Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Andres M. Lozano, Philip L. Gildenberg, Ronald R. Tasker (Eds.)

Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery

With 1088 Figures and 232 Tables Editors: Andres M. Lozano Professor of and RR Tasker Chair in Functional Neurosurgery University of Toronto Senior Scientist, Toronto Western Research Institute President, World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery Canadian Research Chair in Neuroscience (Tier 1) 399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447 Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8 Canada [email protected] Philip L. Gildenberg Houston Stereotactic Concepts, Inc. 2260 West Holcombe Boulevard Suite 309 Houston, Texas 77030 USA [email protected] Ronald R. Tasker University of Toronto 399 Bathurst St. WW 4-447 Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8 Canada

A C.I.P. Catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-3-540-69959-0 This publication is available also as: Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-540-69960-6 and Print and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-540-70779-0 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer‐Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. ß Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about the application of operative techniques and medications contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com Publishing Editor: Gabriele Schro¨der MRW Editor: Sandra Fabiani Printed on acid‐free paper SPIN: 11534778 2109 – 543210 Andres Lozano dedicates this work To Marie, Alexander and Christopher Philip L. Gildenberg, MD, PhD, dedicates this ‘‘Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery’’ to Patricia Franklin Gildenberg, who has been a significant collaborator in everything he has written since 1973. Her contributions and dedication to both the American and World Societies for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery have been important in maintaining the integrity of those organizations throughout the years. I would like to dedicate my contribution to this book to my late wife, Mary Morris Craig Tasker, who made my career possible. Ronald R. Tasker OC, MD, FRCSC Preface

This second edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery appears just 11 years after the first. The first edition of the Textbook marked the 50th anniversary of the birth of human stereotactic neurosurgery. After an initial period of rapid growth, the field became quiescent in the 1960s when treatment of Parkinson’s disease migrated from to medication, primarily L-dopa. When it became apparent that L-dopa was not the final answer to the management of Parkinson’S disease, human stereotaxis had a rebirth, and the first edition followed a few years later. Many patients returned once again to surgical management in the early 1990s, so many neurosurgeons returned to the fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. In the meantime, computer science and imaging techniques had advanced to foster the development of frameless image guided surgery, as well as stereotactic . Consequently, many neurosurgeons were becoming involved with stereotac- tic surgery, either returning to the field or being introduced to it for the first time. Both groups needed a comprehensive review of the then-current state of the field which was provided by the first edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. During the past 11 years there have been additional significant advances in this field. Computers have advanced to the point where exotic complex surgical programs have become commonplace and computers have become commonly used in the operating room, both for image guidance and physiological verification of targets. Image guided surgery is being used by most neurosurgeons, many of whom may not have had a prior background in stereotactic surgery. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of motor disorders has become technically feasible and is commonly practiced at many stereotactic centers, using some techniques that were still under development a decade ago and technically advanced stimulating devices. Radiosurgical techniques involve more complex dosimetry than was available earlier, again because of advances in computer technology. Many new possibilities are being opened for both neurosurgical guidance and functional surgery involving targets that had not previously been recognized. These advances have proceeded so rapidly and broadly across several scientific fields that we have a need for a new edition of the Textbook of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. It is meant to provide a broad background for neurosurgeons, neurologists, and radiation oncologists, radiation physicists, and other scientists in the ever expanding fields of stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and stereotactic radiosurgery. These fields have become so broad that no other publication covers the information necessary for all those specialists in a single reference source. This book will provide an update on the significant advances, information, and knowledge that have developed during this past decade has and have been scattered through the literature of these disparate specialties. The first edition was edited by Philip L. Gildenberg and Ronald Tasker. Both those stereotactic neurosurgeons retired from active clinical practice in the past 10 years, so they recruited Andres Lozano to be the primary editor. They felt that he brings to this position a unique combination of clinical

# Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2009 xii Preface

expertise, extensive knowledge of background laboratory information, a record of providing innova- tion to functional neurosurgery, and has provided leadership for a new generation of stereotactic neurosurgeons. The editors wish to thank McGraw-Hill, who published the first edition, for relinquish- ing the copyright to Dr. Gildenberg, which opened the door for Springer to publish the second edition. The difference in the editorial process between the first edition and the second edition in some ways reflects the development of computers during that time, and consequently the advances in the fields of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery. The authors who contributed to the first edition sent hard copy printed manuscripts to the editors who would then read for content and copy edit, a time- consuming and inefficient process. Manuscripts were then mailed back to the authors for final approval and/or correction and sent back to the Editors, possibly several times, who relayed them to the publisher when they were perfected. All manuscript preparation and submission for the second edition were done electronically, so no paper changed hands, which sometimes introduced new complexities, but ultimately proved more efficient, not to mention friendly to the environment. It is noteworthy that between the time of the first edition and the second edition, the operating room also became digitized, with consequent improvement in the display of diagnostic studies, processing information from those studies, and integrating that information into the surgical plan. The editors thank Garbiele Schro¨der and Stephanie Benko of Springer, who made this Textbook possible. The editors especially wish to thank Andrew Spencer and his staff at Springer, who served as the publisher’s representative to this project and maintained the flow of digital information between authors, editors and publisher. The editors also wish to thank Joan Richardson, who served as a liaison between the authors, editors, and publisher’s staff, and provided an accurate update on the progress and problems of each chapter and author. She managed the organization of 195 manuscripts with over 250 authors, with occasional changes in authors or topics, to facilitate communication between the editors and authors. Table of Contents

Preface ...... xi Contributors ...... xxix

Section 1 History of Stereotactic Surgery ...... 1

1 History of Stereotactic Surgery ...... 3 P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss

2 History of the Stereotactic Societies ...... 35 P. L. Gildenberg . J. K. Krauss

3 History of Stereotactic Surgery in US ...... 45 P. L. Gildenberg

4 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Germany ...... 53 J. K. Krauss

5 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Japan ...... 59 C. Ohye

6 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in the Nordic Countries ...... 65 B. A. Meyerson . B. Linderoth

7 A Brief History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in ...... 73 E. Taub

8 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Great Britain ...... 77 E. A. C. Pereira . A. L. Green . D. Nandi . T. Z. Aziz

9 History of Stereotactic Surgery in France ...... 97 A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret

10 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Canada ...... 113 A. G. Parrent xiv Table of contents

11 History of Stereotactic Surgery in China ...... 125 F.-C. Lee . B. Sun . J. Zhang . K. Zhang . F.-G. Meng

12 History of Stereotactic Surgery in India ...... 155 P. K. Doshi

13 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Korea ...... 171 S. S. Chung

14 History of Stereotactic Surgery in Spain ...... 179 J. Guridi . M. Manrique

15 History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery in Italy ...... 193 A. Franzini . V. A. Sironi . G. Broggi

16 History of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Brazil ...... 197 O. Vilela Filho

Section 2 Imaging in Stereotactic Surgery ...... 249

17 General Imaging Modalities: Basic Principles ...... 251 A. A. Gorgulho . W. Ishida . A. A. F. De Salles

18 CT/MRI Technology: Basic Principles ...... 269 M. I. Hariz . L. Zrinzo

19 CT/MRI Safety in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 279 M. Schulder . A. Oubre´

20 Functional MRI in Image Guided Neurosurgery ...... 287 T. Sankar . G. R. Cosgrove

21 , MRA in Image Guided Neurosurgery ...... 299 P. Jabbour . S. Tjoumakaris . R. Rosenwasser

