FOR NGC 1360 03 NGC 1365 FOR NGC 1365 α 03 δ 20 GEM 06 M35/NGC 2158 2158 M35/NGC 06 GEM GEM 2392 NGC 29 07 jewelbox with remote tiny clan shining dimly on 182 Appendix 3 cation cation to cent stellar beehive! Fuzz- ery, reddish-orange stellar gem. reddish-orange stellar ery, Pretty pair for small glass – yellowish & violet tints. Big, bright splendid splash of some 50 stars the size of size the stars 50 some of splash splendid bright Big, 1,900LY Moon. Perfectly matched, yellowish-white twin suns. Neglected owing to low DEC – needs dark, steady 45,000LY night. Tight 890-yr. binary. Primary visual is also a 15-yr. 150LY binary! Lovely twin suns – amazing “apple-green & cherry-red” & “apple-green amazing – twin suns Lovely 380LY tints! Another matched pair but wider & pale off-white hues. Little-known. Hercules A magnifi Cluster. ball as seen in binoculars, resolved to its glittering core in 6-inch glass. 24,000LY Intense M13. by Eclipsed Globular. Overshadowed 26,000LY core. Small featureless blue disk PN. – needs magnifi a for 3,600LY mistaken Long enjoy. triangle.” starry in “Sea-green 90,000LY boldBig, face-on spiral – one of brightest in the sky. 10,000,000LY Bright, cozyBright, bluish & greenish pair – stunning. disk as big in apparent size as Jupiter. Also known as known Superb Also Ghost. Jupiter’s bright planetary with pale-blue Jupiter. as size apparent in big as disk the Eye & CBS Neb. 3,300LY Nice loose clan of 40 stellar gems. 2,800LY delicate form companions fainter – duo Blue-white ″ ″ ″ , 82 ′ ″ 35 16 10 , 49 ″× ′ ″× ″ ″ ′ ′ ′ ′× ′ ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ″ 22 05 48 OC 5.8 30 06 25 DS 6.8 3.3, 3 43 09 GC 6.5 32 47 GC 9.4 11 4 49 53 OC 6.4 21 37 09 37 DS 5.6 4.6, 4 36 28 GC 5.9 17 39 38 DS 6.5, 5.7, 26 06 26 DS 6.0 5.9, 14 49 23 PN 9.3 20 21 36 36 21 DS 5.1 5.0, 6 26 45 GC 8.2 12 25 27 25 DS 7.1 5.1, 9 29 52 GX 8.0 11 29 16 DS 5.9 5.8, 9 13 23 23 13 SS 4.8–6.5 – fi A 18 38 PN 8.6 40 − − − − − + − + + + + + − − + + + 17 15 14 38 40 46 46 37 24 32 08 08 42 44 47 47 25 02 36 9.3 10.5, 1,900LY quadruple. 17 CRT CRT 17 11 = HER 17 HYA HYA 08 U HYA U HYA 10 M48 HYA M48 HYA HYA M68 08 12 54 HYA 54 HYA 14 HYA M83 13 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON ρ N HYA N HYA 100 HER 100 HER M13 18 HERM92 16 HER NGC 6210 16 HERNGC 6229 17 16 ε HYA NGC 3242 10 95 HER 95 18 NGC LAC 7243 22 8 LAC 22 Celestial Showpiece Roster 183 -mag. th eld of view! of eld h elusive color contrast for contrast color elusive h cent, radiantcent, golden suns – one of the eld of view – wondrous sight! 30,000,000LY sight! wondrous – view of eld nest double stars in the heavens! A 620-year binary. wide fi Winter’s LoneWinter’s Globular. Small & faintish but unique. 50,000LY Algieba. Magnifi Algieba. fi 170LY little-knownLovely, bluish-white & greenish-white pair. 150LY 600LY cycle. Bright close, unequal pair wit unequal pair Bright close, night. steady lies nearby. lies 1,500LY Regulus/Indigo Wide mag.-contrast Star. pair with blue- white primary & comp. “seemingly that’s steeped in appears! it 78LY so And indigo.” vivid in pale-yellowWide combo garnet & “awash 29LY color”! One of best galaxies missed by Messier – easily spied. easily – Messier by missed galaxies best of One 30,000,000LY Pretty, perfectly-matched-white twins – nicely spaced. Zubenelgenubi. Nice binocular wide, & RFT combo. 65LY Seldom observed sweet bright, pair of bluish-white suns. 120LY Fascinating tight all trio, white. A-B is 700-year binary. 140LY Attractive pair with subtle contrasting tints. A 9

