What You Can Say Without Syntax: a Hierarchy of Grammatical Complexity Ray Jackendoff and Eva Wittenberg, Tufts University1
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June, 2009 VITA Thomas G. Bever Education
June, 2009 VITA Thomas G. Bever Education Harvard College - A.B., 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Ph.D., 1967 Honors and Awards Phi Beta Kappa - Harvard University - 1961 "Magna cum laude with highest honors in Linguistics and Psychology"- Harvard College - 1961 NIH Predoctoral Fellowship - 1962-1964 Elected to Harvard Society of Fellows - 1964-1967 NSF Faculty Fellowship - 1974-1977 (Summers) Guggenheim Fellowship - 1976/77 Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences - 1984/85 The Foreign Language Teaching Research Article Award – 2004 – Society for Foreign Language Teaching in China. (Given every 2 years). The Compassionate Friends Award – 2005- “Compassionate employer of the year” Teaching Experience Lecturer, M.I.T., Psychology Department, 1964-1966 Assistant Professor, The Rockefeller University, 1967-1969 Associate Professor, The Rockefeller University, 1969-1970 Professor of Linguistics and Psychology, Columbia University, 1970-1986 Pulse Professor of Psychology, University of Rochester, 1985-1995 Professor of Linguistics, University of Rochester, 1985-1995 Research Professor of Cognitive Science, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Language Reading and Culture. University of Arizona, 1995 - present Visiting Professor, USC, Spring 2005 Visiting Professor, University of Leipzig, Fall 2005 Visiting Professor, University of California, Irvine, Spring 2006 Administrative-Academic Activities Vice President, The Rockefeller University Chapter of American Association of University Professors, 1969-1970 -
Structures in the Mind: Chap18
© 2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or informa- tion storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected]. edu. This book was set in Times by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structures in the mind : essays on language, music, and cognition in honor of Ray Jackendoff / edited by Ida Toivonen, Piroska Csúri, and Emile van der Zee. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-02942-1 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Psycholinguistics. 2. Cognitive science. 3. Neurolinguistics. 4. Cognition. I. Jackendoff, Ray, 1945- honoree. II. Toivonen, Ida. III. Csúri, Piroska. IV. Zee, Emile van der. P37.S846 2015 401 ′ .9–dc23 2015009287 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 The Friar’s Fringe of Consciousness Daniel Dennett Ray Jackendoff’s Consciousness and the Computational Mind (1987) was decades ahead of its time, even for his friends. Nick Humphrey, Marcel Kinsbourne, and I formed with Ray a group of four disparate thinkers about consciousness back around 1986, and, usually meeting at Ray’s house, we did our best to understand each other and help each other clarify the various difficult ideas we were trying to pin down. Ray’s book was one of our first topics, and while it definitely advanced our thinking on various lines, I now have to admit that we didn’t see the importance of much that was expressed therein. -
The Mathematics of Syntactic Structure: Trees and Their Logics
Computational Linguistics Volume 26, Number 2 The Mathematics of Syntactic Structure: Trees and their Logics Hans-Peter Kolb and Uwe MÈonnich (editors) (Eberhard-Karls-UniversitÈat Tubingen) È Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter (Studies in Generative Grammar, edited by Jan Koster and Henk van Riemsdijk, volume 44), 1999, 347 pp; hardbound, ISBN 3-11-016273-3, $127.75, DM 198.00 Reviewed by Gerald Penn Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies Regular languages correspond exactly to those languages that can be recognized by a ®nite-state automaton. Add a stack to that automaton, and one obtains the context- free languages, and so on. Probably all of us learned at some point in our univer- sity studies about the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages and the duality be- tween the form of their rewriting systems and the automata or computational re- sources necessary to recognize them. What is perhaps less well known is that yet another way of characterizing formal languages is provided by mathematical logic, namely in terms of the kind and number of variables, quanti®ers, and operators that a logical language requires in order to de®ne another formal language. This mode of characterization, which is subsumed by an area of research called descrip- tive complexity theory, is at once more declarative than an automaton or rewriting system, more ¯exible in terms of the primitive relations or concepts that it can pro- vide resort to, and less wedded to the tacit, not at all unproblematic, assumption that the right way to view any language, including natural language, is as a set of strings. -