22 Diagnostic PET in Image Guided Neurosurgery ...... 307 B. Ballanger . T. van Eimeren . A. P. Strafella

23 Neurophysiologic Mapping for Glioma Surgery: Preservation of Functional Areas ...... 325 R. M. Richardson . M. S. Berger Table of contents xv

24 Image Reconstruction and Fusion ...... 335 B. A. Kall

Section 3 Stereotactic Targeting ...... 345

25 Printed Stereotactic Atlases, Review ...... 347 R. J. Coffey

26 Electronic Stereotactic Atlases ...... 373 J. Yelnik . E. Bardinet . D. Dormont

27 Anatomical and Probabilistic Functional Atlases in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery ...... 395 W. L. Nowinski

28 Accuracy in Stereotactic and Image Guidance ...... 443 A. Hartov . D. W. Roberts

29 Development of a Classic: The Todd-Wells Apparatus, the BRW, and the CRW Stereotactic Frames ...... 453 J. Arle

30 Leksell Stereotactic Apparatus ...... 469 L. D. Lunsford . D. Kondziolka . D. Leksell

31 The Riechert/Mundinger Stereotactic Apparatus ...... 487 J. K. Krauss

32 The Talairach Stereotactic System ...... 495 A. L. Benabid . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . D. Hoffmann . J. F. LeBas

33 Laitinen Stereotactic Apparatus ...... 511 M. I. Hariz . L. V. Laitinen

34 Miniframe Stereotactic Apparatus ...... 521 M. A. Madera . W. D. Tobler

Section 4 Image Guided Neurosurgery ...... 533

35 Engineering Aspects of Electromagnetic Localization in Image Guided Surgery ...... 535 E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly xvi Table of contents

36 The History, Current Status, and Future of the StealthStation Treatment Guidance System ...... 543 R. Bucholz . L. McDurmont

37 BrainLab Image Guided System ...... 567 J. F. Fraser . T. H. Schwartz . M. G. Kaplitt

38 Robotic Neurosurgery ...... 583 P. L. Gildenberg

39 MRI in Image Guided Surgery ...... 599 M. Schulder . L. Jarchin

40 CT in Image Guided Surgery ...... 619 D. Kondziolka . L. D. Lunsford

41 Impedance Recording in Central Nervous System Surgery ...... 631 R. J. Andrews . J. Li . S. A. Kuhn . J. Walter . R. Reichart

42 Stereotactic and Image-Guided ...... 645 J. B. Elder . A. P. Amar . M. L. J. Apuzzo

43 Pathology Techniques in Stereotactic and Image Guided Biopsy ...... 663 P. T. Chandrasoma . N. E. Klipfel

44 Stereotactic and Image Guided Craniotomy ...... 679 E. C. Parker . P. J. Kelly

45 Image Guided Craniotomy for ...... 699 I. E. McCutcheon

46 Virtual Reality in the Operating Room ...... 725 P. L. Gildenberg

47 Comprehensive Brain Tumor Management ...... 735 M. Tamber . M. Bernstein

48 Novel Therapies for Brain Tumors ...... 749 G. Al-Shamy . R. Sawaya

49 Image-Guided Management of Brain Abscess ...... 769 E. Taub . A. M. Lozano Table of contents xvii

50 Image-Guided Management of Brain Stem Lesions ...... 779 M. Levivier

51 Stereotactic Approaches to the Brain Stem ...... 789 L. U. Zrinzo . D. G. T. Thomas

52 Image Guided Management of Intracerebral Hematoma ...... 797 A. Losiniecki . G. Mandybur

53 Technical Aspects of Image-Guided Neuroendoscopy ...... 807 J. D. Caird . J. M. Drake

54 Intraoperative Image Guidance in Skull Base Tumors ...... 815 D. Omahen . F. Doglietto . D. Mukherjee . F. Gentili

55 Image Guided Management of Cerebral Metastases ...... 831 P. Kongkham . M. Bernstein

Section 5 Stereotactic Radiosurgery ...... 851

56 Radiobiology of Stereotactic Radiosurgery ...... 853 D. C. Shrieve . J. S. Loeffler

57 Overview of Radiosurgery Technology ...... 867 M. Schulder

58 Gamma Knife: Technical Aspects ...... 897 D. J. Schlesinger . C. P. Yen . C. Lindquist . L. Steiner

59 Linac Radiosurgery ...... 929 W. A. Friedman . F. J. Bova

60 CyberKnife: Technical Aspects ...... 949 J. R. Adler . D. W. Schaal . A. Muacevic

61 Proton Beam Radiotherapy: Technical and Clinical Aspects ...... 957 S. Y. Woo

62 IMRT: Technical and Clinical Aspects ...... 965 M. P. Carol

63 What Every Neurosurgeon Should Know About Stereotactic Radiosurgery ...... 977 P. M. Black . F. Tariq xviii Table of contents

64 Radiosensitizers in Neurooncology ...... 987 D. Khuntia . A. Chakravarti . H. I. Robins . K. Palanichamy . M. P. Mehta

65 Gamma Knife: Clinical Experience ...... 1007 A. Niranjan . L. D. Lunsford . J. C. Flickinger . J. Novotny . J. Bhatnagar . D. Kondziolka

66 Gamma Knife: Clinical Aspects ...... 1037 L. Steiner . C. P. Yen . J. Jagannathan . D. Schlesinger . M. Steiner

67 Linac Radiosurgery: Technical Aspects ...... 1087 F. J. Bova . W. A. Friedman

68 Cyberknife: Clinical Aspects ...... 1111 F. C. Henderson Sr . W. Jean . N. Nasr . G. Gagnon

69 Proton Beam Radiosurgery: Clinical Experience ...... 1131 H. A. Shih . P. H. Chapman . J. S. Loeffler

70 Radiosurgery for Metastases ...... 1139 M. Maarouf . C. Bu¨hrle . M. Kocher . V. Sturm

71 Focused and Conventional Radiation for Acoustic Nerve Tumors ...... 1151 R. Den . S. H. Paek . D. W. Andrews

72 Radiosurgery for Pituitary Tumors ...... 1171 J. P. Sheehan . J. Jagannathan . W. J. Elias . E. R. Laws

73 Radiosurgery for Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1191 D. Kondziolka

74 Whole Body and Spinal Radiosurgery ...... 1203 P. C. Gerszten

75 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery: Technical Issues ...... 1225 D. Kondziolka . A. Niranjan . J. Novotny . J. Bhatanagar . L. D. Lunsford

Section 6 Functional Neurosurgery – Technical Aspects ...... 1237

76 Image Guided Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1239 S. Khan . N. K. Patel . E. White . P. Plaha . S. Ashton . S. S. Gill

77 Evoked Potentials in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1255 J. L. Shils . J. E. Arle Table of contents xix

78 Microelectrode Recording in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1283 W. D. Hutchison . J. O. Dostrovsky . M. Hodaie . K. D. Davis . A. M. Lozano . R. R. Tasker

79 Impedance Recording in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1325 L. Zrinzo . M. I. Hariz

80 Anesthesia for Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1331 P. H. Manninen . N. Apichatibutra

81 Lesions Versus Implanted Stimulators in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1349 W. S. Anderson . R. E. Clatterbuck . K. Kobayashi . J.-H. Kim . F. A. Lenz

82 Radiofrequency Lesions ...... 1359 E. R. Cosman Sr. . E. R. Cosman Jr.

83 Stimulation Physiology in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1383 A. W. Laxton . J. O. Dostrovsky . A. M. Lozano

