INDEX

A Amorim, Celso, 38 Abdallah, Ahmed, 71 Ancient Order of Frothblowers, 69 Abidjan Peace Accord, 96 See also Soldiers of fortune, Abrahamsen, Rita, 213 Seychelles Absolutism, 60 Anglo-Nepali War, 63 Ackroyd, Dan, 5 Angola, 67, 68, 93, 96, 146 AdvanFort, 153 Angolan Armed Forces (FAA), 93 Aerial spraying program, see Colombia Lusaka Protocol, 94, 96 Afghanistan, 64, 99, 103, 108–112, National Front for the Liberation of 114, 138, 146, 169, 173, 177, Angola (FNLA), 67–68 179, 185, 187–190, 205, 206 National Union for the Total Afghan National Army, 185 Independence of Angola Afghan National Police Force, 185 (UNITA), 93–94, 97, 181 Dahla Dam, 112 Sonagol, 93 Poppy Eradication Force, 185 UN sanctions against, 94 Private military and security See also Executive Outcomes, companies in, 138, 146 contract in Angola African Union Mission, 138–139 Antares Charter, 153 Aircraft carriers, cachet of, 37–38, Antigua, 144 133, 134 Apartheid, 92 Chakri Naruebet, 37 Argentina, 127 Foch (Sao Paulo), 38 Armed citizenry, dangers of, 47 Minas Gerais, 38 Armoured personnel carriers Albrecht, Ulrich, 46 (APC), 115 Alexander the Great, 58 Arms control, 36 Algeria, 62 Arms exports, 14 American War of Independence, 59 ArmorGroup, 101, 114

© The Author(s) 2017 217 C. Spearin, Private Military and Security Companies and States, New Security Challenges, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54903-3 218 INDEX

Arms race, 37 Bosnia, 107 Australia, 4, 66–67, 99, Botswana, 15 105–106 Brauer, Jurgen, 213 Austria, 27, 78–79, 99 Brazil, 37–38, 188, 189 Avant, Deborah, 10, 13 Buckingham Palace, 64 Burma, 63 Burridge, Brian, 190 B Burundi, 189 Bahamas, 144 Bush, George W., 2, 109, 133 Bahamas Maritime Authority Buzan, Barry, 39 (BMA), 146 Bahrain, 140 Baldwin, Stanley, 173 C Ball, Desmond, 179 Cable, James, 28 Baltic and International Maritime California Eastern Airways, see Council (BIMCO), 147, 148 DynCorp Ban Ki-Moon, 137, 138 Call of Duty (videogame), 5 Barbuda, 144 Cambodia, 144 Barlow, Eeban, 92, 97, 182 Canada, 99, 112, 154, 190 See also Executive Outcomes Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) Barre, Siad, 138 Afghanistan mission, 103, 190 Battle of Trafalgar, 131 Halifax frigates, 154 Battleships joint military doctrine, 105 Dreadnought, 37 reliance on PMSCs, 103, 187 fetishism for, 36–37 Strategic Advisory Team Belgium, 68, 152 (Afghanistan), 111 Bellingham, Henry, 152 Canadian International Development Berlin Airlift, 169 Agency, 112 Biddle, Stephen, 43–44 Carafano, James Jay, 191 Blackwater, 115, 153, 156, 170, Carmola, Kateri, 10 186–188, 190 Carter, Jimmy, 179 assault in Nisour Square, 115, Casey, Bob, 187 186, 188 Casualties “Little Birds” helicopters, 186 changing perception of, 44 purchase of aircraft, 187 Gurkhas, 57, 63–65 Blackwater Airships, 188, 190 United Kingdom, 172 Bobbitt, Philip, 4, 212 See also Executive Outcomes; Force Bokungu, Mahele, 69 protection techniques Bombay Marine, see East India Catch-22, 5 Company Center for Strategic and International Booth, Kenneth, 34, 133, 135, Studies, 115 137, 141 Charles VII, (king), 27 INDEX 219

