Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49377

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

******* viscosa .. Loulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ArecaceaeÐPalm ... E NA NA

******* helleri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA Pink.

******* Schiedea None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... CaryophyllaceaeÐ E NA NA membranacea. Pink.

******* Viola kauaensis var. Nani wai'ale'ale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... ViolaceaeÐViolet ... E NA ...... wahiawaensis.

*******

Dated: September 6, 1995. development and recreational activities; (kiponapona), velutina John G. Rogers, habitat loss and damage to from (NCN), Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN), Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. fires; predation by animals (, pigs, Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe), [FR Doc. 95–23637 Filed 9–22–95; 8:45 am] goats, sheep, insects, and ); and Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu), Sicyos BILLING CODE 4310±55±M natural disasters such as volcanic alba (’anunu), and Zanthoxylum activity. Due to the small number of dipetalum var. tomentosum (a’e) all are existing individuals and their very endemic to the island of , 50 CFR Part 17 narrow distributions, these 13 taxa and Hawaiian Islands. their populations are subject to an The island of Hawaii is the RIN 1018±AD25 increased likelihood of and/ southernmost, easternmost, and Endangered and Threatened Wildlife or reduced reproductive vigor from youngest of the eight major Hawaiian and Plants; Proposed Endangered natural disasters. This proposal, if made Islands. This largest island of the Status for Thirteen Plants From the final, would implement the Federal Hawaiian archipelago is comprised of Island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii protection provisions provided by the 10,458 square kilometers (sq km) (4,038 Act for listed plants. Listing under the sq miles (mi)), or two-thirds of the land AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Act would also trigger listed status for area of the State of Hawaii, giving rise Interior. these 13 taxa under State law. to its common name, the ‘‘Big Island.’’ ACTION: Proposed rule. DATES: Comments from all interested The Hawaiian Islands are volcanic parties must be received by November islands formed over a ‘‘hot spot,’’ a fixed SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife 24, 1995. Public hearing requests must area of pressurized molten rock deep Service (Service) determines be received by November 9, 1995. within the Earth. As the Pacific Plate, a endangered status pursuant to the section of the Earth’s surface many ADDRESSES: Comments and materials Endangered Species Act of 1973, as miles thick, has moved to the northwest, concerning this proposal should be sent amended (Act), for 13 plants: the islands of the chain have separated. to Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific Clermontia drepanomorpha (’oha wai), Currently, this hot spot is centered Islands Ecoregion, U.S. Fish and platyphylla (haha), under the southeast part of the island of Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau Hawaii, which is one of the most active Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box 50167, kuahiwi), Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis volcanic areas on Earth. Five large Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments (hau kuahiwi), Melicope zahlbruckneri shield volcanoes make up the island of and materials received will be available (alani), Neraudia ovata (no common Hawaii: Mauna Kea at 4,205 meters (m) for public inspection, by appointment, name (NCN)), Phyllostegia racemosa (13,796 feet (ft)) and Kohala at 1,670 m during normal business hours at the (kiponapona), Phyllostegia velutina (5,480 ft), both extinct; Hualalai, at above address. (NCN), Phyllostegia warshaueri (NCN), 2,521 m (8,271 ft), which is dormant Pleomele hawaiiensis (hala pepe), FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: and will probably erupt again; and Pritchardia schattaueri (loulu), Sicyos Robert P. Smith, Manager, Pacific Mauna Loa at 4,169 m (13,677 ft) and alba (’anunu), and Zanthoxylum Islands Ecoregion (see ADDRESSES Kilauea at 1,248 m (4,093 ft), both of dipetalum var. tomentosum (a’e). All 13 section) (telephone: 808/541–2749; which are currently active and adding taxa are endemic to the island of facsimile: 808/541–2756). land area to the island. Compared to Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. The 13 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Kauai, which is the oldest of the main taxa and their habitats have been islands and was formed about 5.6 variously affected or are currently Background million years ago, Hawaii is very young, threatened by one or more of the Clermontia drepanomorpha (’oha with fresh lava and land up to 0.5 following—competition for space, light, wai), Cyanea platyphylla (haha), million years old (Cuddihy and Stone water, and nutrients by naturalized, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau 1990, Culliney 1988, Department of introduced vegetation; habitat kuahiwi), Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Geography 1983, Macdonald et al. degradation by wild, feral, or domestic (hau kuahiwi), Melicope zahlbruckneri 1983). animals (cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep); (alani), Neraudia ovata (no common Because of the large size and range of agricultural and residential name (NCN)), Phyllostegia racemosa elevation of the island, Hawaii has a 49378 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules great diversity of climates. Windward are owned or managed by the Federal alligata, Melicope clusiifolia (alani), (northeastern) slopes of Mauna Loa have government (including a U.S. Fish and Styphelia tameiameiae (pukiawe), rainfall up to 300 centimeters (cm) (118 Wildlife Service refuge and a National Astelia menziesii (pa’iniu), Rubus inches (in)) per year in some areas. The Park). hawaiiensis (’akala), Cyanea pilosa leeward coast, shielded by the (haha), and Coprosma sp. (pilo) (HHP Discussion of the 13 Taxa Included in mountains from rain brought by trade 1993a1, HPCC 1993a). This Proposed Rule winds, has areas classified as desert that The major threats to Clermontia receive as little as 20 cm (7.9 in) of rain Joseph F. Rock (1913) named drepanomorpha are ditch annually. The summits of Mauna Loa Clermontia drepanomorpha on the basis improvements, competition from alien and Mauna Kea experience snowfall of specimens collected in the Kohala plant taxa such as Rubus rosifolius each year, and Mauna Kea was glaciated Mountains of the island of Hawaii in the (thimbleberry), habitat disturbance by during the last Ice Age (Culliney 1988, early 1900s. This has been feral pigs (Sus scrofa), girdling of the Department of Geography 1983, upheld in the latest treatment of the stems by rats (Rattus spp.), and a risk of Macdonald et al. 1983, Wagner et al. genus (Lammers 1990). extinction from naturally occurring 1990). Clermontia drepanomorpha, of the events (such as hurricanes) and/or Plant communities on Hawaii include bellflower family (), is a reduced reproductive vigor due to the those in various stages of primary terrestrial or epiphytic (not rooted in the small number of existing populations succession on the slopes of active and soil), branching tree 2.5 to 7 m (8.2 to and individuals (Bruegmann 1990, dormant volcanoes, ones in stages of 23 ft) tall. The stalked leaves are 10 to Center for Plant Conservation (CPC) secondary succession following 27 cm (4 to 11 in) long and 1.5 to 4.5 1990, HHP 1993a1, HPCC 1993a). disturbance, and relatively stable climax cm (0.6 to 1.8 in) wide. Two to four Asa Gray (1861) named Delissea communities. On Hawaii, vegetation is flowers, each with a stalk 2 to 3.5 cm platyphylla from a specimen collected found in all classifications—coastal, (0.8 to 1.4 in) long, are positioned at the by Horace Mann and W.T. Brigham in dryland, montane, subalpine, and end of a main flower stalk 5 to 12 cm the Puna District of the island of alpine; dry, mesic, and wet; and (2 to 5 in) long. The calyx (fused sepals) Hawaii. Wilhelm Hillebrand (1888) herblands, grasslands, shrublands, and corolla (fused petals) are similar in transferred the species to Cyanea, forests, and mixed communities. The size and appearance, and each forms a creating Cyanea platyphylla. Harold St. vegetation and land of the island of slightly curved, five-lobed tube 4 to 5.5 John (1987a, St. John and Takeuchi Hawaii have undergone much change cm (1.6 to 2.2 in) long and 1.5 to 2 cm 1987), believing there to be no generic through the island’s history. Since it is (0.6 to 0.8 in) wide which is blackish distinction between Cyanea and an area of active volcanism, vegetated purple. The berries are orange and 2 to Delissea, transferred the species back to areas are periodically replaced with bare 3 cm (0.8 to 1.2 in) in diameter. This the genus Delissea, the older of the two lava. Polynesian immigrants, first species is distinguished from others in generic names. The current treatment of settling on Hawaii by 750 A.D., made this endemic Hawaiian genus by similar the family (Lammers 1990), however, extensive alterations to lowland areas sepals and petals, the long drooping maintains the separation of the two for agriculture and habitation. European , and large blackish purple genera. The following taxa have been contact with Hawaii brought intentional flowers (Lammers 1990, Rock 1919). synonymized with Cyanea platyphylla: and inadvertent introductions of alien Historically, Clermontia C. bryanii, C. crispohirta, C. fernaldii, C. plant and animal taxa. In 1960, 65 drepanomorpha was known from four nolimetangere, C. pulchra, and C. percent of the total land area of the populations in the Kohala Mountains on rollandioides. island of Hawaii was used for grazing, the island of Hawaii (Hawaii Heritage However, some field biologists feel and much land has also been converted Program (HHP) 1993a1 to 1993a4, Rock that C. fernaldii, represented by the to modern cropland (Cuddihy and Stone 1913, Skottsberg 1944, Stemmermann Laupahoehoe populations, is a distinct 1990, Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). and Jacobson 1987). Two populations of entity that should be resurrected as a The 13 taxa included in this rule the species are known to be extant, on separate species (Frederick Warshauer, occur between 120 and 1,850 m (400 State-owned land in Forest Reserve and USFWS, pers. comm., 1994). and 6,080 ft) in elevation in various Puu o Umi Natural Area Reserve (NAR), Cyanea platyphylla, of the bellflower portions of the island of Hawaii. Most with both populations bordering private family, is an unbranched palm-like of the proposed taxa exist as remnant ranch lands. The two known shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall with stems plants persisting in grazed areas or in populations near Eke and along the that are covered with short, sharp, pale higher elevations which have only Hamakua Ditch Trail are about 5.5 km spines on the upper portions, especially recently been heavily invaded by alien (3.4 mi) apart. Thirteen to 20 as juveniles. This species has different plant and animal taxa. The proposed individuals are known to exist (Corn leaves in the juvenile and adult plants. taxa grow in a variety of vegetation 1983; HHP 1993a1, 1993a4; Hawaii The juvenile leaves are 10.5 to 25 cm communities (pioneer lava, shrublands, Plant Conservation Center (HPCC) (4.1 to 10 in) long and 4 to 7.5 cm (1.6 and forests), elevational zones (lowland 1993a; Marie M. Bruegmann, U.S. Fish to 3.0 in) wide, with prickles on leaves and montane) and moisture regimes and Wildlife Service (USFWS), in litt., and stalks. Adult leaves are 34 to 87 cm (dry, mesic, and wet). In lowland 1994; Carolyn Corn, Hawaii Division of (13 to 34 in) long and 7 to 22 cm (2.8 habitats, the proposed taxa are found in Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), in litt., to 8.7 in) wide, and are only sparsely pioneer lava, shrubland, dry forest, 1994). prickled. Six to 25 flowers are clustered mesic forest, and wet forest. In montane This species typically grows in on the end of a main stalk 20 to 90 cm habitats, the proposed taxa are found in Metrosideros polymorpha (’ohi’a) and (8 to 35 in) long, and each flower has dry forest, mesic forest, and wet forest. glaucum (tree fern) dominated a stalk 1 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1 in) long. The The lands on which these 13 plant Montane Wet Forests, often hypanthium is topped by five small, taxa are found are owned by various epiphytically, at elevations between triangular calyx lobes. Petals, which are private parties, the State of Hawaii 1,170 and 1,570 m (3,850 and 5,150 ft) white or yellowish white with magenta (including conservation district lands, (Corn 1983; HHP 1993a1, 1993a4; HPCC stripes, are fused into a curved tube forest reserves, natural area reserves, 1993a). Associated taxa include with five spreading lobes. The corolla is and plant and wildlife sanctuaries), or Cheirodendron trigynum (’olapa), Carex 4.2 to 5.4 cm (1.7 to 2.1 in) long and 5 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49379 to 10 millimeters (mm) (0.2 to 0.4 in) Hibiscadelphus as a new genus, Coprosma sp. (pilo), Pipturus albidus wide. Berries are pale orange, 8 to 10 meaning ‘‘brother of Hibiscus’’ (Bryan (mamaki), sp. (kopiko), mm (0.3 to 0.4 in) long, and 6 to 8 mm 1971). This taxonomy has been upheld Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), (0.2 to 0.3 in) wide. The species differs in the latest treatment of the genus Melicope sp. (alani), Dodonaea viscosa from others in this endemic Hawaiian (Bates 1990). (’a’ali’i), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), genus by its juvenile and adult leaves, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, of the and introduced grasses (HHP 1991b; precocious flowering, and smaller mallow family (Malvaceae), is a tree up HPCC 1991b1, 1991b2). flowers (Lammers 1990). to 7 m (23 ft) tall with the trunk up to The major threats to Hibiscadelphus Cyanea platyphylla was historically 30 cm (12 in) in diameter and whitish giffardianus are bark, flower, and fruit known from the Kohala Mountains, bark. The leaf blades are heart-shaped feeding by roof rats (Rattus rattus); leaf