′ Another trio of spirals sharing same fi ′ 4 5 Leo A trio Triplet. of bright spirals lying within the same ′ 30,000,000LY ′× ′ ′ × /8 ′ ′ 4 ″ /7 ′ /15 ′ 3 7 ′× ″ , 9 ″ 5 4 ″ ″ ′× ″ ″ ′× ″ × ′ ″ ″ ′× ″ 08 47 DS 6.5, 6.6 12 59 59 27 DS 17 55 DS 7.3 6.0, 5.4, 1.7 6.5 5.6, 15 36 48 48 36 DS 6.6 3.9, 3 33 58 58 33 DS 5.8 5.3, 10 24 4524 DS 6.3 4.5, 6 21 30 GX 8.9 13 24 33 33 24 GC 8.0 9 22 27 27 22 DS 6.3 3.7, 96 11 11 26 SS 13 05 GX 4.4–10.5 9.3/9.0/9.5 – 10 Has Variable. rosy-scarlet Peltier’s hue throughout its 11 58 58 11 DS 7.7 1.4, 51 19 DS 177 3.5 2.2, 4 11 42 GX 9.7/9.2/9.3 7 16 02 16 DS 5.2 2.8, 230 14 14 48 SS 5.5–11.7 – A gleaming, Crimson Star. intense Hind’s stellar ruby. + + + + − − + + − + + − − − + + 19 51 08 08 20 57 39 46 46 23 19 56 48 44 44 32 LIB 14 LEO 10 LUP 15 LEO 10 LEP 05 44 α 54 LEO R LEO 11 M65/M66/NGC 10 09 38 LYN LYN 38 09 M79 LEP 24 05 α γ LEO 3628 LEO R LEP 05 00 /4 M95/M96/M105 10 10 M95/M96/M105 NGC LEO 2903 09 γ ξ Struve 1962 LIB Struve 1962 15 12 LYN LYN 12 LYN 19 06 07 184 Appendix 3 ″ eld. eld. eld. apart & slowly orbiting ″ each other. All white. 200LY white. All other. each 1200-yr. binary1200-yr. pairs 208 starry triangle, forming delicate quadruple. Varies continuously in 13-day period. 860LY A dim but sparkling stellar beehive fi in rich MW Easy topaz & pale-green double. 155LY blue-green & reddish-orange pair lovely but Ultra-wide 800LY cluster colorful open but sparse Both in involved Stephenson-1. Fainter & wider miniature of Albireo, lying near the Ring Nebula. known. 45,000LY Famed “Double-Double” multiple system! 600-yr. & Intergalactic small Dim, & amazingly Wanderer. remote for a globular cluster – 300,000LY! Ring Nebula. Finest and best-known planetary in the sky. A celestial smoke ring – superb sight! Central hole visible in small glass. 2,300LY Vega. DazzlingVega. pale-sapphire gem with faint comps. – 26LY beautiful! Eclipsing Binary.Struve’s Set within Bright, nearlyBright, edge-on spiral – cigar shaped. Distance uncertain Beautiful stellar jewelbox of at least suns. 2,900LY 100 apart. 700LY apart. Pretty gold & blue pair in rich Milky fi Way Herschel’s Striking Wonder all Star. trio, bluish-white, forming slender triangle. An amazing spectacle! B-C 3 ″ ″ ″ ″ , 86 ″ ″ ′ 60 ″ 2 , 2.3 , 118 , 67 ″ ″× ″ ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ , 10 ′× ″ ′ ′ 04 36 04 36 DS 6.5 4.5, 13 08 20 20 08 OC 5.9 16 07 02 07 DS 5.6 5.4, 4.7, 7 37 36 36 37 DS 58 36 DS 5.9 4.3, 5.6 4.5, 58 33 DS 44 0037 630 SS 7.7 6.0, 30 11 GC 7.7–9.6 45 33 02 8.2 PN – 8.8 7 80 Rather faint but quite stunning! One of the reddest stars 39 40 DS 5.2, 5.0, 6.1, 2.6 33 25 25 33 GX 9.7 9 38 53 GC 10.4 4 33 22 DS 3.3–4.3,8.6, 46 38 38 47 DS 9.5 9.5, 0.0, 63 + + + + + + + + + + + + − − 17 45 45 54 55 32 54 44 44 53 38 50 37 24 03 29 5.5 9.9 9.9, 8 MON 06 LYR LYR 18 MON 06 LYR LYR 18 LYR LYR LYR 18 18 -1/2 LYR LYR -1/2 18 ζ δ Struve LYR 2420 18 T LYR M56 LYR M57 LYR 18 19 18 NGC 2683 LYN LYN NGC 2683 08 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON LYN NGC 2419 07 β β ε α ε= M50 MON 07 Celestial Showpiece Roster 185 stars strikingly arranged in the shape of an upside- down evergreen tree! 2,600LY changes shape size, & brightness with pulsations of 2,600LY variable. embedded Christmas Tree Cluster. Big bright cluster Cluster. of overChristmas 40 Tree Bright, tight 130-yr. binary. An elongated tightBright, 130-yr. whitish egg in glass. small Pretty matched close pair with wide comp. All golden- 18LY orange. Lovely orange & clear-blue jewels – striking! Hubble’s Variable Nebula. Small, comet-shaped – nebula Small, Nebula. Variable Hubble’s A neat, nearly-matched duo of silvery-white suns. Oblate Globular. Most oval GC known (from its rapid 30,000LY spin). Famous yellow & red binary with 88-yr. period. Superb 17LY pair! Big starry just 3 degrees ball & near-twin of M12, 18,000LY apart. the best of the many GCsAlong in OPH. with M10, 18,000LY Noticeably fainter & M12. but richer cluster than M10 33,000LY With M10, brightest GC in OPH. A near-twinWith M10, of M19. 20,000LY Small but intense blue disk like NGC 6210 in HER.Small 1,900LY but intense blue NGC disk like 6210 Big, bright scatteredBig, clan of nearly 60 stars in unusual 1,000LY shape. Rosette Cluster/Nebula. Huge faint ring-shaped ′ 60 ″ ″ ′× ′ 12 1 ″ /80 ′ ′ ′ ″ ′ ′ ′ ″× ′ ′ ″ , 730 ′× ″ ″ 4.8/– 24 4.8/– 09 53 53 09 OC 3.9 4408 DN – 20 2 04 52 04 52 OC/DN 02 35 DS 6.2, 6.6 21 01 59 59 01 DS 5.2 4.2, 1.5 02 30 DS 6.0 4.2, 5 06 51 06 51 PN 9.0 15 06 34 OC 4.6 27 04 06 06 04 GC 57 01 GC 6.6 03 15 GC 6.8 7.6 15 15 12 30 07 30 07 GC 6.6 14 26 36 DS 24 17 DS 6.7 5.1, 5.1, 5 6.9 5.4, 10 26 16 GC 7.2 14 + + + − − + + + − − − − − + + 41 31 18 15 01 39 32 45 45 06 06 57 47 38 03 28 S MON/NGC 06 = 39 OPH OPH 39 17 OPH 16 NGC2244/ 2246 NGC 2237-9/ NGC 15 2264 R MON/NGC 2261 06 nebulosity suns centered on yellow 2,600LY giant. surrounding irregular cluster of newborn 12 MON/ 06 36 OPH ο= OPH 61 17 17 λ OPH 70 18 M62 OPH M62 17 M10 OPH M10 OPH M12 OPH M14 16 OPH M19 16 17 17 NGC 6572 OPH OPH 6572 NGC 12 18 NGC OPH 6633 18 186 Appendix 3 ) in ″ eld; all one vast vast one all eld; ) in fi ″ , 8 ″ eld – forming a wide double- eld. eld. 1,400LY Orion Nebula. Wondrous spectacle – like diamonds on on diamonds like – spectacle Wondrous Nebula. Orion green velvet! Also several fainter companions – an actual formation! cluster star in 1,600LY 761 (8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 68 9.0, 8.5, (8.0, 761 1,200LY evident. hues Many system! grandest deep-sky wonder of them all (with the Bright close blue-white Flame Neb. duo. (NGC 2024) fi in Bright bluish tight, duo – primary or an 8-day eclipsing violet of 1,400LY hint with binary. bluish-white both pair, cozy Neat 900LY purple. Wide mag.-contrast pair witheclipsing 5.7-day primary. Tints greenish-white & pale-blue or violet. Neat double for binoculars. 1,400LY Called a Summer Beehive Cluster – sweet in binoculars! 1,300LY 520LY gem! same radiant gem-fi 2,000LY system! double Diamond-like pair with Struve 747 (4.8, 5.7, 36 Diamond-like 5.7, (4.8, pair with Struve 747 Overlooked wide easy combo. Both stars bluish-white in bluish-white stars Both combo. easy wide Overlooked hue. Rigel. Beautiful blue-white radiant Rigel. with sun supergiant magnitude- splendid a forming attendant, fainter contrast pair! 770LY Orion Nebula. Finest DN in the sky & perhaps the ′ Struve triple faint with star colorful multiple Amazing multiple Famed “Trapezium” star embedded in heart of ″ ″ /20 ′ , 43 ″ , 22 ′ ′ ″ 60 10 ″ ″ , 13 ″ ″ ″ ′× ′ ″ ″ × , 13 ″ ″ 05 43 OC 4.2 41 03 33 03 33 DS 7.1 5.0, 32 09 56 DS 5.5 3.6, 4 07 24 07 SS 0.4–1.3 – Betelgeuse. Fiery topaz-red supergiant sun – a dazzling 00 18 00 18 DS 6.3 57 1.9–2.1, 01 DS 53 4.0 1.9, 2.5 05 23 05 23 DS 5.1, 7.9, 6.4, 9 05 23 DN 4.0/9.0 66 05 55 05 55 DS 6.9 2.8, 11 02 36 02 36 DS 10.3, 4.0, 11 02 24 DS 3.1–3.4, 4.8 1.5 08 12 08 12 DS 6.8 0.1, 10 + + + − − + − − − − − − 46 46 35 6.7 6.5 7.6,

