Advances in Language and Literary Studies ISSN: 2203-4714 www.alls.aiac.org.au

Film, Literature, and Education: Trace of Research in Indonesia

Anas Ahmadi1*, Abd. Syukur Ghazali2, Taufik Dermawan3, Maryaeni2 1Department of Indonesian Language and Literature, State University of Surabaya, Lidah Wetan, East Java, Indonesia 2Department of Indonesian Literature, State University of Malang, 5 Semarang Street, East Java, Indonesia 3Department of Indonesian Literature, State University of Malang (Universitas Negeri Malang), 5 Semarang Street, East Java, Indonesia Corresponding Author: Anas Ahmadi, E-mail: [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history In this study, it is explained about the development of ecopsychology in Indonesia. Related Received: June 19, 2017 to that, the research focus are ecopsychology development and ecopsychology concretization Accepted: August 21, 2017 of education in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive-qualitative approach to explain about Published: August 31, 2017 ecopsychology in Indonesia. Based on the research results, the findings are as follows. First, the Volume: 8 Issue: 4 ecopsychology development in Indonesia has existed and characterized by the research which is related to ecopsychology. The research about ecopsychology in Indonesia is more likely in Advance access: August 2017 literature, film, and media. Ecopsychology study in or fields do not exist in Indonesia. Second, the ecopsychology concretization of education in Indonesia appears in Conflicts of interest: None the study of Literary Psychology. In the study of Literary Psychology, ecopsychology is given Funding: None to students with stages (1) first stage: initial understanding of ecopsychology; (2) second stage: understanding of field in ecopsychology; (3) third stage: understanding of literature in ecopsychology perspective and (4) fourth stage: ecopsychology application in literary study. Key words: Ecopsychology, Film, Literature, Education

INTRODUCTION Third, (Winter, 1996: 283) that discusses “as the study of human experience and behavior History of Ecopsychology Development in, its physical, political, and spiritual context, in order to The issue of ecopsychology study begins to be popularly dis- build sustainable world”. Winter offers principle in relation cussed in 1990s. This is marked by the appearance of Roszak to ecological psychology, as follows “(1) the goal of ecolog- writing, et.al. (1995) that starts on ecopsychology and its ical psychology is to learn how to develop a sustainable cul- study types. In its further developments, there are writings ture; (2) the psychical world exists, whether we understand that reinforce and sharpen ecopsychology study. Neverthe- it or not; (3) our knowledge of reality is continually chang- less, it is undeniable that there are other similar fields that ing as our political, emotional, and intellectual knowledge intersect/close to ecopsychology as follows. changes; and (4) the connections between systems are more First, (Stibbe, 2015, Schultz, 2001) that important than their separations (Winter, 1996: 296-298) “. explains about language and environment. This study is Fourth, that discusses about actually not separated from the thought of its predecessor, interaction between individual (human) and natural environ- namely Sapir (1912: 227) describes that the environment ment (Oliver, 2002, Gärling et al, 2002). It shows that envi- fact is reflected through the language. Conversely, language ronmental psychology focuses on environmental influences can also be reflected through the environment. Sapir’s view on human experience. In contrast, human influences on the is a prototype of relational reflection between language and environment, such as factors that affect behavior towards environment for the successors in the present. the environment and encourage humans to be proactive to Second, ecocriticism (Glotfelty & Fromm, 1996; Garrad the environment (Steg et al, 2013: 2). Canter (1986) calls 2004; Clark, 2011; Love, 2003; Estok 2011; Nichols, 2011; environmental psychology is related to human experience Clark, 2015) that explain about human and environment. If it with environment. Therefore, environmental psychology is viewed more deeply, ecocriticism is more about ecological is close to sociology or . Environmental aspect than psychological aspect. The ecocriticism seems to psychology seems very close to ecopsychology, but Reser be in many areas of literary study. insists that ecopsychology is not a variant of environmen-

Published by Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD. Copyright (c) the author(s). This is an open access article under CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.4p.136 Film, Literature, and Education: Trace of Ecopsychology Research in Indonesia 137 tal psychology. Ecopsychology is a “pseudo-science” study emotions and well-being; (2) how psychological disconnec- (Reser, 1996: 241). tion relates to the current ecological crisis; and (3) furthering All these disciplines, whether ecolinguistics, ecocritism, our understanding of psychological, emotional and spiritual ecological psychology, ecopsychology, and environmental relationships with . psychology have common focus, that is the study of human An interesting thing in ecopsychology is the “pseu- relation with environment. Therefore, it can be drawn a firm do-science” study (Reser, 1995: 241). Because of the “pseu- line about all discipline because they are still mutually ‘bor- do-science”, ecopsychology study is more open, not (fully) row’ terms. For example, ecolinguistics borrows the term objective, and “unboundaries”. Thus, observers of nonpsy- from ecocritism or environmental psychology borrows the chological disciplines (e.g literature, culture, or education) term from ecopsychology or vice versa. However, practi- may use it for research purpose. In addition to ecopsychol- tioners of each discipline must be able to provide their argu- ogy journals, there are also websites and colleges that are ments that are related to their field. related to ecopsychology.