Laupahoehoe in the Hamakua District, and 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) long with damage in the form of stippling and in the mountains above Hilo, Pahoa, a broad tip, a notched base, and stalks yellowing by Sophonia rufofascia (two- Glenwood, Honaunau in South Kona, nearly as long as the blades. Flowers are spotted leafhopper) and yellowing by and the unknown location typically solitary in the axils of the the native plant bug Hyalopeplus ‘‘Kalanilehua’’ (HHP 1991a1 to 1991a4, leaves and have stalks 1.5 to 4 cm (0.6 pellucidus; competition from the alien 1991a7, 1991a8, 1991a11, 1991a12, to 1.6 in) long. Five to seven filament- grasses Ehrharta stipoides (meadow 1993b; Rock 1917, 1919, 1957; like bracts are borne below each flower ricegrass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo Skottsberg 1926; Wimmer 1943 and and the calyx is pouch-like. The grass), and Paspalum dilatatum (Dallis 1968). Only five mature individuals and overlapping petals form a curved grass); habitat change from volcanic two juveniles are known to still exist in bisymmetrical flower with the upper activity; and a risk of extinction from one population in Laupahoehoe NAR petals longer, typical of bird-pollinated naturally occurring events and/or (CPC 1989, 1990; Cuddihy et al. 1982; flowers. The flowers are grayish green reduced reproductive vigor due to the HHP 1991a6; HPCC 1991a; C. Corn, in on the outside and dark magenta within, small number of existing cultivated litt., 1994), which is owned and and 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in) long. The fruit individuals, all from a single parent managed by the State of Hawaii. Two is woody with star-shaped hairs. This (Baker and Allen 1978; M. Bruegmann, additional populations in Laupahoehoe species differs from others in this in litt., 1994; L. Pratt, pers. comm., NAR have not been seen since 1982 and endemic Hawaiian genus by its flower 1994). Cattle (Bos taurus) were known could not be relocated in 1989, and a color, flower size, and filamentous in the area before it became a National third population near the Saddle Road, bracts (Baker and Allen 1976b, Bates Park and probably had a large influence last seen in 1977, has also probably been 1990, Degener 1932a, Degener and on the habitat (Anonymous 1920, Rock extirpated. The only remaining Degener 1977, Radlkofer and Rock 1913, St. John 1981). population of this species has been 1911). Rock (Radlkofer and Rock 1911) fenced by the NAR System to protect it Only one tree of Hibiscadelphus named Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis from pig depredation (Cuddihy et al. giffardianus has ever been known in the after Hualalai, the volcano on which the 1982; HHP 1991a5, 1991a9, 1991a10; wild, from Kipuka Puaulu (or Bird Park) plant was found in 1909 (Rock 1913). Linda Pratt, Hawaii Volcanoes National in HVNP. This tree died in 1930, but This taxonomy has been upheld in the Park (HVNP), pers. comms., 1991 and plants exist in cultivation from latest treatment of the genus (Bates 1994). originally collected by Giffard before the 1990). Cyanea platyphylla is typically found tree died (Degener 1932a). Cuttings from Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, of the in Metrosideros polymorpha (’ohi’a)— these cultivated trees have been planted mallow family, is a tree 5 to 7 m (16 to Acacia koa (koa) Lowland and Montane back into the now fenced original 23 ft) tall with the trunk up to 30 cm Wet Forests at elevations between 120 habitat at Kipuka Puaulu and currently (12 in) in diameter and whitish bark. and 915 m (390 and 3,000 ft) (Lammers nine mature plants and two suckers are The leaf blades are heart-shaped and 10 1990). Associated taxa include Cibotium known to exist (Baker and Allen 1977; to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long with a broad sp. (tree fern), Athyrium Bishop and Herbst 1973; HHP 1991b; tip, a notched base, stellate hairs, and sandwichianum (ho’i’o), sp. HPCC 1991b1, 1991b2; M. Bruegmann, stalks 4 to 10 cm (1.5 to 4 in) long. One (hame), Clermontia spp. (’oha wai), in litt., 1994). Individuals planted in or two flowers are borne in the axils of Hedyotis sp. (pilo), and Cyrtandra spp. Kipuka Ki were later determined to be the leaves and have stalks 1.5 to 14 cm (ha’iwale) (HHP 1991a6, HPCC 1991a). hybrids and were removed by Park (0.6 to 5.5 in) long. Five toothlike bracts The major known threats to Cyanea personnel (Baker and Allen 1977, are borne below each flower and the platyphylla are pigs; habitat-modifying Mueller-Dombois and Lamoureux 1967). calyx is tubular or pouch-like. The introduced plant taxa, including The cultivated plants in Kipuka Puaulu overlapping petals form a curved Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), have spontaneously produced fertile bisymmetrical flower with longer upper Psidium guajava (guava), Passiflora hybrids with cultivated plants of petals, typical of bird-pollinated ligularis (sweet granadilla), and Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis that were flowers. The flowers are greenish yellow thimbleberry; and rats, which may eat also planted into Kipuka Puaulu and on the outside and yellowish green, the fruit (Cuddihy et al. 1982; HHP Kipuka Ki. Both the Hibiscadelphus fading to purplish within, and 2 to 5.5 1991a6, 1991a9; HPCC 1991a; M. hualalaiensis and the hybrids have been cm (0.8 to 2.2 in) long. The fruit is Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; L. Pratt, pers. removed from the Park (Baker and Allen woody and the seeds have a dense comm., 1994). Another threat is the risk 1976a, 1977; Carr and Baker 1977). covering of hairs. The species differs of extinction from naturally occurring Hibiscadelphus giffardianus has been from others in this endemic Hawaiian events and/or reduced reproductive listed as endangered in the IUCN Plant genus by its flower color, smaller flower vigor due to the single known Red Data Book (Lucas and Synge 1978). size, and toothlike bracts (Baker and population of few individuals. This taxon grows in mixed Montane Allen 1976b, Bates 1990, Degener Rock (Radlkofer and Rock 1911) Mesic Forest at elevations between 1932b, Radlkofer and Rock 1911). named Hibiscadelphus giffardianus to 1,200 and 1,310 m (3,900 and 4,300 ft) Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis was honor W.M. Giffard, who first saw the (Bates 1990; HHP 1991b; HPCC 1991b1, historically known from three taxon in 1911. This species was used as 1991b2). Associated taxa include ’ohi’a, populations, located in the Puu Waawaa the type specimen to describe koa, Sapindus saponaria (a’e), ho’i’o, region of Hualalai, on the island of 49380 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Hawaii (HHP 1993c1 to 1993c3; HPCC of two to five flowers have main Beaupre´ named Neraudia ovata from an 1990a, 1991c, 1992a). The last known flowering stalks 15 to 20 cm (5.9 to 7.9 additional specimen, and this has been wild tree was in Puu Waawaa I Plant in) long and each flower has a stalk maintained in the current taxonomic Sanctuary, owned and managed by the about 0.4 cm (0.2 in) long. Female treatment for the species. H.A. Weddell Department of Land and Natural flowers consist of four sepals about 1.5 considered this taxon a variety of Resources, State of Hawaii. This tree mm (0.05 in) long, four petals about 3 Neraudia melastomifolia, but this has died in 1992, but 12 cultivated trees mm (0.1 in) long, an eight-lobed nectary not been upheld by other taxonomists. have been planted within the fenced disk, eight reduced and nonfunctional S.L. Endlicher and E.G. Steudel placed sanctuary (HHP 1993c2; M. Bruegmann, stamens, and a hairless four-celled this species in the genus Boehmeria, but in litt., 1994; Joel Lau, HHP, in litt., ovary. Male flowers consist of four the current taxonomic treatment 1991). In addition, approximately ten sepals 3.5 mm (0.01 in) long, four petals maintains Neraudia as an endemic cultivated plants can be found near the about 6 mm (0.2 in) long, and eight Hawaiian genus. Harold St. John named State’s Kokia Sanctuary in Kaupulehu functional stamens in two whorls equal a new species, Neraudia cookii, from a (HPCC 1990a; Steven Bergfeld, DOFAW, to or longer than the petals. The fruit is collection by David Nelson on Cook’s pers. comm., 1994). Cultivated squarish, 12 to 14 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) 1779 voyage to Hawaii (St. John 1976). individuals were planted in Kipuka long, and up to 30 mm (1.2 in) wide. That specimen is considered to be Puaulu in HVNP, but were removed to Melicope zahlbruckneri is distinguished Neraudia ovata in the current prevent further hybridization with the from other species of the genus by its taxonomic treatment (Cowan 1949, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus plants that branching habit, large leaves, and very Wagner et al. 1990). are native to the kipuka (Baker and large, squarish capsules (Rock 1913, Neraudia ovata, of the nettle family Allen 1977, 1978). Stone 1969, Stone et al. 1990). (Urticaceae), is a sprawling or rarely This species grows in mixed Dry to Historically, Melicope zahlbruckneri erect shrub with stems 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 Mesic Forest remnants on lava fields, at was known only from the island of ft) long, and branches bearing short, elevations between 915 and 1,020 m Hawaii near Glenwood, in Kipuka somewhat erect hairs. The alternate, (3,000 and 3,350 ft) (Bates 1990; HHP Puaulu, and at Moaula in Kau (Degener thin, stalked leaves are smooth- 1993c3; HPCC 1991c, 1992a). 1930, HHP 1991c1 to 1991c3, HPCC margined, grayish on the undersurface, Associated taxa include ’ohi’a, 1991d, Rock 1913, Stone 1969, Stone et 5 to 14 cm (2 to 5.5 in) long and 2 to Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Sophora al. 1990). Today, the species is known 6.5 cm (0.8 to 2.6 in) wide, and have chrysophylla (mamane), naio, Pouteria to be extant only in Kipuka Puaulu, on spreading, curved, nearly translucent sandwicensis (’ala’a), Charpentiera sp. land owned by HVNP, with 30 to 35 hairs. Male and female flowers are (papala), Nothocestrum sp. (’aiea), individuals remaining (HHP 1991c2; found on separate plants. Male flowers Claoxylon sandwicense (po’ola), and HPCC 1991d; L. Pratt, pers. comm., have extremely short stalks and a Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu 1994). The species is reproducing at this densely hairy calyx. Female flowers grass) (HHP 1993c3; HPCC 1991c, fenced site, and juvenile plants are have no stalks and a densely hairy, boat- 1992a; J. Lau, in litt., 1991). present (L. Pratt, pers. comm., 1994). shaped calyx. The fruit is an achene (a The major threats to Hibiscadelphus This species is found in koa- and ’ohi’a- dry one-seeded fruit that does not open hualalaiensis are fire; cattle, pigs, and dominated Montane Mesic Forest at at maturity). This species is sheep (Ovis aries) that may get through elevations between 1,195 and 1,300 m distinguished from others in this the fence; flower and feeding by (3,920 and 4,265 ft) (HHP 1991c2, HPCC endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, roof rats; competition from alien plants 1991d, Stone et al. 1990). Associated length, and posture of the hairs on the such as Kikuyu grass and Lantana taxa include pilo, a’e, mamaki, kopiko, lower leaf surface; smooth leaf margin; camara (lantana); ranching activities; olopua, naio, Pisonia sp. (papala), and the boat-shaped calyx of the female habitat change from volcanic activity; several species of Melicope (alani), flower (Cowan 1949, Wagner et al. and a risk of extinction from naturally ho’i’o, ’a’ali’i, and the introduced 1990). occurring events and/or reduced grasses, meadow ricegrass, Hilo grass, Historically, Neraudia ovata was reproductive vigor due to the small and Dallis grass (HHP 1991c2; HPCC found on the island of Hawaii on the number of known cultivated individuals 1991d; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; L. Kona coast from North Kona and Kau from a single parent (Anonymous 1920; Pratt, pers. comm., 1994). (Cowan 1949; HHP 1991d1 to 1991d3, Baker and Allen 1978; HHP 1993c3; The major threats to Melicope 1993d1 to 1993d7; Hillebrand 1888; St. HPCC 1991c, 1992a; M. Bruegmann, in zahlbruckneri are the two-spotted John 1976 and 1981; Skottsberg 1944). litt., 1994). leafhopper; competition from the Only one extant population of two Based on a specimen he collected in introduced grasses meadow ricegrass, individuals is known from privately 1911 in Kipuka Puaulu, on the island of Hilo grass, and Dallis grass; habitat owned land in Kaloko, North Kona Hawaii, Rock (1913) described Pelea change due to volcanic activity; (Nishida 1993; Warshauer and Gerrish zahlbruckneri, in honor of Dr. A. potential fruit damage by rats; and a risk 1993; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). An Zahlbruckner, director of the Botanical of extinction from naturally occurring additional population at Kipuka Museum in Vienna. Pelea has since events and/or reduced reproductive Kalawamauna, on the boundary of the been submerged into Melicope, creating vigor due to the small number of U.S. Army’s Pohakuloa Training Area, the combination Melicope zahlbruckneri individuals in the one remaining was last seen in 1980 and is assumed to (Stone et al. 1990). population (HPCC 1991d; M. be extirpated (HHP 1993d4, 1993d5). Melicope zahlbruckneri, of the citrus Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; L. Pratt, pers. Neraudia ovata grows in open ’ohi’a- family (Rutaceae), is a medium-sized comm., 1994). and mamane-dominated Lowland and tree 10 to 12 m (33 to 40 ft) tall. New Neraudia pyrifolia was named by Montane Dry Forests at elevations of growth is covered with yellowish Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre´ from 115 m (380 ft) at Kaloko and 1,325 and brown, fine, short, curly hairs. The material he collected in the early 1800s 1,460 m (4,350 to 4,800 ft) at Kipuka opposite, stalked, elliptically oblong on the island of Hawaii (Cowan 1949). Kalawamauna (HHP 1993d4, 1993d5; leaves are 6 to 24 cm (2.4 to 9.5 in) long This name was determined to be Nishida 1993; M. Bruegmann, in litt., and 4 to 12.5 cm (1.6 to 4.9 in) wide, invalidly published, lacking an 1994). Associated taxa include with well defined lateral veins. Clusters adequate description. Gaudichaud- Reynoldsia sandwicensis (’ohe), naio, Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49381