ORI 05 55 ORI 05 39 ORI 05 25 -1 ORI -1 05 35 ORI 05 35 ORI 05 14 ORI ORI 05 32 05 41 ORI 05 35 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON IC 4665 OPH 17 23 ORI 23 05 23 λ δ ζ α β θ M42/M43 ORI 05 ι σ η Celestial Showpiece Roster 187 eld eld of cent cent fan-shaped cloud with wings and wisps overfl owing the fi cloud with wings and wisps overfl Obvious emerald-green/turquoiseview. hue with subtle pinkish tints & the diamonds Trapezium at its heart. words! 1,600LY beyond Thrilling exception of the MW itself). Magnifi MW the of exception Wide bluish-white pair in Orion Nebula. nights! brightness. Little Dumbbell/Barbell/Cork/Butterfl y Nebula.y Faintish, Little Dumbbell/Barbell/Cork/Butterfl 4,000LY pearly-white miniature of the Dumbbell Nebula in VUL. Weird-looking, comet-shaped nebulosity with two dim 1,400LY stars. Epsilon Orionis Stunning Cluster. circular starburst in seen as belt Orion’s in star middle surrounding binoculars & RFTs. scope Tap Enif/Pendulum & see! Star. & violet. Yellow 780LY compactRich, starball with intense core. 34,000LY “A celestial aegis hung aloft“A splendor!” in Lovely sight. 1,500LY Big bright, nearlyBig bright, edge-on spiral. 50,000,000LY Color mag.-contrast & blue & orange hues. vivid – pair 890LY Mirfak/Alpha Persei Association. Binocular wonder! 600LY 100LY days. ″ ′ 70 ′ 4 ″× ′ ″ 6 ′ ″ ″ ′ ′ ′× ′× 01 01 11 SS 6.2–7.0 00 03 DN – 8.0 8 Its ruddy glow warms the observer on cold Winter 09 52 09 52 DS 8.5 2.4, 143 05 25 05 25 DS 6.6 5.2, 52 01 00 01 OC 0.4 150 51 34 PN 11.5 140 55 54 55 DS 8.5 3.8, 28 49 00 AS 40 57 SS 1.8/1.2 42 47 OC 2.1–3.4 185 5.2 – 35 Algol/Demon Naked-eye Star. eclipser – period 2.9 34 25 34 25 GX 9.5 11 14 14 43 SS 6.3–7.0 – Another ruby – a twin of W ORI in both hue & 12 10 GC 6.4 12 − + + + − + + + + + + + + 26 36 44 30 37 42 22 PER/MEL 20 PER/MEL 20 03 PER 02 51 -2 ORI-2 05 35 PER 03 08 PEG 21 θ W ORI BL ORI ORIM78 05 05 06 05 47

COL 70 ORICOL 70 ε 05 PEG M15 PEG NGC 7331 22 21 M76 PER M76 01 η α β M34 PER 02 42 188 Appendix 3 eld. ARI. Both blue-white. blue-white. Both ARI. γ cent, overlapping radiant radiant overlapping cent, esembling esembling starbursts! Amazing colorful, stellar jewelboxes. Awesome in binoculars, & telescopes RFTs of all sizes. & 7,500LY Related – 7,200LY 5,400LY & 3,000LY 5,400LY Double Cluster. Two magnifi Two Cluster. Double Alrescha. Tight pair with strange subtle tints. 720-yr. 130LY binary. Easy matched pair – both stars blue-white. Lagoon Nebula. Large fl oating nebulous patch crossed patch nebulous oating fl Large Nebula. Lagoon by great curving dark lane, with scattered cluster to Glorious swarm of some 80 colorful stars. Wedged- colorful stars. 80 some of swarm Glorious 3,400LY shaped. bluish-whiteTiny, disk – a celestial opal. 3,500LY 13,000LY Remote-looking but pretty, misty glow fi in rich MW Pale-yellow & pale-lilac combo. 140LY pale-lilac combo. & Pale-yellow 400LY 25LY gem. Superb bright pair r 450LY ghostlyRich uniform clan suns with a tiny, of over 100 Superb, rich cluster of 300 stars a loose – like globular. 4,000LY Neatly matched, pale-yellow cozy pair. cozy pale-yellow matched, Neatly Grand broad splash of several dozen suns. 1,500LY ′ /15 ′ ′ ″ 40 /30 /66 ′× ″ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ″ ″ ″ ″ ′ ″ 02 46 DS 5.1 4.2, 2 07 35 DS 5.6,6.5 23 03 29 29 03 SS 4.5–5.3 – Lovely reddish-orange sun in Circlet Asterism of PSC. 57 09 OC/OC 3.5/3.6 30 38 33 OC 5.8 27 21 28 28 21 DS 5.8 5.6, 30 27 43 DS 6.3 6.3, 4 24 23 23 24 DN/OC 5.8/4.6 90 29 29 37 SS 48 26 DS 1.2 4.7 4.5, 10 – Fomalhaut. The “Solitary A sparkling One.” blue-white 23 52 OC 6.2 22 18 47 47 18 GC 8.3 7 18 13 PN 10.5 16 16 16 22 SS 6.7–7.1 – Glowing reddish stellar ember. 14 49 49 14 OC/PN 6.1/11.5 27 30 14 OC 4.4 30 + + + + − − − + + − − − − − − + 19 14 06 06 42 50 46 58 39 42 37 45 52 54 34 04 19 PSC PSC 19 23 = -1 PSC -1 01 PSC 02 02 PSA 22 PSC 01 884 PER 884 α ψ ζ OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON NGC 869/NGC 02 NGC 2440 PUP 07 M8/NGC 6530 SGRM8/NGC 6530 18 AQ SGRAQ 19 65 PSC α 00 k PUP 07 M46/NGC 2438 07 PUP M47 PUP PUP M93 NGC PUP 2477 07 07 07 ring-shaped nebula projected against Unrelated it. – M71 SGEM71 19 TX TX Celestial Showpiece Roster 189 d. eld eld telescopes. cent MW starcloud MW cent cent stellar beehive, ery-red supergiant with superb d Nebula. Although inferior to the Lagoon (which (which Lagoon the to inferior Although Nebula. d resolved to center even in small scopes! Stars look 10,000LY glasses. larger in ruddy for sweeping with binoculars and wide-fi 16,000LY Overpowering! wonder. A longwonder. ray with hook at one end, crossed by dark lanes & many stars. 5,000LY one side. sight! Wondrous Finest of it class for N. observers after the Orion Nebula. 5,000LY M13 Rival. Big, bright magnifi Big, Rival. M13 rich & uniformBig, stellar commune. Lovely sight. 2,100LY Bright stellar clan of some 60 suns lying near the Trifi Trifi lies closeby), a dark-night revelation! Bulbous cloud 5,500LY rifts. dark with trisected 4,000LY Small Sagittarius Star Cloud. Magnifi Sagittarius Cloud. Star Small Large splashy cluster of some suns. Coarse 50 but brilliant. Contains Cepheid U SGR, which varies from over 7 days. 2,000LY to 7.1 6.3 Large, loosely compressed orb. Needs dark, steady 16,000LY night. Little Gem Nebula. Small, bluish-green cosmic egg. 5,000LY Antares. Beautiful fi emerald-green companion! Very tight – good seeing 900-yr. a must. binary. 600LY Horseshoe/Omega/Swan Nebula. Multi-named glowing ′ ″ ′ ′ 60 15 27 37 ′× ″ ′× ″× ′ ′ ′ ′× ′ ′ 30 58 30 58 GC 7.0 19 22 30 OC 23 54 GC 5.9 5.1 13 24 26 26 DS 5.4 0.9–1.8, 2.5 23 02 DN 6.3 29 19 01 OC 25 18 GX 5.5 4.5 27 120 19 15 OC 4.6 32 14 09 14 PN 9.9 22 16 11 DN 6.0 46 − − − − − − − − − − 57 36 29 03 21 18 05 32 40 44 44