84 Stimulation Technology in Functional Neurosurgery ...... 1401 B. H. Kopell . A. Machado . C. Butson

85 Therapeutic Lesions Through Chronically Implanted Deep Brain Stimulation Electrodes ...... 1427 S. Raoul . D. Leduc . C. Deligny . Y. Lajat

Section 7 Functional Neurosurgery for Movement and Motor Disorders – Clinical Aspects ...... 1443

86 Surgery for Movement Disorders: An Overview ...... 1445 K. M. Prakash . A. E. Lang

87 History of Surgery for Movement Disorders ...... 1467 A. G. Parrent

88 Psychiatric Considerations in Management of Movement Disorders ...... 1487 M. Zurowski . V. Voon . V. Valerie

89 Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1497 M. R. DeLong . T. Wichmann

90 Medical Management of Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1507 E. V. Encarnacion . R. A. Hauser xx Table of contents

91 Patient Selection for Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1529 E. K. Tan . J. Jankovic

92 Pallidotomy for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1539 M. I. Hariz

93 Selective Thalamotomy and Gamma Thalamotomy for Parkinson Disease ...... 1549 C. Ohye

94 Subthalamotomy for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1569 J. A. Obeso . L. Alvarez . R. Macias . N. Pavon . G. Lopez . R. Rodriguez-Rojas . M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz . J. Guridi

95 Globus Pallidus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1577 M. Deogaonkar . J. L. Vitek

96 Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1603 A. L. Benabid . J. Mitrofanis . S. Chabardes . E. Seigneuret . N. Torres . B. Piallat . A. Benazzouz . V. Fraix . P. Krack . P. Pollak . S. Grand . J. F. LeBas

97 Thalamic Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1631 R. E. Wharen . R. J. Uitti . J. A. Lucas

98 PPN Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1649 S. Stone . C. Hamani . A. M. Lozano

99 Other Targets to Treat Parkinson’s Disease (Posterior Subthalamic Targets and Motor Cortex) ...... 1665 F. Velasco . S. Palfi . F. Jime´nez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro . Y. Keravel

100 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1679 M. Meglio . B. Cioni

101 Tissue Transplantation for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1691 K. Mukhida . M. Hong . I. Mendez

102 Gene Transfer for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1719 P. A. Starr . K. S. Bankiewicz

103 Intraparenchymal Drug Delivery for Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1731 R. D. Penn . A. A. Linninger Table of contents xxi

104 Management of Essential Tremor ...... 1743 J. M. Nazzaro . K. E. Lyons . R. Pahwa

105 Management of Tremors other than Essential Tremor and Parkinson’s Disease ...... 1757 J. P. Nguyen . S. Raoul . C. Deligny . V. Roualdes . Y. Keravel

106 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Dystonia ...... 1767 S. Fahn

107 Pathophysiology of Dystonia ...... 1779 J. A. Bajwa . M. D. Johnson . J. L. Vitek

108 Central Procedures for Primary Dystonia ...... 1801 X. A. Vasques . L. Cif . B. Biolsi . P. Coubes

109 Functional Stereotactic Procedures for Treatment of Secondary Dystonia .....1835 H-H. Capelle . J. K. Krauss

110 Diagnosis and Medical Management of Cervical Dystonia ...... 1857 R. Bhidayasiri . D. Tarsy

111 Central Procedures for Cervical Dystonia ...... 1871 J. Q. Oropilla . Z. H. T. Kiss

112 Peripheral Procedures for Cervical Dystonia ...... 1885 T. Taira

113 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 1911 J. R. Pagura

114 History and Current Neurosurgical Management of Spasticity ...... 1925 R. D. Penn

115 Destructive Neurosurgical Procedures for Spasticity ...... 1935 M. Sindou . P. Mertens

116 Surgery in the Dorsal Root Entry Zone for Spasticity ...... 1959 M. P Sindou . P. Mertens

117 Intrathecal Drugs for Spasticity ...... 1973 R. D. Penn xxii Table of contents

Section 8 Functional Neurosurgery for Pain ...... 1983

118 Anatomy and Physiology of Pain ...... 1985 W. D. Willis Jr. . K. N. Westlund

119 Neuroimaging and Pain ...... 2019 R. Peyron

120 What have PET Studies Taught us about Cerebral Mechanisms Involved in Analgesic Effect of DBS? ...... 2031 R. Kupers . J. Gybels

121 History of DBS for Pain ...... 2049 D. Richardson

122 Comprehensive Management of Cancer Pain Including Surgery ...... 2061 P. S. Kalanithi . J. M. Henderson

123 The Central Lateral Thalamotomy for Neuropathic Pain ...... 2081 D. Jeanmonod . A. Morel

124 Technique of Trigeminal Nucleotractotomy ...... 2097 M. J. Teixeira . E. T. Fonoff

125 Bulbar DREZ Procedures for Facial Pain ...... 2125 J. P. Gorecki

126 Percutaneous Cordotomy ...... 2137 R. R. Tasker

127 CT-Guided Percutaneous Cervical Cordotomy for Cancer Pain ...... 2149 Y. Kanpolat

128 Ablative Spinal Cord Procedures for Cancer Pain ...... 2159 P. L. Gildenberg

129 Intrathecal Opiates for Cancer Pain ...... 2171 J. C. Sol . J. C. Verdie . Y. Lazorthes

130 Management of Pain of Benign Versus Cancer Origin ...... 2197 P. L. Gildenberg . R. A. DeVaul Table of contents xxiii

131 DBS for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain ...... 2227 C. Hamani . D. Fontaine . A. Lozano

132 Motor Cortex Stimulation for Persistent Non-Cancer Pain ...... 2239 A. G. Machado . A. Y. Mogilner . A. R. Rezai

133 Radiofrequency Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain ...... 2251 P. Konrad . F. Caputi . A. O. El-Naggar

134 Surgical Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesions for Pain ...... 2269 M. P. Sindou

135 Facet Denervation ...... 2291 R. R. Tasker . Wen Ching Tzaan

136 Sympathectomy for Pain ...... 2297 C. R. Telles-Ribeiro . L. F. de Oliveira

137 Spinal Cord Stimulation. Techniques, Indications and Outcome ...... 2305 B. Linderoth . B. A. Meyerson

138 Mechanisms of Action of Spinal Cord Stimulation ...... 2331 B. Linderoth . R. D. Foreman . B. A. Meyerson

139 Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Neuropathic Pain ...... 2349 A. G. Shetter

140 The Pathophysiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 2359 R. W. Hurt

141 Radiofrequency Rhizotomy for Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 2421 E. Taub

142 Retrogasserian Glycerol Injection for Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 2429 B. Linderoth . G. Lind

143 Balloon Compression for Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 2457 J. A. Brown . J. G. Pilitsis

144 Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia ...... 2465 S. Sup Chung

145 Gamma Knife Surgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Facial Pain ...... 2475 A. C. J. de Lotbinie`re xxiv Table of contents

146 Treatment of Headache ...... 2483 N. T. Mathew

147 Occipital Neuralgia ...... 2507 D. B. Cohen . M. Y. Oh . D. M. Whiting

148 Hypothalamic Stimulation for Cluster Headache ...... 2517 A. Franzini . M. Leone . G. Messina . R. Cordella . C. Marras . G. Bussone . G. Broggi