Understanding and Measuring Morphological Complexity
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/3/2015, SPi Understanding and Measuring Morphological Complexity Edited by MATTHEW BAERMAN, DUNSTAN BROWN, AND GREVILLE G. CORBETT 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/3/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © editorial matter and organization Matthew Baerman, Dunstan Brown, and Greville G. Corbett 2015 © the chapters their several authors 2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947260 ISBN 978–0–19–872376–9 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
Hierarchy and Interpretability in Neural Models of Language Processing ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2020-06
Hierarchy and interpretability in neural models of language processing ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2020-06 For further information about ILLC-publications, please contact Institute for Logic, Language and Computation Universiteit van Amsterdam Science Park 107 1098 XG Amsterdam phone: +31-20-525 6051 e-mail: [email protected] homepage: http://www.illc.uva.nl/ The investigations were supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), through a Gravitation Grant 024.001.006 to the Language in Interaction Consortium. Copyright © 2019 by Dieuwke Hupkes Publisher: Boekengilde Printed and bound by printenbind.nl ISBN: 90{6402{222-1 Hierarchy and interpretability in neural models of language processing Academisch Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 17 juni 2020, te 13 uur door Dieuwke Hupkes geboren te Wageningen Promotiecommisie Promotores: Dr. W.H. Zuidema Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. L.W.M. Bod Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige leden: Dr. A. Bisazza Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Dr. R. Fern´andezRovira Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. M. van Lambalgen Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. P. Monaghan Lancaster University Prof. Dr. K. Sima'an Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica to my parents Aukje and Michiel v Contents Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 My original plan . .1 1.2 Neural networks as explanatory models . .2 1.2.1 Architectural similarity . .3 1.2.2 Behavioural similarity . -
The Complexity of Narrow Syntax : Minimalism, Representational
Erschienen in: Measuring Grammatical Complexity / Frederick J. Newmeyer ... (Hrsg.). - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2014. - S. 128-147. - ISBN 978-0-19-968530-1 The complexity of narrow syntax: Minimalism, representational economy, and simplest Merge ANDREAS TROTZKE AND JAN-WOUTER ZWART 7.1 Introduction The issue of linguistic complexity has recently received much attention by linguists working within typological-functional frameworks (e.g. Miestamo, Sinnemäki, and Karlsson 2008; Sampson, Gil, and Trudgill 2009). In formal linguistics, the most prominent measure of linguistic complexity is the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages (Chomsky 1956), including the distinction between a finite-state grammar (FSG) and more complicated types of phrase-structure grammar (PSG). This dis- tinction has played a crucial role in the recent biolinguistic literature on recursive complexity (Sauerland and Trotzke 2011). In this chapter, we consider the question of formal complexity measurement within linguistic minimalism (cf. also Biberauer et al., this volume, chapter 6; Progovac, this volume, chapter 5) and argue that our minimalist approach to complexity of derivations and representations shows simi- larities with that of alternative theoretical perspectives represented in this volume (Culicover, this volume, chapter 8; Jackendoff and Wittenberg, this volume, chapter 4). In particular, we agree that information structure properties should not be encoded in narrow syntax as features triggering movement, suggesting that the relevant information is established at the interfaces. Also, we argue for a minimalist model of grammar in which complexity arises out of the cyclic interaction of subderivations, a model we take to be compatible with Construction Grammar approaches. We claim that this model allows one to revisit the question of the formal complexity of a generative grammar, rephrasing it such that a different answer to the question of formal complexity is forthcoming depending on whether we consider the grammar as a whole, or just narrow syntax. -
Psycholinguistic Research Methods 251
