DOCSLIB.ORG

Clefs CEA N°62

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

No. 62 clefsAutumn 2014 Exploring the brain No. 62 Autumn 2014 clefs Exploring the brain 3 Foreword, 5 The complexity of the nervous by Gilles Bloch system: a challenge for neuroscience, by Philippe Vernier Exploring the brain I. NON-INVASIVE EXPLORATION OF THE BRAIN Clefs CEA No. 62 – AUTUMN 2014 6 Introduction, by Denis Le Bihan Main cover picture Representations of 38 bundles of cerebral white matter (one colour per bundle) taken 8 Cerebral imaging: from the first in vivo atlas of human brain a never-ending story, connections. Each one is an assembly of by Denis Le Bihan, images acquired from 78 subjects in the CONNECT/Archi neuroimaging database, Claude Comtat, which was set up at NeuroSpin, using Virginie van Wassenhove cross-sections that are sagittal (vertical; and Isabelle Texier the sections scan the subject from left to right), coronal (vertical; the sections 9 Magnetoencephalography, scan the subject from front to back) and by Virginie van Wassenhove transversal (horizontal). D. Duclap, B. Schmitt, A. Lebois, 10 Positron emission tomography P. Guevara, D. Le Bihan, J.-F. Mangin, 17 C. Poupon/CEA-NeuroSpin 13 Optical imaging, by Anne Planat-Chrétien, Inset top: MIRCen histology platform. Brain Vincent Poher, 18 Very low field detectors, slices marked by different specific Jean-Marc Dinten by Myriam Pannetier-Lecœur indicators are being examined with a and Isabelle Texier microscope. C. Dupont/CEA 14 Magnetic resonance imaging 22 The FLI imaging research bottom: Preparation of a infrastructure, by Régine Trébossen radiopharmaceutical in a shielded hot 17 Looking to the future, and Franck Lethimonnier cell in the Frédéric Joliot Hospital Service (SHFJ). by Claude Comtat, P.-F. Grosjean/CEA Myriam Pannetier-Lecœur, 23 Cerebral decoding: the example of Pictogram on inside pages Virginie van Wassenhove vision, by Evelyn Eger Alex Mit/Shutterstock.com and Denis Le Bihan and Bertrand Thirion Review published by CEA Communication Division Bâtiment Siège 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France) Phone: + 33 (0)1 64 50 10 00 II. DEVELOPMENT, Executive publisher Xavier Clément LEARNING AND 42 Editor in chief Martine Trocellier [email protected] PLASTICITY OF THE Contributor to the preparation of this issue François Saint-Jalm BRAIN Scientific committee Claire Abou, Bernard Bonin, 26 Introduction, Jean-Pierre Bruhat, Catherine Fillet, Étienne Klein, Gérard Sanchez, by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Régine Trébossen Iconography 28 How does the brain develop?, Florence Klotz by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Production follow-up Lucia Le Clech 30 The contribution of neuroscience Subscription to learning: the example of dyslexia, Subscription (printed French version) III. COGNITIVE to Clefs CEA is free. by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Requests for subscriptions should be ARCHITECTURE addressed, preferably via Internet, by using the form available at the site: 34 Dyscalculia, the lost meaning of http://www.cea.fr numbers, by Manuela Piazza AND THE BRAIN or by fax to: + 33 (0)1 64 50 20 01 Translated into English by 36 The plasticity of the brain, a still 38 Introduction, AéroTraduction under-estimated capability, by Virginie van Wassenhove ISSN 1625-9718 by Jean-François Mangin Clefs CEA (Web) and Stanislas Dehaene 40 Syntactic structures and the brain, Design of electronic media by Christophe Pallier Calathea - Paris Phone: + 33 (0)1 43 38 16 16 42 Towards scientific exploration of With the exception of illustrations, all information in this issue of Clefs CEA consciousness, may be freely reproduced, in whole by Sébastien Marti or in part, subject to agreement 33 and Stanislas Dehaene by the editors and mention of the source. © 2015 CEA 44 Is time a matter of consciousness?, RCS Paris B 775 685 019 by Étienne Klein Head office: Bâtiment Le Ponant D, and Virginie van Wassenhove 25, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris (France) CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 V. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 56 Introduction, by Philippe Hantraye 58 Understanding neurodegeneration 61 mechanisms: the contribution of modelling, by Romina Aron Badin 43 and Philippe Hantraye 59 The main neurodegenerative IV. MENTAL HEALTH diseases: origins and symptoms, AND VULNERABILITY by Romina Aron Badin and Philippe Hantraye The articles of this chapter are not available 62 The NeurATRIS innovation infrastructure, 46 Introduction,Introduction, byby Jean-Luc Martinot 58 by Simone Mergui 48 Adolescence, a period of ggreatreat 63 Cell and gene therapies: vulnerability,y, byy Jean-Luc Martinot, innovative strategies, Marie-Laure Paillère, Éric Artiges and Hervéand Hervé LemaitreLemaitre by Philippe Hantraye and Stéphane Palfi 5050 Addictions and imaging, 65 Viral vectors for gene transfer, by Laurent Karila by