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Clefs CEA N°62 No. 62 clefsAutumn 2014 Exploring the brain No. 62 Autumn 2014 clefs Exploring the brain 3 Foreword, 5 The complexity of the nervous by Gilles Bloch system: a challenge for neuroscience, by Philippe Vernier Exploring the brain I. NON-INVASIVE EXPLORATION OF THE BRAIN Clefs CEA No. 62 – AUTUMN 2014 6 Introduction, by Denis Le Bihan Main cover picture Representations of 38 bundles of cerebral white matter (one colour per bundle) taken 8 Cerebral imaging: from the first in vivo atlas of human brain a never-ending story, connections. Each one is an assembly of by Denis Le Bihan, images acquired from 78 subjects in the CONNECT/Archi neuroimaging database, Claude Comtat, which was set up at NeuroSpin, using Virginie van Wassenhove cross-sections that are sagittal (vertical; and Isabelle Texier the sections scan the subject from left to right), coronal (vertical; the sections 9 Magnetoencephalography, scan the subject from front to back) and by Virginie van Wassenhove transversal (horizontal). D. Duclap, B. Schmitt, A. Lebois, 10 Positron emission tomography P. Guevara, D. Le Bihan, J.-F. Mangin, 17 C. Poupon/CEA-NeuroSpin 13 Optical imaging, by Anne Planat-Chrétien, Inset top: MIRCen histology platform. Brain Vincent Poher, 18 Very low field detectors, slices marked by different specific Jean-Marc Dinten by Myriam Pannetier-Lecœur indicators are being examined with a and Isabelle Texier microscope. C. Dupont/CEA 14 Magnetic resonance imaging 22 The FLI imaging research bottom: Preparation of a infrastructure, by Régine Trébossen radiopharmaceutical in a shielded hot 17 Looking to the future, and Franck Lethimonnier cell in the Frédéric Joliot Hospital Service (SHFJ). by Claude Comtat, P.-F. Grosjean/CEA Myriam Pannetier-Lecœur, 23 Cerebral decoding: the example of Pictogram on inside pages Virginie van Wassenhove vision, by Evelyn Eger Alex Mit/Shutterstock.com and Denis Le Bihan and Bertrand Thirion Review published by CEA Communication Division Bâtiment Siège 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex (France) Phone: + 33 (0)1 64 50 10 00 II. DEVELOPMENT, Executive publisher Xavier Clément LEARNING AND 42 Editor in chief Martine Trocellier [email protected] PLASTICITY OF THE Contributor to the preparation of this issue François Saint-Jalm BRAIN Scientific committee Claire Abou, Bernard Bonin, 26 Introduction, Jean-Pierre Bruhat, Catherine Fillet, Étienne Klein, Gérard Sanchez, by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Régine Trébossen Iconography 28 How does the brain develop?, Florence Klotz by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Production follow-up Lucia Le Clech 30 The contribution of neuroscience Subscription to learning: the example of dyslexia, Subscription (printed French version) III. COGNITIVE to Clefs CEA is free. by Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz Requests for subscriptions should be ARCHITECTURE addressed, preferably via Internet, by using the form available at the site: 34 Dyscalculia, the lost meaning of http://www.cea.fr numbers, by Manuela Piazza AND THE BRAIN or by fax to: + 33 (0)1 64 50 20 01 Translated into English by 36 The plasticity of the brain, a still 38 Introduction, AéroTraduction under-estimated capability, by Virginie van Wassenhove ISSN 1625-9718 by Jean-François Mangin Clefs CEA (Web) and Stanislas Dehaene 40 Syntactic structures and the brain, Design of electronic media by Christophe Pallier Calathea - Paris Phone: + 33 (0)1 43 38 16 16 42 Towards scientific exploration of With the exception of illustrations, all information in this issue of Clefs CEA consciousness, may be freely reproduced, in whole by Sébastien Marti or in part, subject to agreement 33 and Stanislas Dehaene by the editors and mention of the source. © 2015 CEA 44 Is time a matter of consciousness?, RCS Paris B 775 685 019 by Étienne Klein Head office: Bâtiment Le Ponant D, and Virginie van Wassenhove 25, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris (France) CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 V. NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 56 Introduction, by Philippe Hantraye 58 Understanding neurodegeneration 61 mechanisms: the contribution of modelling, by Romina Aron Badin 43 and Philippe Hantraye 59 The main neurodegenerative IV. MENTAL HEALTH diseases: origins and symptoms, AND VULNERABILITY by Romina Aron Badin and Philippe Hantraye The articles of this chapter are not available 62 The NeurATRIS innovation infrastructure, 46 Introduction,Introduction, byby Jean-Luc Martinot 58 by Simone Mergui 48 Adolescence, a period of ggreatreat 63 Cell and gene therapies: vulnerability,y, byy Jean-Luc Martinot, innovative strategies, Marie-Laure Paillère, Éric Artiges and Hervéand Hervé LemaitreLemaitre by Philippe Hantraye and Stéphane Palfi 5050 Addictions and imaging, 65 Viral vectors for gene transfer, by Laurent Karila