Psycholinguistic Research Methods 251 See also: Deixis and Anaphora: Pragmatic Approaches; Freud S (1915). ‘Die Verdra¨ngung.’ In Gesammelte Werke Jakobson, Roman (1896–1982); Lacan, Jacques (1901– X. Frankfurt am Main: Imago. 1940–1952. 1981); Metaphor: Psychological Aspects; Metonymy; Lacan J (1955–1956). Les Psychoses. Paris: Seuil, 1981. Rhetoric, Classical. Lacan J (1957). ‘L’instance de la lettre dans l’inconscient ou la raison depuis Freud.’ In E´ crits. Paris: Seuil, 1966. Lacan J (1957–1958). Les formations de l’inconscient. Bibliography Paris: Seuil, 1998. Lacan J (1959). ‘D’une question pre´liminaire a` tout traite- Freud S (1900). ‘Die Traumdeutung.’ In Gesammelte werke ment possible de la psychose.’ In E´ crits. Paris: Seuil, II-III. Frankfurt am Main: Imago. 1940–1952. 1966. Freud S (1901). ‘Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens.’ Lacan J (1964). Les quatre concepts fondamentaux de la In Gesammelte werke IV. Frankfurt am Main: Imago. psychanalyse. Paris: Seuil, 1973. 1940–1952. Lacan J (1969–1970). L’envers de la psychanalyse. Paris: Freud S (1905). ‘Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbe- Seuil, 1991. wussten.’ In Gesammelte Werke, VI. Frankfurt am Main: Imago. 1940–1952. Psycholinguistic Research Methods S Garrod, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK This usually involves taking the average of the values ß 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. of the dependent variable (response latencies) for each value of the independent variable (each list of words acquired at different ages) and establishing Psycholinguistics aims to uncover the mental repre- whether the differences associated with the different sentations and processes through which people pro- values of the independent variable are statistically duce and understand language, and it uses a wide reliable. -
This Is a Review Article on Jackendoff's Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation (Henceforth, LM)
REVIEW ARTICLE Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation, by Ray Jackendoff, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992, ix+200pp. Reviewed by MITSUAKI YONEYAMA, Seikei University* 0. Introduction This is a review article on Jackendoff's Languages of the Mind: Essays on Mental Representation (henceforth, LM). LM is a collection of papers on semantics and cognition originally written independently within the framework of Conceptual Semantics. There is a certain amount of duplication in their contents, although we can see a consis- tent line of argument. And LM is not a book intended to present an alternative solution to a specific problem. In this paper, I will summa- rize the main points of LM and try to analyze verbs of motion within Conceptual Semantics. 1. Background LM is Jackendoff's fourth book on semantics and cognition. It is in order here to look back at his three previous books because most of the papers in LM are based on his previous books. In Semantics and Cognition (1983) (henceforth, SC), he regards semantics as independent of syntax. In his framework, syntax, seman- tics, and phonology each have their own structure and function. In SC, he mentions four requirements on semantic theory which have * This is a revised version of a paper read at the meeting of Tokyo University English Linguistic Circle in January 1994. Sections 4.1-4.3 are based on a part of a paper read at the symposium on lexical semantics in the 65th General Meeting of the English Literary Society of Japan held at the University of Tokyo in May 1993. -
What Was Wrong with the Chomsky Hierarchy?
What Was Wrong with the Chomsky Hierarchy? Makoto Kanazawa Hosei University Chomsky Hierarchy of Formal Languages recursively enumerable context- sensitive context- free regular Enduring impact of Chomsky’s work on theoretical computer science. 15 pages devoted to the Chomsky hierarchy. Hopcroft and Ullman 1979 No mention of the Chomsky hierarchy. 450 INDEX The same with the latest edition of Carmichael, R. D., 444 CNF-formula, 302 Cartesian product, 6, 46 Co-Turing-recognizableHopcroft, language, 209 Motwani, and Ullman (2006). CD-ROM, 349 Cobham, Alan, 444 Certificate, 293 Coefficient, 183 CFG, see Context-free grammar Coin-flip step, 396 CFL, see Context-free language Complement operation, 4 Chaitin, Gregory J., 264 Completed rule, 140 Chandra, Ashok, 444 Complexity class Characteristic sequence, 206 ASPACE(f(n)),410 Checkers, game of, 348 ATIME(t(n)),410 Chernoff bound, 398 BPP,397 Chess, game of, 348 coNL,354 Chinese remainder theorem, 401 coNP,297 Chomsky normal form, 108–111, 158, EXPSPACE,368 198, 291 EXPTIME,336 Chomsky, Noam, 444 IP,417 Church, Alonzo, 3, 183, 255 L,349 Church–Turing thesis, 183–184, 281 NC,430 CIRCUIT-SAT,386 NL,349 Circuit-satisfiability problem, 386 NP,292–298 CIRCUIT-VALUE,432 NPSPACE,336 Circular definition, 65 NSPACE(f(n)),332 Clause, 302 NTIME(f(n)),295 Clique, 28, 296 P,284–291,297–298 CLIQUE,296 PH,414 Sipser 2013Closed under, 45 PSPACE,336 Closure under complementation RP,403 context-free languages, non-, 154 SPACE(f(n)),332 deterministic context-free TIME(f(n)),279 languages, 133 ZPP,439 P,322 Complexity -
May 2020 CURRICULUM VITAE Ray Jackendoff Center for Cognitive Studies Department of Philosophy Tufts University Medford, MA