Chartered company fleets (armed), 16, Company Marine Force, see East India 57, 76–79, 205 Company decline, 16, 205 Concert of Europe, 60 goals, 76 Congo, see Zaire security infrastructure, 76–78 Congress of Vienna, 60 trade monopolies, 76, 79 Conscription, 41, 42, 44 Chevron, 93 France, 50n8, 60 Chiang Kai-Shek, 83n22 Conventional forces norm, 23–49 China, 65, 83n22, 99, 150–151, components of, 15, 27 194n18 definition, 6 Chun, Clayton, 30–31, 173 evolution of, 44 Churchill, Winston, 131, 133 influence over PMSCs, 23 Civil Defence Force (CDF), see Sierra transference to new states, 46–48 Leone, Kamajors Conventional military power Civilian resources, use of, 103, 145 role of PMSCs, 1, 5, 6, 12, 39, 209 Clanahan, Keric, 189 See also State military forces Clark, Wesley K., 45 Conventional military power, air Clinton, Bill, 2 increasing costs, 17, 170 Close air support, 172, 173, limitations of, 131 176, 187 national proclivities for, 172 See also Conventional military offensive power, 170–180 power, air prestige, 170 Coalition Provisional Authority reliance upon technology, 170 (Iraq), 100, 113 Conventional military power, land, 1 Cohen, Eliot, 33, 45, 174 exercising control, 90, 92, 112 Cold War, 4, 7, 14, 16, 31, 33, 36, 41, state military doctrines for, 16 46, 48, 67, 134–136, 176 taking control, 89, 90 scope of military resources, 4, vulnerability, 132 134, 176 Conventional military power, sea technologism, 32, 34 decisive engagement, 106, 129, 130 Colombia, 184–185, 187 flexibility, 132 Colonel Callan, see Georgiou, Costas importance of technology, 17, 128, Combined Task Force (CTF), 150, see 130, 205 Piracy, counterpiracy efforts joint operations with land Combined Task Force (CTF), 151, see forces, 129 Piracy, counterpiracy efforts multipurpose vessels, 136 Commerce raiding, 74, 75 operational requirements, 136 See also Privateers presence, 131, 134 Communication technologies, 2, 29, sovereign expression, 131 93, 114, 154, 173, 188, 191 vessel specialization, 135 Comorian Presidential Guard, 71 vulnerability, 116, 132 Comoros Islands, 71 Cooper, Neil, 154 220 INDEX

Copenhagen School, 211 East Indiamen, 77, 78 Corbett, Julian, 129–131, 140, 156 land forces in India, 76 Corum, James, 180 Royal Charter, 76 Côte d’Ivoire military, 101 East Timor, 64 Counter-insurgency efforts, 92, 109 Ecuador, 185 Counternarcotics efforts, 140 Edmonds, Martin, 90 Crimean War, 75, 82n10 Eighty Years War, 27 Crimes against humankind, 70 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2, 172 Cuban Missile Crisis, 135 Elf-Fina-Gulf, 93 Cullen, Patrick, 209 Erinys, 110 Cyprus, 144 Eritrea, 183 Ethiopia, 183 European Union (EU), 99 D response to Somali piracy, 128, Dandeker, Christopher, 42 137–140, 143, 145, 152, 155 Defence inflation, 46 World Food Program ships, 151 De Madariaga, Salvador, 115 Executive Outcomes (EO), 17, 92–97 Denard, Bob, 71, 83n23 aircraft types, 180–183 Developing world states, 37, 39, 40, casualties, 64 46, 47, 178, 179, 180, 208, 210 contract in Angola, 146 Dewey, George, 91 contract in Sierra Leone, 146 Disaster relief, 129 employees, 92–93 Divine right, 28 media access, 96 Djohar, Said Mohammed, 71 relationships with civilians, 96 Donini, Antonio, 210 reliance on local forces, 95 Douhet, Giulio, 172 rise of, 90 Dunigan, Molly, 6, 7, 206, 208 services, 92, 98 Dutch East India Company, 76 success of, 95 Dutch Republic, 28 Express Air, 182 Dutch West Indies Company, 76 Eyre, Dana, 179 DynCorp, 170, 183–186 clientele, 183 concern from US allies, 185 F provocative activities, 184–185 Falcon Security, 110, 114 services, 184 Farrell, Theo, 15, 26 Fearon, James, 25 Feld, M.D., 27 E Ferris, John, 45, 179 East India Company (EIC), 63 Feudal structure, 58 competition/collaboration with Feudal tributary systems, 28 British Royal Navy, 29, 134 Finlan, Alastair, 49 decline, 63 Finnemore, Martha, 24, 34 INDEX 221