Cocculus triloba (huehue), and Schinus and Kipuka Ahiu areas of Mauna Loa upward-pointing hairs, and has terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), as (Clarke et al. 1983; HHP 1990a1, triangular lobes. The white corolla is well as the federally endangered 1991a2, 1991e1 to 1991e4; Pratt and densely covered with upward-pointing Nothocestrum breviflorum (ai’ae), Cuddihy 1990; Sherff 1935, 1951; Jack hairs and is two-lipped, with a slightly proposed endangered Pleomele Jeffrey, USFWS, in litt., 1993; Jaan curved tube about 12 mm (0.4 in) long, hawaiiensis (hala pepe), and other Lepson, University of Hawaii (UH), in upper lip 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long, species of concern, including Capparis litt., 1990). Today, three populations of and lower lip 4 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) sandwichiana (pua pilo), Fimbristylis the species are known to occur on long. Fruits are divided into four nutlets hawaiiensis, and Bidens micrantha ssp. private and State lands in the Kulani/ about 4 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. ctenophylla (ko’oko’olau) (Nishida Keauhou area and on Federal land This species is distinguished from 1993; Warshauer and Gerrish 1993; M. managed as the Hakalau National others in this genus by its silky hairs, Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Wildlife Refuge. Together, these three lack of a main stalk to the flower The major threats to Neraudia ovata populations comprise 25 to 45 clusters, and calyx teeth that are narrow are competition from alien plants such individuals (HHP 1991e1, 1991e4; and sharply pointed (Sherff 1935, as Christmas berry, Leucaena HPCC 1991d; J. Jeffrey, in litt., 1993; J. Wagner et al. 1990). leucocephala (koa haole), and Lepson, in litt., 1993; J. Jeffrey, pers. Historically, Phyllostegia velutina Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass); comm., 1994). occurred on the island of Hawaii on the habitat change due to volcanic activity; Phyllostegia racemosa is typically southern slopes of Hualalai and the residential development; insects such as found epiphytically in disturbed koa-, eastern, western, and southern slopes of spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus ’ohi’a-, and tree fern-dominated Mauna Loa (Clarke et al. 1983, HHP dispersus); and a risk of extinction from Montane Mesic or Wet Forests at 1991f1 to 1991f4, Sherff 1935, Wagner et naturally occurring events and/or elevations between 1,400 and 1,850 m al. 1990). Two extant populations are reduced reproductive vigor due to the (4,650 to 6,070 ft) (Clarke et al. 1983; known to occur at Puu Waawaa on a small number of existing individuals in HHP 1991e1, 1991e4; HPCC 1991e; State-owned wildlife sanctuary and at the one remaining population (Nishida Wagner et al. 1990; J. Jeffrey, in litt., Kulani/Keauhou on a State-owned 1993; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). 1993). Associated taxa include correctional facility and adjacent From a specimen collected by James Vaccinium calycinum (ohelo), Rubus privately owned land (Clarke et al. Macrae on Mauna Kea, on the island of hawaiiensis (akala), and Dryopteris 1983; HHP 1991f1; HPCC 1990b, 1991f, Hawaii, Bentham named Phyllostegia wallichiana. 1992b; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; Jon racemosa in 1830 (Sherff 1935). The The major threats to Phyllostegia Giffin, DOFAW, pers. comm., 1994). current treatment of the genus includes racemosa are habitat disturbance by Approximately 25 to 50 plants are E.E. Sherff’s (1935) Phyllostegia feral pigs and cattle; logging; known from these two populations racemosa var. bryanii with Phyllostegia competition from alien plant taxa such (HHP 1991f1; HPCC 1990b, 1991f, mannii, rather than with this species as Passiflora mollissima (banana poka), 1992b; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). A (Wagner et al. 1990). Kikuyu grass, Anthoxanthum odoratum third population has been reported from Phyllostegia racemosa, of the mint (sweet vernalgrass), and Paspalum the general area of Waiea Tract in South family (), is a climbing vine urvillei (Vasey grass); habitat change Kona, but the exact location and current with many-branched, square stems and due to volcanic activity; and a risk of status of this population are unknown spicy-smelling leaves. Leaves are extinction from naturally occurring (HHP 1991f2). opposite, moderately covered with events and/or reduced reproductive Phyllostegia velutina typically grows short, soft hairs, dotted with small vigor due to the small number of in ’ohi’a- and koa-dominated Montane glands, 3.4 to 6 cm (1.3 to 2.4 in) long, existing populations and individuals Mesic and Wet Forests at elevations and 1.4 to 4.3 cm (0.6 to 1.7 in) wide, (Clarke et al. 1983; HHP 1991e1, between 1,490 and 1,800 m (4,900 and with shallow, rounded teeth. The leaf 1991e4; HPCC 1991e; Pratt and Cuddihy 6,000 ft) (Clarke et al. 1983; HHP stalks are densely covered with short 1990). 1991f1; HPCC 1990b, 1991f, 1992b; hairs. Flower clusters, densely covered Based on a specimen collected on Wagner et al. 1990). Associated taxa with short soft hairs, are comprised of Mauna Kea by the U.S. Exploring include tree ferns, Cheirodendron 6 to 12 flowers with individual flower Expedition in 1840, Sherff described a trigynum (’olapa), ’ohelo, pilo, stalks 1 to 3 mm (0.04 to 0.12 in) long new variety of Phyllostegia Dryopteris wallichiana, akala, mamaki, and leaflike bracts. The green bell- macrophylla, variety velutina, named ho’i’o, Myrsine sp. (kolea), and Ilex shaped calyx is about 3.5 to 5 mm (0.1 for its velvety leaves and stems (Sherff anomala (kawa’u). to 0.2 in) long, covered with glands, and 1935). St. John (1987b) determined that Threats to Phyllostegia velutina are has triangular lobes. The white corolla this entity was sufficiently different to habitat damage by cattle, feral pigs and is two-lipped, with a tube about 7 to 10 constitute a separate species, sheep; prison facility expansion, road mm (0.3 to 0.4 in) long, upper lip 2 to Phyllostegia velutina, which has been clearing, and logging; competition from 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1) long, and lower lip maintained in the current treatment of alien plants such as Kikuyu grass, 4 to 5 mm (0.16 to 0.2 in) long. Fruits the genus (Wagner et al. 1990). Rubus ellipticus (yellow Himalayan are divided into four nutlets about 1.5 Phyllostegia velutina, of the mint raspberry), Vasey grass, and fountain to 2 mm (0.06 to 0.08 in) long. This family, is a climbing vine with dense, grass; fire; habitat change due to species is distinguished from others in backward-pointing hairs on the leaves volcanic activity; and a risk of this genus by its leaf shape, lack of a and square stems. The hairs are silky on extinction from naturally occurring main stalk to the flower clusters, and the opposite, narrow, toothed leaves, events and/or reduced reproductive calyx teeth that are rounded and which are 9.2 to 17.5 cm (3.6 to 6.9 in) vigor due to the small number of shallow (Hillebrand 1888, Sherff 1935, long and 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) wide. existing populations and individuals Wagner et al. 1990). Six to 10 flowers are borne in an (HHP 1991f1; HPCC 1990b, 1991f, Historically, Phyllostegia racemosa unbranched inflorescence with 1992b; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). was found only on the island of Hawaii conspicuous leaflike bracts. The green Phyllostegia ambigua var. longipes in the Hakalau and Saddle Road areas bell-shaped calyx is 6 to 7 mm (0.2 to was first collected by J.M. Lydgate and of Mauna Kea and the Kulani/Keauhou 0.3 in) long, densely covered with named by Hillebrand (1888). The type 49382 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules locality was suggested to be ‘‘probably (haha), and other species of Cyanea Tunison et al. 1991; M. Bruegmann, in East Maui’’ (Hillebrand 1888), but this is (HPCC 1992c). litt., 1994; Samuel Gon III, HHP, in litt., assumed to be in error, since Rock’s The major threats to Phyllostegia 1992; J. Lau, in litts., 1990 and 1993; L. field notes indicate that he and Lydgate warshaueri are habitat destruction by Pratt, in litt., 1994; Clyde Imada, Bishop were in the Kohala Mountains at the pigs; competition from alien plant taxa Museum, pers. comm., 1994). The only time of that collection (Cuddihy 1982, such as thimbleberry, strawberry guava, populations that are successfully Wagner et al. 1990). E.E. Sherff did not Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass), Juncus reproducing are at Kaloko and Holei consider Phyllostegia ambigua different planifolius, and Tibouchina herbacea Pali (M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). from Phyllostegia brevidens, and created (glorybush); ditch improvements; and a Pleomele hawaiiensis typically grows the combination Phyllostegia brevidens risk of extinction from naturally on open aa lava in diverse Lowland Dry var. longipes (Sherff 1935). Based on occurring events and/or reduced Forests at elevations between 300 and newly collected material, St. John reproductive vigor due to the small 800 m (1,000 and 2,700 ft) (HHP considered this variety sufficiently number of existing individuals in the 1991h1, 1991h2, 1991h4, 1991h5, different to warrant designation as the one remaining population (HPCC 1992c; 1993f3, 1993f4; HPCC 1991g, 1992d, species Phyllostegia warshaueri (St. M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). 1993b; Wagner et al. 1990; S. Gon, in John 1987b). The current treatment has Otto and Isabelle Degener named litt., 1992; J. Lau, in litts., 1990 and maintained this species (Wagner et al. Pleomele hawaiiensis from a specimen 1993). Associated taxa include ’ohi’a, 1990). collected in 1977, which was first lama, mamane, Sydrax odoratum Phyllostegia warshaueri, of the mint validly published in 1980 (Degener and (alahe’e), huehue, naio, olopua, family, is either a sprawling or climbing Degener 1980). Some experts considered Nototrichium sandwicense (kulu’i), Sida vine with end branches turning up, this genus to be part of the larger genus fallax (’ilima), Erythrina sandwicensis Dracaena, but this combination has not covered with upward-pointing fine, (wiliwili), Santalum sp. (’iliahi), been upheld. St. John (1985) short hairs on the square stems which Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (’ulei), and distinguished two separate species, are about 1 to 3 m (3.3 to 10 ft) long. fountain grass as a dominant ground Pleomele haupukehuensis and P. The opposite, nearly hairless, toothed cover, as well as three federally konaensis, which the current treatment leaves are 9.5 to 20 cm (3.7 to 7.9 in) endangered species (Caesalpinia includes in Pleomele hawaiiensis long and 2 to 6.6 cm (0.8 to 2.6 in) wide. kavaiensis (uhiuhi), Colubrina (Wagner et al. 1990). Six to 14 flowers are borne in an oppositifolia (kauila), and Nothocestrum Pleomele hawaiiensis, of the agave breviflorum (ai’ae)), proposed unbranched inflorescence up to 20 cm family (Agavaceae), is a branching tree, endangered Neraudia ovata, and other (7.9 in) long with a main stalk 25 to 40 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft) tall, with leaves species of concern, including Capparis mm (1.0 to 1.6 in) long and conspicuous spirally clustered at the tips of branches sandwichiana (pua pilo) and Bidens leaflike bracts. The green, hairless, cone- and leaving large brown leaf scars as micrantha ssp. ctenophylla shaped calyx is 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 they fall off. The leaves measure 23 to (ko’oko’olau) (Char 1987; HHP 1991h2, in) long and has triangular lobes. The 38 cm (9 to 15 in) long and 1.4 to 2.7 1991h4 to 1991h6; HPCC 1991g, 1992d, corolla is white with a dark rose upper cm (0.6 to 1 in) wide. Flowers are 1993b; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; S. lip, sparsely hairy, and has a tube about numerous in terminal clusters with a Gon, in litt., 1992; J. Lau, in litts., 1990 18 to 20 mm (0.7 to 0.8 in) long, upper main stalk 6 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long and 1993). lip about 6 mm (0.2 in) long, and lower and individual flower stalks 5 to 12 mm The major threats to Pleomele lip 12 to 15 mm (0.5 to 0.6) long. Fruits (0.2 to 0.5 in) long. The three sepals and hawaiiensis are habitat conversion are divided into four nutlets about 6 to three petals of the flower are similar and associated with residential and 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. This species pale yellow, 33 to 43 mm (1.3 to 1.7 in) recreational development; habitat is distinguished from others in this long, with a constricted base. The fruit destruction by cattle, pigs, sheep, and genus by its long main stalk to the is a red berry about 10 to 13 mm (0.4 goats (Capra hircus); fire (which flower clusters, toothed leaves, and the to 0.5 in) long. This species differs from destroyed a large portion of one Puu distribution of hairs (Sherff 1935, other Hawaiian species in this genus by Waawaa population in 1986); Wagner et al. 1990). its pale yellow flowers, the size of the competition from alien plant taxa such Historically, Phyllostegia warshaueri flowers, the length of the constricted as fountain grass, koa haole, Christmas was found only on the island of Hawaii, base of the flower, and the width of the berry, and lantana; habitat change due in the Hamakua region on the northern leaves (Degener and Degener 1930, St. to volcanic activity; and the lack of slopes of Mauna Kea and in the Kohala John 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). reproduction in all but two populations Mountains (Clarke et al. 1981; Cuddihy Historically, Pleomele hawaiiensis (Char 1987; HHP 1991h2, 1991h4, 1982; HHP 1991g1 to 1991g3, 1993e). was found only on the island of Hawaii 1991h5; HPCC 1991g, 1992d, 1993b; The only known individual occurs near ranging from Hualalai to Kau (Degener Nagata 1984; M. Bruegmann, in litt., the Hamakua Ditch Trail in the Kohala and Degener 1980; HHP 1991h1 to 1994; J. Lau, in litt., 1990; C. Imada, Mountains, on privately owned land 1991h8, 1993f1 to 1993f4; HPCC 1991g, pers. comm., 1994). (HPCC 1992c; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1992d, 1993b; St. John 1985; Tunison et Donald Hodel (1985) described 1994). This species grows in ’ohi’a al. 1991; Wagner et al. 1990). Six to Pritchardia schattaueri based on a Montane Wet Forest in which koa or eight populations are currently known— specimen collected from plants olapa may codominate, at elevations one to three in the Puu Waawaa region discovered by George Schattauer in between 730 and 1,150 m (2,400 and of Hualalai on State-leased and private 1957 (M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). 