Key Terms Chapter 19 1 2 Bleeding Kansas (1856‐1861) 3 Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it 4 merged with the wider national Civil War. (442) 5 Confederate States of America (1861‐1865) 6 Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more 7 states from the Upper South. (455) 8 Constitutional Union party (1860) 9 Formed by moderate Whigs and Know‐Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert 10 a sectional crisis. (452) 11 Crittenden amendments (1860) 12 Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given 13 federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30’ where slavery was supported by popular 14 sovereignty. (456) 15 Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857) 16 Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have 17 the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of 18 the United States. (445) 19 Freeport Doctrine (1858) 20 Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the 21 Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 22 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln’s “Freeport Question”. (449) 23 Freeport question (1858) 24 Raised during one of the Lincoln‐Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or 25 the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories. (449) 26 Harpers Ferry 27 Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured 28 and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown’s 29 extremism. (450) 30 Lecompton Constitution (1857) 31 Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the 32 territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the 33 entire constitution be put up for a vote. (441) 34 Lincoln‐Douglas debates (1858) 35 Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. 36 Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading 37 candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination. (448) 38 New England Emigrant Aid Company (founded 1854) 39 Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the 40 establishment of slavery in the territory. (440) 41 panic of 1857 42 Financial crash brought on by gold‐fueled inflation, overspeculation and excess grain production. Raised 43 calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands. (446) 44 Tariff of 1857 45 Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers. 46 (447) 47 The Impending Crisis of the South (1857) 48 Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites 1 actually suffered most in a slave economy. (439) 2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 3 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened 4 Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict. (437) 5