Alexis Bemelmans andand Jean-Luc Martinot 66 Parkinson’s disease and therapies 52 Dopamine 67 Optogenetics for mapping neuronal networks, 5353 SchizophreniaSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder, by Stéphane Palfi byy,y Josselin Houenou, Éric Artiges, Samuel Sarrazin 68 Implanted micro-nano-systems, andand Marie-Laure Paillère by François Berger VI. IDENTIFYING BIOMARKERS FOR CEREBRAL DISORDERS 79 70 Introduction, 81 A change in scale for brain by Jean-François Mangin exploration, by Anne Flüry-Hérard and Jean-François Mangin 72 Brain research enters the big data era, 83 Institutions and organizations: by Jean-François Mangin who does what? 73 CATI, a large cohort imaging instrument, 85 Glossary by Jean-François Mangin 75 Imaging, a link between genetics and phenotype, by Vincent Frouin CEA, a major player in the field of research, 77 Reading and genetic variants, development and innovation by Philippe Pinel Standing as it does as a major player in the field of research, development and innovation, the French Alternative 78 Gene variants and structural Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) is active in four main areas: low-carbon energies (nuclear and ageing of the brain, renewable), information technologies and health technologies, the design and operation of very large research by Fabrice Crivello infrastructures, and defense and global security. For each of these four main fields, CEA relies on first-rate and Bernard Mazoyer fundamental research and offers support to industry. CEA operates 10 research centres in France, distributed across the country. It is developing numerous partnerships with other research organizations, local authorities and universities. In this respect, CEA is a stakeholder in national alliances coordinating French research in the fields of energy (Ancre), life and health sciences (Aviesan), digital sciences and technologies (Allistene), environmental sciences (AllEnvi) and humanities and social sciences (Athena). Particular emphasis is also placed on education and information of the public at large, in order to promote the transfer of 74 knowledge and foster the science-society debate. Widely recognized for its expertise in its areas of competence, CEA is fully engaged as a player in the European Research Area and is making its presence increasingly felt on the international scene. PrecisionLes termes figurant dans le glossaire (p. 141) apparaissent en bleu dans les textes à leur première occurrence. OnLes pages noms 2apparaissant and 4, illustrations en vert of renvoient the human à la brain page (whole 137. and sections). CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 1 Exploring the brain sensorimotor areas central sulcus superior frontal cortex parietal cortex inferior frontal gyrus Broca’s area occipital cortex visual areas prefrontal cortex temporal cortex cerebellum spinal cord MedusArt/Shutterstock.com cingulate gyrus parietal cortex frontal cortex thalamus prefrontal cortex occipital cortex septum early visual hypothalamus areas hypophysis ventral midbrain fusiform gyrus cerebellum inferior temporal gyrus spinal cord 2 CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 Foreword arried by the strategic vision of great pioneers, CEA has been involved in brain research for over fifty years. This 62nd issue of Clefs CEA is the best occasion C to come back on the latest advances of these works, undertaken most of the time in partnership with other research organizations such as Inserm (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CNRS (the French National Centre for Scientific Research), Inria (the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), the Collège de France, and Paris-Sud University. CEA’s involvement in this wide field – which accounts for about 20% of research in biology in France – initially started with the use of artificial radioisotopes to explore the brain in action. The cradle of this research since 1958, the Frédéric Joliot Hospital Service (SHFJ) welcomed the first PET camera in France at the end of the 1970s and the first 2-tesla high-field MRI at the beginning of the CEA/L. Godard 1980s. The latter was built thanks to CEA’s know-how in intense fields. Three other large facilities dedicated to brain research span-off from SHFJ: Cyceron in “Over 30 years after Caen in 1985, NeuroSpin in Saclay in 2006, and MIRCen in Fontenay-aux-Roses in 2009. Each the first 2-tesla MRI, of these centres – all attached to the Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM) of CEA’s Life Sciences CEA is getting ready to Division – hosts a high-level instrumental platform and neuroscience research teams jointly run with welcome an 11.7-tesla MRI, other organizations. They are capable of using in vivo imaging at the forefront of their research which constitutes another (including for clinical transfer) and at the same time of taking up new challenges
Recommended publications
  • Dr. Peter Basser