May 2020 CURRICULUM VITAE Ray Jackendoff Center for Cognitive Studies Department of Philosophy Tufts University Medford, MA 02155 USA Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Telephone: 617-484-5394 E-mail: ray (dot)jackendoff(at)tufts(dot)edu Born: Chicago, IL, 23 January 1945 Academic training 1961-65 Swarthmore College (mathematics honors) B.A. 1965 1965-69 M.I.T. (linguistics) Ph.D. 1969 Thesis advisor: Noam Chomsky Teaching 1969-70 UCLA Lecturer 1971-73 Brandeis University Assistant Professor 1973-78 Brandeis University Associate Professor 1978-2006 Brandeis University Professor (Chair of Linguistics Program, 1972-1981) (Chair of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, 1981-1992, 2002-2006) 2006- Brandeis University Professor Emeritus 2005-2017 Tufts University Seth Merrin Professor of Humanities (Co-director, Center for Cognitive Studies) 2018- Tufts University Seth Merrin Professor Emeritus 1969 (summer) University of Illinois (LSA Linguistic Institute) 1974 (summer) University of Massachusetts, Amherst (LSA Linguistic Institute) 1980 (summer) University of New Mexico (LSA Linguistic Institute) 1987 University of Arizona (Visiting Professor) 1989 (summer) University of Arizona (LSA Linguistic Institute) 1996 (summer) Institute for Research in Cognitive Science, University of Pennsylvania 1999 (summer) University of Illinois (LSA Linguistic Institute) 2003 (summer) Michigan State University (Sapir Professor, LSA Linguistic Institute) 1 Research 1966 (summer) Technical Operations, -
'I Can't Draw': Parallels Between the Structure and Development Of
Paper Human Development 2012;55:167–192 DOI: 10.1159/000341842 Explaining ‘I Can’t Draw’: Parallels between the Structure and Development of Language and Drawing Neil Cohn Tufts University, Medford, Mass. , USA Key Words Art ؒ Art education ؒ Drawing ؒ Imitation ؒ Language development Abstract Both drawing and language are fundamental and unique to humans as a species. Just as language is a representational system that uses systematic sounds (or manual/ bodily signs) to express concepts, drawing is a means of graphically expressing con- cepts. Yet, unlike language, we consider it normal for people not to learn to draw, and consider those who do to be exceptional. Why do we consider drawing to be so differ- ent from language? This paper argues that the structure and development of drawing is indeed analogous to that of language. Because drawings express concepts in the vi- sual-graphic modality using patterned schemas stored in a graphic lexicon that com- bine using ‘syntactic’ rules, development thus requires acquiring a vocabulary of these schemas from the environment. Without sufficient practice and exposure to an external system, a basic system persists despite arguably impoverished developmental condi- tions. Such a drawing system is parallel to the resilient systems of language that appear when children are not exposed to a linguistic system within a critical developmental period. Overall, this approach draws equivalence between drawing and the cognitive attributes of other domains of human expression. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel Along with speaking and gesturing, drawing is a representational system for expressing concepts that is fundamental – and unique – to humans as a species. -
Peter Culicover's Curriculum Vitae, 2019-20
CURRICULUM VITAE June 2020 PETER W. CULICOVER Distinguished University Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University Affiliate Professor, University of Washington Phone (cell): 614-361-4744 Email: [email protected] Primary research interests: Syntactic theory, constructions, typology, syntactic change, language learnability, English syntax, representation of language in the mind/brain, linguistics and cognitive science, computational simulation of language acquisition and language change, jazz. EDUCATION PhD Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1971), Linguistics B.A. City College of NeW York (1966), Mathematics ACADEMIC POSITIONS HELD 2019- Affiliate Professor, University of Washington 2018- Distinguished University Professor Emeritus, OSU 2016-2018 Distinguished University Professor, The Ohio State University 2008 Professeur invité, Université de Paris VII (Feb-Mar 2008) 2006-7 Visiting Scholar, Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Tübingen 2005- Humanities Distinguished Professor in Linguistics, The Ohio State University 2003 Linguistics Institute, Michigan State University (Summer 2003) 2002 Visiting Scientist, University of Groningen (Autumn 2002) 2000 Distinguished Visiting Professor, University of Tübingen (June 2000) 1998-2006 Chair, Department of Linguistics, The Ohio State University 1997 Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Theoretical Linguistics, University of Venice (Spring 1997) 1991-92 Visiting Scientist, Center for Cognitive Science, MIT 1989-2003 Director, Center for Cognitive Science, The Ohio State University