Force protection techniques, legalization of PMSCs on flagged 43, 45 ships, 146–147 Fragile states, 208 naval capabilities, 144 France, 60 role of air power, 172 Battle of Waterloo, 61 See also Spanish Civil War, German civil-military relations, 62 intervention 1830 Revolution, 62 Gershoni, Yekutiel, 95 legalization of PMSCs on flagged Globalization, 1, 12, 146, 209 ships, 146 Globalized trade, 130 military personnel, 63 Gordon, Charles “Chinese”, 65 navy, 77, 134 Gortney, William, 140, 142 raids into Somalia, 138 Gray, Colin, 171 role of air power, 172 Greenpeace, 154 soldiers of fortune, 68 Grove, Eric, 144 See also Conscription, France; French Guardian Flight Systems, see Revolution; Mercenaries Blackwater Airships Franco, Francisco, 65–66 Gulf of Aden, 137, 139–140, 143, 151 Franke, Ulrike Esther, 191 Gulf War, 15, 64, 91, 169, 174, 191 Franke, Volker, 13 Gurkhas (Nepal), 57, 63–65, 68 Freebooters, 29 numbers, 63 Free Companies, 58 primary role of, 64 See also Mercenaries recruitment standards, 68 Freedom of navigation, 143, 144 service in world wars, 63 French East India Company, 76 French Foreign Legion, 16, 62–63, 67, 68 H st 1 Foreign Legion Paratroop Hall, Peter, 25 Regiment, 62 Hannibal, 58 personnel, 63 Harding, Jeremy, 96 recruitment standards, 62 Helmly, James, 109 – French Revolution, 59 61 Henry II, (king), 58 Fuller, J.F.C., 32, 39 Hill, J.R., 136 see Future Strategic Tanker Aircraft, Hoare, Mike, 69 United Kingdom, Royal Air Force Hock, George, 177 Hong Kong, 64 Hooligan Navy, see United States, G Coast Guard Galice Security, 153 Horn of Africa, 140, 143, 151 Gates, Robert, 186 Hostage taking, 90, 138 Georgiou, Costas, 67 Howard, Michael, 37, 43 Germany, 66 Humanitarian assistance, 129, 138 arms race with United Kingdom, 37 Human rights, 59, 97, 99, 182 222 INDEX

Human Rights Watch, 94 Interoperability initiatives, 31 Human security, 98 Interstate warfare, 7 Hundred Years War, 58 Iran, 38, 151 Écorcheurs, 27 Iraq, 5, 38, 189 Operation Desert Storm, 109 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 191 I Private military and security Identity, social construction of, 25 company operations – Improvised explosive devices, in, 108 114, 146, 205 See also 115, 189 Coalition Provisional India Authority Agni missile system, 40 Ireland, 59 British Indian Army, 63 Isenberg, David, 58 Gurkha transfer to Indian army, 63 Isomorphism, 15, 207 Indian Revolt (1857), 79 Israel, 152, 191 response to Somali pirates, 139 Italy, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 152, 172, 185 condottieri Indian Navy, see East India Company , 58, 59, 81n4 Indochina, 62, 67 Industrial Revolution, 29, 49 Infantry J skills, 43 James I, (king), 78 units, 30 Japan, 4, 131, 150 International Chamber of Shipping Jellicoe, John, 131 (ICS), 150 Jennings, Kathleen, 12 International Code of Conduct for Johnson, Lyndon, 2, 66 Private Security Service Johnson, Wray, 180, 192n4 Providers, 101 Julius II, (pope), 60 International Committee of the Red Cross, 99 International humanitarian law, 99 K International Maritime Bureau Kaldor, Mary, 6, 14, 31, 46, 136, 207 (IMB), 150 Karzai, Hamid, 193n10 International Maritime Organization Katzenstein, Peter, 24 (IMO), 137 Kazakhstan, 189 International Organization for Keegan, John, 74 Standardization (ISO), 148 Kennedy, Patrick F., 186 International Recommended Transit Kenya, 137, 142 Corridor (IRTC), see Piracy, Kerry, John, 187 counterpiracy efforts Kinsey, Christopher, 7, 8, 10, 209 International relations theory, 15, 33 Kolodziej, Edward, 26 International Stability Operations Kosovo, 64, 101, 107, 177 Association, 3 Kosovo Liberation Army, 101 INDEX 223