    Dr. Peter Basser

    Dr. Peter Basser Office of NIH History Oral History Program Transcript Date: March 15, 2005 Prepared by: National Capitol Captioning, LLC 820 South Lincoln Street Arlington, VA 22204 703-920-2400 Dr. Peter Basser Interview page 1 of 16 Office of NIH History Dr. Peter Basser Interview Claudia Wassmann: This is Claudia Wassmann and today’s date is Wednesday March 2, 2005. I’m conducting an interview with Dr. Peter Basser. [break in audio] CW: [laugh] You don’t have a problem with this, but I do. So you had just started telling me everything I wanted to know – Peter Basser: Okay. CW: -- so I’m hoping you will repeat it. PB: Okay, okay. Well you asked me when I came here and it was – I had formally came in 1986 but I didn’t start working here until 1987, and it was in the biomedical engineering – called the Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program at that time, and I was hired in the mechanical engineering section and my background had been in fluid mechanics and medical equipment development graduate school and I expected to do similar kinds of activities here at the NIH, but as I had mentioned before, the opportunities to do that were becoming more and more limited because physiology and cell biology were at that time in the decline, and molecular biology was becoming the dominant activity here on campus. And so increasingly there were fewer and fewer opportunities with people with engineering backgrounds to find a meaningful set of research activities to be involved in on campus.
  • Présentation Denis Le Bihan/Prix Louis D

    Présentation Denis Le Bihan/Prix Louis D

    Le Cerveau de Cristal Denis Le Bihan NeuroSpin, CEA-Saclay, France IMAGERIE PAR RESONANCE MAGNETIQUE L’eau: une source de signal pour de multiples contrastesWATER: 90% of molecules, 70% body weight EAU (noyau hydrogène) Radiologues: Magiciens manipulant l’aimantation de l’EAU (et sa relaxation)! IRM: image virtuelle de l’aimantation des molécules d’eau du cerveau D. Le Bihan Nov 2012 Le cerveau…. Une organisation par régions La révolution de l’image… filleCouplage de la physique entre localisation et de l’informatique et fonction (Broca, circa 1861) 1972-82: Scanner-X, puis IRM: Le cerveau normal dissection virtuelle du cerveau malade Un des secrets du cerveau réside dans son architecture: fonction et localisation sont intimementD. Le Bihan Nov 2012 liés, à toutes les échelles, d’où l’importance de la neuroimagerie… Development of the central nervous system At birth the brain weight is 350g (1400g at the end of teenagehood) ALL neurons (100 billions…) are in place, mainly F. Brunelle et al. Necker Hosp. at the brain surface (2-4 mm cortical ribbon): production of more than 250,000 neurons per minute during pregnancy. Connexions (synapses) develop during the last months of pregnancy, up to about 500 synapses/neuron (>10 000 in adults) 27 weeks 24 weeks Gray matter M. Dhenain, E. Russel et al. Caltech (Mangin, Cachia at al.) High 3D resolution -fine anatomy Mouse-individual embryo: 13.5 variations days after conception (11.7T MRI) No ionizing radiations: -imaging in babies, children 32 weeks Mouse brain: 1gram! White matter D. Le Bihan Nov 2012 100 millions neurons… Hypertrophy of hippocampus in London taxi drivers Gènes, Environnement & Plasticité Long term platicity Maguire et al., PNAS, 2000 The pianist’s brain Plasticity & learning: Jugglers Short term plasticity La Timone Hospital + SHFJ/CEA + McGill University (ICBM) Draganski et al., Nature, 2004 D.
  • Imaging Glioma Infiltr

