Exhibition Brochure, 1st Edition, 2017

Huldrych Zwingli 1484 – 1531 Background, Life and Influence Contents

What did the Zwingli Society 02 -Alt St. Johann achieve?

Zwingli Plant Garden 1500 – and Climate 04

What shaped Zwingli 06 between Wildhaus 1484 and Zurich 1519?

What Qualities did Zwingli have 08 on arrival in Zurich?

What education did Zwingli have? 10 How did he develop his knowledge further?

What Distinguished Zwingli the People’s 1st Edition 2017 Priest and Chaplain? 12 Zwinglianische Gesellschaft Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann Glarus - Marignano – Zwingli Centre (ZCT) Was it Zwingli’s Reformation with Zurich or 14 All rights reserved. Zurich’s Reformation with Zwingli? It was Both. Reproduction only with permission from ZCT

What was the Impact 16 Contents/Text: Zwingli Centre Toggenburg of the Swiss Reformation? Illustrations: Source of Material see P. 20 Production: Leslie Gurtner, Konzeptplus GmbH, Unterwasser Family Names in Wildhaus at the Time of Zwingli 18 What did the Zwingli Society Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann Achieve? (Founded 1823)

1823 Founding of the Society – 1 Fundamental Move in the Obertoggenburg 1952 A New Secondary School Building 1848 Rescue of Zwingli House with the Zurich Zwingli Society 3 2010 Primary School in Wildhaus After the founding on 18th November 1823, The local authorities managed the Secondary Captain Bernhard Kuhn inaugurated the first School as a Living Memorial to Zwingli until Annual Meeting on 1st January 1824 in the 2010 when the lack of pupils was such that Zwingli House. The fellow-members (c. 30) they were obliged to combine the Secondary wanted to signalise and awaken the long- School with those of the neighbouring com- sighted existence demands of the alpine val- munities. Today Secondary School pupils ley, with the formation of the first society in travel to and the school-premises are the community. This was 8 years after the now occupied by the Primary School. Congress of Vienna, 7 years after the volca- nic catastrophe Tambora and 7 years before the first road construction -Wildhaus 1960 Zwingli Society until today: Discussion along the Tracks (Schutzgunten Gorge). With combined re- of Zwingli. Past and Future. sources, it was possible in 1848 to buy the 4 Zwingli House and save it from falling into Excursions along the track of Zwingli, as well ruin. In 1900 the Zurich Zwingli Society made as topical questions on the means of existence a gift of the house to the St. Gallen Cantonal of our mountain valley and country, constitute Church, which keeps it open for visitors. the programme. The illustration on the left shows members of the Zwingli Society in front 1876 The First Secondary School in Canton SG, of the Palazzo del Arengario in Milan-Monza. for both Protestants and Catholics, Boys and Girls On September 8th 1515 Zwingli preached a 2 courageous sermon from this rostrum before Also, together with the support of the Zu- the assembled representatives and some rich Zwingli Society and the Zurich Memorial troops of the Holy League. Today the Zwing- Funds (1825), a second objective for a Living li Society, with around 80 member-families, Zwingli Memorial could be achieved. An edu- represents the local background of Zwingli’s cational and political milestone. heritage, beyond confessional differences and orientated towards future development.

02 03 Zwingli Plant Garden 1500 – and Climate

What were the Climatic Condi- Which Vegetables and These can be seen during the 6 month sum- tions at the Time of Zwingli? Cereals were grown in mer growth period, 50m to the east of the Zwingli‘s time in Wildhaus ? Zwingli House (see illustration). Direct de- The diagram on the right shows the re- scendants or related species of oats, rye, constructed temperatures since the birth emmer, cabbage, wheat, carrots, garlic, of Christ for various places in the North- wild flax, parsnips, turnip, celery-root and ern Hemisphere. The warm period of the a variety of herbs and garden flowers show Middle Ages was followed by a small ice- the diversity at that time. These crops to- age. The temperature difference amount- gether with the following knowledge of nu- ed to only ca. 0.5 degrees. trition and climate in the Obertoggenburg 500 years ago are the results of a research Colonisation of the uppermost Tog- period. Glaciers were even higher project. This was initiated by RhyTOP Salez, genburg region took place during than they are today. There was H.Oppliger and B.Kogler, together with the 1 the warmest period, 1000-1300, already stock farming and small- Wildhaus project team of H.U.Knaus. The see above. scale agriculture, see Plant Garden. project was supported by the «Bundesamt Transalpine trade with livestock ex- Since the beginning of the Industrial für Landwirtschaft» and the « Lotteriefond.» port to Lombardy developed from 4 Revolution 1850, we have a danger- 2 1400 onwards. ous increase in temperature of At the time of Zwingli it was ap- 1.5 degrees, for different reasons, proximately as warm as it is today. see diagram. 3 Because of the previous long hot

How did Colonisation and Basic Alimentation Develop in the Uppermost Toggenburg Region?

The first cave-dwellers in Wildenmann- Afterwards Allemannen came up from the lisloch 10000 years ago were followed by lower Toggenburg. a few gatherers and hunters over a lon- ger period of time. Wildenburg and Lochmühle indicate rel- evant cultivation. There was trading with The alp names and warm climate of the the two markets of Lichtensteig and Mi- Middle Ages indicate that first of all the lan as well at the time of Zwingli. terraced slopes were used by Rhae- (Diagram left) to-Romanics from .