149 Surgical Treatment of Chronic Cluster Headache ...... 2525 J. M. Castilla

150 Mesencephalotomy for Cancer Pain ...... 2533 P. L. Gildenberg

Section 9 Management of Epilepsy ...... 2541

151 Indications for Surgical Management of Epilepsy ...... 2543 H. G. Wieser . D. Zumsteg

152 Classification of Epileptic Seizures and Epilepsies ...... 2561 H. O. Lu¨ders . S. Noachtar

153 EEG in Epilepsy ...... 2575 M. Hoppe . R. Wennberg . P. Tai . B. Pohlmann-Eden

154 The Wada Test-60th Year Anniversary Update-In Epilepsy Surgery ...... 2587 J. A. Wada . B. Kosaka

155 Imaging Evaluation of Epilepsy ...... 2617 D. Madhavan . R. Kuzniecky

156 Image Guided Epilepsy Surgery ...... 2633 Y. G. Comair . R. B. Chamoun

157 Intraoperative Monitoring in Epilepsy ...... 2651 G. Ojemann

158 MEG in Epilepsy ...... 2661 A. Fujimoto . T. Akiyama . H. Otsubo

159 Medical Management of Epilepsy ...... 2669 M. E. Newmark Table of contents xxv

160 Selective Amygdalo-Hypocampectomy ...... 2677 T. A. Valiante

161 Subpial Transection ...... 2715 Z. S. Tovar-Spinoza . J. T. Rutka

162 Corpus Callosotomy ...... 2723 R. E. Maxwell

163 Hemispherectomy ...... 2741 J.- G. Villemure . R. T. Daniel

164 Radiosurgery in Epilepsy ...... 2761 I. Yang . N. M. Barbaro

165 Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation for Epilepsy ...... 2777 F. Velasco . A. L. Velasco . M. Velasco . F. Jime´nez . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . G. Castro

166 Anterior Nucleus DBS in Epilepsy ...... 2793 M. Hodaie . C. Hamani . R. Wennberg . W. Hutchison . J. Dostrovky . A. M. Lozano

167 Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Seizures ...... 2801 A. P. Amar . J. B. Elder . M. L. J. Apuzzo

168 Cerebellar Stimulation for Seizure Control ...... 2823 R. Davis

169 Stimulation of the Hippocampus and the Seizure Focus ...... 2839 A. L. Velasco . F. Velasco . M. Velasco . G. Castro . J. D. Carrillo-Ruiz . J. M. Nu´n˜ez D. Trejo

Section 10 Psychiatric Surgery ...... 2853

170 Ethical Considerations in Psychiatric Surgery ...... 2855 B. S. Appleby . P. V. Rabins

171 – A Historical Perspective ...... 2867 C. R. Bjarkam . J. C. Sørensen

172 Cingulotomy for Depression and OCD ...... 2887 G. R. Cosgrove xxvi Table of contents

173 DBSforOCD...... 2897 L. Gabrie¨ls . P. Cosyns . K. van Kuyck . B. Nuttin

174 Medical Management and Indications for Surgery in Depression ...... 2925 P. Giacobbe . S. Kennedy

175 Ablative Procedures for Depression ...... 2943 V. A. Coenen . C. R. Honey

176 Deep Brain Stimulation for Depression ...... 2953 C. Hamani . B. Snyder . A. Laxton . A. Lozano

177 Surgical Procedures for Tourette’s Syndrome ...... 2963 V. Visser-Vandewalle

178 Treatment of Aggressive Behavior ...... 2971 G. Broggi . A. Franzini

Section 11 Special and Emerging Applications ...... 2979

179 DBS Disorders of Consciousness ...... 2981 N. D. Schiff

180 Apnea: Phrenic Nerve Stimulation ...... 2991 S. Rehncrona . G. Sedin . H. Fodstad

181 DBS for Bladder Dysfunction ...... 2999 R. Almusa . M. M. Hassouna

182 Impaired Vision: Visual Prosthesis ...... 3009 J. P. Girvin . A. G. Martins

183 Impaired Hearing: Auditory Prosthesis ...... 3021 J. K. Niparko . A. Marlowe . H. W. Francis

184 Impaired Motor Function: Functional Electrical Stimulation ...... 3047 R. B. Stein . A. Prochazka

185 Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders (Except Oncology) ...... 3061 M. G. Kaplitt Table of contents xxvii

186 Gene Therapy for Brain Tumors ...... 3083 M. L. M. Lamfers . E. A. Chiocca

187 Microdialysis ...... 3117 M. J. Smith . M. G. Kaplitt

Section 12 The Future of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery ...... 3129

188 The Future of Computers and Imaging ...... 3131 B. A. Kall

189 The Future of Neuronavigation ...... 3137 D. W. Roberts

190 The Future of Radiosurgery and Radiotherapy ...... 3143 L. Ma . P. K. Sneed

191 The Future of Infusion Systems in Neurosurgery ...... 3155 R. D. Penn

192 The Future of Cell Transplantation ...... 3161 M. B. Newman . R. A. E. Bakay

193 The Future of Neural Interface Technology ...... 3185 M. C. Park . M. A. Goldman . T. W. Belknap . G. M. Friehs

194 The Future of Molecular Neuro-Oncology ...... 3201 J. A. J. King . M. D. Taylor

195 Future Ethical Challenges in Neurosurgery ...... 3229 N. Lipsman . M. Bernstein

Subject Index ...... 3239

List of Contributors

John R. Adler, Jr. Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, CA 138F, Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Boston, MA 02115, USA Stanford, CA, USA Email: [email protected]

Tomoyuki Akiyama David W. Andrews Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical The Hospital for Sick Children, University of College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107, Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Philadelphia, USA M5G 1X8, Canada Email: [email protected]

Riyad Almusa Russell J. Andrews Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, Ames Associate (Smart Systems and M5T 2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center, CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA George Al-Shamy Email: [email protected] Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Narisa Apichatibutra Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of L. Alvarez Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba Brian S. Appleby John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St., Arun Paul Amar 21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA Departments of Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco and the Permanente Michael L. J. Apuzzo Medical Group 2025 Morse Avenue, Sacramento, Edwin M. Todd/Trent H. Wells, Jr., Professor of CA 95825, USA Neurological Surgery and Professor of Radiation Email: [email protected] Oncology, Biology, and Physics Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, William S. Anderson 1200 North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles, Instructor in Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, CA 90033, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Email: [email protected] xxx List of contributors

Jeffrey E. Arle Eric Bardinet Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall INSERM U679, Hoˆpital de la Salpeˆtrie`re, 47, Bd de Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA l’Hoˆpital, 75013, Paris, France

Sharon Ashton Thomas Belknap Renishaw plc, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in Gloucestershire GL12 8JR, UK Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Tipu Z. Aziz Providence, RI 02903, USA Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, and Alim-Louis Benabid Department of Neurological Surgery, The West Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. University Hospital, Grenoble, France Imperial College London and Charing Cross Email: [email protected] Hospital, London

Abdelhamid Benazzouz Jawad A. Bajwa University of Bordeaux, France Capistrant Parkinson and Movement Disorder Center, Bethesda Hospital and Nasseff Neuroscience Center, United Hospital, Saint Paul, Mitchel S. Berger MN, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Neurological Associates of Saint Paul, Maplewood, California, 505 Panassus Ave, Box 0112, San MN, USA Francisco, CA, USA Email: [email protected]

Roy A. E. Bakay Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Mark Bernstein Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital Email: [email protected] and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Email: [email protected]