SCO SCO 16 M23 SGRM23 M24 SGR 17 18 M21 SGR M21 M22 SGR 18 18 M25 SGR M55 SGR 18 19 NGC 6818 SGR NGC 6818 19 α M20 SGR 18 M17 SGR M17 18 190 Appendix 3 away away ″ ) 280 apart. Tints ″ ″ -mag. near star th as. Lovely blue-white pair resembling Mizar in in Mizar resembling pair blue-white Lovely as. like a smallerlike Andromeda Galaxy – a wondrous sight! 7,500,000LY forming wide double-double. Primary 46-year period close 80LY binary. swarm of some 500 suns with an 8 apex – a beauty! 5,500LY Sculptor Galaxy. bright & beautiful! Big, Cigar-shaped – Herschel’s Delight. Tiny, densely-packedHerschel’s Delight. Tiny, glittering 27,000LY starball. Glorious, dazzling suns plus blue cluster – 120 6,000LY supergiant! Huge, mottled edge-on star-city over ½ degree long. 7,000,000LY Big, softly-shiningBig, globular swarm, resolvable in the scopes. smallest of Noticeably elongated vertically. Lovely sight! Near Antares. 7,000LY y with open wings! a butterfl Like y Cluster. Butterfl 1,400LY Sprawling, radiant swarm of 80 tinted jewels. Binocular 800LY target. Bug Nebula. Strange, unusual-looking bi-polar nebula. 1,900LY Yellow pair with Struve 1999 (7.4, 8.1, 12 8.1, (7.4, Struve 1999 with pair Yellow Smyth’s Wild Duck glittering A rich, Cluster. fan-shaped Graffi 600LY UMA. Colorful but tight quadruple with pairs 41 ′ ′ ′ 6 7 ″ 1 ′ ′× ′× ′ ″ ′ ′ ′ , 2 ′ ′× ″ ″ 06 16 16 06 OC 5.8 14 41 48 OC 2.6 15 37 06 37 PN 9.7 2 32 13 OC 34 39 OC 4.2 3.3 25 80 32 33 SS 5.9–8.8 – Pulsating crimson jewel – one of reddest stars in the sky. 39 11 39 11 GX 7.9 32 25 17 25 17 GX 7.1 25 22 59 59 22 GC 7.2 9 26 32 GC 5.9 26 11 22 22 11 DS 7.3 4.8, 8 19 19 28 DS 6.6, 5.3, 4.5, 1 19 4819 DS 4.9 2.6, 14 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 12 17 14 54 54 27 24 05 15 51 48 40 04 7.2 subtle but real – striking sight in larger scopes. 440LY SCO SCO 16 SCO SCO 16 SCO SCO 16 M11 SCT M11 18 NGC 6231 SCO SCO 6231 NGC 16 NGC 6302 SCO 17 NGC SCL 253 00 M6 SCO M6 SCO M7 SCO M80 SCO 17 17 16 R SCL NGC SCL 55 00 01 ξ M4 SCO 16 ν OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON β Celestial Showpiece Roster 191 eld. eld. 6,300LY SER. Pretty, easy pair for any glass. easy for pair Pretty, any SER. cent ball of stars – a starry blizzard! δ ) lies unsuspected in fi ″ clan abounding in star-pairs & colorful suns. A naked- eye & binocular wonder! 150LY 1054AD supernova1054AD outburst with rapidly spinning neutron at star/pulsar core. An irregular pale elliptical glow with ragged edges. Neat close double Struve 742 4 7.8, (7.2, Milky Way!” An amazing binocular & RFT starry wonderland! Sense 3-D “depth”!! Hyades Cluster. Huge striking V-shapedHyades bright, Cluster. stellar Striking, neatly-paired double with off-white hues – 85LY elegant! Rosse’s Crab Nebula.Rosse’s Celebrated remnant of the Scutum Star Cloud/Gem of “Downtown the Milky Way. Wide naked-eye/binocular pair in Hyades Cluster. White & yellow. Wider version of 140LY M13 Rival. Magnifi 25,000LY Eagle/Star Queen Nebula A faintly & Cluster. fog- bound nebulous star Site of cluster. famous Hubble 8,000LY image. Telescope Space Big, bright scatteredBig, group of some 80 stars – binocular 1,400LY clan. Spindle Galaxy. Elongated glow with bright center – typical elliptical galaxy shape but with pointy ends. 21,000,000LY Nicely-paired combo – blue-white & bluish. Pretty. 65LY Cluster. ′ ′ 28 ′× 540 ′ ′ ′ ′× ″ 3 4 /53 ″ ′ ′ ′ ′× ″ ″ ′× 04 12 04 12 DS 5.4 4.5, 22 02 05 GC 5.8 05 27 OC 17 4.5 70 06 00 GX – 720 07 43 07 GX 9.2 8 22 01 01 22 SR 8.4 6 25 0925 DS 6.6 5.8, 5 10 32 32 10 DS 5.2 4.2, 4 15 52 OC 0.5 330 16 16 31 SS 52 15 DS 0.8–1.0 3.8 3.4, – 337 Aldebaran. Lovely topaz gem projected against Hyades 13 47 47 13 OC/DN 6.0/– 25 + + + + − + − + − + + + 35 29 40 39 19 19 34 56 05 36 29 TAU TAU 04 -1/2 TAU TAU -1/2 04 SER 18 SER 15 M1 TAU TAU M1 05 θ δ MEL TAU 25 04 Milky SCT Way 18 SER M5 SER 4703 M16/IC 18 15 SER IC 4756 18 NGC 3115 SEX SEX 3115 NGC 10 TAU 118 α θ 05 29 192 Appendix 3 nest nest OC nucleus; M82 is a long, long, a is M82 nucleus; rst to have orbit determined) -mag. spiral M108 is in the same-mag. spiral M108 th NW – a true celestial couple”! “odd The ′ eld eld 48 -mag. star-nucleus surrounded by a faint circular th in the entire heavens! A brilliant starry commune of blue-white diamonds! Naked-eye, binocular & telescopic A thrilling wonder. spectacle! 410LY which has made three circuits since discovery! Twin yellowish contact. suns in 26LY nebulosity. “A most singularnebulosity. phenomenon!” “A exclaimed Sir William Herschel. with delicate arms & patches of nebulosity. A dark- night revelation! 3,600,000LY white diamonds! All three suns are spectroscopic binaries (like many other stars on list) & thus one vast sextuple system. double First star discovered. 