Krahmann, Elke, 3, 9, 10, 24, 209 McInnes, Colin, 178 Krause, Keith, 35, 40, 178 McNeill, William, 28 Krishnan, Armin, 41 Mercenaries Kupersmith, Douglas, 178 decline, 16, 58–59, 72–79 definition, 57 France, 59–67 L history, 58 Laitin, David, 25 rise of, 58 Leander, Anna, 211 Switzerland, 58, 60 Leigh, John, 95 United Kingdom, 59, 64 Lethal force, use of, 8, 44, 142 See also Soldiers of fortune Liberia, 144 Metz, Stephen, 4 Liddell Hart, B.H., 104 Micronesia, 15 Louis-Philippe, (king), 62 Military professionalism, 28 Louis XI, (king), 60 Military Transformation, see Louis XIV, (king), 74 Revolution in Military Affairs Louis XVI, (king), 60 Mitchell, Paul, 14 Luitingh, Lafras, 92 Mitchell, William, 172 Lyall, Jason, 44 Mobilization of troops, 42 Mobutu Sese Seko, 69, 71 Mockler, Anthony, 58, 61 M Momoh, Joseph, 50n13 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 80n4 Monaco, 15 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 128–130, Monsanto, 185 135, 156 Montreux Document on Pertinent Mahnken, Thomas, 130 International Legal Obligations Major weapons systems and Good Practices for States description, 29–30 related to Operations of Private operational requirements, 36, 43 Military and Security Companies fl sophistication, 36, 39, 135 during Armed Con ict, 11, 99 state development of, 208 Moran, Daniel, 91 use by private military and security Mueller, Karl, 176 companies, 113–116 Mullen, Michael, 212 Malta, 144 Mumford, Andrew, 205 Mancham, James, 69 Manchester Social Club Football Team, 68 N See also Soldiers of fortune Napoleon, 61 Maritime Security Patrol Area, see Napoleonic Wars, 60, 62 Piracy, counterpiracy efforts National Oceanographic and Marshall Islands, 144 Atmospheric Administration, 153 Maslow, Abraham, 212 Naval Guards, 153, 154 224 INDEX

Nelson, Horatio, 134 O’Connell, D.P., 132 Neoliberalism, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 209, 211 Oman, 65, 139 See also Privatization Operation Anvil, see Soldiers of Nepal, 63, 64 fortune, Seychelles See also Gurkhas Operation Atalanta, see European The Netherlands, 98, 151, 152, Union, response to Somali piracy 189, 190 Operation Ocean Shield, see NATO, New Zealand, 66, 67 response to Somali piracy Nigeria, 50n13, 69, 84n28 Organization for Security and Non-governmental organizations Co-operation in Europe, 99 (NGOs), 25, 97, 98, 115, 208, 209 Organization of African Unity expanded activities, 97 (OAU), 71, 96 impact on norms, 25 Østerud, Øyvind, 4 Norms construction, 24, 48 definition, 23 P importance of, 35 Palmby, William, 4 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Panama, 144 (NATO), 4, 33, 45, 64, 99, 105, Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime 151, 173, 177 Law, 75 air forces, 173, 177 Parker, Geoffrey, 32 Allied Joint Doctrine, 105 Patrick Air Force Base, 184 campaign against Serbia, 45 Patriotism, 61, 67, 72 navies, 4 Paul, T.V., 12 operations in Central Europe, 33 Peace dividends, 4, 203 personnel levels, 4 People’s Republic of China, 64, 66 response to Somali piracy, 139 Percy, Sarah, 10, 61, 210 rivalry with European Union, 151 Perpetual Peace Treaty (France/ use of civilian aircraft, 169 Switzerland), 60 See also Afghanistan, Poppy Petraeus, David, 110, 111, 142 Eradication Force Petrangol, 93 Northern Ireland, 64, 68 Philippines, 66, 91 Norway, 98, 146, 147 Piracy, 75 fl legalization of PMSCs on agged contributing factors, 138, 142 – ships, 146 148 counterpiracy efforts, 137–149 Ship Safety and Security Act, 147 decline, 75 Nye, Joseph, 34 economic costs of, 137 treatment of captured pirates, 142 Piracy International, 154 O Pirate Radio, 154 Obama, Barack, 109 Poland, 99, 185 O’Brien, Kevin, 102 Posen, Barry, 106 INDEX 225