    Imaging Glioma Infiltr

    TSPO-PET and diffusion-weighted MRI for imaging a mouse model of infiltrative human glioma Running title: Imaging glioma infiltration Hayet Pigeon, Elodie Pérès, Charles Truillet, Benoît Jego, Fawzi Boumezbeur, Fabien Caillé, Bastian Zinnhardt, Andreas Jacobs, Denis Le Bihan, Alexandra Winkeler To cite this version: Hayet Pigeon, Elodie Pérès, Charles Truillet, Benoît Jego, Fawzi Boumezbeur, et al.. TSPO-PET and diffusion-weighted MRI for imaging a mouse model of infiltrative human glioma Running title: Imaging glioma infiltration. Neuro-Oncology, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2019, 6, pp.755-764. 10.1093/neuonc/noz029. cea-02070811 HAL Id: cea-02070811 https://hal-cea.archives-ouvertes.fr/cea-02070811 Submitted on 18 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N-O-D-18-00621R1 TSPO-PET and diffusion-weighted MRI for imaging a mouse model of infiltrative human glioma Running title: Imaging glioma infiltration Hayet Pigeon, Elodie A. Pérès, Charles Truillet, Benoit Jego, Fawzi Boumezbeur, Fabien Caillé, Bastian Zinnhardt, Andreas H.
  • Advances in Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

    Advances in Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

    Volume 46, Number 6, 2009 JRRDJRRD Pages 717–756 Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development Advances in neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder Robert W. Van Boven, MD, DDS;1* Greg S. Harrington, PhD;1 David B. Hackney, MD;2 Andreas Ebel, PhD;3 Grant Gauger, MD;4 J. Douglas Bremner, MD;5 Mark D’Esposito, MD;6 John A. Detre, MD;7 E. Mark Haacke, PhD;8 Clifford R. Jack Jr, MD;9 William J. Jagust, MD;10 Denis Le Bihan, MD, PhD;11 Chester A. Mathis, PhD;12 Susanne Mueller, MD;3 Pratik Mukherjee, MD;13 Norbert Schuff, PhD;3 Anthony Chen, MD;13–14 Michael W. Weiner, MD3,13 1The Brain Imaging and Recovery Laboratory, Central Texas Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Austin, TX; 2Harvard Medical School, Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA; 3University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; 4UCSF, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA; 5Emory Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA; 6Henry H. Wheeler Jr Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; 7Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; 8The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Institute for Biomedical Research, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI; 9Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; 10Helen Wills Neuroscience
  • A Compound for Use in Imaging Procedures Original Research Article

    A Compound for Use in Imaging Procedures Original Research Article

    J of Nuclear Medicine Technology, first published online September 3, 2015 as doi:10.2967/jnmt.115.162404 A compound for use in imaging procedures Original research article Mulugeta Semework, Ph.D., Postdoctoral Research Scientist Columbia University Department of Neuroscience 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 87 New York, N.Y. 10032 e-mails: [email protected] [email protected] Tel: 678-362-3554, Fax: 646-774-7649 Sources of support: NINDS training grant from 2T32MH015174-35 (to Dr. Rene Hen); Support from NEI grant 1 R01 EY014978-06 (to Dr. Michael E. Goldberg); Supplement grant through NEI grant 3 R01 EY014978-06; Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD) 2013 Young Investigator Award; generous scan time, technical and expert support from New York State Psychiatric Institute MRI unit, PET Center at Columbia University Medical Center Department of Radiology, Department of Radiology of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, of Columbia University/Neurological Institute and the radiology department of NY- Presbyterian Hospital. Word count: 5073 (including references) Short running title: Imaging compound 1 Abstract Numerous research and clinical interventions, such as targeted drug deliveries or surgeries, finding blood clots, abscess, lesions, etc., require accurate localization of various body parts. Individual differences in anatomy make it hard to use typical stereotactic procedures that rely upon external landmarks and standardized atlases. For instance, it is not unusual to make misplaced craniotomies in brain surgery. This project was thus carried out to find a new and easy method to correctly establish the relationship between external landmarks and medical scans of internal organs, such as specific brain regions.
  • Fast Reproducible Identification and Large-Scale Databasing of Individual

    Fast Reproducible Identification and Large-Scale Databasing of Individual

    Fast reproducible identification and large-scale databasing of individual functional cognitive networks Philippe Pinel, Bertrand Thirion, Sébastien Meriaux, Antoinette Jobert, Julien Serres, Denis Le Bihan, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Stanislas Dehaene To cite this version: Philippe Pinel, Bertrand Thirion, Sébastien Meriaux, Antoinette Jobert, Julien Serres, et al.. Fast re- producible identification and large-scale databasing of individual functional cognitive networks. BMC Neuroscience, BioMed Central, 2007, 8 (1), pp.91. 10.1186/1471-2202-8-91. hal-00784462 HAL Id: hal-00784462 https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00784462 Submitted on 4 Feb 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BMC Neuroscience BioMed Central Research article Open Access Fast reproducible identification and large-scale databasing of individual functional cognitive networks Philippe Pinel*1,2,3, Bertrand Thirion4, Sébastien Meriaux5, Antoinette Jobert1,2,3, Julien Serres6, Denis Le Bihan5, Jean-Baptiste Poline5 and Stanislas Dehaene1,2,3,7 Address: 1INSERM U562/ IFR 49, Cognitive
  • Awarded the 2014 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine

    Awarded the 2014 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine

    PRESS RELEASE Geneva, January 21, 2014 2014 LOUIS-JEANTET PRIZE FOR MEDICINE The 2014 LOUIS-JEANTET PRIZE FOR MEDICINE is awarded to the Italian biochemist Elena Conti, Director of the Department of Structural Cell Biology at the Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Munich (Germany) and to Denis Le Bihan, the French medical doctor, physicist and Director of NeuroSpin, an institute at the French Nuclear and Renewable Energy Commission (CEA) at Saclay near Paris. The LOUIS-JEANTET FOUNDATION grants the sum of CHF 700'000 for each of the two 2014 prizes, of which CHF 625'000 is for the continuation of the prize-winner's work and CHF 75’000 for their personal use. THE PRIZE-WINNERS are conducting fundamental biological research which is expected to be of considerable significance for medicine. ELENA CONTI is awarded the 2014 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine for her important contributions to understanding the mechanisms governing ribonucleic acid (RNA) quality, transport and degradation. In order to function properly, our cells need to degrade macromolecules that are faulty or no longer needed. The biochemist deciphered at the level of atomic resolution how faulty RNAs are recognized and eliminated. Notably, her group deciphered the three-dimensional architecture and molecular mechanisms of the exosome, a multiprotein complex that recognizes and degrades RNAs. The work revealed that several principles of the mechanism of this essential nano-machine are conserved in different forms of life. Elena Conti will use the prize money to conduct further research into the structure and regulation of the exosome. DENIS LE BIHAN is awarded the 2014 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine for the development of a new imaging method that has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of strokes.
  • Diagnostic Imaging

    Diagnostic Imaging

    03/07 Brain imaging specialists concentrate on connectivity, activation, and microangiopa... Page 1 of 3 http://www.dimag.com/ecr2007/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=197801089&cid=ECR-webca... 3/9/2007 03/07 Brain imaging specialists concentrate on connectivity, activation, and microangiopa... Page 2 of 3 Table of Contents Home Scottish researchers probe link between Brain imaging specialists concentrate on gadolinium and nephrogenic systemic connectivity, activation, and fibrosis microangiopathies Study uses fMRI to pry into consumer likes and dislikes By: Karen Sandrick Compression shrinks digital Profound improvements in perfusion and diffusion tensor imaging over the mammograms down to practical size past few decades are changing the ways in which radiologists understand disease processes, especially those involving small blood vessels in the brai Europeans scramble to thwart according to Dr. Jonathan Gillard of Cambridge University Hospital in the U. electromagnetic threshold law Advancements such as diffusion MRI are now current practice, both for Dementia drugs give impetus to early assessing the extent of acute ischemic disease to speed the treatment of and accurate diagnosis stroke patients and for mapping white-matter fibers to identify for neurosurgeons which parts of the brain are functional and should not be Multislice CT and microbubble touched during surgery, explained Dr. Denis Le Bihan, from NeuroSpin, CEA sonography target inflammation in the Saclay Center in Paris. small bowel Future directions for diffusion MRI are not yet clear, but there are two Drive for greater quality moves away potential applications, he said. The first relates to problems in communicatio from blame culture to better systems between various parts of the brain when, for example, the frontal lobe is no talking to the hippocampus or not talking in the right way.
  • Medical Instruments/Equipment Catalogue

    Medical Instruments/Equipment Catalogue

    MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS/EQUIPMENT CATALOGUE Addis Ababa, Ethiopia December, 2008 WHO Ethiopia 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgements ………………………………………………..II Forward…………………………………………………………….III Introduction………………………………………………………..IV Diagnostic Instruments…………………………………………….1 Laboratory instruments……………………………………............14 Imaging instruments………………………………………………..30 General Surgery instruments………………………………………..32 ENT instruments……………………………………………………55 Ophthalmic instruments……………………………………………..73 Cardiovascular and thoracic instruments..………………………….110 Dental instruments…………………………………………………131 Orthopedic instruments……………………………………………..148 Rectal instruments…………………………………………………..175 Gynecology instruments…………………………………………….179 Physiotherapy ………………………….……………………………196 Hospital Equipments…………………………………………………203 Catalogue index………………………………………………………210 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Pharmaceutical Fund and Supply Agency (PFSA) of Ethiopia would like to extend its gratitude to the World Health Organization (WHO) for its technical support and for meeting all the financial expenses associated with the preparation and printing of this Catalogue. PFSA acknowledges the contribution of Sister Mebrat Ashine (from PFSA), Mr Bekele Tefera (National Professional Officer for Essential Drugs and Medicines policy of WHO office) and Mr Ashenafi Hussein (from PFSA) who jointly prepared this catalogue with great commitment and effort. PFSA also thanks all those who contributed directly or indirectly for the preparation of this catalogue. ii F0RWARD The day to day health care activities
  • CT, MRI, and DTI a Filler