by Alexis Bemelmans andand Jean-Luc Martinot 66 Parkinson’s disease and therapies 52 Dopamine 67 Optogenetics for mapping neuronal networks, 5353 SchizophreniaSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder, by Stéphane Palfi byy,y Josselin Houenou, Éric Artiges, Samuel Sarrazin 68 Implanted micro-nano-systems, andand Marie-Laure Paillère by François Berger VI. IDENTIFYING BIOMARKERS FOR CEREBRAL DISORDERS 79 70 Introduction, 81 A change in scale for brain by Jean-François Mangin exploration, by Anne Flüry-Hérard and Jean-François Mangin 72 Brain research enters the big data era, 83 Institutions and organizations: by Jean-François Mangin who does what? 73 CATI, a large cohort imaging instrument, 85 Glossary by Jean-François Mangin 75 Imaging, a link between genetics and phenotype, by Vincent Frouin CEA, a major player in the field of research, 77 Reading and genetic variants, development and innovation by Philippe Pinel Standing as it does as a major player in the field of research, development and innovation, the French Alternative 78 Gene variants and structural Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) is active in four main areas: low-carbon energies (nuclear and ageing of the brain, renewable), information technologies and health technologies, the design and operation of very large research by Fabrice Crivello infrastructures, and defense and global security. For each of these four main fields, CEA relies on first-rate and Bernard Mazoyer fundamental research and offers support to industry. CEA operates 10 research centres in France, distributed across the country. It is developing numerous partnerships with other research organizations, local authorities and universities. In this respect, CEA is a stakeholder in national alliances coordinating French research in the fields of energy (Ancre), life and health sciences (Aviesan), digital sciences and technologies (Allistene), environmental sciences (AllEnvi) and humanities and social sciences (Athena). Particular emphasis is also placed on education and information of the public at large, in order to promote the transfer of 74 knowledge and foster the science-society debate. Widely recognized for its expertise in its areas of competence, CEA is fully engaged as a player in the European Research Area and is making its presence increasingly felt on the international scene. PrecisionLes termes figurant dans le glossaire (p. 141) apparaissent en bleu dans les textes à leur première occurrence. OnLes pages noms 2apparaissant and 4, illustrations en vert of renvoient the human à la brain page (whole 137. and sections). CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 1 Exploring the brain sensorimotor areas central sulcus superior frontal cortex parietal cortex inferior frontal gyrus Broca’s area occipital cortex visual areas prefrontal cortex temporal cortex cerebellum spinal cord MedusArt/Shutterstock.com cingulate gyrus parietal cortex frontal cortex thalamus prefrontal cortex occipital cortex septum early visual hypothalamus areas hypophysis ventral midbrain fusiform gyrus cerebellum inferior temporal gyrus spinal cord 2 CLEFS CEA - No. 62 - AUTUMN 2014 Foreword arried by the strategic vision of great pioneers, CEA has been involved in brain research for over fifty years. This 62nd issue of Clefs CEA is the best occasion C to come back on the latest advances of these works, undertaken most of the time in partnership with other research organizations such as Inserm (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CNRS (the French National Centre for Scientific Research), Inria (the French National Institute for Research in Computer Science and Control), the Collège de France, and Paris-Sud University. CEA’s involvement in this wide field – which accounts for about 20% of research in biology in France – initially started with the use of artificial radioisotopes to explore the brain in action. The cradle of this research since 1958, the Frédéric Joliot Hospital Service (SHFJ) welcomed the first PET camera in France at the end of the 1970s and the first 2-tesla high-field MRI at the beginning of the CEA/L. Godard 1980s. The latter was built thanks to CEA’s know-how in intense fields. Three other large facilities dedicated to brain research span-off from SHFJ: Cyceron in “Over 30 years after Caen in 1985, NeuroSpin in Saclay in 2006, and MIRCen in Fontenay-aux-Roses in 2009. Each the first 2-tesla MRI, of these centres – all attached to the Institute of Biomedical Imaging (I2BM) of CEA’s Life Sciences CEA is getting ready to Division – hosts a high-level instrumental platform and neuroscience research teams jointly run with welcome an 11.7-tesla MRI, other organizations. They are capable of using in vivo imaging at the forefront of their research which constitutes another (including for clinical transfer) and at the same time of taking up new challenges
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