Powell, Colin, 109, 132 limitations, 150, 157 Principles of War, 104 trade protection, 130, 137, 154 Privateers, 29 Private military and security industry decline, 72–75 absorption of surplus military definition, 72 personnel, 169, 183 letters of marque and reprisal, 72 growth of, 4–5, 6, 12, 15, 208 offensive role, 147–150 Privatization, 2, 3, 9, 10, 12 prize courts, 73 Protection Vessels International regulatory infrastructure, 73 (PVI), 153 vessels, 73–78 Proxyism, 18, 205, 206, 207 Private military and security companies (PMSCs) corporate orientation, 102 R defensive role, 15, 17, 101, 113, Reagan, Ronald, 2, 179 146–149 Record, Jeffrey, 44, 45 definition, 11 René, France-Albert, 69 labour-centric approaches, 14, Reserves, 42 17, 207 Revolution in Military Affairs legitimacy of, 3, 34, 97, 101, 116, (RMA), 14–15, 33 208, 211 Rice, Condoleezza, 186 lobbying power, 3 Ripsman, Norrin, 12 non-state client reliance Rogers, Paul, 205 on, 208–210 Rosenau, James, 2 personnel, 145 rise of, 9, 203 state-set limitations on, 6, 14 S use of sophisticated technologies, 6, Saudi Arabia, 169 16, 17, 57, 77, 79, 116, Schaub, Gary, 13 190, 206 Schoomaker, Peter, 43 Private military and security Schooner, Steven, 2, 206 companies, air power, 169–194 Schwarzkopf, Norman, 91 cargo delivery, 169 Secondment limitations, 170, 177 benefits of, 65 passenger transport, 169, 181 officers to foreign states, state-provided machines, 170 65–66 Private military and security Security assistance programs, 31 companies, land power, 89–117 Security Association for the Maritime limitations, 89, 99, 107–112, 144 Industry (SAMI), 148 See also Executive Outcomes Serewicz, Lawrence, 208 Private military and security Seychelles Democratic Party, 69 companies, sea power, 127–158 Seychelles People’s United Party, 69 defensive stance, 146–149, 152 Shapiro, Andrew, 143 226 INDEX

Shared Awareness and Deconfliction land forces intervention, 138–139 (SHADE) meetings, 151 Somali pirates, 17, 137, 141, 144, Shearer, David, 205 145, 150, 152 Sheehan, Michael, 12 consequences of seizures, 142 Shinseki, Eric, 108 contributing factors, 142 Siege warfare, 90 geographic reach, 142 Sierra Leone, 50n13, 64, 92, 94–99, response to, 128, 139 146, 170, 180, 181, 182 successful attacks, 137 diamond mining, 95 South Africa, 71 Kamajors, 95–96 Koevoet (Crowbar), 92 Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 1–5 Reconnaissance Commandos 94, 181 (Reccies), 92 See also Executive Outcomes, 32nd Buffalo Battalion, 92 contract in Sierra Leone 44th Parachute Brigade Sikkink, Kathryn, 24, 34 (Parabats), 92 Sinbad Navigation, 154 South African Defence Force Singer, Peter, 3, 10, 206 (SADF), 92 Slavery, 90 South African National Defence Force Small arms and light weapons (SANDF), 92 (SALW), 36 South Korea, 66, 67 Smith, Edward, Jr., 136 Soviet Union, 172 Social legitimation, 34, 35 influence over state military See also Technology, prestige of operations, 31 Soft power, 34 involvement in Afghanistan, 173 Soilih, Ali, 71 Navy, 4, 134 Sokolsky, Joel, 107 role of air power, 183 Soldiers of fortune, 16, 57, 67–72, 79, Space and cyber power, 11 102, 208 Spanish American War, 127 Angola, 67, 68, 83n24 Spanish Civil War Biafra, 69 German intervention, 65–66 characteristics, 66 Italian intervention, 65–66 Congo/Zaire, 68 Spear, Joanna, 154 implications of, 12 Special category weapons, 113 lack of structure, 68 Specialized skills of troops, motivation of, 61 43, 75 Seychelles, 69 Speller, Ian, 131 training, 68–69 Sri Lanka, 189 See also Comoros islands Standing forces Somalia armies, 27–28 Al-Shabaab militants, 139 navies, 28–29 civil wars, 138 State military forces famines, 138 nationalization, 59 INDEX 227

