William Scharlott Mentor Aoife Mooney Undergraduate Symposium Kent State University Part One an Initial Investigation

WILLIAM SCHARLOTT MENTOR AOIFE MOONEY UNDERGRADUATE SYMPOSIUM KENT STATE UNIVERSITY PART ONE AN INITIAL INVESTIGATION

when i think of ancient greece, I see towering marble columns, the great Pantheon in Athens or Olympia’s temple of Zeus. These megalith- ic monuments showcase the power and prestige of the classical culture1 of that time. the iliad by Greek poet Homer is no exception. Written as an epic poem set during the Trojan War, this story chronicles the disagreement between King Agamemnon and flawed warrior, Achilles.

When picking what historical text I wanted to invigorate for a modern audience, I knew I needed to pick writing that was unapologetically historical. I wanted to immerse the reader into the experience of living through an ancient text with no doubt that it formally belonged in a completely different era. Ubiquitous throughout the story,the iliad is immediately and universally associated with culture and tradition of Ancient Greece.

Committing to the iliad, I claimed full responsibility to reawaken this artifact by relying considerably— if not solely, on typographic form. part four: an initial investigation research: How can a historical text feel exciting, bold & fresh?

my first question was this. I began developing research towards understanding what constitutes an object as historical or contemporary. I used a variety of examples of existing literature to help understand how various authors have reinterpreted a revered text. I used:

The Pocket Canon, Editors of Press Grove The Message, Eugene H. Peterson Origin of Species, Charles Darwin The Republic, Plato

Conclusion: Influencing the physical media and redefining purpose can help to revitalizing a historic text. exploration: Initial Type & Color Studies

Now the wind scatters the old leaves across the earth, now the living timber bursts with the new. Requiem, 18pt

Now the wind scatters the old leaves across the earth, now the living timber bursts with the new. Adobe Jenson, 20pt

Now the wind scatters the old leaves across the earth, now the living timber bursts with the new. Adobe Garamond Premier Pro, 18pt applied understanding

ii iii “Sons of Atreus,” he cried, and all other Achaeans, may the gods who dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, ZEUS LETO and to reach your homes safely; but free my daughter, & birthed APOLLLO and accept a ransom for her, in reverence to Apollo, obeyed. Not a word he spoke, but went by the shore of the sounding sea and prayed apart to King Apollo son of Jove.” whom lovely Leto had borne.

On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for “Hear Me” he cried, respecting the priest and taking the “O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and ransom that he offered; but not so holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might, Agamemnon, who spoke fiercely to him and sent him roughly away. oh thou of Sminthe. Ifhear I have ever decked me your temple with garlands, “Old man,” said he, “let me not find you tarrying about our ships, nor or burned your thigh-bones in fat of bulls or goats, yet coming hereafter. Your sceptre grant my prayer, and let your arrows avenge these my of the god and your wreath shall profit you nothing. I will not free Thus did he pray, and Apollo heard his prayer. He came down fu- her. She shall grow old in my house rious from the summits of Olympus, with his bow and his quiver at Argos far from her own home, upon his shoulder, and the arrows rattled on his back with the busying herself with her loom and rage that trembled within him. visiting my couch; so go, and do He sat himself down away from the ships with a face as dark as not provoke me or it shall be the night, and his silver bow rang death as he shot his arrow in the worse for you.” midst of them. First he smote their mules and their hounds, but presently he aimed his shafts at the people themselves, and all The old man feared him and day long the pyres of the dead were burning.

iv v

And Achilles answered, “Fear not, but speak as it is borne in upon With these words he sat down, and Agamemnon rose in anger. His heart was black with rage, and his eyes flashed fire as he you from heaven, for by Apollo, scowled on Calchas and said, “Seer of evil, you never yet prophesied smooth things concerning me, but have ever loved to fore- Calchas, to whom you pray, and whose tell that which was evil. You have brought me neither comfort nor performance; and now you come seeing among Danaans, oracles you reveal to us, not a Danaan and saying that Apollo has plagued us because I would not take a ransom for this girl, the daughter of Chryses. I have set my heart at our ships shall lay his handAnd Achilles upon answered, you, on keeping her in my own house, for I love her better even than my own wife Clytemnestra1, whose peer she is alike in form and while I yet live to look upon the face feature, in understanding and accomplishments. Still I will give of the earth- no, not though you name her up if I must, for I would have the people live, not die; but

Agamemnon himself, who is by far the you must find me a prize instead, or I alone among the Argives shall be without one. This is not well; for you behold, all of you, foremost of the Achaeans.” that my prize is to go elsewhither.”

And Achilles answered, “Most noble son of Atreus, covetous beyond all mankind, how shall the Achaeans find you another prize? We have no common store from which to take one. Those we took from the cities have been awarded; we cannot disallow the awards that have been made already. Give this girl, therefore, to the Thereon the seer spoke boldly. god, and if ever Jove grants us to “The god,” he said, “is angry neither about vow nor hecatomb, but for his priest’s sake, whom Agamemnon has dis- sack the city of Troy we will re- honoured, in that he would not free his daughter nor take quite you three and fourfold.” a ransom for her; therefore has he sent these evils upon us, and will yet send others. He will not deliver the Danaans 1 Clytemnestra from this pestilence till Agamemnon has restored the girl Ferchill andipis vernatem qui dolo everum unt volesequam quiae. Soluptae volorpo reniae without fee or ransom to her father, and has sent a holy necus Pit, quo idunt quundig nimodisci cuptate voluptat omnisim poritenia sum ditio. Nequia velecab oreiciusae omnimus, voluptios millestiones ipiditatem aut essi dem. Ebitiur, se nis hecatomb to Chryse. Thus we may perhaps appease him.” remporum explabo. Et quo evelit exped moluptam cumet expellab in possiti idion reprem qui. "Wife," said jove, "I can do help for there is no standing against Jove. Once before when I was trying to help you, he caught me by the foot and fl ung me from the heavenly threshold. All day long from morn till eve, nothing but you suspect me and was I falling, till at sunset I came to ground in the island of Lem- nos, and there I lay, with very little life left in me, till the Sintians find it out. came and tended me."

You will take nothing by it, for I shall only dislike you the Juno smiled at this, and as she smiled she took the cup from more, and it will go harder with you. Granted that it is as you her son's hands. Th en Vulcan drew sweet nectar from the say; I mean to have it so; sit down and hold your tongue as I bid mixing-bowl, and served it round among the gods, going from you for if I once begin to lay my hands about you, though all left to right; and the blessed gods laughed out a loud applause as heaven were on your side it would profi t you nothing." they saw him ing bustling about the heavenly mansion.