78LY wide fi bright oblong spiral with vivid spiral oblong bright sight Splendid rifts. dark by crossed curved ray narrow 7,000,000LY apart. deg. ½ serenely oating fl both – makingdark it faintly areas or bi-central. “eyes” The cigar-shaped 10 Pleiades . Brightest, best-known fi & Brightest, Cluster. Star Pleiades A 9 Historic 60-yearHistoric binary (fi year-round. Little-known, close but lovely gold & blue-green pair. 200LY Pinwheel/Triangulum Galaxy. Big pale, face-on spiral Famed Mizar with Alcor of radiant blue- Trio nearby. Bode’s Nebulae. Finest galaxy pair in sky! M81 is a a is sky! M81 in galaxy pair Finest Nebulae. Bode’s Owl Nebula.Rosse’s Large pale nebula with two subtle ′ 5 ′× /11 ″ ′ ′ 39 14 ″ ′ , 709 ″ ′× ″ ′× ′ ″ 67 25 67 SS 04 69 GX/GX 5.9–6.5 6.9/8.4 – 26 Ruddy-orange beacon above the Big Dipper – visible 54 56 DS 4.0 4.0, 2.3, 14 55 01 55 01 PN 11.2 180 30 47 30 47 PN 10.9 2 30 18 30 18 DS 30 39 GX 6.9 5.3, 5.7 4 32 62 31 DS 4.8 4.3, 1.8 24 07 07 24 OC 1.2 110 + + + + + + + + + 15 09 09 45 45 56 34 24 /80 UMA/80 13 UMA 18 11 TRI 02 12 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON M45 TAU 03 47 NGC 1514 TAU TAU 1514 NGC 04 VY UMA UMA M81/M82 09 10 ι TRI M33 ζ 01 ξ M97 UMAM97 11 Celestial Showpiece Roster 193 eld eld Sun’s Sun’s × giant elliptical galaxies) of the famed “Realm of the Here,Nebulae.” hundreds of star-cities can be seen in small scopes – often several in the same eyepiece fi – and more than 10,000 have been photographed! have 10,000 than more and – 70,000,000LY opening up from its 2005 minimum separation, these blended stars look some like yellowish cosmic egg with 39LY axis! long slowly-turning ellipse with 9th-magnitude central sun and hints of 2,000LY rings! multiple “24-hour orbital period” caused rotation! by Earth’s Brightest Cepheid 430LY in sky. on spiral displaying much subtle detail on dark nights. nights. dark on detail subtle much displaying spiral on 15,000,000LY Owl lies 10,000LY away but theOwl galaxy lies 10,000LY thousands of far. as times Another bright elliptical positioned between two stars. 65,000,000LY . 250LY luminosity. period. Now FamedPorrima. bright binary with 171-yr. at its brightest. Eight-Burst Planetary. One of brightest in sky – white Polaris. Mag.-contrast pair having amazing (apparent) Dazzling bluish pair – one of most beautiful in the 1,000LY heavens! Pinwheel Galaxy. Large, pale circular glow – a vast face- vast a – glow circular pale Large, Galaxy. Pinwheel / Coma-Virgo Galaxy Three Cluster. bright specimens (all ′ 6 ″ ′ × ′ ′ ′ /7 ′ ′ 7 52 26 7 4 ′ × ″ ″× ′× ″ ″ ′× ′× 08 00 GX 8.4 9 00 48 48 00 SS 6.0–9.6 – Ruddy pulsating interstellar beacon – easily spied when 01 27 01 DS 3.5 3.5, 0.5 89 16 16 89 DS 9.0 1.9–2.1, 18 54 21 54 21 GX 7.7 27 47 20 20 47 DS 40 26 PN 4.3 1.8, 8.2 41 84 12 12 53 GX/GX 8.6 9.2, 9.3, 5 11 11 10 SS 0.97 – 2,000 than Icy-blue more supersun Spica. + − + + − − − + + 25 08 08 10 30 /GX 7 42 25 25 03 VIR 13 UMI 02 32 VIR 12 VEL 08 M49 VIR 12 γ SS VIR VIR M84/M86/M87 12 12 α γ VEL NGC 3132 10 α M101 UMA M101 14 194 Appendix 3 tacle! nest apart. ′ eld eld 25 edge-on spirals in the sky! Bulbous glow with dark 28,000,000LY band. equatorial 6-inch glass as a dim bluish star despite its vast 1,900,000,000LY! of distance 1,200LY & best-known object of its class! a big puffy Like oating among the stars of the celestial pillow serenely fl Milky Galaxy, where Way it looks suspended three- dimensionally in space – a truly wondrous spec down starry coat hanger in binoculars. Superb in RFT RFT Superb in binoculars. starry in hanger coat down erect)! it show (which scopes One of the many spirals in the Coma-Virgo Cluster – face-on with two arms. Nice elliptical galaxy pair lying in same fi Sombrero Galaxy. One of brightest & most spectacular The Kite. Thin edge-on paper like kite – dim galaxy nearby. NGC 4754 Coat Hanger Asterism/Brocchi’s Cluster. Like an upside- an Like Cluster. Asterism/Brocchi’s Hanger Coat More sparkling than 100 sapphires – brightest star ruby 2,500LY red! Dumbbell Nebula. Next to the Nebula, Ring the fi ′ 6 ′× /7 ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 4 2 5 3 6 ′ ′ ′× ′× ′× ′× ′× 04 28 04 28 GX 9.7 6 02 03 02 GX 12.8 – Also Quasar. First brightest & closest – visible in 4- to 20 11 20 11 AS 3.6 60 28 18 OC 43 22 PN 6.3 7.6 31 8 11 14 GX 10. 2 9 11 39 39 11 GX/GX 9.8/8.8 5 11 37 37 11 GX 8.3 9 − + + + + + + + 22 53 42 40 29 25 35 00 M104 VIR M104 12 M61 VIR M61 12 NGC 4762 VIR VIR 4762 NGC VIR3C273 12 VULCOL 399 12 19 NGC 6940 VUL NGC 6940 20 M27 VUL 20 OBJECT/CON RA DEC TYPE MAG/S MAG/S SIZE/SEP TYPE DEC REMARKS RAOBJECT/CON VIR M59/M60 12 About the Author