B. Ballanger PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental Jagdish Bhatnagar Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, Canada University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Krystof S. Bankiewicz Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Roongroj Bhidayasiri California, San Francisco, USA Chulalongkorn Comprehensive Movement Disorders Center, Chulalongkorn University Nicholas M. Barbaro Hospital, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Bangkok 10330, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Thailand California, San Francisco, USA Email: [email protected] List of contributors xxxi

B. Biolsi Chris Butson CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie, Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Universite´ Montpellier I, Montpellier, France Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA

Carsten Reidies Bjarkam John D. Caird Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Aarhus, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Email: [email protected] Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Peter M. Black Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Hans-Holger Capelle Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School MA 02115, USA Hannover, MHH, Hannover, Germany Email: [email protected] Franco Caputi Frank J. Bova Department of Neurosurgery, Rome, Italy Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Email: [email protected] Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA Mark P. Carol Giovanni Broggi 744 Lexington Way, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Email: [email protected] Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Email: [email protected] Jose´ Damia´n Carrillo Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Jeffrey A. Brown General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico 600 Northern Boulevard #118, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA Email: [email protected] Jose´ Manuel Castilla Servicio de Neurocirugı´a, Hospital “General Yagu¨e”, Richard Bucholz Avenida de Cid 96, 09005, Burgos, Spain Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Email: [email protected] Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA Guillermo Castro Email: [email protected] Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Christian Bu¨ hrle General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico Associate Professor, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Stephan Chabardes 50924 Cologne, Germany Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France G. Bussone Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute Arnab Chakravarti Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of xxxii List of contributors

Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street, MS 39401, USA Boston, MA, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Volker A. Coenen Surgical Center for Movement Disorders, Division of Roukoz B. Chamoun Neurosurgery, University of British Columbia, Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Vancouver, BC, Canada Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Robert J. Coffey Parakrama T. Chandrasoma Medtronic Neurological, 4000 Lexington Avenue Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine North, MN, USA University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200 Email: [email protected] North State St., CA, USA David B. Cohen Paul H. Chapman Drexel University College of Medicine Departments of Radiation Oncology and Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Pittsburgh, USA Email: [email protected] Youssef G. Comair Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of E. Antonio Chiocca Medicine, 1709 Dryden, TX 77030, Houston, James Cancer Hospital/Solove Research Institute, Texas, USA The Ohio State University Medical Center, Email: [email protected] Columbus, OH 43210–1240, USA Email: [email protected] R. Cordella Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute Sang Sup Chung Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Bundang CHA General Hospital, 351 Yatap-dong, 463–712, Bundang-gu Sungnam-se, G. Rees Cosgrove Kyong-doSungnam, South Korea Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical Email: [email protected] Center and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA L. Cif Email: [email protected] CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie, Eric R. Cosman, Jr. Universite´ Montpellier I, Montpellier, France Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA, Burlington, USA Beatrice Cioni Email: [email protected] Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Spinale, Universita` Cattolica, Roma, Italy Eric R. Cosman, Sr. Cosman Medical, 76 Cambridge Street, MA, Richard E. Clatterbuck Burlington, USA Hattiesburg Clinic, 4155 28th Avenue, Hattiesburg, Email: [email protected] List of contributors xxxiii

Paul Cosyns Woodruff Memorial Research Building, 101 Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Email: [email protected]

Philippe Coubes Robert Den Unite´ de Recherche sur les Mouvements Anormaux, Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical Hoˆpital Gui de Chauliac, Service de Neurochirurgie, College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier Philadelphia, USA cedex 05, France Email: [email protected] Milind Deogaonkar Functional Neuroscience Research Center, Karen D. Davis Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 9500 Euclid Avenue, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada

Ross Davis Richard A. DeVaul Neural Engineering Clinic, 330 Hammock Shore Dr., Prof. Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Texas A & M Melbourne Beach, FL, 32951, USA System Health Science Center, College Station, Email: rosdavis@cfl.rr.com Texas, USA

Alain C. J. de Lotbinie`re John P. Donoghue FACS Brain & Spine of New York, 244 Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science Westchester Avenue, NY 10604, White Plains, USA Program, Brown University, Providence, Email: [email protected] RI 02912, USA

Luiz F. de Oliveira Paresh K. Doshi Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua Department of Neuroscience, Jaslok Hospital and Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002, Research Centre, 15 - Dr. Deshmukh Marg, Pedder Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Road, Mumbai 400 026, Maharashtra, India Email: [email protected] Antonio A. F. De Salles Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky 10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, California 90095, USA 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Ce´line Deligny James M. Drake Department of Neurology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, France The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, Mahlon R. DeLong Ontario, Canada Department of Neurology, Emory University Email: [email protected] xxxiv List of contributors

James B. Elder Sa˜o Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School 765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, Suite 5046, Los Angeles, Denys Fontaine CA 90033, USA Service de Neurochirurgie, Hoˆpital Pasteur, Centre Email: [email protected] Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France

Jeff Elias Robert D. Foreman Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA Charlottesville, USA Email: [email protected] Valerie Fraix Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Amr O. El-Naggar University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Lake Cumberland Neurosurgery, Somerset, KY, USA Email: [email protected] Doglietto Francesco Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, Elmyra V. Encarnacion Canada Plummmer Movement Disorders Center, Texas A & M Health Sciences Center/Scott & White, Temple, Howard W. Francis Texas, USA Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Stanley Fahn Baltimore, USA Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY Angelo Franzini 10032, USA Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Istituto Email: [email protected] Neurologico “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy

Osvaldo Vilela Filho Justin F. Fraser Goiaˆnia Neurological Institute, Goiaˆnia, GO, Brazil Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical Email: [email protected] College of Cornell University, New York- Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA John C. Flickinger The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and William A. Friedman Radiation Oncology Department of Neurological Surgery, University of The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, Florida, PO Box 100265, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Email: [email protected]fl.edu PA 15213, USA

Harald Fodstad Gerhard M. Friehs University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Erich Talamoni Fonoff Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of Providence, RI 02903, USA List of contributors xxxv

Ayataka Fujimoto John P. Girvin Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, 1078 The Parkway, ON, N6A 2W0, London, Canada The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Email: [email protected] Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada Marc A. Goldman Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in Loes Gabrie¨ls Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium Providence, RI 02903, USA

Gregory Gagnon John P. Gorecki Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurosurgery, Wichita Surgical Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Specialists, P.A. The Heritage Plaza, 818 N. Emporia, Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd, 20007, Suite 200, 67214–3788, Wichita, Kansas, USA Washington DC, USA Email: [email protected]

Fred Gentili Alessandra A. Gorgulho Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Canada 10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles, Email: [email protected] California 90095, USA

Peter C. Gerszten Sylvie Grand Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Pittsburgh, UPMC Presbyterian B–400, 200 Lothrop University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Street, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, USA Email: [email protected] Alexander L. Green Peter Giacobbe Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield University Health Network, University of Toronto, Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario, Department of Neurological Surgery, The West Canada Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

Philip L. Gildenberg Jorge Guridi Houston Stereotactic Concepts, 3776 Darcus St., Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria, 77005, Houston, Texas, USA Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacio´n Email: [email protected] Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain

Steven S. Gill Jan Gybels Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Gasthuisberg Bristol BS16 1LE, UK University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Email: [email protected] Belgium xxxvi List of contributors