On this Juno was frightened, so she curbed her stubborn will Th us through the livelong day to the going down of the sun they and sat down in silence. But the heavenly beings were disqui- feasted, and every one had his full share, so that all were satisfi ed. eted throughout the house of Jove, till the cunning workman Apollo struck his lyre, and the Muses lift ed up their sweet voices, Vulcan began to try and pacify his mother Juno. calling and answering one another. But when the sun's glorious light had faded, they went home to bed, each in his own abode, "It will be intolerable," said he, "if you two fall to wrangling and which lame Vulcan with his consummate skill had fashioned for setting heaven in an uproar about a pack of mortals. If such ill them. So Jove, the Olympian Lord of Th under, hied him to the counsels are to prevail, we shall have no pleasure at our banquet. bed in which he always slept; and when he had got on to it he Let me then advise my mother- and she must herself know that went to sleep, with Juno of the golden throne by his side. it will be better- to make friends with my dear father Jove, lest he again scold her and disturb our feast. If the Olympian Th un- derer wants to hurl us all from our seats, he can do so, for he is far the strongest, so give him fair words, and he will then soon be in a good humour with us."

"Wife," said jove, "I can do help for there is no standing against Jove. Once before when I was trying to help you, he caught me by the foot and fl ung me nothing but you suspect me and from the heavenly threshold. All day long from morn till eve, was I falling, till at sunset I came to ground in the island of Lem- nos, and there I lay, with very little life left in me, till the Sintians find it out. came and tended me."

As he spoke, he took a double cup of nectar, and placed it in his mother's hand. "Cheer up, my dear mother," said he, "and make the best of it. I love you dearly, and should be very sorry to see you get a thrashing; however grieved I might be, I could not PART TWO RESEARCH of "INTERPRETATION" 2 i had to ask myself what it meant to interpret. I investigated what an interpretation of something could extend to. As the iliad is so much a sacred text, how much is essential to its core? How much Iliad could I take away before my interpretation no longer retained itself?

I used L. Frank Baum's the wizard of oz as a case study that helped me investigate how a classic story could be retold repeatedly without losing what made it so special. I collected multiple editions of the book covers online and then scouted the Kent State and local libraries to find different versions. Regardless of the visuals, each copy retained the story, which was the essential core of the composition.

I used this knowledge to empower myself to find a different way of interpretation. How could I manipulate the text to create an immediate visceral and emotional response from the reader? I asked myself, "how could I uti- lize typography not to act as a supplement or secondary level of informa- tion, but as an equal infusion with the primary source material?" part two: research of "interpretation"

research: What is a reinterpretation?

as a case study, I used the Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum to examine multiple reinterpretations of his text and the different conventions people employed to gen- erate a new rendition of the original text. From pop-up books to fully illustrated renditions, these recreations preserved the text but did not manipulate it. I experimented with the way manipulated type could intertwine and become the vehicle of the story telling:

Conclusion: Typography may be manipulated to guide the reader through the story, rather than graphics/illustrations. understanding: How do I want the book to feel? guided considered enjoyable to touch harkening to the past enduring beautiful intentional deliberately paced meaningful impactful respectful bold

How can this be accomplished using visual vernacular? using pacing establish weights experiment with media typeface type conventions considered typography bold risk taking pacing pages crafted negative space bold typography type choice/variants graphic elements applied understanding

i iv

And Achilles answered,

“Fear not, but speak as it is borne in upon y o u f r

m h e a

eal to us, not a Danaan a v t o u e v e

O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of n , f o And y Achillesou. answered, r s h

Peleus, that brought countless ills upon n o i the Achaeans. r b p s h p

y A

Many a brave soul did a c l e s y o u r

r n a h s i h y a l l l it send hurrying down d s u a to p o

Hades l

l o ,

and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so h o s e

d n a , y a r p u o y m o h w o t , s a h c l a were the counsels of Jove fulfi lled from the day on which the son w C of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, fi rst fell out with one another. While I yet live to look upon the face of the earth- no, not though you name Agamemnon himself, who is And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? by far the foremost of the Achaeans." It was the son of Jove and Leto; for he was angry with the king Th ereon the seer spoke boldly. and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, KING QUEEN “Th e god,” he said, “is angry neither about vow nor because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest. ATREUS AEROPE hecatomb, but for his priest’s sake, whom Agamemnon has birthed dishonoured, in that he would not free his daughter nor Now Chryses had come to the ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter, and had brought AGAMEMNON take a ransom for her; therefore has he sent these evils upon

with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the nt’s

lia w us, and will yet send others. He will not deliver the Danaans r

p e h a sup t s c e p t r e o f A p o l l o wreathed with a and he besought from this pestilence till Agamemnon has restored the girl the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs. without fee or ransom to her father, and has sent a holy hecatomb to Chryse. Th us we may perhaps appease him.”

ii iii “Sons of Atreus,” red him and ookkee,, bbuutt ww feare obey hee sp eenntt b hee he cried, Th e ld man ounding s yed. No a worrd whom lo byy tthe s ore ooff tth Th e old m sounding sea an . Nott a w poolllloo whom lovveely he shhore t bbyy a ly L n t nd pr ingg Ap Leetto wween raayeed aapaarrtt ttoo Kin o hhaadd bboorrnnee.. bbuutt

and all other Achaeans, may the gods who dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, and to reach your homes safely; but free my daughter, “Hear Me” and accept a ransom for her in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove.” he cried, “O god of the silver bow, that protect est Chryse and On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might, hear me oh thou respecting the priest and taking the ransom that he off ered; of Sminthe. If I have ever decked your temple with garlands, or burned your thigh AA STYNOME bones in fat of bulls or goats, grant my prayer, and let your arrows avenge these my tears upon the Danaans.” was also named but not so Agamemnon, who sp oke fi ercely to him and sent him CHRYSEIS roughly away.

said he, “let me not fi nd you tarrying “Old man,” Th us did he pray, and Apollo heard his prayer. about our ships, e a r He came down furious from the summits of Olympus, f nor yet coming hereaft er. She shall grow old grow old She shall with his bow and his quiver upon his shoulder, and the Your sceptre of the god and your wreath h arrows rattled on his back with the rage that trembled w i t shall profi t you nothing. I will not fr ee her. He sat himself down away from the ships with a face as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he own home, busying herself with her and loom and do not provoke me or it shall be the be or worse it shall for you”

in my house from far at her Argos shot his arrow in the midst of them. First he smote their mules and their hounds, but presently he aimed his shaft s at the people themselves, and all day long the pyres of the dead were burning. visiting my couch; so go, visiting so go, my couch; For nine whole days he shot his arrows among the people, but upon the tenth day Achilles called them in assembly- moved thereto by Juno, who saw the Achaeans in their death-throes and had compassion upon them. Th en, when they were got together, he rose and spoke among them. i ii