The author, shown holding a copy of his book Celestial Harvest: 300-Plus Showpieces of the Heavens for Telescope Viewing & Contemplation. Originally self- published in 1998 (and updated in 2000), it was reprinted in 2002 by Dover Publications in New York. This labor of love was more than 40 years in the making! Courtesy of Warren Greenwald.

James Mullaney is an astronomy writer, lecturer, and consultant who has pub- lished more than 500 articles and fi ve books on observing the wonders of the heavens, and logged over 20,000 hours of stargazing time with the unaided eye, binoculars, and telescopes. Formerly Curator of the Buhl Planetarium and Insti- tute of Popular Science in Pittsburgh and more recently Director of the DuPont Planetarium, he served as staff astronomer at the University of Pittsburgh’s

195 196 About the Author

The author shown with his 5-inch Celestron Schmidt–Cassegrain optical-tube assembly mounted on an exquisite old Unitron altazimuth mounting with slow-motion controls. With excellent optics and a total weight of just 12 pounds, this highly portable instrument can go anywhere and is a joy to use. Photo by Sharon Mullaney.

Allegheny Observatory and as an editor for Sky & Telescope, Astronomy, and Star & Sky magazines. One of the contributors to Carl Sagan’s award-winning Cosmos PBS television series, he has received recognition for his work from such notables (and fellow stargazers) as Sir Arthur Clarke, Johnny Carson, Ray Bradbury, Dr Wernher von Braun, and his former student, NASA scientist/astronaut Dr Jay Abt. His 50-year mission as a “celestial evangelist” has been to “Celebrate the Uni- verse!” – to get others to look up at the majesty of the night sky and to experience personally the joys of stargazing. In February, 2005, he was elected a Fellow of the prestigious Royal Astronomical Society (London). Index

Unless mentioned or illustrated in the text, individual celestial objects are not listed here. Deep-sky wonders (including stars) can be readily found under their respective constellations in Appendix 3.

α Persei (Mirfak) Association, 137 J-Pass, 123 Achromatic refractor, 27 spin/light variations, 123 Adhara (ε Canis Majoris), 125 Asimov, Isaac, 142 Albireo (β Cygni), 127, 159 Association of Lunar & Planetary Algol/Demon Star (β Persei), 134 Observers (ALPO), 111 Allegheny Observatory 13-inch refractor, Asterisms 31 Big Dipper, 137 Almach (γ Andromedae), 127 Coathanger (Col 399/Brochii’s Cluster), Alnitak (ζ Orionis), 150 138 Altair (α Aquilae), 137 Great Square, 138, 150 American Association of Variable Star Northern Cross, 137 Observers (AAVSO), 135, 161 Summer Triangle, 137 AAVSO Variable Star Atlas, 136 Asteroids (Minor Planets) American Meteor Society (AMS), 122 big four, 122 Andromeda Galaxy (M31), 40, 100, 123, discovery, 122 138, 150 grazing occultations by Moon, 111, Angular measure, 20, 113 122 Antique Telescope Society, 25 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs), 122 Aperture masks, 66 near misses, 122 Apochromatic refractor, 29 rotation periods, 122 Arcturus (α Bootis), 95 tracking, 122 Argyle, Bob, 67, 132 Astigmatism, 7 Artifi cial satellites Astrocameras, 67 Earth’s shadow, 123 Astronomy magazine, 64, 153, 159 International Space Station (ISS), 123 Astronomy Now magazine, 159 Iridium, 123 Astronomical League, 159

197 198 Index

β Lyrae, 135 Celestial showpiece listing, 173 Barlow lenses, 62 Central Bureau for Astronomical Barnard, Edward Emerson, 149 Telegrams (IAU), 121, 154 Barns, C.E., 104, 125, 156 Chrétien, Henri, 43 Beehive Cluster (M44), 41 Chromatic (color) aberration, 27 Bennett, D.A., 158 Clark, Alvin, 5, 20, 102 Bernhard, H.J., 158 Coal Sack, 150 Berry, Richard, 5 Coma, 35 Berthier, Denis, 100 Coma correctors, 66 Betelgeuse (α Orionis), 95, 126, 132 Coma–Virgo Galaxy Cluster, 152 Binoculars Comets aperture, 10 discovery of, 121 binocular eyepiece viewers, 64 monitoring, 121 binocular telescopes, 14 Computers, 68 collimation, 8 Constellations, 137, 169 depth perception, 9 Cooke, Anthony, 100 exit pupil, 10 Coordinates (R.A. & DEC), 173 eye relief, 10 Covington, Michael, 24 focusing, 10 Crab Nebula (M1)/supernova remnant, giant, 13 134, 147 image-stabilized, 13 interpupilary distance, 10 Dall, Horace, 44 miniature, 13 Dall–Kirkham refl ectors, 44 mountings, 14 Dawes’ Limit, 20, 167 optical coatings, 12 Deep-sky objects, 125 Porro prism, 12 δ Cephei, 133 roof prism, 12 Deneb (α Cygni), 137 solar, 33 Dew caps/light shields, 63 specifi cations, 10 Dew zappers, 64 zoom, 11 Dobson, John, 38 Binocular sources, 71 Dobsonian refl ectors, v, 5, 38 Blackeye Galaxy (M64), 152 Dolland, John, 27 Blinking Planetary (NGC 6826), 94 Double-Double (ε Lyrae), 128 Bok globules, 149 Double & multiple stars Bradford, William, 121 catalogues, 130 Brasch, Klaus, 100 colors/tints/hues, 127 Brashear, John, 5, 25 common-proper-motion (CPM) pairs, Braymer, Lawrence (Questar), 47 127 Bright Star Atlas, 156 defi ned, 127 British Astronomical Association (BAA), designations, 131 111, 135, 155 frequency, 127 Burnham, Robert, Jr., 156 imaging, 129 Burnham, S.W., 96 interferometric binaries, 127 masses, 130 Caldwell Catalog, 138 optical, 127 Canopus (α Carinae), 126 orbital periods, 127, 129 Cassegrain, Guillaume, 42 physical, 127 Cassegrain refl ector, 42 position angles, 173 Castor (α Geminorum), 127, 129 separations, 173 Cat’s Eye/Snail Nebula (NGC 6543), 145 sightseeing tour, 129 CCD (charge-coupled device) imaging, 68 spectroscopic binaries, 127 Celestial Harvest, 132, 157, 195 visual binaries, 127 Index 199