Sun Ha Paek Program, Brown University, Providence, Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Medical RI 02912, USA College, 834 Walnut St. Suite 650, PA 19107, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Philadelphia, USA Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical Clement Hamani School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Center for Restorative and Regenerative Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Providence, RI 02908, USA Marwan I. Hariz Edmond J. Safra Chair of Functional Neurosurgery, Mojgan Hodaie Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Neurology, London, UK 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada Email: [email protected] Dominique Hoffmann Alex Hartov Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, University Hospital, Grenoble, France Hannover, NH 03755, USA Christopher R. Honey Magdy M. Hassouna Surgical Center for Movement Disorders - Division Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst St, M5T of Neurosurgery – University of British Columbia - 2S8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Vancouver, BC, Canada Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Robert A. Hauser Murray Hong Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Center, University of South Florida, 4 Columbia Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Drive, Suite 410, Tampa, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Florida 33606, USA Email: [email protected] Matthias Hoppe Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany Jaimie M. Henderson Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, R. Wayne Hurt CA 94305, Stanford, USA Chief of Neurological Surgery, St. Joseph Medical Email: [email protected] Center and Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine Fraser Cummins Henderson, Sr. and University of Texas Medical Branch, Houston, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Texas, USA Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA Email: [email protected] William Hutchison Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Leigh R. Hochberg Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Science Ontario, Canada List of contributors xxxvii

Warren Ishida Matthew D. Johnson Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 10495 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2120, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA Paul Kalanithi Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr, CA 94305, Stanford, USA Pascal Jabbour Department of Neurosurgery, Philadelphia, PA, USA E-mail: [email protected] Bruce A. Kall Departments of Neurologic Surgery and Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Jay Jagannathan MN, USA Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery, Email: [email protected] Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Yu¨ cel Kanpolat Inkilap Sokak No: 24/2, 06640, Kizilay, Turkey Joseph Jankovic Email: [email protected] Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor Michael G. Kaplitt College of Medicine, 6550 Fannin, Suite 1801, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Houston, Texas 77030, USA Medical College, New York, NY, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Patrick J. Kelly Lauren Jarchin Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore LIJ, Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA Manhasset, NY 11030, USA Email: [email protected]

Walter Jean Sidney Kennedy Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation University Health Network, University of Toronto, Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 200 Elizabeth Street, M5G 2C4, Toronto, Ontario, Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA Canada Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Daniel Jeanmonod Yves Keravel Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University Service de Neurochirurgie, Hoˆpital Henri Mondor, Hospital Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland Cre´teil, France Email: [email protected] Sadaquate Khan Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Fiacro Jime´nez Bristol BS16 1LE, UK Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Deepak Khuntia General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico Department of Human Oncology, University of xxxviii List of contributors

Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison, Paul Kongkham WI, USA Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital Email: [email protected] and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Jong-Hyun Kim Peter Konrad Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of Director of Functional Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer University Medical Center, Department of 8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Neurological Surgery, Rm T–4224; MCN, Email: [email protected] 37232–2380, Nashville, Tennessee, USA Email: [email protected] James A. J. King Sick kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Brian Harris Kopell Toronto, Ontario, Canada Medical School of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, WI 53226, Milwaukee, USA Zelma H. T. Kiss Email: [email protected] Associate Professor, Neurosurgery University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Brenda Kosaka Email: [email protected] Division of Neurosciences, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Nancy E. Klipfel Canada Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California, GNH 2900, 1200 North State St., CA, USA Paul Krack Email: [email protected] Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France

Kazu Kobayashi Fellow in Neurosurgery, Department of Joachim K. Krauss Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer Chairman and Director, Department of 8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Neurosurgery, Medical University, MHH Carl- Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany Email [email protected] Martin Kocher Professor, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, 50924 Cologne, Germany S. A. Kuhn Ames Associate (Smart Systems and Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center, Douglas Kondziolka CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA Ron Kupers The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, PET Unit & Department of Surgical University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pathophysiology, Rigshospitalet, University of PA 15213, USA Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Email: [email protected] List of contributors xxxix

Ruben Kuzniecky Dominique Leduc Professor, NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, IREENA, Faculte´ des Sciences de Nantes, Nantes, Department of Neurology, New York University France Medical Center, NY, USA Email: [email protected] Foo-Chiang Lee Consultant Neurosurgeon, Division of Neuroscience Lauri V. Laitinen Sunway Medical Center, No. 5 Jln Lagoon Selatan, Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, Institute of Bandar Sunway, 46150, Selangor, Subang Jaya, Neurology, Box 146, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG, Malaysia London, UK Email: [email protected]

Martine L. M. Lamfers Dan Leksell Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus Medical Lars Leksell Professor of Neurological Surgery, Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands University of Pittsburgh, B400 UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Anthony E. Lang Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Frederick A. Lenz Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor Professor of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins Rm 7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, University School of Medicine, Department of Ontario, Canada Neurosurgery, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer Email: [email protected] 8–181, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA Email: fl[email protected]

Edward R. Laws Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, M. Leone Box 800212, HSC, VA, 22908–0212, Charlottesville, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute USA Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Email: [email protected] Marc Levivier Adrian Laxton Department of Neurosurgery, CHUV, and Centre Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Universitaire Romand de Neurochirurgie, Lausanne, Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto, Switzerland Ontario, Canada Email: [email protected]

Yves Lazorthes J. Li Service de Neurochirurgie, Hospital Larrey- Ames Associate (Smart Systems and Rangueil, Avenue Jean Poulhes, 31403, Toulouse, Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center, France CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA Email: [email protected] Go¨ ran Lind Jean Franc¸ois LeBas Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska Institutet Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble and Karolinska University Hospital , University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Sweden xl List of contributors

Bengt Linderoth John A. Lucas Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Associate Professor of Psychology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, SE 171–76 Stockholm, Sweden College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, FL 32224, Email: [email protected] Jacksonville, USA

Christer Lindquist L. Dade Lunsford Director, Gamma Knife Centre, Cromwell Hospital, Department of Neurological Surgery, Suit B–400, London, England University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA Andreas A. Linninger Email: [email protected] Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Hans O. Lu¨ ders Laboratory for Product and Process Design, M/C Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 063, 851 S. Morgan St. - 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA 60607–7000, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Kelly E. Lyons Nir Lipsman University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012, Hospital, University Health Network, University of Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Email: [email protected]

Jay S. Loeffler Lijun Ma Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts Department of Radiation Oncology, University of General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114, California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, CA Boston, USA 94143–0226, San Francisco, USA Email: jloeffl[email protected]

G. Lopez Mohammad Maarouf Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 50924 Cologne, Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba Germany

Andrew Losiniecki Andre G. Machado Department of Neurosurgery, University of Center for Neurological Restoration, Department of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Neurosurgery, Department of Biomedical OH, USA Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Andres M. Lozano Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, R. Macias Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de Email: [email protected] Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba List of contributors xli

Marcella A. Madera MMC 96, 420 E. Delaware St., MN 554455–0374, University of Cincinnati, Department of Minneapolis, USA Neurosurgery, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Email: [email protected]

Deepak Madhavan Ian E. McCutcheon Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Email: [email protected] Holcombe Blvd., Box 44, Houston, Texas 77030–4009, USA George Mandybur Email: [email protected] The Neuroscience Institute: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Lee McDurmont Medicine and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, OH, USA Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Email: editor@mayfieldclinic.com Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA Pirjo Manninen Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Mario Meglio Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Policlinico Agostino Canada Gemelli, Lg Gemelli, 00168, Roma, Italy Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Miguel Manrique Minesh P. Mehta Division of Neurosurgery, Clinica Universitaria, Department of Human Oncology, University of Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacio´n Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Madison, Medica Aplicada. CIMA, Pamplona, Spain WI 53792, USA Email: [email protected] Andrea Marlowe Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Ivar Mendez Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Baltimore, USA Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada C. Marras Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute Fang-Gang Meng Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and Antonio G. Martins Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ, FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Ninan T. Mathew Republic of China Houston Headache Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA Email: [email protected] Patrick Mertens Department of Neurosurgery, Hopital Robert Maxwell Neurologique P. Wertheimer, University of Lyon, Department of Neurosurgery, Univ of Minnesota/S.E. 59 Bd Pinel, F–69003 Lyon, France xlii List of contributors