"Sons of Atreus," he said and all other Achaeans, may the gods who dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, and to reach your homes safely; but free my daughter, and accept a ransom for her in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove.” On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for respecting the priest and taking the ransom that he off ered; but not so Agamemnon, who sp oke fi ercely to him and sent AA STYNOME was also named him roughly away. So he went back in anger, and Apollo, who CHRYSEIS loved him dearly, heard his prayer. sing O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon Th en the god sent a deadly dart upon the Argives, and the the Achaeans. people died thick on one another, for the arrows went everywhither among the wide host of the Achaeans. At last a seer in Many a brave soul did the fulness of his knowledge declared to us the oracles of Apollo, it send hurrying down and I was myself fi rst to say that we should appease him. Where- to on the son of Atreus rose in anger, and threatened that which he Hades has since done. Th e Achaeans are now taking the girl in a ship to and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so Chryse, and sending gift s of sacrifi ce to the god; but the heralds were the counsels of Jove fulfi lled from the day on which the son have just taken from my tent the daughter of Briseus, whom the of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, Achaeans had awarded to myself. fi rst fell out with one another.

"Help your brave son, therefore, if you are able. Go to Olympus, And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? and if you have ever done him service in word or deed, implore It was the son of Jove and Leto; for he was angry with the king the aid of Jove. Oft times in my father's house have I heard you birthed and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, glory in that you alone of the immortals saved the son of Saturn because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest. from ruin, when the others, with Juno, Neptune, and Pallas Minerva would have put him in bonds. It was you, goddess, Now Chryses had come to the ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter, and had brought who delivered him by calling to Olympus the hundred-handed

with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the ant’s monster whom gods call Briareus, but men Aegaeon, for he is

li w

p e

h a s c e p t r e o f A p o l l o wreathed with a sup t and he besought stronger even than his father; when therefore he took his seat the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs. all-glorious beside the son of Saturn, the other gods were afraid, and did not bind him. Go, then, to him, remind him of all this, clasp his knees, and bid him give succour to the Trojans.

xiii xiiv

"Wife," said jove, "I can do help for there is no standing against Jove. Once before when I was trying to help you, he caught me by the foot and fl ung me from the heavenly threshold. All day long from morn till eve, nothing but you suspect me and was I falling, till at sunset I came to ground in the island of Lem- nos, and there I lay, with very little life left in me, till the Sintians find it out. came and tended me."

ii “Sons of

said he, “let me not fi nd you tarrying Atreus,” ld man,” red him and o sp oke, but we “ fea be he nt e O y h b he cried, Th e ld man ounding s ed. No a word whom lo y the s ore of t o s ea an t pollo vely h t by about our ships, d p g A Let wen rayed apart to Kin o had borne. but nor yet coming hereaft er. and all other Achaeans, may the gods who Your sceptre of the god and your wreath dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, shall profi t you nothing. and to reach your homes safely; but free my daughter,

and accept a ransom for her in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove.” She shall grow old old grow shall She I will not fr ee her. On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for

in my house at Argos far from her her from far Argos at house my in respecting the priest and taking the ransom that he off ered; STYNOME

own home, home, own AA was also named but not so Agamemnon, who sp oke fi ercely to him and sent him busying herself with her and loom visiting my couch; so go, visiting so go, my couch; and do not provoke me the be or worse it shall for you” CHRYSEIS roughly away.

“Old man,” said he, “let me not fi nd you tarrying about our ships, nor yet coming hereaft er. She shall grow old grow old She shall Your sceptre of the god and your wreath shall profi t you nothing. I will not fr ee her. and do not provoke me own home, busying herself with her and loom or it shall be the be or worse it shall for you” in my house from far at her Argos visiting my couch; so go, visiting so go, my couch;

iii ii

"Sons of Atreus," he said and all other Achaeans, may the gods who dwell in Olympus grant you to sack the city of Priam, and to reach your homes safely; but free my daughter, and accept a ransom for her in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove.” ared him and ob sp oke, but wen On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice were for an fe eye rd he t by f the Th e old m sounding sea d. Not a wo ollo whom love the shore o by respecting the priest and taking the ransom that he off ered; and Ap ly Le ent praye King to had ut w d apart to borne. b but not so Agamemnon, who sp oke fi ercely to him and sent him roughly away. So he went back in anger, and Apollo, who loved him dearly, heard his prayer. “Hear Me” he cried, Th en the god sent a deadly dart upon the Argives, and the “O god of the silver bow, that protect est Chryse and people died thick on one another, for the arrows went every- holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might, hear me oh thou whither among the wide host of the Achaeans. At last a seer in of Sminthe. If I have ever decked your temple with garlands, or burned your thigh the fulness of his knowledge declared to us the oracles of Apollo, bones in fat of bulls or goats, grant my prayer, and let your arrows avenge these my tears upon the Danaans.” and I was myself fi rst to say that we should appease him. Where- on the son of Atreus rose in anger, and threatened that which he has since done. Th e Achaeans are now taking the girl in a ship to Chryse, and sending gift s of sacrifi ce to the god; but the heralds AA STYNOME Th us did he pray, and Apollo heard his prayer. e a r was also named have just taken from my tent the daughter of Briseus, whom the He came down furious from the summits of Olympus, f CHRYSEIS Achaeans had awarded to myself.

with his bow and his quiver upon his shoulder, and the h arrows rattled on his back with the rage that trembled w i t "Help your brave son, therefore, if you are able. Go to Olympus, and if you have ever done him service in word or deed, implore He sat himself down away from the ships with a face as dark as night, and his silver bow rang death as he the aid of Jove. Oft times in my father's house have I heard you shot his arrow in the midst of them. First he smote their mules and their hounds, but presently he aimed glory in that you alone of the immortals saved the son of Saturn his shaft s at the people themselves, and all day long the pyres of the dead were burning. from ruin, when the others, with Juno, Neptune, and Pallas Minerva would have put him in bonds. It was you, goddess, For nine whole days he shot his arrows among the people, but upon the tenth day Achilles called them in who delivered him by calling to Olympus the hundred-handed assembly- moved thereto by Juno, who saw the Achaeans in their death-throes and had compassion upon monster whom gods call Briareus, but men Aegaeon, for he is them. Th en, when they were got together, he rose and spoke among them. stronger even than his father; when therefore he took his seat all-glorious beside the son of Saturn, the other gods were afraid, and did not bind him. Go, then, to him, remind him of all this, clasp his knees, and bid him give succour to the Trojans. v iv