Research Focus METHODOLOGY Related to the study of ecopsychology development in Indo- Research Approach nesia, the focus of this research is divided into two. First, the This research uses descriptive-qualitative approach. This ap- overview of ecopsychology studies in Indonesia. Second, the proach is used to explain ecopsychology data in Indonesia ecopsychology concretization of education in Indonesia today. descriptively. In line with Denzin & Lincoln’s (1997) view, in descriptive-quantitative research, the researcher uses data REVIU OF RELATED LITERATURE interpretation to find result. Ecopsychology Instrument Roszak, et. al. (1995) is considered as the first generation or the pioneer of ecopsyhology. This first generation of In this study, researchers act as a key instrument. Therefore, ecopsychology is spearheaded by T. Roszak, M. Gomes, the researcher have to possess a high level of knowledge and A. Kanner, and R. Greenway. Ecopsychology in the first interpretation. They are very necessary so that researcher is generation concentrates on the danger of disconnection be- able to find good result and can be scientifically responsibi- tween human and nature and how to restore human’s con- lized. cern about the nature and environment. Second generation of Ecopsychology emerges in the 2000s. At this time, there Data Analysis Technique are ecopsychologists, e.g Fisher, Merrit, Vakoch, and An- tonov. Ecopsychology at this time concentrates more on the In data analysis technique, the researcher performs three segmentation of ecopsychology and therapeutic practice re- steps, namely (1) recording data about ecopsychology, (2) search (Fisher, 2013: 167; Davis, 2014: 51-52). data classification, (3) data exposure, and (3) data verifica- In the second generation of ecopsychology that is called tion. After that, the verification results are triangulated to the period of ecopsychology development, multicultural maintain the reliability and validity levels. ecopsychology emerges. Anthony and Soule (1998: 161) as- serts that multicultural ecopsychology is a diversity of eco- RESULT AND DISCCUSION psychology in relation to social justice and that creates harmony on earth. As a new discipline in Ecopsychology in Indonesia psychology, ecopsychology is categorized as an interdisci- In Indonesia, the study of ecopsychology has not been main- plinary discipline (Doherty, 2009: 105; Norton, 2009: 138;) stream. Ecopsychology study in Indonesia are still “inferior” because it combines psychology and ecology in understand- to the popularity of ecocritic study. There are two arguments ing the environment. about why ecopsychology in Indonesia is “less” popular than As there are many studies about ecopsychology, there are ecocritic. also journals about ecopsychology as follows. First, Eco- First, the ecocritic is closer to the anthropology and so- psychology (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) that emerges in 2009. ciology fields, whereas ecopsychology is closer to psychol- Ecopsychology concentrates on articles about (1) physical ogy. The area of ​anthropology and sociology studies are and benefits of interacting with nature; (2) bio- wider and more desirable than psychology. Therefore, liter- philia; (3) ecotherapy; (4) the psychology of environmental ary studies (both writen and spoken literature) in Indonesia, destruction; (5) science, technology, and the depth of expe- there are many researchers who use the ecocritical approach. rience with nature; (6) the rediscovery of the wild; (7) ur- The ecocritical approach is usually associated with environ- ban ; (8) indigenous cultures; (9) responsibil- mental ethics, , and environmental destruction. ity for protecting natural places and other species; and (10) Secondly, ecopsychology practitioner/expert in Indo- human-animal interaction. Second, the European Journal of nesia still does not exist. Thus, ecopsychology study in Ecopsychology (EJE) appears in 2010. EJE concentrates on Indonesia is still very rare because there is no practitioner. articles about (1) effects of the natural environment on our In addition, supporting literature about ecopsychology, e.g 138 ALLS 8(4):136-140 books, journals, or research in Indonesian