3,770 ft) (Clarke et al. 1981; Cuddihy et land; two in the Kaloko/Kaloao area on Pritchardia schattaueri, of the palm al. 1982; HHP 1991g1, 1991g2; HPCC private land; two in the Kapua/Kahuku family (), is a large palm 30 to 1992c; Wagner et al. 1990). Associated area on private land; and one on Holei 40 m (100 to 130 ft) tall with a gray, taxa include Sadleria sp. (’amau), tree Pali within HVNP. These populations longitudinally grooved trunk 30 cm (12 ferns, Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), total 250 to 300 individuals (Char 1987; in) in diameter. Leaves form a spherical mamaki, Dubautia plantaginea HHP 1991h1, 1991h2, 1991h4, 1991h5, crown and are sometimes persistent (na’ena’e), ’oha wai, ho’i’o, Machaerina 1993f3, 1993f4; HPCC 1991g, 1992d, after death. Leaves are fan-shaped, angustifolia (’uki’uki), Cyanea pilosa 1993b; Nagata 1984; Nishida 1993; glossy green with small brown scales on Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49383 the lower surface, up to 3.6 m (11.8 ft) John 1978, Telford 1990). Ian Telford due to volcanic activity; and a risk of long and 1.7 m (5.6 ft) wide. Flowers are returned this entity to the genus Sicyos, extinction from naturally occurring on two- to four-branched maintaining the species as Sicyos alba events and/or reduced reproductive with a main stalk 1.2 to 1.75 m (3.9 to (Telford 1989). vigor due to the small number of 5.7 ft) long and individual branches 1 to Sicyos alba, of the gourd family existing individuals (HHP 1991j1; HPCC 1.4 m (3.2 to 4.6 ft) long. The five bracts (Cucurbitaceae), is an annual vine up to 1991h, 1993c). are lance-shaped, the lowest one 60 cm 20 m (65 ft) long, minutely hairy, and Horace Mann described Zanthoxylum (2 ft) long, and the uppermost one 20 to black-spotted. Leaves are pale, broadly dipetalum in 1867, and Rock named a 30 cm (9 to 12 in) long. The calyx is heart-shaped, shallowly to deeply three- new variety Zanthoxylum dipetalum green, shading to yellow-green at the to five-lobed, 7 to 11 cm (2.8 to 4.3 in) var. tomentosum, based on a specimen tip, three-toothed, 6 mm (0.2 in) long, long, and 9 to 12 cm (3.5 to 4.7 in) wide. he collected at Puu Waawaa on and 4 mm (0.1 in) wide. Fruits are Male and female flowers are borne in Hualalai, on the island of Hawaii, in round or pear-shaped, black with brown separate flower clusters on the same 1909 (Rock 1913). The specific epithet spots when mature, 3 to 5 cm (1.2 to 2 plant. Male flower clusters have main refers to the dense covering of soft hairs in) long, and 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) stalks 2.5 to 3.7 cm (1 to 1.5 in) long and on the undersurface of the leaflets. wide. This species differs from its individual flower stalks 2 to 4 mm (0.08 Some authors have placed Hawaiian closest relative, Pritchardia beccariana, to 0.1 in) long. The male flowers are taxa in the genus Fagara, resulting in F. by its slender inflorescence branches, white, five-lobed, dotted with glands, dipetala var. tomentosa (Stone et al. more deeply divided leaves, and and 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.09 in) long. 1990). However, Zanthoxylum pendulous rather than stiff tips of the The female flower clusters have two to dipetalum var. tomentosum is leaf blade segments (Hodel 1985, Read eight flowers, a main stalk 1 to 3.5 cm maintained in the current treatment of and Hodel 1990). (0.4 to 1.4 in) long, and no stalks on the the Hawaiian species (Stone et al. 1990). Pritchardia schattaueri is known from individual flowers. The flowers are Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. 12 individuals in 3 locations in South white and four-lobed, with the lobes 1.7 tomentosum, of the citrus family, is a Kona on the island of Hawaii, on to 2 mm (0.07 to 0.08 in) long. The fruit thornless tree 4 to 15 m (13 to 49 ft) tall privately owned land. Ten individuals is white, fleshy, oblong, 29 to 32 mm with a trunk up to 30 cm (12 in) in are known from a forest partially cleared (1.1 to 1.3 in) long, and 10 to 11 mm diameter. It has alternate leaves for pasture in Hoomau. Two other (about 0.4 in) wide. This species can be comprised of three to seven leathery, individuals are found singly at the edge distinguished from its nearest relative, elliptical, gland-dotted, smooth-edged of a macadamia nut farm and in an area Sicyos cucumerinus, by its white fruit leaflets usually 6 to 36 cm (2.4 to 12 in) owned by a development company. Ten without bristles and ten or fewer female long and 2.5 to 13.5 cm (1 to 5.3 in) seedlings have been planted near the flowers per cluster (St. John 1978, wide. The undersurface of the leaflets is macadamia farm individual (HHP Telford 1990). densely covered with fine, short hairs, 1991i1 to 1991i3; HPCC 1992e1, 1992e2; Historically, Sicyos alba was found and the lowest pair of leaflets is often Hodel 1980, 1985; M. Bruegmann, in only on the island of Hawaii, from strongly reduced. The stalks of the side litt., 1994). Mauna Kea, Kilauea, and the Puu leaflets have one joint each, and the Pritchardia schattaueri grows in Makaala area (HHP 1991j1 to 1991j4, St. stalk of the terminal leaflet has two ’ohi’a-dominated Lowland Mesic Forest, John 1978). Today, the two known joints. Flowers are usually either male at elevations between 600 and 800 m populations are restricted to Puu or female, and usually only one sex is (1,970 to 2,600 ft) (HHP 1991i1 to Makaala NAR and Olaa Forest Reserve, found on a single tree. Clusters of 5 to 1991i3; HPCC 1992e1, 1992e2; Hodel both on Stated-owned land in the Puna 15 flowers, 9 to 18 mm (0.4 to 0.7 in) 1985; Read and Hodel 1990). Associated District (HHP 1991j1; HPCC 1991h, long, have a main flower stalk 10 to 40 taxa include ’ohi’a, olopua, papala, tree 1993c). The number of individuals mm (0.4 to 1.6 in) long and individual ferns, kolea, and Pittosporum sp. fluctuates from year to year because this flower stalks 3 to 8 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) (ho’awa) (HHP 1991i2; HPCC 1992e1; species is an annual. At last report, only long. Each flower has four broadly M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). one individual was growing at Puu triangular sepals about 1 to 1.5 mm The major threats to Pritchardia Makaala NAR, but about 20 individuals (0.04 to 0.06 in) long and two or four schattaueri are grazing and trampling by are known from the Olaa population yellowish white petals, sometimes cattle and feral pigs; competition from (HPCC 1993c; M. Bruegmann, in litt., tinged with red, 6 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 alien plant taxa such as strawberry 1994; Steve Perlman, National Tropical in) long. The fruit is an oval follicle (dry guava, common guava, Kikuyu grass, Botanical Garden, pers. comm., 1994). fruit that opens along one side) 15 to 33 Christmas berry, and thimbleberry; seed Sicyos alba typically grows in ’ohi’a- mm (0.6 to 1.3 in) long, containing one predation by rats; residential and and tree fern-dominated Montane Wet black seed about 10 to 26 mm (0.4 to 1 commercial development; habitat Forests, at elevations between 975 and in) long. This variety is distinguished change due to volcanic activity; and a 1,130 m (3,200 to 3,720 ft) (HHP 1991j1; from Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. risk of extinction from naturally HPCC 1991h, 1993c; Telford 1990). dipetalum by the hairs on the occurring events and/or reduced Associated taxa include tree ferns, undersurface of the leaflets. It is reproductive vigor due to the small kawa’u, kanawao, ha’iwale, Stenogyne distinguished from other Hawaiian number of existing populations and sp., kopiko, Perrottetia sandwicensis species of the genus by its reduced individuals and the lack of successful (olomea), olapa, ho’i’o, and Cyanea lower leaflets, the presence of only one regeneration (HHP 1991i1 to 1991i3; tritomantha (haha) (HHP 1991j1; HPCC joint on some of the leaflet stalks, and HPCC 1992e1, 1992e2; Hodel 1980, 1991h, 1993c; M. Bruegmann, in litt., the large seeds (Rock 1913, Stone et al. 1985; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). 1994). 1990). First collected by the U.S. Exploring The major threats to Sicyos alba are Only one population of Zanthoxylum Expedition of 1840 and 1841, and habitat damage by feral pigs; trail dipetalum var. tomentosum has ever considered a new but unnamed variety clearing; competition from alien plant been known, located at Puu Waawaa on of Sicyos cucumerinus by Gray in 1854, taxa such as banana poka, palmgrass, Hualalai, on the island of Hawaii (HHP Sarx alba was named by St. John in strawberry guava, and yellow 1993g, Rock 1913, Stone et al. 1990). 1978, creating Sarx as a new genus (St. Himalayan raspberry; habitat change Approximately 24 individuals are now 49384 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules known, scattered through the area (HHP for approximately 1,700 C. fernaldii were synonymized. The 1993g; HPCC 1991i, 1993d; M. species, including all of the above resulting taxon, Cyanea platyphylla, Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; J. Giffin, in species considered to be endangered. was thought to be more common than litt., 1992; J. Lau, in litt., 1992). The list of 1,700 plant taxa was previous records indicated. Current Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. assembled on the basis of comments and information indicates that removing this tomentosum grows in degraded ’ohi’a- data received by the Smithsonian taxon from consideration for listing was dominated Montane Mesic Forest, often Institution and the Service in response inappropriate. Melicope zahlbruckneri on aa lava, at elevations between 915 to House Document No. 94–51 and the appeared as a Category 1 candidate in and 1,040 m (3,000 and 3,400 ft) (M. July 1, 1975, Federal Register the 1985 notice (as Pelea zahlbruckneri). Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Associated publication. This taxon was transferred into the species include mamane, lama, ’ala’a, General comments received in genus Melicope and its status was ’iliahi, ’ohe, kolea, and kopiko (HHP response to the 1976 proposal are changed to Category 2 in the 1990 1993g; HPCC 1993d). summarized in an April 26, 1978, notice. Pritchardia schattaueri was Threats to Zanthoxylum dipetalum Federal Register publication (43 FR considered a Category 2 species in the var. tomentosum include browsing, 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act 1985, 1990, and 1993 notices. trampling, and habitat disturbance by required that all proposals over two Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia cattle, feral pigs, and sheep; competition velutina, Phyllostegia warshaueri, from alien plant species such as Kikuyu years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to proposals Sicyos alba, and Zanthoxylum grass, fountain grass, lantana, koa haole, dipetalum var. tomentosum all first and Grevillea robusta (silk oak); habitat already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service appeared in the 1990 notice, and again change due to volcanic activity; and fire in 1993, as Category 2 species. (HHP 1993g; HPCC 1993d; M. published a notice in the Federal Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; J. Lau, in litt., Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the the Secretary to make findings on 1992). In addition, the species is portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal threatened by a risk of extinction from that had not been made final, along with petitions that present substantial naturally occurring events and/or four other proposals that had expired. information indicating the petitioned reduced reproductive vigor due to the The Service published updated notices action may be warranted within 12 small number of existing individuals in of review for plants on December 15, months of their receipt. Section 2(b)(1) only one population. 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 of the 1982 amendments further (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR requires all petitions pending on Previous Federal Action 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR October 13, 1982, be treated as having Federal action on these plants began 51144). All of the taxa in this proposal been newly submitted on that date. On as a result of section 12 of the (including synonymous taxa) have at October 13, 1983, the Service found that Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. one time or another been considered the petitioned listing of these taxa was 1533), which directed the Secretary of either Category 1 or Category 2 warranted, but precluded by other the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a candidates for Federal listing. Category pending listing actions, in accordance report on plants considered to be 1 species are those for which the Service with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act; endangered, threatened, or extinct in the has on file substantial information on notification of this finding was United States. This report, designated as biological vulnerability and threats to published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR House Document No. 94–51, was support preparation of listing proposals. 2485). Such a finding requires the presented to Congress on January 9, Category 2 species are those for which Service to consider the petition as 1975. In that document, Clermontia listing as endangered or threatened is having been resubmitted, pursuant to drepanomorpha, Cyanea platyphylla (as possibly appropriate, but for which section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The C. bryanii), Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, sufficient data on biological finding was reviewed in October of Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Melicope vulnerability and threats are not 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, zahlbruckneri (as Pelea zahlbruckneri), currently available to support proposed 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993. Publication and Neraudia ovata were considered to rules. Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and of the present proposed rule constitutes be endangered. Zanthoxylum dipetalum Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis were the final such finding for these taxa. var. tomentosum was considered to be considered Category 1 candidates on all Summary of Factors Affecting the threatened. On July 1, 1975, the Service five notices of review; Clermontia Species published a notice in the Federal drepanomorpha, Neraudia ovata, and Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance Pleomele hawaiiensis (including the Section 4 of the Endangered Species of the Smithsonian report as a petition synonym Dracaena hawaiiensis) were Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) within the context of section 4(c)(2) considered Category 1 species in the promulgated to implement the listing (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and 1980, 1983, and 1985 notices and provisions of the Act set forth the giving notice of its intention to review Category 2 species in the 1990 and 1993 procedures for adding species to the the status of the plant species named notices. Cyanea platyphylla (as Cyanea Federal lists. A species may be therein. As a result of that review, on bryanii and Cyanea fernaldii) was determined to be an endangered species June 16, 1976, the Service published a considered a Category 1 species in the due to one or more of the five factors proposed rule in the Federal Register 1980, 1983, and 1985 notices, but was described in section 4(a)(1). The threats (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered removed from consideration as a facing these 13 taxa are summarized in status pursuant to section 4 of the Act candidate in 1990 when C. bryanii and Table 1. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49385

TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF THREATS

Alien mammals Dis- Natural Human Species ease/in- Alien Fire disas- im- Limited Cattle Pigs Rats Sheep Goats sects plants ters pacts numbers*

Clermontia XXXX X1,3 drepanomorpha Cyanea platyphylla PPX X1,2 Hibiscadelphus XXXXX X1,3,4 giffardianus Hibiscadelphus PPXXXXXX X1,3,4 hualalaiensis Melicope zahlbruckneri PXXX X1,3 Neraudia ovata XXXX X1,2 Phyllostegia racemosa XXXXX X1,3 Phyllostegia velutina XXXXXXX X1,3 Phyllostegia warshaueri XXX X1,2 Pleomele hawaiiensis XXXXXXXX Pritchardia schattaueri XXXPXXX X1,3 Sicyos alba XXXX X1,2 Zanthoxylum dipetalum XXXXXXX X1,3 var. tomentosum Key: X = Immediate and significant threat. P = Potential threat. * = No more than 100 known individuals and/or no more than 5 known popu- lations. 1 = No more than 5 known populations. 2 = No more than 10 known individuals. 3 = No more than 100 known individuals. 4 = All original wild populations extinct; planted individuals only.

These factors and their application to 1848 provision for land sales to Forest Reserve and/or Conservation Clermontia drepanomorpha Rock (’oha individuals allowed large-scale District land. Feral cattle can presently wai), Cyanea platyphylla (A. Gray) agricultural and ranching ventures to be found on the island of Hawaii, and Hillbr. (haha), Hibiscadelphus begin. So much land was cleared for ranching is still a major commercial giffardianus Rock (hau kuahiwi), these enterprises that climatic activity there. Hunting of feral cattle is Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis Rock (hau conditions began to change, and the no longer allowed in Hawaii (Hawaii kuahiwi), Melicope zahlbruckneri Rock amount and distribution of rainfall were Department of Land and Natural (alani), Neraudia ovata Gaud. (no altered (Wenkam 1969). Plantation Resources (DLNR) 1985). Cattle eat common name (NCN)), Phyllostegia owners supported reforestation native vegetation, trample roots and racemosa Benth. (kiponapona), programs which resulted in many alien seedlings, cause erosion, create Phyllostegia velutina (Sherff) St. John trees being introduced in the hope that disturbed areas into which alien plants (NCN), Phyllostegia warshaueri St. John watersheds could be conserved. invade, and spread seeds of alien plants (NCN), Pleomele hawaiiensis Degener Past and present activities of in their feces and on their bodies. The and I. Degener (hala pepe), Pritchardia introduced alien mammals are the forest in areas grazed by cattle becomes schattaueri Hodel (loulu), Sicyos alba primary factors in altering and degraded to grassland pasture, and plant (St. John) Telford (’anunu), and degrading vegetation and habitats on the cover is reduced for many years Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. island of Hawaii where populations of following removal of cattle from an area. tomentosum Rock (a’e) are as follows: the proposed species occur. Feral Several alien grasses and legumes A. The present or threatened ungulates trample and eat native purposely introduced for cattle forage destruction, modification, or vegetation and disturb and open areas. have become noxious weeds (Cuddihy curtailment of its habitat or range. The This causes erosion and allows the entry and Stone 1990, Tomich 1986). habitats of the plants included in this of alien plant taxa (Cuddihy and Stone The habitats of many of the plants proposed rule have undergone extreme 1990, Wagner et al. 1990). Eleven taxa being proposed were degraded in the alteration because of past and present in this proposal are directly threatened past by feral cattle, and this has had land management practices, including by habitat degradation resulting from effects which still persist. Some taxa in deliberate alien animal and plant introduced ungulates: six taxa are this proposed rule that are still directly introductions; agricultural, commercial, threatened by cattle, one taxon by goats, affected by cattle include: Phyllostegia and urban development; and ten by pigs, and four by sheep. racemosa, Phyllostegia velutina, recreational use. Natural disturbances Cattle (Bos taurus), the wild Pleomele hawaiiensis, Pritchardia such as volcanic activity also destroy progenitor of which was native to schattaueri, and Zanthoxylum habitat and can have a significant effect Europe, northern Africa, and dipetalum var. tomentosum. The on small populations of plants. southwestern Asia, were introduced to Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis site is Competition with alien plants as well as the Hawaiian Islands in 1793. Large currently fenced to exclude cattle and destruction of plants and modification feral herds developed as a result of pigs, but these alien mammals of habitat by introduced animals are the restrictions on killing cattle decreed by constitute a potential threat to this taxon primary threats facing all of taxa being King Kamehameha I. While small cattle if the fencing is not monitored and proposed. (See Table 1.). ranches were developed on Kauai, maintained (HHP 1991i2, 1993g; HPCC Beginning with Captain James Cook in Oahu, and West Maui, very large 1991e, 1991i, 1992d, 1992e1, 1993b, 1792, early European explorers ranches of tens of thousands of acres 1993d; Hodel 1980, 1985; Pratt and introduced livestock, which became were created on East Maui and Hawaii. Cuddihy 1990; M. Bruegmann, in litt., feral, increased in number and range, Much of the land used in these private 1994; J. Jeffrey, pers. comm., 1994). and caused significant changes to the enterprises was leased from the State or Pigs (Sus scrofa) are originally native natural environment of Hawaii. The was privately owned and considered to Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, 49386 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules and Asia. European pigs, introduced to able to forage in extremely rugged ovata, Phyllostegia racemosa, Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778, terrain and have a high reproductive Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia became feral and invaded forested areas, capacity (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, warshaueri, Pleomele hawaiiensis, especially wet and mesic forests and dry Culliney 1988, Tomich 1986). Pleomele Pritchardia schattaueri, Sicyos alba, and areas at high elevations. They are hawaiiensis is currently threatened by Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. currently present on Kauai, Oahu, goats (Char 1987, HPCC 1993b). tomentosum. The lack of seedling Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii and inhabit Sheep (Ovis aries) have become production or survival in two of the taxa rain forests and grasslands. Pig hunting established on the island of Hawaii (Pleomele hawaiiensis and Pritchardia is allowed on all islands either year- (Tomich 1986) since their introduction schattaueri) and the occurrence of some round or during certain months, almost 200 years ago (Cuddihy and populations or taxa only in areas depending on the area (Hawaii DLNR Stone 1990). Sheep roam the upper inaccessible to ungulates seem to n.d., 1985). While rooting in the ground elevation dry forests of Hualalai (above indicate the effect that browsing in search of the invertebrates and plant 1,000 m (3,300 ft)), causing damage mammals, especially cattle and goats, material they eat, feral pigs disturb and similar to that of goats (Stone 1985). have had in restricting the distribution destroy vegetative cover, trample plants Sheep have decimated vast areas of of these plants. and seedlings, and threaten forest native forest and shrubland on Mauna Of the four species of rodents which regeneration by damaging seeds and Kea and continue to do so as a managed have been introduced to the Hawaiian seedlings. They disturb soil substrates game species. Sheep threaten the habitat Islands, the species with the greatest and cause erosion, especially on slopes. of the following proposed plant species: impact on the native flora and fauna is Alien plant seeds are dispersed in their Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, probably Rattus rattus (roof or black hooves and coats as well as through Phyllostegia velutina, Pleomele ), which now occurs on all the main their digestive tracts, and the disturbed hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum Hawaiian Islands around human soil is fertilized by their feces, helping dipetalum var. tomentosum (Cuddihy habitations, in cultivated fields, and in establish these plants (Cuddihy and and Stone 1990; Stone 1985; M. dry to wet forests. Roof rats, and to a Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985, Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). lesser extent Mus musculus (house Land development for housing and Tomich 1986, Wagner et al. 1990). Feral mouse), R. exulans (Polynesian rat), and commercial activities threatens pigs pose an immediate threat to one or R. norvegicus (Norway rat), eat the fruits Neraudia ovata, Pleomele hawaiiensis, more populations of the following of some native plants, especially those and Pritchardia schattaueri since proposed taxa: Clermontia with large, fleshy fruits. Many native individuals of these species grow on drepanomorpha, Phyllostegia racemosa, Hawaiian plants produce their fruit over private land that may be developed Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia an extended period of time, and this (Char 1987; HHP 1991j1; HPCC 1992e2; warshaueri, Pleomele hawaiiensis, produces a prolonged food supply Nagata 1984; M. Bruegmann, in litt., Pritchardia schattaueri, Sicyos alba, and which supports rodent populations 1994). In addition, the populations of Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Rats damage Phyllostegia velutina within the Kulani tomentosum. The Cyanea platyphylla Correctional Facility are potentially fruit of Pritchardia schattaueri and population is currently fenced to threatened by expansion of the prison fruits, flowers, and bark of exclude pigs and the Hibiscadelphus facilities (M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and hualalaiensis site to exclude pigs and B. Overutilization for commercial, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis (Baker cattle, but these alien mammals still recreational, scientific, or educational and Allen 1978; HPCC 1992e2; M. pose a potential threat to these taxa if purposes. Unrestricted collecting for Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; L. Pratt, pers. fencing is not monitored and scientific or horticultural purposes and comm., 1994). Rats probably feed on the maintained (Clarke et al. 1983; HHP excessive visits by individuals fruits of Cyanea platyphylla (M. 1991e1, 1991e4, 1991j1; HPCC 1990b, interested in seeing rare plants are Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Girdling by 1991a, 1991f, 1991h, 1992a to 1992d, potential threats to all of the proposed rats has been observed for Clermontia 1993a, 1993c; Pratt and Cuddihy 1990; taxa. This is a threat to Pleomele drepanomorpha (Bruegmann 1990). M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; J. Jeffrey hawaiiensis because little regeneration Sophonia rufofascia (two-spotted and L. Pratt, pers. comms., 1994). is occurring in the wild. The other 12 leafhopper) is a recently introduced Goats (Capra hircus), originally native taxa in this proposed rule are also insect that causes feeding damage on to the Middle East and India, were threatened by overcollection, since each leaves, typically in the form of stippling successfully introduced to the Hawaiian taxon comprises 1 to 3 populations and and yellowing. In addition to Islands in 1792, and currently there are 100 or fewer known individuals, or exist mechanical feeding damage, this insect populations on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, only as cultivated individuals. Any may introduce a plant virus. It is Maui, and Hawaii. On Hawaii, goats collection of whole plants or suspected of causing severe dieback of damage low-elevation dry forest, reproductive parts of any of these the native fern Dicranopteris linearis montane parkland, subalpine species could cause an adverse impact (uluhe) and economic damage to crops woodlands, and alpine grasslands. Goats on the gene pool and threaten the and ornamental plants in Hawaii. The are managed in Hawaii as a game survival of the species. two-spotted leafhopper is a threat to animal, but many herds populate C. Disease or predation. Pigs, cattle, Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and inaccessible areas where hunting has goats, or sheep have been reported in Melicope zahlbruckneri (M. Bruegmann, little effect on their numbers. Goat areas where populations of most of the in litt., 1994; Adam Asquith, USFWS, hunting is allowed year-round or during proposed taxa occur. As the taxa are not pers. comm., 1994). certain months, depending on the area known to be unpalatable to these The native plant bug, Hyalopeplus (Hawaii DLNR n.d., 1985). Goats browse ungulates, predation is a probable threat pellucidus, was found feeding and on introduced grasses and native plants, where those animals have been breeding on Hibiscadelphus especially in drier and more open reported, potentially affecting the giffardianus. Leaf yellowing is caused ecosystems. They also trample roots and following taxa: Clermontia by this insect, which has been known to seedlings, cause erosion, and promote drepanomorpha, Cyanea platyphylla, achieve large populations and cause the invasion of alien plants. They are Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, Neraudia economic damage to some crops (M. Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49387

Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; A. Asquith, districts, among other purposes, are conservation district boundaries to pers. comm., 1994). regarded as necessary for the protection include ‘‘the habitat of rare native Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling of endemic biological resources and the species of flora and fauna within the whitefly) was first collected on Oahu in maintenance or enhancement of the conservation district’’ (HRS, sect. 195D– 1978 (Nakahara 1981). Spiralling conservation of natural resources. 5.1). However, despite the existence of whitefly is a threat to Neraudia ovata Activities permitted in conservation various State laws and regulations (M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). districts are chosen by considering how which give protection to Hawaii’s native Some species of Pritchardia are best to make a multiple use of the land plants, their enforcement is difficult due known to be susceptible to lethal (HRS, sect. 205–2). Some uses, such as to limited funding and personnel. yellowing, which is a bacterium-like maintaining animals for hunting, are Listing of these 13 plant species would organism producing disease in many based on policy decisions, while others, trigger State listing under Hawaii’s palms. This disease is not yet reported such as preservation of endangered Endangered Species Act and in Hawaii, but if it were ever species, are mandated by State laws. supplement the protection available accidentally introduced on plant Requests for amendments to district under other State laws. The Federal Act material brought into the State, it would boundaries or variances within existing would offer additional protection to be a potential threat to Pritchardia classifications can be made by these species. For example, if they were schattaueri. In addition, cultivated government agencies and private to be listed as endangered, it would be Pritchardia specimens in areas outside landowners (HRS, sect. 205–4). Before a violation of the Act for any person to Hawaii may be affected by the disease decisions about these requests are made, remove, cut, dig up, damage, or destroy (Hull 1980). the impact of the proposed any such plant in knowing violation of D. The inadequacy of existing reclassification on ‘‘preservation or State law or regulation or in the course regulatory mechanisms. Hawaii’s maintenance of important natural of any violation of a State criminal Endangered Species Act states—‘‘Any systems or habitat’’ (HRS, sects. 205–4, trespass law. species of aquatic life, wildlife, or land 205–17) as well as the maintenance of Although two species, Hibiscadelphus plant that has been determined to be an natural resources is required to be taken giffardianus and Melicope endangered species pursuant to the into account (HRS, sects. 205–2, 205–4). zahlbruckneri, are restricted to Federal [Federal] Endangered Species Act shall For any proposed land use change land within HVNP and are actively be deemed to be an endangered species which will occur on county or State managed by the Park, they are still under the provisions of this chapter land, will be funded in part or whole by threatened with extinction from ** *’’ (Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS), county or State funds, or will occur naturally occurring events. sect. 195D–4(a)). Therefore, Federal within land classified as conservation Hibiscadelphus giffardianus is no longer listing would automatically invoke district, an environmental assessment is extant in the wild, and is known only listing under Hawaii State law, which required to determine whether or not from the 24 individuals that have been prohibits taking of endangered plants in the environment will be significantly replanted into original habitat by the the State and encourages conservation Park. Melicope zahlbruckneri is known by State agencies (HRS, sect. 195D–4 affected (HRS, chapt. 343). If it is found that an action will have a significant only from one population of 30 to 35 and 5). individuals. Both of these species are None of the 13 proposed taxa are effect, preparation of a full Environmental Impact Statement is threatened by the two-spotted presently listed as an endangered leafhopper, an introduced insect that is required. Hawaii environmental policy, species by the State of Hawaii. Seven of spreading throughout the Hawaiian and thus approval of land use, is the 13 proposed taxa have populations Islands, may reach epidemic required by law to safeguard ‘‘* * * the located on privately owned land. The proportions if not controlled, and for State’s unique natural environmental following taxa occur exclusively on which there is currently no known characteristics * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– State land—Cyanea platyphylla, control. Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, and 3(1)) and includes guidelines to ‘‘Protect E. Other natural or manmade factors Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. endangered species of individual plants affecting its continued existence. The tomentosum. Two of these taxa, and animals * * *’’ (HRS, sect. 344– small numbers of populations and Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis and 4(3)(A)). Federal listing, because it individuals of most of these taxa Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. automatically invokes State listing, increase the potential for extinction tomentosum, are found exclusively on would also trigger these other State from naturally occurring events. The State land leased to a private ranch. regulations protecting the plants. limited gene pool may depress Four of the taxa (Clermontia State laws relating to the conservation reproductive vigor, or a single human- drepanomorpha, Cyanea platyphylla, of biological resources allow for the caused or natural environmental Phyllostegia velutina, and Sicyos alba) acquisition of land as well as the disturbance could destroy a significant have one or more populations located in development and implementation of percentage of the individuals or the only State NARs or a State wildlife sanctuary, programs concerning the conservation known extant population. This which have rules and regulations for the of biological resources (HRS, sect. constitutes a major threat to 12 of the 13 protection of resources (Hawaii DLNR 195D–5(a)). The State also may enter taxa being proposed. (See Table 1.) Five 1981; HRS, sects. 183D–4, 184–5, 195– into agreements with Federal agencies of the proposed taxa, Cyanea 5, and 195–8). However, most of these to administer and manage any area platyphylla, Melicope zahlbruckneri, areas still support large populations of required for the conservation, Neraudia ovata, Phyllostegia pigs maintained for sport hunting (M. management, enhancement, or warshaueri, and Zanthoxylum Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). protection of endangered species (HRS, dipetalum var. tomentosum, are known One or more populations of 9 of the sect. 195D–5(c)). If listing were to occur, from a single population. Five other 13 proposed taxa are located on land funds for these activities could be made proposed taxa, Clermontia classified within conservation districts available under section 6 (State drepanomorpha, Phyllostegia racemosa, and owned by the State of Hawaii or Cooperative Agreements) of the Federal Phyllostegia velutina, Pritchardia private companies or individuals. Endangered Species Act. The Hawaii schattaueri, and Sicyos alba, are known Regardless of the owner, lands in these DLNR is mandated to initiate changes in from only two to five populations. 49388 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Twelve of the proposed taxa are understory, and causing damage and 1985, Wagner et al. 1985). Common estimated to number no more than 100 death to trees by the weight of the vines. guava threatens Pritchardia schattaueri known individuals. Two of these taxa, Animals, especially feral pigs, eat the and the only known population of Cyanea platyphylla and Neraudia ovata, fruit and distribute the seeds (Cuddihy Cyanea platyphylla (Cuddihy et al. number no more than 10 known and Stone 1990, Escobar 1990). Banana 1982; HPCC 1991a6, 1991a9; HPCC individuals, and one, Phyllostegia poka threatens Phyllostegia racemosa 1992e1; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). warshaueri, is known from only one and Sicyos alba (HPCC 1993c; J. Jeffrey, A recent introduction to the Hawaiian individual. Two taxa, Hibiscadelphus pers. comm., 1994). Passiflora ligularis Islands, Rubus ellipticus (yellow giffardianus and Hibiscadelphus (sweet granadilla) was first collected in Himalayan raspberry) is rapidly hualalaiensis, are extinct in the wild Hawaii in 1909, and has since spread to becoming a major weed pest in wet and are known only from cultivated mesic and wet areas of Kauai, Oahu, forests, pastures, and other open areas material. Lanai, and Hawaii (Escobar 1990). This on the island of Hawaii. It forms large One or more of 21 taxa of introduced taxon threatens the only known thorny thickets and displaces native plants threaten all 13 of the proposed population of Cyanea platyphylla plants. Its ability to invade the taxa. The original native flora of Hawaii (HPCC 1991a). After escaping from understory of wet forests enables it to consisted of about 1,000 species, 89 cultivation, Schinus terebinthifolius fill a niche presently unoccupied by any percent of which were endemic. Of the (Christmas berry) became naturalized on other major wet forest weed in Hawaii total native and naturalized Hawaiian most of the main Hawaiian Islands and (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). This has flora of 1,817 species, 47 percent were threatens Pleomele hawaiiensis and resulted in an extremely rapid introduced from other parts of the world Pritchardia schattaueri and the only population expansion of this alien plant and nearly 100 species have become known population of Neraudia ovata in recent years. Phyllostegia velutina pests (Wagner et al. 1990). Naturalized, (Nishida 1993; Wagner et al. 1990; M. and Sicyos alba are threatened by introduced plant taxa compete with Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Juncus yellow Himalayan raspberry (HPCC native plants for space, light, water, and planifolius is a perennial rush which 1990b, 1993c). A related species, Rubus nutrients (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). has naturalized in moist, open, rosifolius (thimbleberry), was Some of these taxa were brought to disturbed depressions on margins of introduced from Asia in the 1880s to the Hawaii by various groups of people, forests and in bogs on Kauai, Oahu, island of Hawaii and is now found in including the Polynesian immigrants, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (Coffey disturbed mesic and wet forests for food or cultural reasons. Plantation 1990). This taxon is a threat to the only throughout the Hawaiian Islands. owners, alarmed at the reduction of known individual of Phyllostegia Although it is less aggressive than other water resources for their crops caused warshaueri (M. Bruegmann, in litt., alien species of Rubus, thimbleberry can by the destruction of native forest cover 1994). become very abundant locally, by grazing feral animals, supported the Psidium cattleianum (strawberry especially in areas disturbed by pigs introduction of alien tree species for guava), an invasive shrub or small tree (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Wagner et al. reforestation. Ranchers intentionally native to tropical America, has become 1990). This species is a threat to introduced pasture grasses and other naturalized on all of the main Hawaiian Clermontia drepanomorpha and species for agriculture, and sometimes islands. Like Christmas berry, Pritchardia schattaueri and the only they inadvertently introduced weed strawberry guava is capable of forming known populations of Cyanea seeds as well. Other plants were brought dense stands that exclude other plant platyphylla and Phyllostegia warshaueri to Hawaii for their potential taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990) and is (Cuddihy et al. 1982; HHP 1991g2; horticultural value (Cuddihy and Stone dispersed mainly by feral pigs and fruit- HPCC 1991a, 1993a; M. Bruegmann, in 1990, Wenkam 1969). eating birds (Smith 1985). This alien litt., 1994). Lantana camara (lantana), brought to plant grows primarily in mesic and wet Grevillea robusta (silk oak) was Hawaii as an ornamental plant, is an habitats and provides food for several extensively planted in Hawaii for timber aggressive, thicket-forming shrub which alien animal species, including feral and is now naturalized on most of the can now be found on all of the main pigs and game birds, which disperse the main islands (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. islands in mesic forests, dry shrublands, plant’s seeds through the forest (Smith 1990). Silk oak threatens the only and other dry, disturbed habitats 1985, Wagner et al. 1985). Strawberry known population of Zanthoxylum (Wagner et al. 1990). Lantana threatens guava is considered one of the greatest dipetalum var. tomentosum (HPCC Pleomele hawaiiensis and the only alien plant threats to Hawaii’s rain 1993d). Tibouchina herbacea known populations of Neraudia ovata forests and is known to pose a direct (glorybush) first became established on and Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. threat to Pritchardia schattaueri and the island of Hawaii in the late 1970s tomentosum (HHP 1993c2; HPCC 1992a, Sicyos alba and the only known and, by 1982 was collected in Lanilili 1993b, 1993d; M. Bruegmann, in litt., populations of Cyanea platyphylla and on West Maui (Almeda 1990). Although 1994). Leucaena leucocephala (koa Phyllostegia warshaueri (Cuddihy et al. the disruptive potential of this alien haole), a naturalized shrub which is 1982; HHP 1991g2; HPCC 1991a, plant is not fully known, glorybush sometimes the dominant species in low 1992e1; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). appears to be invading mesic and wet elevation, dry, disturbed areas on all of Psidium guajava (common guava) was forests of Hawaii, and is considered a the main Hawaiian islands, threatens brought to Hawaii and has become threat to the only known individual of Neraudia ovata, Pleomele hawaiiensis, widely naturalized on all the main Phyllostegia warshaueri (HPCC 1992c). and Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. islands, forming dense stands in Several hundred species of grasses tomentosum (Geesnick et al. 1990; disturbed areas. Common guava invades have been introduced to the Hawaiian HPCC 1993d; Nishida 1993; M. disturbed sites, forming dense thickets Islands, many for animal forage. Of the Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). in dry as well as mesic and wet forests approximately 100 grass species which Passiflora mollissima (banana poka), a (Smith 1985, Wagner et al. 1990). This have become naturalized, 8 species woody vine, poses a serious problem to species also provides food for several threaten 11 of the 13 proposed taxa. mesic forests on Kauai and Hawaii by alien animal species, including feral Anthoxanthum odoratum (sweet covering trees, reducing the amount of pigs and game birds, which disperse the vernalgrass) is a perennial, tufted grass light which reaches trees as well as plant’s seeds through the forest (Smith which has naturalized in pastures, Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49389 disturbed areas in wet forest, and O’Connor 1990, Smith 1985). Fountain Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. sometimes in subalpine shrubland on grass threatens Phyllostegia velutina and tomentosum (HPCC 1991i, 1992a, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii and is a Pleomele hawaiiensis and the only 1993c2; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). threat to Phyllostegia racemosa known populations of Neraudia ovata Natural changes to habitat and (O’Connor 1990; J. Jeffrey, pers. comm. and Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. substrate can result in the death of 1994). The perennial grass Paspalum tomentosum (HHP 1991h5, 1993g; individual plants as well as the conjugatum (Hilo grass), naturalized in HPCC 1990a, 1991c, 1993b; Nishida destruction of their habitat. This moist to wet disturbed areas on most 1993; M. Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; J. especially affects the continued Hawaiian Islands, produces a dense Lau, in litt., 1990; C. Imada, pers. existence of taxa or populations with ground cover, even on poor soil, and comm., 1994). limited numbers and/or narrow ranges threatens the only known populations of Setaria palmifolia (palmgrass), native and is often exacerbated by human Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and to tropical Asia, has become naturalized disturbance and land use practices (See Melicope zahlbruckneri (Cuddihy and in mesic valleys, wet forests, and along Factor A.). Two of the five volcanoes Stone 1990; O’Connor 1990; Smith streams on Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and that make up the island of Hawaii, 1985; L. Pratt, pers. comm., 1994). A Hawaii. First collected in 1903, major Kilauea and Mauna Loa, are active and related species, Paspalum dilatatum infestations can now be found in the a third, Hualalai, is dormant but may (Dallis grass) has become naturalized Olaa area and the windward side of the erupt again. Ten of the proposed taxa and common in wet to dry grassland, island of Hawaii (Cuddihy and Stone are in areas where volcanic activity fields, and roadsides on most Hawaiian 1990, O’Connor 1990). Palmgrass is a could result in the destruction of all of Islands, and also threatens threat to Sicyos alba and the only the populations: Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus giffardianus and known individual of Phyllostegia giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Melicope zahlbruckneri (O’Connor warshaueri (HPCC 1993c; M. hualalaiensis, Melicope zahlbruckneri, 1990; L. Pratt, pers. comm., 1994). Bruegmann, in litt., 1994). Paspalum Neraudia ovata, Phyllostegia velutina, Ehrharta stipoides (meadow ricegrass) is urvillei (Vasey grass) is widespread in Pleomele hawaiiensis, Pritchardia naturalized in openings in wet forest disturbed areas on the islands of Maui schattaueri, Sicyos alba, and and other moist, shaded sites on Oahu, and Hawaii. It has invaded some rain Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. Maui, and Hawaii (O’Connor 1990). forests and montane mesic tomentosum. Some populations of Meadow ricegrass is the third grass communities, and is a threat to Phyllostegia racemosa are also species to threaten Hibiscadelphus Phyllostegia racemosa and Phyllostegia threatened by volcanic activity. giffardianus and Melicope velutina (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; People are more likely to come into zahlbruckneri. HPCC 1992b; O’Connor 1990; J. Jeffrey, contact with taxa which have All three of these grass species pers. comm., 1994). populations near trails or roads or in prevent seedling establishment of the Because Hawaiian plants were recreational areas. Alien plants may be two proposed species (L. Pratt, pers. subjected to fire during their evolution introduced into such areas as seeds on comm., 1994). only in areas of volcanic activity and footwear, or people may cause erosion, Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu from occasional lightning strikes, they trample plants, or start fires (Cuddihy grass), an aggressive perennial grass are not adapted to recurring fire regimes and Stone 1990). The following introduced to Hawaii as a pasture grass, and are unable to recover well following proposed taxa have populations in withstands trampling and grazing and a fire. Alien plants are often better recreational areas, close to roads or has naturalized on four Hawaiian adapted to fire than native plant species, trails, or in areas where ranching or Islands in dry to mesic forest. It and some fire-adapted grasses have logging is occurring, and are potentially produces thick mats which choke out become widespread in Hawaii. Native threatened by human disturbance: other plants and prevent their seedlings shrubland and dry forest can thus be Clermontia drepanomorpha, from establishing and has been declared converted to land dominated by alien Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis, a noxious weed by the U.S. Department grasses. The presence of such species in Phyllostegia racemosa, Phyllostegia of Agriculture (7 CFR 360) (O’Connor Hawaiian ecosystems greatly increases velutina, Sicyos alba, and Zanthoxylum 1990, Smith 1985). Kikuyu grass is a the intensity, extent, and frequency of dipetalum var. tomentosum (Bruegmann threat to Phyllostegia racemosa, fire, especially during drier months or 1990; Corn 1983; HHP 1991f1; HPCC Phyllostegia velutina, Pritchardia drought. Fire-adapted alien plant taxa 1991d, 1991h, 1992b; Pratt and Cuddihy schattaueri, and the only known can reestablish in a burned area, 1990; Stemmermann 1987). populations of Hibiscadelphus resulting in a reduction in the amount The Service has carefully assessed the hualalaiensis and Zanthoxylum of native vegetation after each fire. Fire best scientific and commercial dipetalum var. tomentosum (HHP can destroy dormant seeds as well as information available regarding the past, 1992b, 1993c2, 1993g; HPCC 1992a; M. plants, even in steep or inaccessible present, and future threats faced by Bruegmann, in litt., 1994; L. Lau, in litt., areas. Fires may result from natural these taxa in determining to propose 1990; J. Jeffrey, pers. comm., 1994). causes, or they may be accidentally or this rule. Based on this evaluation, the Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass) purposely set by humans. Three fires preferred action is to propose listing is a fire-adapted bunch grass that has have occurred in the Puu Waawaa/ these 13 plant taxa as endangered: spread rapidly over bare lava flows and Kaupulehu dry forests on the slopes of Clermontia drepanomorpha, Cyanea open areas on the island of Hawaii since Hualalai over the last ten years, and platyphylla, Hibiscadelphus its introduction in the early 1900s. have destroyed habitat as well as giffardianus, Hibiscadelphus Fountain grass is particularly individuals of many endangered and hualalaiensis, Melicope zahlbruckneri, detrimental to Hawaii’s dry forests proposed endangered species, including Neraudia ovata, Phyllostegia racemosa, because it is able to invade areas once Pleomele hawaiiensis (Cuddihy and Phyllostegia velutina, Phyllostegia dominated by native plants, where it Stone 1990; HHP 1991h4; HPCC 1992d, warshaueri, Pleomele hawaiiensis, interferes with plant regeneration, 1993b; J. Lau, in litt., 1990). Fire is also Pritchardia schattaueri, Sicyos alba, and carries fires into areas not usually prone a threat to Phyllostegia velutina and the Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. to fires, and increases the likelihood of only known populations of tomentosum. Twelve of the taxa fires (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis and proposed for listing number no more 49390 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules than 100 individuals and are known critical habitat would increase the Service. One or more populations of from 5 or fewer populations. The 13 degree of threat to these plants from take four of the proposed taxa are located on taxa are threatened by one or more of or vandalism and, therefore, could federally owned and/or managed land. the following—habitat degradation and/ contribute to their decline. The listing of Three taxa are located in HVNP and one or predation by cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, these taxa as endangered publicizes the taxon is found in Hakalau Forest insects, and rats; competition from alien rarity of the plants and, thus, can make National Wildlife Refuge. HVNP is plants; fire and volcanic activity; human these plants attractive to researchers, actively managing Kipuka Puaulu to impacts; and lack of legal protection or curiosity seekers, or collectors of rare maintain Melicope zahlbruckneri and difficulty in enforcing laws which are plants. All involved parties and the the cultivated plants of Hibiscadelphus already in effect. Small population size major landowners have been notified of giffardianus (Mountainspring 1985). and limited distribution make these taxa the location and importance of Staff at Hakalau National Wildlife particularly vulnerable to extinction protecting the habitat of these taxa. Refuge are monitoring Phyllostegia and/or reduced reproductive vigor from Additional protection of the habitat of racemosa populations and controlling naturally occurring events. Because these taxa will be addressed through the threats (J. Jeffrey, pers. comm., 1994). these 13 taxa are in danger of extinction recovery process and through the The Act and its implementing throughout all or a significant portion of section 7 consultation process. The regulations set forth a series of general their ranges, they are proposed to be Service finds that designation of critical prohibitions and exceptions that apply listed as endangered. habitat for these 13 taxa is not prudent to all endangered plant species. With Critical habitat is not being proposed at this time. Such a designation would respect to the 13 plant taxa proposed to for the 13 taxa included in this rule, for increase the degree of threat from be listed as endangered, all of the reasons discussed in the ‘‘Critical vandalism, collecting, or other human prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, Habitat’’ section of this proposal. activities and is unlikely to aid in the implemented by 50 CFR 17.61, will apply. These prohibitions, in part, make Critical Habitat conservation of these taxa. it illegal for any person subject to the Critical habitat is defined in section 3 Available Conservation Measures jurisdiction of the United States to of the Act as: (i) The specific areas Conservation measures provided to import or export any endangered plant; within the geographical area occupied taxa listed as endangered under the transport such species in interstate or by a species, at the time it is listed in Endangered Species Act include foreign commerce in the course of a accordance with the Act, on which are recognition, recovery actions, commercial activity; sell or offer for sale found those physical or biological requirements for Federal protection, and such species in interstate or foreign features (I) essential to the conservation prohibitions against certain activities. commerce; remove and reduce to of the species and (II) that may require Recognition through listing results in possession any such species from areas special management consideration or public awareness and conservation under Federal jurisdiction; maliciously protection and; (ii) specific areas actions by Federal, State, and local damage or destroy any such species on outside the geographical area occupied agencies, private organizations, and any area under Federal jurisdiction; or by a species at the time it is listed, upon individuals. The Act provides for remove, cut, dig up, damage, or destroy a determination that such areas are possible land acquisition and any such species on any other area in essential for the conservation of the cooperation with the State and requires knowing violation of any State law or species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use that recovery plans be developed for regulation including State criminal of all methods and procedures needed listed species. The protection required trespass law. Certain exceptions to the to bring the species to the point at of Federal agencies and the prohibitions prohibitions apply to agents of the which listing under the Act is no longer against certain activities involving listed Service and State conservation agencies. necessary. plants are discussed, in part, below. The Act and 50 CFR 17.62 and 17.63 Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as Section 7 (a) of the Act, as amended, also provide for the issuance of permits amended, and implementing regulations requires Federal agencies to evaluate to carry out otherwise prohibited (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the their actions with respect to any taxon activities involving endangered plant maximum extent prudent and that is proposed or listed as endangered species under certain circumstances. determinable, the Secretary designate and with respect to its critical habitat, Such permits are available for scientific critical habitat at the time a species is if any is being designated. Regulations purposes and to enhance the listed as endangered or threatened. The implementing this interagency propagation or survival of the species. It Service finds that designation of critical cooperation provision of the Act are is anticipated that few trade permits habitat is not presently prudent for codified at 50 CFR part 402. Section would be sought or issued for most of these 13 taxa. Service regulations (50 7(a)(4) requires Federal agencies to the 13 taxa, because they are not in CFR 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation confer with the Service on any action cultivation or common in the wild. of critical habitat is not prudent when that is likely to jeopardize the continued Requests for copies of the regulations one or both of the following situations existence of a species proposed for concerning listed plants and inquiries exist—(1) The species is threatened by listing or result in destruction or regarding prohibitions and permits may taking or other human activity, and adverse modification of proposed be addressed to the U.S. Fish and identification of critical habitat can be critical habitat. If a species is listed Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, expected to increase the degree of threat subsequently, section 7(a)(2) requires Endangered Species Permits, 911 N.E. to the species, or (2) such designation of Federal agencies to ensure that activities 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232– critical habitat would not be beneficial they authorize, fund, or carry out are not 4181 (telephone: 503/231–6241; to the species. As discussed under likely to jeopardize the continued facsimile: 503/231–6243). Factor B, these taxa are threatened by existence of such a species or to destroy overcollection, due to extremely low or adversely modify its critical habitat. Public Comments Solicited population size. The publication of If a Federal action may affect a listed The Service intends that any final precise maps and descriptions of critical species or its critical habitat, the action resulting from this proposal will habitat in the Federal Register and local responsible Federal agency must enter be as accurate and as effective as newspapers as required in a proposal for into formal consultation with the possible. Therefore, comments or Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules 49391 suggestions from the public, other proposal, if requested. Requests must be List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 concerned governmental agencies, the received within 45 days of the date of scientific community, industry, or any publication of the proposal in the Endangered and threatened species, other interested party concerning this Federal Register. Such requests must be Exports, Imports, Reporting and proposed rule are hereby solicited. made in writing and be addressed to the recordkeeping requirements, and Comments particularly are sought Pacific Islands Ecoregion Manager (see Transportation. ADDRESSES section). concerning: Proposed Regulation Promulgation (1) Biological, commercial trade, or National Environmental Policy Act other relevant data concerning any Accordingly, the Service hereby threat (or lack thereof) to these 13 taxa; The Fish and Wildlife Service has proposes to amend part 17, subchapter (2) The location of any additional determined that Environmental B of chapter I, title 50 of the Code of Assessments and Environmental Impact populations of these taxa and the Federal Regulations, as set forth below: reasons why any habitat should or Statements, as defined under the should not be determined to be critical authority of the National Environmental PART 17Ð[AMENDED] habitat as provided by section 4 of the Policy Act of 1969, need not be Act; prepared in connection with regulations 1. The authority citation for part 17 (3) Additional information concerning adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the continues to read as follows: the range, distribution, and population Endangered Species Act of 1973, as size of these taxa; and amended. A notice outlining the Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. (4) Current or planned activities in the Service’s reasons for this determination 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– range of these taxa and their possible was published in the Federal Register 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. impacts on these taxa. on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). 2. Section 17.12(h) is amended by The final decision on this proposal will take into consideration the References Cited adding the following, in alphabetical comments and any additional A complete list of all references cited order under FLOWERING PLANTS, to information received by the Service, and herein is available upon request from the List of Endangered and Threatened such communications may lead to a the Pacific Islands Ecoregion Office (see Plants to read as follows: ADDRESSES final regulation that differs from this section). § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. proposal. Author: The author of this proposed rule * * * * * The Endangered Species Act provides is Marie M. Bruegmann, Pacific Islands for one or more public hearings on this Ecoregion Office (see ADDRESSES section). (h) * * *