And Achilles answered, With these words he sat down, and Agamemnon rose in anger. Fear not, but speak as it is borne in upon His heart was black with rage, and his eyes fl ashed fi re as he “ scowled on Calchas and said, you from heaven, for by Apollo, you never yet prophesied smooth things concerning me, but Calchas, to whom you pray, and “Seer of have ever loved to foretell that which was evil. You have brought me neither comfort nor performance; and now you come seeing whose oracles you reveal to evil, among Danaans, and saying that Apollo has plagued us because I would not take a ransom for this girl, the daughter of Chryses. us, not a Danaan at our And Achilles answered, I have set my heart on keeping her in my own house, for I love her better even than my own wife Clytemnes- ships shall lay his tra1, whose peer she is alike in form and feature, in understanding and accomplishments. Still I will give her up if I must, for I would have the people live, not die; but you must fi nd me a prize instead, or I alone among hand upon you. the Argives shall be without one. Th is is not well; for you behold, all of you, that my prize is to go elsewhither.”

give this girl, therefore, to

the god, and if ever Jove grants Th ereon the seer spoke boldly. us to sack the city of Troy we will KING QUEEN “Th e god,” he said, “is angry neither about vow nor ATREUS AEROPE hecatomb, but for his priest’s sake, whom Agamemnon has birthed dishonoured, in that he would not free his daughter nor requite you three and fourfold.” AGAMEMNON take a ransom for her; therefore has he sent these evils upon us, and will yet send others. He will not deliver the Danaans 1 Clytemnestra Clytemnestra was the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda and therefore was Helen’s half-sister. from this pestilence till Agamemnon has restored the girl She married Tantalus, son of the king of Mycenae named Th ysetes. Agamemnon later mur- without fee or ransom to her father, and has sent a holy heca- dered Tantalus as well as Tantalus and Clytemnestra’s child. Agamemnon then proceeded to marry Clytemnestra, thus gaining the throne of Mycenae for himself. tomb to Chryse. Th us we may perhaps appease him.”

v i

With these words he sat down, and Agamemnon rose in anger. His heart was black with rage, and his eyes fl ashed fi re as he scowled on Calchas and said,

you never yet prophesied smooth things concerning me, but “Seer of have ever loved to foretell that which was evil. You have brought me neither comfort nor performance; and now you come seeing evil, among Danaans, and saying that Apollo has plagued us because I O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of would not take a ransom for this girl, the daughter of Chryses. Peleus, that brought countless ills upon I have set my heart on keeping her in my own house, for I love her better even than my own wife Clytem- sing nestra1, whose peer she is alike in form and feature, in understanding and accomplishments. Still I will give the Achaeans. her up if I must, for I would have the people live, not die; but you must fi nd me a prize instead, or I alone Many a brave soul did among the Argives shall be without one. Th is is not well; for you behold, all of you, that my prize is to go it send hurrying elsewhither.” down to Hades And Achilles answered, “Most noble son of Atreus, covetous beyond all mankind, how shall the Achaeans and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so fi nd you another prize? We have no common store from which to take one. Th ose we took from the cities were the counsels of Jove fulfi lled from the day on which the son have been awarded; we cannot disallow the awards that have been made already. of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, fi rst fell out with one another. give this girl, therefore, to And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel? It was the son of Jove and Leto; for he was angry with the king the god, and if ever Jove grants birthed and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest. us to sack the city of Troy we will requite you three and fourfold.” Now Chryses had come to the ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter, and had brought

with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the ant’s

li w

p e

h a s c e p t r e o f A p o l l o wreathed with a sup t and he besought 1 Clytemnestra Clytemnestra was the daughter of Tyndareus and Leda and therefore was Helen’s half-sister. the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs. She married Tantalus, son of the king of Mycenae named Th ysetes. Agamemnon later mur- dered Tantalus as well as Tantalus and Clytemnestra’s child. Agamemnon then proceeded to marry Clytemnestra, thus gaining the throne of Mycenae for himself. applied understanding

xiii the best of it. I love you dearly, and should be very sorry to see xiiv you get a thrashing; however grieved I might be, I could not help for there is no standing against Jove. "Wife," said jove, "I can do Once before when I was trying to help you, nothing but you suspect me and he caught me by t he f find it out. oo You will take nothing by it, for I shall only dislike you the t more, and it will go harder with you. Granted that it is as you say; I mean to have it so; sit down and hold your tongue as I bid ff uunngg you for if I once begin to lay my hands about you, though all ll heaven were on your side it would profi t you nothing." meme On this Juno was frightened, so she curbed her stubborn will oolldd.. and sat down in silence. But the heavenly beings were disqui- hrreesshh eted throughout the house of Jove, till the cunning workman oomm yy tth Vulcan began to try and pacify his mother Juno. ll

ffrr eenn All day long from morn till eve,

vv g "It will be intolerable," said he, "if you two fall to wrangling and

aa was I n

setting heaven in an uproar about a pack of mortals. If such ill i

l ee l

counsels are to prevail, we shall have no pleasure at our banquet. a t

hh f i , l Let me then advise my mother- and she must herself know that l a ee t

it will be better- to make friends with my dear father Jove, lest s u he again scold her and disturb our feast. If the Olympian Th un- hh n s tt e derer wants to hurl us all from our seats, he can do so, for he is t

far the strongest, so give him fair words, and he will then soon c a be in a good humour with us." m

o As he spoke, he took a double cup of nectar, and placed it in his mother's hand. "Cheer up, my dear mother," said he, "and make ground in the island of Lemnos, and there I lay, with very little life left in me, till the Sintians came and tended me." PART THREE THE FUNCTIONS of TYPOGRAPHY 3 the role of typography in this project was equally valued with the copy itself. Instead of allowing typography to be a flourishing accent, I sculpted moments in the story by using type as the vehicle of communica- tion. I created a hierarchy that would help dictate when typographic flour- ishes ought to be most substantial.