G. Messina Nadim Nasr Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute Department of Neurosurgery and Radiation Foundation “C. Besta”, Milan, Italy Medicine, Georgetown University Hospital, 3800 Reservoir Rd, 20007, Washington DC, USA Bjo¨ rn A. Meyerson Department of Neurosurgery, Jules M. Nazzaro and Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Stockholm, Sweden Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012, Email: [email protected] Kansas City, KS 66160, USA

Mary B. Newman John Mitrofanis Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University University of New South Wales, Australia Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Alon Y. Mogilner Michael E. Newmark Section of Functional and Restorative Kelsey-Seybold Clinic, 2727 W. Holcombe Blvd, Neurosurgery, North Shore-LIJ Health System, 2nd floor Neurology, TX 77025, Houston, USA Manhasset, New York, USA Email: [email protected]

Anne Morel Jean Paul Nguyen Department of Functional Neurosurgery, University Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec, Hospital Zu¨rich, Zu¨rich, Switzerland Nantes, France Email: [email protected] Alexander Muacevic European CyberKnife™ Center Munich, Max John K. Niparko Lebsche Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Email: [email protected] Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA Debabrada Mukherjee Email: [email protected] Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, Ajay Niranjan Canada The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh, Karim Mukhida PA, USA Cell Restoration Laboratory, Room 12H1, The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, 5850 PA 15213, USA College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5 Soheyl Noachtar Email: [email protected] Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, OH 44195, Cleveland, USA Dipankar Nandi Imperial College London and Charing Cross Josef Novotny Hospital, London, UK The Departments of Neurological Surgery, and List of contributors xliii

Radiation Oncology, The University of Pittsburgh, Nakao-machi, 370–0001, Takasaki, Gunma, Japan PA, USA Email: [email protected] The Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, George Ojemann PA 15213, USA Department of Neurological Surgery RI–20, University of Washington Medical Center, Campus Wieslaw L. Nowinski Box 356470, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, WA 98195, Biomedical Imaging Lab, Agency for Science, Seattle, USA Technology & Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street, Email: [email protected] 138671, The Matrix, Singapore Email: [email protected] David Omahen Jose´ Marı´aNu´ n˜ ez Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Canada General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico Hiroshi Otsubo Bart Nuttin Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Gasthuisberg and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Herestraat 49, B–3000, Leuven, Belgium M5G 1X8, Canada Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Jose A. Obeso Alondra Oubre´ Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett, Neuroscience Division, CIMA NY 11030, USA Centro de Investigacio´ n Biome´dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Jorge Roberto Pagura University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Centro Integrado de Dor, Rua Baltazar da Veiga 490, Email: [email protected] S.P. 04510, Sao Paolo, Brazil Email: [email protected] Michael Y. Oh Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery, Drexel University College of Medicine Rajesh Pahwa Co-Director, Division of Neuromodulation University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Department of Neurosurgery, Allegheny General Neurology, 3599 Rainbow Blvd, Mailstop 2012, Hospital, 420 East North Ave, PA 15212, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA Pittsburgh, USA Email: [email protected] Kamalakannan Palanichamy Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Chihiro Ohye Radiation Oncology, Cox 3, 100 Blossom Street, Functional & Gamma Knife Surgery Center, 886 Boston, MA 02114, USA xliv List of contributors

Stephan Palfi Roland Peyron Service de Neurochirurgie, Hoˆpital Henri Mondor, CHU de Saint-Etienne & INSERM U879, University of Cre´teil, France St. Etienne, Lyon, France Email: [email protected] Michael C. Park Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Program in Brigitte Piallat Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Providence, RI 02903, USA E-mail: [email protected] Julie G. Pilitsis Assistant Professor, University of Massachusetts, Erik C. Parker School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA Department of Neurological Surgery, NYU School of Email: [email protected] Medicine, 530 First Ave, Suite 8R, NY, USA

Puneet Plaha Andrew G. Parrent Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Bristol BS16 1LE, UK Hospital, 339 Windemere Rd., N6A 5A5, London, Ontario, Canada Email: [email protected] Bernd Pohlmann-Eden Bethel Epilepsy Centre, Bielefeld, Germany Nikunj K. Patel Epilepsy Service, Division of Neurology, Dalhousie Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, University, Halifax, Canada Bristol BS16 1LE, UK Pierre Pollak N. Pavon Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba Kumar M. Prakash Division of Patient Based Clinical Research, Toronto Richard D. Penn Western Hospital McLaughlin Pavilion, 7th Floor Rm Professor of Neurosurgery, The University of 7–403, 399 Bathurst Street, M5T 2S8, Toronto, Chicago Medical Center Section of Neurosurgery, Ontario, Canada MC 3026 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA E-mail: [email protected] Arthur Prochazka Department of Physiology and Centre for Erlick A. C. Pereira Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield T6G 2S2, Canada Department of Surgery, University of Oxford and Department of Neurological Surgery, The West Jean Quint Oropilla Wing, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 Consultant in Neurosurgery, Makati Medical Center, 9DU, UK Philippines Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] List of contributors xlv

Peter Rabins H. Ian Robins John Hopkins Hospital, Meyer 279, 600 N. Wolfe St., Department of Medicine and Human Oncology, 21287–7279, MD, Baltimore, USA University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, K4-B100, Email: [email protected] Madison, WI 53792, USA Email: [email protected] Sylvie Raoul Service de Neurochirurgie, Hoˆpital G. et R. Lae¨nnec, M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz Bd J. Monod, 44093 NANTES cedex, France Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Email: [email protected] Clinica Universitaria and Medical School and Neuroscience Division, CIMA Centro de Investigacio´ n Biome´dica en Red sobre Stig Rehncrona Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitet, Box 117, SE-221 00 , University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain Sweden Email: [email protected] R. Rodriguez-Rojas Movement Disorders, Functional Neurosurgery and R. Reichart Neurophysiology Units, Centro Internacional de Ames Associate (Smart Systems and Restauracion Neurologica (CIREN), Havana, Cuba Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center, CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA Robert Rosenwasser Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson Ali Rezai University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA Director, Center for Neurological Restoration, Jane and Lee Seidman Chair in Functional Neurosurgery, V. Roualdes Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Department of neurosciences, CHU Laennec, Cleveland, OH, USA Nantes, France Email: [email protected] James T. Rutka Donald Richardson Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital Emeritus Professor Neurosurgery, Tulane University for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

R. Mark Richardson Tejas Sankar Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic Medical California, San Francisco, 505 Panassus Ave, Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Box 0112, CA, USA Massachusetts, USA

Raymond Sawaya David W. Roberts Department of Neurosurgery - 442, The University Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Medical of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 School, Hannover, NH 03755, USA Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] xlvi List of contributors