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS

******* Clermontia 'Oha wai ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA drepanomorpha. Bellflower.

******* Cyanea platyphylla .. Haha ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... CampanulaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA Bellflower.

******* Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... MalvaceaeÐMallow E ...... NA NA giffardianus.

******* Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... MalvaceaeÐMallow E ...... NA NA hualalaiensis.

******* Melicope Alani ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... RutaceaeÐCitrus ... E ...... NA NA zahlbruckneri.

******* Neraudia ovata ...... None ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... UrticaceaeÐNettle . E ...... NA NA

******* Phyllostegia Kiponapona ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint ... E ...... NA NA racemosa.

******* Phyllostegia velutina None ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint ... E ...... NA NA

******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... LamiaceaeÐMint ... E ...... NA NA warshaueri. 49392 Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 185 / Monday, September 25, 1995 / Proposed Rules

Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical habi- Special Scientific name Common name tat rules

******* Pleomele Hala pepe ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... AgavaceaeÐAgave E ...... NA NA hawaiiensis.

******* Pritchardia Loulu ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... ArecaceaeÐPalm .. E ...... NA NA schattaueri.

******* Sicyos alba ...... 'Anunu ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... CurcurbitaceaeÐ E ...... NA NA Gourd.

******* Zanthoxylum A'e ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... RutaceaeÐCitrus ... E ...... NA NA dipetalum var. tomentosum.

*******

Dated: August 18, 1995. John G. Rogers, Acting Director, Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 95–23646 Filed 9–22–95; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310±55±P