HIERARCHY OF TYPOGRAPHIC TREATMENTS: minuscule moments small caps & ligatures small moments glyphs, characters, rules, symbols medium moments use of negative space, increased scale large moments breaking planes, concrete typography extreme moments color, pacing, physical media

Requiem is the typeface used for all elements of this project. The delicacy and quiet restraint within and around the letter forms celebrate an human- istic movement. I needed to choose a typeface that was both versatile but very strong. The characters and space needed to be freely manipulated and still retain a mathematical structure. part three: the functions of typography

research: How can I convey meaning through type?

the power of type shows multiple times, demonstra- tions of moments (all according to the established hierarchy) that use the text as a vehicle and the type as the road. After researching different forms on concrete typography, I was able to begin to apply my own applications of cre- ating moments out of the scenes occurring, very much aware of the context and overall tone I needed to convey. The smaller moments were easier to construct for they relied on simplicity. Reference the sliced "cut down" [left]

the island as a way for the type to demonstrate the word itself. of lemnos , Conclusion: Smaller moments that often require little amounts of manipulation prove to be more intimate. application: How can small, typographic moments empower the narrative of the story?

i n a f a i r w d f l u n g interrupted applied understanding

B OOK B OOK B OK OO B O XIV I K X III I B K X I O O X O O I I K B I I I For X X B K O O I I O O V K B X THE

B K O nine O whole days, he shot ILIAD O V O X O K B

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arrows among the people,

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O "Son of Atreus,"

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who saw the Achaeans in

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their death— VI

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K O but upon the tenth day O

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Then, when they Achilles called them I were got together, he in assembly— V rose and spoke among them. throes and had compassion uponIV them.

he iliad: book i 2

go g O o d O d d d e e ss ,the ange of Peleus, that brough r of Ach Achaeans. M t countl illes son any a brave less ills u down t e soul d pon the to Hades an id it send hurrying d many a h r to dogs and v ero did it y y ultures, for s ield a pre so were the counsels of

A nd which of f the gods wa the s as iit that set tthem wass on of Jove an m ontto quarrrrell?? IItt nd Leto;; ffor h e was angry wiitth tthe kiing and sseentt aa pestiillence u upon the host to pllague tthe peoplle,, becaussee tthee sson off daughter, and had brought with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the sceptre of Apollo wreathed with a suppliant’s wreath and he besought the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs. PART FOUR EXPLORING the VISUAL VERNACULAR

while the visuals of this project primarily relied on typography,4 the en- tire visual language was built to be quiet and recede from the foreground. I investigated a plethora of physical media and explored how different materials affected the mood, pacing and emotion of the project just as much the type did.

I experimented with using different paper stocks. Initially, I explored what bright neons felt like juxtaposed against the fluid type. Referencing the modern-day CMYK vs RGB color, these bright neons felt new and bold but drained the type of the beautiful quiet moments while flooding the page with loud color.

Using Japanese rice paper was a complete contrast from my previous ex- periments. The soft and woven paper felt beautifully preserved. Although it looked worn, it felt timeless as bookends at either side of each book. A typographic pattern was printed as an extra layer to give the paper a tactile experience as if you were really feeling the texture of a thousand commas. These Explorations not only helped me understand what this book was, but also gave me a great understanding of what it was not, as well. part four: exploring the visual vernacular

research: How can physical media support the content?

i experimented with a variety of different paper stocks. I wanted to stay away from bleached-white, laser copy paper and move towards a visual that felt beautiful yet enduring. The Japanese rice paper was appropriate for its soft texture, complimented by the printed typographic texture on its surface. The thread was matched to the ink color of its respectful book. The stitching is minimally invasive to recede and allow the design to come forward. Pulpboard was used to create the carrying case. This material compliments the books and adds a textural quality.

Conclusion: Carefully testing physical materials allows their presence to feel meaningful and enduring. experimentation: Media Tests PART FIVE DEVELOPING GRIDS and STRUCTURE i researched a variety of hand-held objects that I use and appreciate5 on a daily-basis. These included books, an iPad mini, my own computer, a clipboard and the size of my own hands. I created mockups in attempts to understand what constitutes an object to be enjoyable to interact with.

These mockups lead me to garnering the exact size for my books: 5"x7". This size gave the individual book a personal, intimate experience while still retaining the content and maneuverability. From this point, I developed a working grid for my spreads. I utilized the golden ratio to create an aesthet- ically pleasing, mathematically balanced symmetry across all pages. Even the lock-ups on the titles received the same golden-ratio treatment.

There were certain parameters I set that confined my limits. These were helpful in allowing me more room to "play" with the content I had already generated:

1. established page number location 2. established header location 3. established body copy size and position 4. established hierarchy for levels of typographic treatment part five: developing grids & structure

research: How does structure contribute to function?

the golden ratio was used in the construction of Greek temples such as the Parthenon or the acropolis of Athens. Also known as the, "divine proportion," this rationale is a number encountered when taking the ratios of distances in simple geometric figures like a pentagon, pentagram, decagon and dodecahedron.

Conclusion: The golden ratio helps make the book's spreads balanced and dynamic. This equation will be applied throughout other parts of the project.

application: Implementing grids and structure:

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book nº1

ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY HOMER TRANSLATED TEXT BY book nº1 5⁄₆ SAMUEL BUTLER vertical exterior margin: .5"

book nº1

ORIGINALLY WRITTEN BY HOMER TRANSLATED TEXT BY SAMUEL BUTLER

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k bo bo o ok k bo o o ok b XXIV I II I k XI I bo o X o o k b II I X II

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book no1

Sing, O goddess, the anger of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Achaeans. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Jove fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another. And which of the gods was it that set them on to quarrel?

It was the son of Jove and Leto; for he was angry with the king and sent a pestilence upon the host to plague the people, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses his priest. Now Chryses had come to the ships of the Achaeans to free his daughter, and had brought with him a great ransom: moreover he bore in his hand the sceptre of Apollo wreathed with a suppliants wreath and he besought the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of Atreus, who were their chiefs. vertical interior margin: 1.5"

2 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 3

Sons of Atreus, he cried, and all other Achaeans, Thus did he pray, may the gods who dwell in Olympus grant you to and Apollo heard his prayer. sack the city of Priam, and to reach your homes in safety; but free my daughter, and accept a ransom for her, in reverence to Apollo, son of Jove. He came do On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice from the s wn were for respecting the priest and taking the ran- umm som that he offered; but not so Agamemnon, who with his b its fu ow and o rious spoke fiercely to him and sent him roughly away. should hi f er, and th s q Olympus, Let me not find you tarrying about our ships, nor e arr ui with the ow ve yet coming hereafter. Your sceptre of the god and rage t s r r upon his He sat himself downhat t att your wreath shall profit you nothing. I will not free rem led o bl n his back her. She shall grow old in my house at Argos far away from the ships ed within him. from her own home, busying herself with her loom with a face as dark and visiting my couch; so go, and do not provoke as night, and me or it shall be the worse for you. his silver bow g The old man feared him and obeyed. Not a word he spoke, but went by the shore of the sounding ng g t sea and prayed apart to King Apollo whom lovely ra t t Leto had borne. Hear me, he cried, O god of the DEATH silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla t t t and rulest Tenedos with thy might, hear me oh thou of Sminthe. If I have ever decked your temple with as he t garlands, or burned your thigh—bones in fat of sho bulls or goats, grant my prayer, and let your arrows avenge these my tears upon the Danaans. he shot arrows into the midsts of them.