Double Cluster (NGC 869 & NGC 884), 140 Galaxy pairs Dumbbell Nebula (M27), 145 M65/M66, 152 dwarf novae, 134 M95/M96, 152 M81/M82, 152 η Aquilae, 133 Galilei, Galileo, 27 Eight-Burst Nebula (NGC 3132), 145 General Catalogue of Variable Stars, 136 Erecting prisms, 62 Good, Gerry, 136 Eskimo/Clownface Nebula (NGC 2392), Go-To systems, 22, 70 145 GPS systems, 22, 70 Evans, Robert, 154 Gregory, John, 47 Eye, training of Gregory–Maksutov systems, 47 averted vision, 94 color perception, 94 Hall, Chester, 27 dark adaptation, 95 Harrington, Philip, 16, 25 visual acuity, 93 Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Eyepieces Astrophysics, 121 actual fi eld, 57 Helix Nebula (NGC 7293), 147 antirefl ection coatings, 55 Hercules Cluster (M13), 40, 123, 141 apparent fi eld, 57 Herschel’s Garnet Star (µ Cephei), 126 barrel diameters, 55 Herschel, Sir William, 45, 93, 110, 143, 150 binocular, 64 Herschel’s Wonder Star (β Monocerotis), Erfl e, 56 128 heaters, 64 Highly tinted (single) stars, 125 Kellner, 56 Hind’s Crimson Star (R Leporis), 126 magnifi cation, 19, 57 Hobbs, Lilian, 49 Nagler, 56 Horsehead Nebula (B 33/IC 434), 150 orthoscopic, 56 Horseshoe/Omega/Swan Nebula (M17), Plössl, 56 143 zoom, 58 Houston, Walter Scott, 145, 157 Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 35, 43 Finders Hyades Cluster (MEL 25), 9, 111, 139, 140 magnifi cation of, 58 right-angle, 59 Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters sizes of, 59 of Stars (IC), 138 straight-through, 59 Image erectors, 65 unit (zero)-power, 59 Inglis, Mike, 67, 126 Filters International Amateur–Professional light-pollution, 66, 148 Photoelectric Photometry Association lunar, 66 (IAPPP), 135 nebula, 66, 148 International Astronomical Union planetary, 66 (IAU), 121, 169 solar, 67 International Dark-sky Association First-Magnitude Club (brightest stars), 125 (IDSA), 98 Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), 149 International Meteor Organization Fitz, Henry, 25 (IMO), 122 Focal ratio/length, 17 International Occultation Timing Focal reducers (“reverse Barlows”), 65 Association (IOTA), 111 47 Tucanae (NGC 104), 142 Frost, Robert, v James, Nick, 121 Jewel Box Cluster (NGC 4755), 150 Galaxies, 150 Johnson, Tom (Celestron), 51 Galaxy clusters, 152 Jones, K.G., 158 200 Index

Jupiter oppositions, 113 bands, 114 polar caps, 114 festoons, 114 rotation, 114 Great Red Spot, 114 satellites, 114 limb/polar darkening, 114 Martin, Martha Evans, 127 occultations of, 111 Mercury oppositions, 114 daytime observation of, 112 ovals, 114 elongations, 112 polar fl attening, 114 phases, 112 rotation, 114 transits, 107 satellites, Galilean, 117 Messier Catalogue/Charles Messier, 138, satellite phenomena, 117 141, 147 zones, 114 Messier Marathons, 158 Jupiter’s Ghost (NGC 3242), 145 Meteors binocular/telescopic, 122 Keck Observatory 400-inch binocular hourly rates, 122 telescope, 21, 35, 43, 45 showers, 122 Kepler’s Star, 134 Micrometers, 67 Kholopov, P.N., 136 Milky Way Galaxy, 154 King, Henry, 25 Mira (ο Ceti)/Wonder Star, 132 Krikham, Allan, 44 Mizar (ζ Ursae Majoris), 127 Kufeld, Steve, 59 Modifi ed Cassegrain systems, 44 Kukarkin, B.V., 136 Mollise, Rod, 52 Moon Lagoon Nebula (M8), 143 conjunctions, 111 Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 107 earthshine, 111 Large Magellanic Cloud, 143, 151 eclipses, 111 Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, 154 libration, 111 Lassell’s Delight (M35), 140 lunar maps, 112 La Superba (Y Canum Venaticorum), occultations, 111 126 phases, 109 Levy, David, 121, 136 sightseeing tour, 111 Lick Observatory, 36-inch refractor, 79 surface features, 109 Limiting magnitude, 167 terminator, 109 Local Group (of galaxies), 151 transient lunar phenomena (TLPs), Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 126 109 Lord Rosse, 152 Moore, Sir Patrick, 123, 140 Mountings Magnitude (apparent visual), 173 altazimuth, 21 Maksutov, Dimitri, 47 coudé, 44 Maksutov–Cassegrain systems, 47 Dobsonian, v, 5, 38 Maksutov–Newtonian systems, 53 equatorial (German), 21 Markowitz Limit, 167 Go-To/Push-Pull-To, 22, 70 Mars GPS (Global Positioning System), 22, blue clearing, 114 70 canals, 114 motor (clock) drives, 21 clouds, 114 rap test, 21 dark markings, 114 tripods, 21 deserts, 114 MT. Wilson 100-inch Hooker refl ector, dust storms, 114 44 fl ares, 114 Multiple star systems, 127 melt band, 114 Muirden, James, 162 Index 201