    CT, MRI, and DTI a Filler

    The Internet Journal of Neurosurgery ISPUB.COM Volume 7 Number 1 The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI A Filler Citation A Filler. The History, Development and Impact of Computed Imaging in Neurological Diagnosis and Neurosurgery: CT, MRI, and DTI. The Internet Journal of Neurosurgery. 2009 Volume 7 Number 1. Abstract A steady series of advances in physics, mathematics, computers and clinical imaging science have progressively transformed diagnosis and treatment of neurological and neurosurgical disorders in the 115 years between the discovery of the X-ray and the advent of high resolution diffusion based functional MRI. The story of the progress in human terms, with its battles for priorities, forgotten advances, competing claims, public battles for Nobel Prizes, and patent priority litigations bring alive the human drama of this remarkable collective achievement in computed medical imaging. BACKGROUND shimmering appearance on a computer screen of a view of Atkinson Morley's Hospital is a small Victorian era hospital the human body that no one else had seen before. building standing high on a hill top in Wimbledon, about 8 Because of the complexity of computed imaging techniques, miles southwest of the original St. George's Hospital their history has remarkable depth and breadth. The building site in central London. On October 1, 1971 Godfrey mathematical basis of MRI relies on the work of Fourier - Hounsfield and Jamie Ambrose positioned a patient inside a which he started in Cairo while serving as a scientific new machine in the basement of the hospital turned a switch participant in Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1801.
  • Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease

    Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease

    biomedicines Review Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease Meredith A. Jones 1,2, William M. MacCuaig 1,2, Alex N. Frickenstein 1,2, Seda Camalan 3 , Metin N. Gurcan 3, Jennifer Holter-Chakrabarty 2,4, Katherine T. Morris 2,5 , Molly W. McNally 2, Kristina K. Booth 2,5, Steven Carter 2,5, William E. Grizzle 6 and Lacey R. McNally 2,5,* 1 Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; [email protected] (M.A.J.); [email protected] (W.M.M.); [email protected] (A.N.F.) 2 Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; [email protected] (J.H.-C.); [email protected] (K.T.M.); [email protected] (M.W.M.); [email protected] (K.K.B.); [email protected] (S.C.) 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (M.N.G.) 4 Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 5 Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 6 Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Inflammatory diseases include a wide variety of highly prevalent conditions with high mortality rates in severe cases ranging from cardiovascular disease, to rheumatoid arthritis, to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to graft vs. host disease, to a number of gastrointestinal disorders. Many diseases that are not considered inflammatory per se are associated with varying levels of inflammation.
  • Scintillator Requirements for Medical Imaging

    Scintillator Requirements for Medical Imaging

    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Title Scintillator requirements for medical imaging Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pc245ds Author Moses, William W. Publication Date 1999-09-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Accepted by the International Conference on Inorganic Scintillators and Their Applications: SCINT99 LBNL-4580 Scintillator Requirements for Medical Imaging* William W. Moses Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Scintillating materials are used in a variety of medical imaging devices. This paper presents a description of four medical imaging modalities that make extensive use of scintillators: planar x-ray imaging, x-ray computed tomography (x-ray CT), SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography). The discussion concentrates on a description of the underlying physical principles by which the four modalities operate. The scintillator requirements for these systems are enumerated and the compromises that are made in order to maximize imaging performance utilizing existing scintillating materials are discussed, as is the potential for improving imaging performance by improving scintillator properties. Keywords: Medical Imaging, Planar X-Ray, X-Ray CT, SPECT, PET 1. Introduction The first medical image is arguably the x-ray image that Röntgen took of his wife’s hand in 1895. While Roentgen used photographic film to convert the x-rays into a form observable by the human eye, within one year powdered phosphor materials such as CaWO4 replaced photographic film as the x-ray conversion material [1, 2], and have been an integral part of medical imaging devices ever since.