upper horizontal interior margin: 1"

4 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 5

First he smote their mules and their hounds, but presently he aimed his shafts at the people themselves, and all day long the pyres of the dead were burning. I deem that we should now turn roving for home if we would escape destruction, for we are nine being cut down by war and pestilence at once. whole days, he shot Let us ask some priest or prophet, or some reader of arrows among the people, dreams (for dreams, too, are of Jove) who can tell us why Phoebus Apollo is so angry, and say whether it is for some vow that we have broken, or hecatomb that but upon the tenth day we have not offered, and whether he will accept the savour of lambs and goats without blemish, so as to Achilles called them in assembly— take away the plague from us. moved there to by juno, With these words he sat down, and Calchas son who saw the Achaeans in their death— of Thestor, wisest of augurs, who knew things past throes and had compassion upon them. present and to come, rose to speak. He it was who Then, when they were got had guided the Achaeans with their fleet to Ilius, through the prophesyings with which Phoebus Apol- together, he rose and spoke lo had inspired him. With all sincerity and goodwill among them. he addressed them thus—

Achilles, loved of heaven, you bid me tell you about the anger of King Apollo, I will therefore do so; but consider first and swear that you will stand by me heartily in word and deed, for I know that I shall of- fend one who rules the Argives with might, to whom all the Achaeans are in subjection. 6 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 7

A plain man cannot stand against the anger of a king, which was evil. You have brought me neither comfort who if he swallow his displeasure now, will yet nurse nor performance; and now you come seeing among revenge till he has wreakedwreaked it. Consider, therefore, Danaans, and saying that Apollo has plagued us whether or no you will protect me. because I would not take a ransom for this girl, the daughter of Chryses. I have set my heart on keeping And Achilles answered, Fear not, but speak as it her in my own house, for I love her better even than is borne in upon you from heaven, for by Apollo, my own wife Clytemnestra, whose peer she is alike in Calchas, to whom you pray, and whose oracles you form and feature, in understanding and accomplish- reveal to us, not a Danaan at our ships shall lay his ments. Still I will give her up if I must, for I would hand upon you, while I yet live to look upon the face have the people live, not die; but you must find me of the earth—no, not though you name Agamemnon a prize instead, or I alone among the Argives shall be himself, who is by far the foremost of the Achaeans. without one. This is not well; for you behold, all of you, that my prize is to go elsewhither. Thereon the seer spoke boldly. The god, he said, is angry neither about vow nor hecatomb, but for his And Achilles answered, Most noble son of Atreus, priests sake, whom Agamemnon has dishonoured, covetous beyond all mankind, how shall the Achae- in that he would not free his daughter nor take a ans find you another prize? We have no common ransom for her; therefore has he sent these evils store from which to take one. Those we took from upon us, and will yet send others. He will not deliver the cities have been awarded; we cannot disallow the Danaans from this pestilence till Agamemnon the awards that have been made already. Give this has restored the girl without fee or ransom to her girl to the god, and if ever Jove grants us to sack the father, and has sent a holy hecatomb to Chryse. city of Troy we will requite you three and fourfold. Thus we may perhaps appease him. Then Agamemnon said, Achilles, valiant though you With these words he sat down, and Agamemnon be, you shall not thus outwit me. You shall not over- rose in anger. His heart was black with rage, and his reach and you shall not persuade me. Are you to keep eyes flashed fire as he scowled on Calchas and said, your own prize, while I sit tamely under my loss and Seer of evil, you never yet prophesied smooth things give up the girl at your bidding? Let the Achaeans concerning me, but have ever loved to foretell that find me a prize in fair exchange to my liking for you, lower horizontal interior margin: 1"

8 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 9

or I will come and take your own, or that of Ajax or You forget this, and threaten to rob me of the prize of Ulysses. Let us put a hecatomb on board, and let for which I have toiled, and which the sons of the us send Chryseis also; further, let some chief man Achaeans have given me. Never when the Achaeans among us be in command, either Ajax, or Idomeneus, sack any rich city of the Trojans do I receive so good or yourself, son of Peleus, mighty warrior that you a prize as you do, though it is my hands that do the are, that we may offer sacrifice and appease the the better part of the fighting. When the sharing comes, anger of the god. your share is far the largest, and I, forsooth, must go back to my ships, take what I can get and be thankful, Achilles scowled at him and answered, You are when my labour of fighting is done. Now, therefore, I steeped in lust of gain. With what heart can any of shall go back to Phthia; it will be much better for me the Achaeans do your bidding, either on foray or in to return home with my ships, for I will not stay here open fighting? I came not warring here for any ill the dishonoured to gather gold and substance for you. Trojans had done me. I have no quarrel with them. They have not raided my cattle nor my horses, nor And Agamemnon answered, Fly if you will, I shall cut down my harvests on the rich plains of Phthia; make you no prayers to stay you. I have others here who will do me honour, and above all Jove, the lord of counsel. There is no king here so hateful to me as for between me and them you are, for you are ever quarrelsome and ill affect- there both moun in and sou ed. What though you be brave? Was it not heaven ta n d i n g s e a that made you so? Go home, then, with your ships and comrades to lord it over the Myrmidons. I care is a g r e at neither for you nor for your anger; and thus will I do: space since Phoebus Apollo is taking Chryseis from me, I space shall send her with my ship and my followers, but I shall come to your tent and take your own prize We have followed you, Sir Insolence, for your Briseis, that you may learn how much stronger I am pleasure, not ours—to gain satisfaction from the than you are, and that another may fear to set him- Trojans for your shameless self and for Menelaus. self up as equal or comparable with me. 10 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 11