Nasmyth, James, 44 Pipe Nebula (B 59, etc.), 149 National Aeronautics & Space Planets (extrasolar), 142 Administration (NASA), 123 Planets, minor (see Asteroids), Nebulae Pleiades Cluster (M45), 9, 30, 41, 111, dark, 149 139, 140 diffuse (emission), 143 Pluto planetary, 143 appearance, 121 refl ection, 145 satellite (largest), 121 supernova remnant, 146 Polaris (α Ursae Minoris)/Pole Star, Negative observations, value of, 98 7, 62 Neptune Porrima (γ Virginis), 129 satellites, 120 Protostars, 149 visual appearance, 120 Purkinje Effect, 95 of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), 138 Quasars/3C273, 153 Newtonian–Cassegrain refl ector, 42 Quotations, 163 Newtonian refl ector, 35 Newton, Sir Isaac, 35 R Coronae Borealis (Fade-Out Star/ North, Gerald, 121 Reverse Nova), 134 Norton’s Star Atlas/Arthur Norton, 131, R Leonis (Peltier’s Star), 132 136, 156 Rasalgethi (α Herculis), 127, 132 North America Nebula (NGC 7000), 155 Rayleigh Criterion, 36, 167 Raymo, Chet, 143 Observing sites/observatories, 100 Realm of the Nebulae, 152 Observing guides, classic, 123, 152 Record keeping, 98 Off-axis refl ectors, 45 Reporting/sharing observations, 159 Olcott, W.T., 135, 156 Rice, H.S., 158 ω Centauri (NGC 5139), 141 Ridpath, Ian, 131 O’Meara, Stephen James, 157 Rigel (β Orionis), 95, 126, 127, 146 Optical-tube assemblies (OTAs), 29, 53 Ring Nebula (M57), 123, 145 Optical windows, 53 Ritchey–Chrétien systems, 43 Orion Nebula (M42/M43), 40, 143 Ritchey, George, 43 Rotary eyepiece holders, 64 Palomar Observatory 200-inch Hale Royal Astronomical Society (RASC/ refl ector, 21, 35 Canada), 155 Peltier, Leslie, 101, 121, 161 Royal Astronomical Society (RAS/ Personal matters London), 196 aesthetic & philosophical Rukl, Antonin, 112 considerations, 104, 162 diet, 103 S-Nebula (B 72), 149 dress, 103 Saturn pleasure verses serious observing, 160 Cassini Division, 118 posture, 103 limb/polar darkening, 118 preparation, 104 occultations, 111, 118 rest, 103 oppositions, 118 Photographer’s cloth, 66 rings, 118 Photometers, 67 ring plane crossings, 118 Photon connection, 68, 154, 163 rotation, 118 Pic du Midi Observatory 24-inch satellites, 118 refractor, 33 Saturn Nebula (NGC 7009), 143 Pinwheel/Triangulum Galaxy (M33), Schmidt, Bernhard, 47 150 Schmidt–Cassegrain systems, 51 202 Index

Schmidt–Newtonian systems, 53 T Coronae Borealis (Blaze Star), 133 Scovil, Charles, 136 T Lyrae, 126 Scutum Star Cloud, 154 Tarantula Nebula (NGC 2070), 143 Setting circles Teasdale, Sarah, 163 digital, 22, 70 Telescopes mechanical, 22, 70 aperture, 17 Sidgwick, J.B., 122 astigmatism, 7 Sinnott, Roger, 131 catadioptric, 47 Sirius (α Canis Majoris), 96, 125 chromatic aberration, 27 Sky Atlas 2000.0, 131, 136, 156 collimation, 8 Sky Catalogue 2000.0, 131, 136, 173 coma, 35 Sky conditions cool-down time, 98 light pollution, 98, 100, 127, 142, 143 covers, 66 moonlight, 98, 122, 142, 143 focal length/ratio, 17 seeing, 20, 96, 142 folded, 33 transparency, 96, 142 glare stops, 28, 40 Sky & Telescope magazine, iv, 44, 64, 71, light-gathering power, 20 77, 94, 117, 121, 159, 163 local “seeing,” 8 Sky Publishing Corporation, 112, 131 long-focus, 31 Small Magellanic Cloud, 151 magnifying power, 19 Small Sagittarius Star Cloud, 154 making/assembling, 5 Smyth, W.H., 93, 156 optical quality/testing, 6 Sombrero Galaxy (M104), 152 refl ecting, 35 Space Shuttle, 123 refracting, 27 Spectral sequence/types/classes, 126 resolving power, 20 Spectroscopes (eyepiece), 67, 126 rich-fi eld (RFT), 30, 39, 40 Spherical aberration, 27 solar, 33 Star atlases, 130 spherical aberration, 27, 35 Star clusters star testing (extrafocal image test), 6 open (galactic), 138 Telescope sources, 77 globular, 141 Temple’s Nebula (NGC 1435), 139, 146 Star diagonals The Cambridge Star Atlas, 156 prism, 61 Thompson, Allyn, 5 mirror, 61 Tirion, Wil, 131 erecting, 62 Trapezium (θ1 Orionis), 128, 143 Star hopping, 23 Trifi d Nebula (M20), 143 Stellar associations, 137 Tycho’s Star, 134 Steele, J.D., 126 Suiter, Harold Richard, 8 U Geminorum, 134 Sun Uranometria 2000.0 (star atlas), 156 eclipses, 109 Uranus faculae, 107 satellites, 120 fl ares, 106 visual appearance, 120 granulation, 106 Used equipment, 4 limb darkening, 106 US Naval Observatory (USNO), 130 , 106 prominences, 107 Variable stars safety precautions, 105 cataclysmic, 134 sunspots, 106 Cepheid, 133 transits, 107 dwarf novae, 134 Supernovae (extragalactic), 154 eclipsing, 134 Supernovae (galactic), 134 eruptive, 133 Index 203

fl are stars, 134 Washington Double Star Catalog (WDS), irregular, 133 130, 173 long-period, 132 Wavefront errors, 36 novae, 134 Weasner, Mike, 49 semi-regular, 132 Webb Society, 130, 159 supernovae, 134 Webb, T.W., 130, 156 Vega (α Lyrae), 95, 137 Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), 152 Veil/Filamentary/Cirrus Nebula (NGC Wild Duck Cluster (M11), 140 6960/6992–5), 147 Witch’s Head Nebula (IC 2118), 146 Venus Wood, Charles, 112 ashen light, 113 Wordsworth, William, 3 daytime observation of, 113 elongations, 113 ξ Ursae Majoris, 129 phase anomaly (dichotomy), 113 phases, 112 Yerkes Observatory 40-inch refractor, 27, spoke system, 113 79 terminator irregularities, 113 transits, 107 ζ Herculis, 130 Video/webcam imaging, 68 Zeiss, Carl, 5