language is still as when the price of fuel rises or the racial issue emerging. very rare. This is different from ecocritic, ecocritical books In fact, the forest is the future of human. Without the forest, or studies in Indonesia have emerged, for example, Sudikan human beings will be powerless. Imagine, if in the future all (2016) who writes a book of Ekologi Sastra. forests are bare, oxygen supply is gone. It will certainly be Nevertheless, there are several writings on ecopsycholo- the time of human extinction. Or, human only wish to be like gy in Indonesia that appear in mass media, seminars, maga- in the kids movie, Dr. Deuss The Lorax (2012), tells Thneed- zines, or research. ville, a city full of plastic grass, plastic fish, plastic trees, and First, Ahmadi (2015) writes “Ecopsychology dalam Sas- plastic flowers. In everyday life, they have to buy oxygen tra Tiongkok” and it is presented in the National Seminar on gallon. The question is, how much money should be spent Language, Literature, and Chinese Culture. It is discussed to buy oxygen? Studies conducted by Jacoby (2001), White about the classical Chinese literature that is related to nature. (2008), and Liddik (2011) show that the environment explo- A lot of classical Chinese literature ‘pick’ wisdom from na- ration and exploitation is increasing each year. Environment ture. Therefore, human definitely cannot escape from nature. exploration and exploitation, according to Cianchi (2015) Secondly, Ahmadi (2015b) writes Ecopsychology calls it “”. Indonesia is also not free from Literacy, Literature, and articles that discuss about the eco- the problem of environmental destruction. Hidayat (2016), psychology literature associated with Indonesian literature Praja (2016), Fauzi, et al. (2010) identify that deforestation and environmental-themed movie. Ahmadi discusses about and forest burning in Indonesia are getting worse. a novel by YB Mangunwijaya which explains a lot about Ahmadi (2015-present) writes his dissertation on “Tipi- human life with nature. In the movie context, Ahmadi shows kal Manusia Biophilia dan Necrophilia dalam Novel Indone- environmental-themed movies, e.g Dr. Lorax, Wall E, Happy sia: Ecopsychology Perspective.” He writes about the latest Feet which tell about interaction of human with the environ- Indonesian novel in which it speaks of biophilian and necro- ment. philian using ecopsychology as the main framework. Thirdly, Ahmadi (2015c) writes an article of “Memaha- mi Cerita Rakyat Indonesia melalui Kajian Ecopsychology”. Ecopsychology and its Concretization in Education in Ahmadi discusses the Indonesian folklores that have a ten- Indonesia dency to relate to biophilia. Ahmadi points out that in Indo- nesian folklore is more likely to generate a positive value In the Department of Language and Literature of Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, there is Literary Psychology called biophilia (rather than a negative value[destruction]) course. In the course, we provide material about ecopsychol- called necrophilia in relation to nature, environment (plants ogy. The subject of ecopsychology in Literature Psychology and animals). course is new and is raised in 2015. The details about eco- Fourth, Ahmadi (2016a) writes article “Literature Re- psychology material in Literature Psychology course cover search in Indonesia, Ecopsychology Perspective”. Ahmadi four stages. offers an alternative study in Indonesian literature using eco- psychology approach. He points out that ecopsychology is included in an interdisciplinary literary study because eco- The first stage: an early understanding of ecopsycholog psychology is an intersection between psychology and ecol- Students discuss history material about the birth of eco- ogy. Ecopscyhology approach can be as main umbrella or as psychology. Previously, students are asked to prepare rel- a ‘scalpel’ in analyzing literature. evant materials to ecopsychology. To ease the student un- Fifth, Ahmadi (2016b) writes articles on “Sastra, Ecopsy- derstanding, lecturers provide a draft on ecopsychology. As chology, dan Alienasi Lingkungan.” He discusses the link- for ecopsychology explanation and exploration, students are age between literature