The son of Peleus was furious and his heart within He stayed his hand on the silver hilt of his sword, his shaggy breast was divided whether to draw his and thrust it back into the scabbard as Minerva bade sword, push the others aside, and kill the son of him. Then she went back to Olympus among the Atreus, or to restrain himself and check his anger. other gods, and to the house of aegis—bearing Jove. While he was thus in two minds, and was drawing But the son of Peleus again began railing at the son of his mighty sword from its scabbard, Minerva came Atreus, for he was still in a rage. Wine—bibber, he down from heaven, and seized the son of Peleus by cried, with the face of a dog and the heart of a hind, his hair, visible to him alone, for of the others no you never dare to go out and with the host in fight, man could see her. Achilles turned in amaze, and by nor yet with our chosen men in ambuscade. You the fire that flashed from her eyes at once knew that shun this as you do death itself as if it was meant.. she was Minerva. You had rather go round and rob his for from any man who contradicts you. You devour your people, Why are you here, said he, daughter of Aegis— for you are king over a feeble folk; otherwise, son bearing Jove? To see the pride of Agamemnon, of Atreus, henceforward you would insult no man. son of Atreus? Let me tell you—and it shall surely Therefore I say, and swear it with a great oath—nay, be—he shall pay for this insolence with his life. by this my sceptre which shalt sprout

neither nor nor And Minerva said, I come from heaven, if you will leaf shoot bud anew hear me, to bid you stay your anger. Juno has sent , , , me, who cares for both of you alike. Cease, then, this brawling, and do not draw your sword; rail at him if from the day on which it left its parent stem upon you will, and your railing will not be vain, for I tell the mountains—for the axe stripped it of leaf and you—and it shall surely be—that you shall hereafter bark, and now the sons of the Achaeans bear it as receive gifts three times as splendid by reason of this judges and guardians of the decrees—so surely and present insult. Hold, therefore, and obey. Goddess, solemnly do I swear hereafter they shall look fondly answered Achilles, however angry a man may be, he for Achilles and shall not find him. Hector, you shall must do as you two command him. This will be best, rend your heart with rage for the hour when you for the gods ever hear the prayers of him who has offered insult to the bravest of the Achaeans. obeyed them.

12 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 13

With this the son of Peleus dashed his gold—bestud- These were the mightiest men ever born upon this ded sceptre on the ground and took his seat, while the earth: mightiest were they, and when they fought son of Atreus was beginning fiercely from his place the fiercest tribes of mountain savages they utterly upon the other side. Then uprose smooth—tongued overthrew them. I came from distant Pylos, and Nestor, the facile speaker of all the Pylians, and the went about among them, for they would have me words fell directly from his lips sweeter than honey. come, and I fought as it was in me to do. Not a man Two generations of men born and bred in Pylos had now living could withstand them, but they heard my passed away under his rule. With all sincerity and words, and were persuaded by them. So be it also goodwill, therefore, he addressed them thus— with yourselves, for this is the more excellent way.

Of a truth, he said, a great sorrow has befallen Therefore, Agamemnon, though you be strong, take the Achaean land. Surely Priam with his sons would not this girl away, for the sons of the Achaeans have rejoice, and the Trojans be glad at heart if they could already given her to Achilles; and you, Achilles, strive hear this quarrel between you two. I am older than not further with the king, for no man who by the either of you; therefore be guided by me. Moreover grace of Jove wields a sceptre has like honour with I have been the familiar friend of men even greater Agamemnon. You are strong, and have a goddess for than you are, and they did not disregard my counsels. your mother; but Agamemnon is stronger than you, Never again can I behold such men as for he has more people under him. Son of Atreus, check your anger, I implore you; end this quarrel with Achilles, who in the day of battle is a tower of strength to the Achaeans. PIRITHOUS DRYAS ShepherdS And Agamemnon answered, Sir, all that you have of the people said is true, but this fellow must needs become our or as lord and master: he must be lord of all, king of all, & and captain of all, and this shall hardly be. Granted CAENEUS & EXADIUS, that the gods have made him a great warrior, have godlike POLYPHEMUS they also given him the right to speak with railing? with THESEUS, Achilles interruptedinterrupted him. son of aegeuS. 14 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 15

I should be a mean coward, he cried, were I to give He charged them straightly further and dismissed in to you in all things. Order other people about, not them, whereon they went their way sorrowfully by me, for I shall obey no longer. Furthermore I say— the seaside, till they came to the tents and ships of and lay my saying to your heart—I shall fight neither the Myrmidons. They found Achilles sitting by his you nor any man about this girl, for those that take tent and his ships, and ill—pleased he was when he were those also that gave. But of all else that is at my beheld them. They stood fearfully and reverently ship you shall carry away nothing by force. Try, that before him, and never a word did they speak, but he others may see; if you do, my spear shall be reddened knew them and said, Welcome, heralds, messengers with your blood. He escorted Chryseis on board of gods and men; draw near; my quarrel is not with and sent moreover a hecatomb for the god. you but with Agamemnon who has sent you for the girl Briseis. Therefore, Patroclus, bring her and give These, then, went on board and sailed their ways her to them, but let them be witnesses by the blessed over the sea. But the son of Atreus bade the peo- gods, by mortal men, and by the fierceness of Ag- ple purify themselves; so they purified themselves amemnons anger, that if ever again there be need of and cast their filth into the sea. Then they offered me to save the people from ruin, they shall seek and hecatombs of bulls and goats without blemish on the they shall not find. Agamemnon is mad with rage

sea—shore, and the smoke with the ds h and knows not how to look before and after that the

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w v e . savour of their sacrifice rose curling to n Achaeans may fight by their ships in safety. Patroclus did as his dear comrade had bidden him. He brought Thus did they busy themselves throughout the host. Briseis from the tent and gave her over to the heralds, But Agamemnon did not forget the threat that he who took her with them to the ships of the had made Achilles, and called his trusty messengers Acheans—and the woman was loth to go. and squires Talthybius and Eurybates. Go, said he, to the tent of Achilles, son of Peleus; take Briseis by Then Achilles went all alone by the side of the hoar the hand and bring her hither; if he will not give her sea, and looking out upon the boundless I shall come with others and take her—which will waste of waters. He raised his hands in prayer to his press him. immortal mother, Mother, he cried, you bore me ^ doomed to live but for a little season; surely Jove, who thunders from Olympus, might have made