offensive stance, 10, 16–17, 89, 98, Tilly, Charles, 26 101–107 Treaty of Paris (1856), 75 quantitative limitations, 6, 107, Treaty of Segauli, see Anglo-Nepali 111, 150, 151 War Steenstra, Hank, 188 Trenchard, Hugh, 172 Stevens, Siaka, 50n13 Trim, D.J.B., 28 Stockholm International Peace Tuck, Christopher, 109 Research Institute, 14 Tuileries Palace, 59 Strategic bombing, 172, 174 Turkey, 151 Straw, Jack, 203 Subrahmanyam, Krishnaswamy, 40 Suchman, Mark, 179 U Sudan, 101, 182–183 Ukraine, 99 Supply chains, 30, 148 United Kingdom Sweden, 99 Admiralty courts, 73 Coast Guard, 154 Afghan mission, 190 Navy, 153, 154 arms race with Germany, 37 Swiss Guard of the Vatican, 60 British Joint Doctrine, 104 Switzerland, 58, 99 Falklands Islands campaign, 64 1848 constitution, 60 Human Rights Committee, 97 Swiss Pikesmen, 58 legalization of PMSCs on flagged See also Mercenaries ships, 146–148 Syria, 63 military doctrine, 103 mining and development T interests, 98 Taliban, 108 Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Taylor, Rosemary, 25 Committee, 100 Technocratic leadership, 28 reliance on volunteers, 41 Technologism, 32–34 Royal Air Force (RAF), 153, 169, Technology 172, 175 dependence on, 36, 40, 47 Royal Fleet Auxiliary, 127 machine-based violence, 8, 75 Royal Navy, 29, 77–79, 127, 135 preference over labour-centric soldiers of fortune, 16, 57, 67–72 approaches, 14, 17, 207 Special Air Service, 67 prestige of, 8, 16, 34–45, 128, standing army, 27–28 133, 151 United Nations, 36, 64, 71, 94, 148 Territorial defence, waning need Convention on the Law of the Sea for, 4, 13 (1982) (UNCLOS), 149 Texaco, 93 intervention in Zaire, 68, 69 Thailand, 37 See also Small arms and light weapons Thomson, Janice, 59, 203 United States Till, Geoffrey, 132 Accountability Office, 108, 110 228 INDEX

United States (cont.) United States Army Afghan model, 108, 174 doctrine, 91, 104 Bureau for International Narcotics resource levels, 105 and Law Enforcement United States Marine Corps Affairs, 184 doctrine, 134 Central Command, 110, 142 resource levels, 105 Central Intelligence Agency United States Navy (USN), 127, 140, (CIA), 194n17 141, 143, 144 Civil Aircraft Registry, 187 convoy protection, 128 Civil War, 30 doctrine, 134 Coast Guard, 127, 143 resource levels, 135 Commission on Wartime support from non-state actors, Contracting, 103 127, 128 Congressional Budget Office USS Abraham Lincoln, 133 estimates, 13 USS Cole, 137 Department of Defense, 100, Unmanned aerial vehicles 110–115, 183 (UAVs), 188–191 Department of State, 100, 110, 115, popularity of, 190 183, 184 resource requirements, 191 embracing of technology, 133 engagement with PMSCs, 13, 101, V 129, 142 van Creveld, Martin, 31, 35, 41, 60, Environmental Protection 176, 179 Agency, 183, 185 Van den Bergh, Nic, 92 influence of state military van Doorn, Jack, 43 operations, 18, 210–213 Vessel Protection Detachments Military Sealift Command, 127 (VPDs), 151–152 “More Flags” policy, 66 See also Piracy, counterpiracy efforts raids into Somalia, 138 Victoria Cross, 64 reliance on volunteers, 41 Vietnam War, 66, 176, 179 Transportation Command, 127 Vikings, 29 Untied States Agency for Vines, Alex, 94 International Development, 110 Voluntary Principles on Security and US Senate Armed Services Human Rights, 98 Committee, 108, 111 von Clausewitz, Carl, United States Air Force (USAF) 105–106 Civil Reserve Air Fleet, 169 cost of aircraft, 175 doctrine, 171 W Joint-Strike Fighter Program, 175 War of Austrian Secession, 78–79 resource levels, 178 War, Inc., 5 See also Unmanned aerial vehicles Warsaw Pact, 14, 33, 173 INDEX 229

Warships, 14, 49, 73, 128, 135, 139, World War Two, 37, 38, 63, 127, 150, 144, 149 172, 174 Weapons production allied bombing campaigns, 172 dependent militarization, 40 Battle of Britain, 173, 192n1 domestic, 33 Battle of Midway, economies of scale, 39 131, 192n1 Wechsler, William, 140 size of military forces, 33, 43 Wendt, Alexander, 53 Wulf, Herbert, 4 Williams, Michael, 213 Wilson, Isaiah III, 44 Windsor Castle, 64 Z Winter, Donald, 141 Zaire, 68, 69, 94 Wordsworth, John, 77 Kantangan separatism, 71 World War One, 29, 37, 43, 50n11, Simba revolt, 71 63, 131, 133, 136, 171–173 trade with Angola, 94 Jutland Battle, 131 See also Mobutu Sese Seko; Soldiers Machine War, 29 of fortune trench warfare, 172 Zarate, Juan Carlos, 210