and ecopsychology relating to human asked to independently search for supporting literature (on- alienation to the environment. He points out that Indonesian line or print). literature also shows human alienation with the environment; its concretization is in the form of natural and environmental destructions, animal killings, and natural exploitation. The second stage: an understanding of the flow/field o Sixth. Ahmadi (2016) writes a seminar article on “Eco- arable in ecopsychology psychology, Green Literature, Nature”. Ahmadi discusses Students discuss material about the fields in ecopsychol- ecopsychology that relates to the green literature in Indo- ogy. The fields of ecopsychology, e.g the field of research, nesia. He points out that the study of green literature abroad ecopsychology as classified by Davis (2014: 4) is related to is rife in the 90’s. As in Indonesia, the study of new green (1) wilderness experiences, (2) ritual (3) indigenous people, literature is rife around the 2000s. (4) natural spirituality, and (5) an animistic view that the Seventh, Ahmadi (2017) writes a mass media article earth as e live as sentient. Doherty (2010: 203) classifies that “Melawan Alienasi Lingkungan”. This article is a small part research in ecopsychology is related to (1) emotion, (2) tran- of the ecopsyhology study. He points out that environmental scendence, (3) mystery, (4) status quo criticism, mysticism, issues are not as trendy as political issues. The community helplessness and empowerment, and ecocentricity. Roszak can look at how the community responds when the forest (1995: 5) classifies ecopsychology research in (1)- psy burns (burned on pupose or burns itself). The forests are ex- choecology, (2) global therapy, (3) ecotherapy, (4) green plored completely. It seems like the people are not as panic therapy, (5) earth centerered therapy, (6) re-earthing, (7) na- Film, Literature, and Education: Trace of Ecopsychology Research in Indonesia 139 ture based , and (8) shamanic counseling. As CONCLUSIONS for ecofeminism, according to Holloway et. al., (2014) is Based on the exposure in advance, it can be summarized as also included in ​ecopsychology research. The classification follows. The development of ecopsychology in Indonesia made by ecopsychologist cannot be separated from the view has existed and characterized by research related to ecopsy- that ecopsychology as the main umbrella of the research. chology. Ecopsychology research in Indonesia is more likely Thus, other relevant fields to ecopsychology are included in to study about literature, movie, and media. The ecopsychol- the research branch. ogy in psychology or ecology fields do not exist in Indone- In therapeutic practice field, ecopsychology is used in the sia. And then, the ecopsychology concretization of education following context. Feral (1998 & 1999) uses ecopsychology in Indonesia appears in the study of Literary Psychology. for children therapy; Rhodes (2008) uses ecopsychology in modern day human therapy through ecospiritual and ecofem- inism; Wood (2010) uses ecopsychology with ecospiritual ACKNOWLEDGMENT therapy; Burn (2012) & Tudor (2013) use ecopsychology for 1. Our thanks to Prof. Budi Darma, Ph.D. (author and liter- ecotherapy that leads to self-therapy; Hafford (2014) uses ary critic) who has provided suggestions to sharpen this ecopsychology for adventure therapy; And Black (2015) paper. uses ecopsychology for natural therapy of healing. 2. Our thanks to Prof. Dr. Setya Yuwana, M.A. (anthropol- ogist and environmental litteraturer) who has provided Third stage: understanding of literature in ecopsychology suggestions about literary and environmental literature. perspective In this section, students in groups are asked to discuss REFERENCES literature (foreign literature or Indonesian literature) in rela- Ahmadi, A. (2014). Ecopsychology dalam sastra tiongkok. tion to ecopsychology. Lecturers provide modeling in litera- Paper presented in National Seminar Mandarin Lan- ture forms, either novels, short stories, poems, or dramas in guage, November 30th at Unesa, Surabaya. which are associated with ecopsychology elements. Ahmadi, A. (2015a). 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