16 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 17

It is not so. Agamemnon, son of Atreus, has done me On this the rest of the Achaeans with one voice dishonour, and has robbed me of my prize by force. were for respecting the priest and taking the ransom As he spoke he wept aloud, and his mother heard that he offered; but not so Agamemnon, who spoke him where she was sitting in the depths of the sea fiercely to him and sent him roughly away. So he hard by the old man her father. Forthwith she rose went back in anger, and Apollo, who loved him dear- as it were a grey mist out of the waves, sat down before ly, heard his prayer. Then the god sent a deadly dart him as he stood weeping, caressed him with her upon the Argives, and the people died thick on one hand, and said, My son, why are you weeping? What another, for the arrows went everywhither among is it that grieves you? Keep it not from me, but tell the wide host of the Achaeans. At last a seer in the me, that we may know it together. fulness of his knowledge declared to us the oracles of Apollo, and I was myself first to say that we should appease him. Whereon the son of Atreus rose in Achilles drew a deep sigh and said, anger, and threatened that which he has since done. The Achaeans are now taking the girl in a ship, and You know it; sending gifts of sacrifice to the god; but the heralds why tell you what have just taken from my tent the daughter of Briseus, you know well already? whom the Achaeans had awarded to myself. We went to Thebe, the strong city of Eetion, Help your brave son, therefore, if you are able. Go sacked it, and brought to Olympus, and if you have ever done him service hither the spoil. The sons in word or deed, implore the aid of Jove. Ofttimes of the Achaeans shared it duly in my fathers house have I heard you glory in that among themselves, and chose lovely you alone of the immortals saved the son of Saturn Chryseis as the meed of Agamemnon; but Chryses, from ruin, when the others, with Juno, Neptune, pries of Apollo, came to the ships of the Acheans to free and Pallas Minerva would have put him in bonds. It his daughter, and brought with him a great ransom: moreover was you, goddess, who delivered him by calling to he bore in his hand the sceptre of Apollo, wreathed with a suppliants Olympus the hundred—handed monster whom gods wreath, and he besought the Achaeans, but most of all the two sons of call Briareus, but men Aegaeon, for he is stronger Atreus who were chiefs. even than his father; when therefore he took his 18 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 19

seat all—glorious beside the son of Saturn, the other On this she left him, still furious at the loss of her gods were afraid, and did not bind him. Go, then, to that had been taken from him. Meanwhile Ulysses him, remind him of all this, clasp his knees, and bid reached Chryse with the hecatomb. When they had him give succour to the Trojans. Let the Achaeans come inside the harbour they furled the sails and laid be hemmed in at the sterns and perish on the sea— them in the ships hold; they slackened the forestays, shore, that they may reap what joy they may of their lowered the mast into its place, and rowed the ship king, and that Agamemnon may rue his blindness in to the place where they would have her lie; there they offering insult to the foremost of the Achaeans. cast out their mooring—stones and made fast the hawsers. They then got out upon the sea—shore and Thetis wept and answered, My son, woe is me that landed the hecatomb for Apollo; Chryseis also left I should have borne or suckled you. Would indeed the ship, and Ulysses led her to the altar to deliver that you had lived your span free from all sorrow at her into the hands of her father. Chryses, said he, your ships, for it is all too brief; alas, that you should King Agamemnon has sent me to bring you back be at once short of life and long of sorrow above your child, and to offer sacrifice to Apollo on behalf your peers: woe, therefore, was the hour in which I of the Danaans, that we may propitiate the god, who bore you; nevertheless I will go to the snowy heights has now brought sorrow upon the Argives. of Olympus, and tell this tale to Jove, if he will hear our prayer: meanwhile stay where you are with your So saying he gave the girl over to her father, who ships, nurse your anger against the Achaeans, and received her gladly, and they ranged the holy hec- hold aloof from fight. atomb all orderly round the altar of the god. They washed their hands and took up the barley—meal to For Jove went yesterday to Oceanus, to a feast sprinkle over the victims, while Chryses lifted up his among the Ethiopians, and the other gods went with hands and prayed aloud on their behalf. Hear me, him. He will return to Olympus twelve days hence; he cried, O god of the bow, that protectest I will then go to his mansion paved with bronze and Chryse and holy Cilla, and rulest Tenedos with thy will beseech him; nor do I doubt that I shall be able might. Even as thou didst hear me aforetime when to persuade him. I prayed, and didst press hardly upon the Achaeans, so hear me yet again, and stay this fearful pestilence ^ from the Danaans.

20 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 21

Thus did he pray, and Apollo heard his prayer. Apollo sent them When they had done praying and sprinkling the w i n d barley—meal, they drew back the heads of the a f a i r victims and killed and flayed them. They cut out the thigh—bones, wrapped them round in two layers of so raised their mast and hoisted the white sails aloft. fat, set some pieces of raw meat on the top of them, and then Chryses laid them on the wood fire and As the sail bellied with the wind the ship flew poured wine over them, while the young men stood through the deep blue water, and the foam hissed near him with five—pronged spits in their hands. against her bows as she sped onward. When they reached the wide—stretching host of the Achaeans, When the thigh—bones were burned and they had they drew the vessel ashore, high and dry upon the tasted the inward meats, they cut the rest up small, sands, set her strong props beneath her, and went put the pieces upon the spits, roasted them till they their ways to their own tents and ships. were done, and drew them off: then, when they had finished their work and the feast was ready, they ate But Achilles abode at his ships and nursed his anger. it, and every man had his full share, so that all were He went not to the honourable assembly, and sallied satisfied. As soon as they had had enough to eat and not forth to fight, but gnawed at his own heart, pin- drink, pages filled the mixing—bowl with wine and ing for battle and the war—cry. If such ill counsels water and handed it round, after giving every man are to prevail, we shall have no pleasure at our ban- his drink—offering. quet. Let me then advise my mother—and she must herself know that it will be better—to make friends Thus all day long the young men worshipped the god with my dear father Jove, lest he again scold her and with song, hymning him and chaunting the joyous disturb our feast. paean, and the god took pleasure in their voices; but when the sun went down they laid themselves down Juno was so frightened, so Jove curbed her stubborn to sleep by the stern cables of the ship, and when the will and sat in silence. As he spoke softly, he acquired child of morning, rosy—fingered Dawn, appeared a bejewled and decorated cup and placed it into his they again set sail for the host of the Achaeans. own mothers hands. As he poured drink, he quickly 22 THE ILIAD: BOOK I 23

said, and make the best of it. I love you, and should Juno smiled at this, and as she smiled she took the be sorry to see you get a thrashing; as grieved as I cup from her sons hands. Then Vulcan drew sweet might be, I could not help the against you. Once nectar from the mixing—bowl, and served it round before when I was trying to help, he quickly caught among the gods, going from left to right; and the me by the foot and blessed gods laughed out a loud applause as they saw f l u n g him bustling about the heavenly mansion. me from the heavenly space. All day long from morn till eve, Thus through the livelong day to the going down of the sun they feasted, and every one had his full share, was I so that all were satisfied. Apollo struck his lyre, and falling the Muses lifted up their sweet voices, calling and answering one another. till at But when the suns glorious light had fade sunset I came to they went home to bed, ground on each in his own abode, the island of lemnos, which lame Vulcan with his consummate skill had fashioned for them. So Jove, the Olympian Lord of Thunder, hied him to bed in which he always slept; and when he had got on to it he went to and there I lay till the Sintians sleep, with Juno of the golden throne by his side. came and tended me.

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