David W. Schaal Helen A. Shih Clinical Development, Accuray Incorporated, Departments of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts Sunnyvale, CA, USA General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Nicholas D. Schiff Email: [email protected] Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Jay L. Shils Avenue Room F610, New York, New York, 10021, Department of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, 41 Mall USA Road, 01805, Burlington, MA, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] David Schlesinger Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery, Dennis C. Shrieve Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts Charlottesville, VA, USA General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, MA 02114, Boston, USA Michael Schulder Email: [email protected] Department of Neurosurgery, North Shore University Hospital, 9 Tower, Manhassett, NY 11030, USA Marc P. Sindou Email: [email protected] Chairman Department of Neurosurgery, University Claude-Bernard of Lyon Theodore H. Schwartz Hoˆpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical 59 Bd Pinel, 69677, BRON CEDEX, France College of Cornell University, New York- Email: [email protected] Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA V.A. Sironi Gunnar Sedin Fondazione Istituto Neurologico, “C. Besta”, Milan, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden Italy Email: [email protected]

Eric Seigneuret Michelle J. Smith Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Jason P. Sheehan Penny K. Sneed Box 800–212, Department of Neurological Surgery, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, VA 22908, USA CA 94143–0226, San Francisco, USA Email: [email protected] Andrew G. Shetter Division of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Brian Snyder Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA Hospital, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto, Email: [email protected] Ontario, Canada List of contributors xlvii

J. C. Sol Toronto, Ontario, Canada Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic Email: [email protected] and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse, Volker Sturm Toulouse, France Professor, Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Jens Christian Sørensen 50924 Cologne, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Aarhus University Email: [email protected] Hospital, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Bomin Sun Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS), Philip A. Starr Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital Department of Neurological Surgery, University of and Department of Functional Neurosurgery California, San Francisco, USA (JGZ,KZ,FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Email: [email protected] Republic of China

Richard B. Stein Peter Tai Department of Physiology and Centre for Epilepsy Program, Toronto Western Hospital, Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada T6G 2S2, Canada Email: [email protected] Takaomi Taira Director of Stereotactic and Functional Ladislau Steiner Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery, Women’s Medical University, 8–1 Kawada, Shinjuku, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Tokyo 1628666, Japan Charlottesville, VA, USA Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Mandeep Tamber Melita Steiner Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Eng-King Tan National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Scellig Stone Hospital, Singapore Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Farzana Tariq Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, A. P. Strafella MA 02115, USA PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Daniel Tarsy Canada Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Hospital & Research Institute, University of Toronto, Massachusetts, USA xlviii List of contributors

Ronald R. Tasker Ohio, USA Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Email: editor@mayfieldclinic.com 1 King’s College Circle, M5S 1S8, Toronto, Canada Napoleon Torres Ethan Taub Joseph Fourier University, Pavillon B - Grenoble Oberarzt, Department of Neurosurgery, Basel University Hospital, 38700, Grenoble, France University Hospital, Spitalstrasse 21, CH–4031 Basel, Switzerland Zulma Tovar-Spinoza Email: [email protected] Division of Neurosurgery, Suite 1503, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Michael D. Taylor Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8 Sick Kids Hospital, 555 University Avenue, M5G 1X8, Toronto, Ontario, Canada David Trejo Email: [email protected] Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery and Radiosurgery, Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira General Hospital of Mexico City, Mexico Division of Functional Neurosurgery, University of Sa˜o Paulo Medical School, Rua Mena Barreto Wen-Ching Tzaan 765 - Itaim Bibi, SP- 014033–010, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Medical Email: [email protected] College and Memorial Hospital, 5 Zu Shung St., Kweishan, Taoynan 333, Taiwan Carlos R. Telles-Ribeiro Neurodor - Neurosurgery and Pain Clinic, Rua Ryan J. Uitti Visconde de Piraja 351/509, Cep: 22471–002, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA Email: [email protected] Taufik A. Valiante David G. T. Thomas Univeristy of Toronto, Department of Surgery, Co- Division of Neurosurgery, The National Hospital for Director, Epilepsy Program, Krembil Neuroscience Neurology & Neurosurgery, Queen Square, Box 32, Center, UHN, 399 Bathurst Street 4W–436, Toronto, WC1N 3BG, London, UK Ontario, Canada, M4S3H6 Email: taufi[email protected] Daniel Roy Thomas Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian T. van Eimeren Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632004, India PET Imaging Centre, Center of Addiction Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Stavropoula Tjoumakaris Canada Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA Kris van Kuyck Department of Neurosurgery, Laboratory of William D. Tobler Experimental Neurosurgery and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit Cincinnati College of Medicine, ML 0515, Cincinnati, Leuven, Belgium List of contributors xlix

X. A. Vasques Jerrold L. Vitek CHRU Montpellier, Service de Neurochirurgie, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Universite´ Montpellier I, Montpellier, France Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, NC30, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Email: [email protected] Ana Luisa Velasco Cerrada Bosques de Moctezuma 55, La Herradura Huixquilucan, Estado de Me´xico 52780, Me´xico Valerie Voon Email: [email protected] NINDS/NIH, 10 Center Dr, 20892–1428, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Email: [email protected] Francisco Velasco Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery Juhn A. Wada and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of Division of Neurosciences, University of British Mexico City, Mexico Columbia, 2329 West Mall, V6T 1Z4, Vancouver, Email: [email protected] Canada Email: [email protected]

Marcos Velasco Epilepsy Surgery Clinic; Unit for J. Walter Stereotactic, Functional Neurosurgery Ames Associate (Smart Systems and and Radiosurgery, General Hospital of Nanotechnology), NASA Ames Research Center, Mexico City, Mexico CA 94035, Moffett Field, USA

J. C. Verdie Richard Wennberg Multidisciplinary Pain Center Unit of Stereotactic Department of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, M5S 2T8, Toronto, Neuroscience, University Hospital of Toulouse, Ontario, Canada France Email: [email protected]

Jean-Guy Villemure Karin N. Westlund Director, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Montreal, Professor and Chairman, Neurosurgery Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551, Service, Centre hospitalier de l’universite´ de Galveston, USA Montre´al, 1560 Sherbrooke East, Montreal, Canada H2L 4M1 Robert E. Wharen, Jr. Email: [email protected] Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, FL 32224, Jacksonville, USA Email: [email protected] Veerle Visser-Vandewalle Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202, AZ Maastricht, Edward White The Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences, Frenchay Hospital, Email: [email protected] Bristol BS16 1LE, UK l List of contributors

Donald M. Whiting l’Hoˆpital, 75013, Paris, France Drexel University College of Medicine Email: [email protected] Director, Division of Neuromodulation Vice-Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Chun-Po Yen Allegheny General Hospital, 420 East North Ave, Lars Leksell Center for Gamma Surgery, PA 15212, Pittsburgh, USA Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Thomas Wichmann Department of Neurology, Emory University Woodruff Memorial Research Building Jianguo Zhang 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and Heinz Gregor Wieser Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ, Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland China Email: [email protected] Kai Zhang William D. Willis, Jr. Center for Functional Neurosurgery (BMS), Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Shanghai Jiao Tong University Ruijin Hospital and Medical Branch, 2925 Beluche, TX 77551, Department of Functional Neurosurgery (JGZ,KZ, Galveston, USA FGM), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, People’s Republic of Email: [email protected] China Shiao Y. Woo The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Ludvic U. Zrinzo Center, Proton Therapy Center- Houston, 1840 Old Division of Neurosurgery, The National Spanish Trail, TX 77054, Houston, USA Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, Email: [email protected] Queen Square, Box 32, WC1N 3BG, London, UK Isaac Yang Email: [email protected] Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, USA Dominik Zumsteg Email: [email protected] Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Je´roˆ me Yelnik Switzerland INSERM U679, Hoˆpital de la Salpeˆtrie`re, 47, Bd de