04 05 What shaped Zwingli ? between Wildhaus 1484 and Zürich 1519? 1400 1500 1600

1 232 3 4

The Toggenburgers’ Will for Freedom 1 1436 The Contracts with GL, SZ & ZH The greatest problems for the popula- tion were the paying of tithe and taxa- Education, People’s tion. 1436, following the death of the last Priest, Chaplain Duke of Toggenburg, the representatives 4 of the «right of initiative» of the Region- Ancestral Origin al Assembly of won, contracts Alpine Farming and with Glarus and Schwyz. In addition they 2 Trans-alpine Trade ensured a guarantee of security with the protecting power Zurich against the de- Even at that time, Zwingli’s grandfather mands of the Prince Abbey of St.Gallen. exported cattle and special products 1468 the Abbot was able to buy the Tog- from here to Milan by way of the Septim- genburg for 14500 Gulden. 1475, grand- er or Splugen Pass routes. On the return father Heini Zwingli led the Toggenburg journey he brought back wine and tex- delegation which successfully mediated tiles. This knowledge was obtained from between Abbot and Glarus. Not only did documents filed at the public records Huldrych feel profoundly «Confederate», office of Milan. In 1477 Zwingli’s grandfa- but the whole family did as well. ther concluded legal proceedings of 10 years duration against a wine-merchant How was this financially in Veltlin. He complained of the loss of and technically possible Family – Loyal to the Pope, 350 hl of wine valued at 250 Rhenish without a SMARTPHONE Profound Faith Gulden. Thanks to the Duchess Bona of 3 Savoy in Milan he established his rights Zwingli’s attitude to faith was the conse- with full compensation. This points out quence of his mother, Margaretha Mei- that his grandfather and later on his fa- li, née Bruggmann from Lichtensteig. ther were repeatedly on business trips She kept extensive contact e.g. with the and had therefore many personal con- Abbot of Fischingen. Consequently two tacts as far as Milan. The family was brothers studied theology as well and internationally active. The combination two sisters took the veil. In addition were of alpine farming and trans-alpine trade stories told by the grandmother, as well clearly brought better living standards. as respect and consideration within a This existed since the beginning of the large family. 14th century in Central and the Canton Grisons as well.

06 07 What Qualities did Zwingli have on arrival in Zurich?

He believed in God He had an active network He was persevering and sociable

After approximately 1516 he was convinced of the need for essential corrections

Church Politics and Church yes, but corrected and Belief Mercenary Activity The Bible is the Base for Life, to be 1 explained in Simple Terminology for the People

The Confederation yes, but corrected 2 Defence yes, but NO mercenary activities

Oskar Farner, answered, Vol. 2 Education Zwingli - the Catholic, Patriot and Humanist Humanism …and Constructive Critic (from today’s point of view) Network

08 09 What education did ?

Zwingli have? 1400 1484 1500 1531 1600 How did he develop 1 232 3 464 56 his knowledge further? 1494 Basel 1489 Weesen Gregor Bünzli with Uncle Bartholomew 2 1 In Basel he was taught Latin by Bünzli, a stu- At the age of only 6, he attended the vil- dent who was a mere 6 years older than he. lage school in Weesen. He lived with his Bünzli belonged to Weesen and in later years uncle Bartholomew. The main subjects was a true supporter of the Reformation. taught were German, reading, writing and arithmetic. His father accompanied him over the pass (Amdener Höhe) and 1498 University of Vienna, took this opportunity as well to keep per- sonal contact with him, his brother and 4 Contact with Vadian, Rector the area. He commenced his studies at the University of Vienna, one of the most renowned Univer- 1496 Bern Senior Secondary sities in Europe. As at other seats of learn- 3 School, Heinrich Wölflin ing, the curriculum consisted of 2 blocks of subjects - the Trivium (grammar,dialectic The important promotion to this school, monastery, well-known for music promo- and rhetoric), as well as the Quadrivium (see where he learnt Latin both orally and in tion. Instead, the 14 year old was sent via Basel). There were approx. 25 other Swiss writing, was a prerequisite for Universi- Wildhaus to Vienna, a journey of approx- students there e.g. Johannes Forrer from ty Entrance. In addition, history, science imately 20 days. Lichtensteig. Later, Vadian became Mayor and singing. In spite of his musical abili- of the city of St. Gallen and one of the most ty, his parents did not allow him to join a important supporters of the Swiss Reforma- tion. It may be possible that Zwingli was in Paris for one year as well. 1502 – 1506 Basel, Magister artium (MA) 5 1506 - 1519 Further Education He graduated Master of Arts at Basel Greek, Hebrew, Theology University in 1506. The Quadrivium con- 6 sisted of arithmetic, geometry, music and In addition to his position as people’s which he undertook by active correspon- astronomy. This allowed him to teach in priest in Glarus and Einsiedeln, he sys- dence within Europe. His first contact general and at university level as well. tematically continued learning in order to with Erasmus was in 1516 and by 1518 After studying theology for one semester understand the Bible in the original texts was familiar with several publications by he was appointed as people’s priest in as well, and to be able to take part con- Luther. Glarus. vincingly within the scope of Humanism

10 11 What distinguished ? Zwingli, the people’s 1400 1500 1600 priest and chaplain? 1 232 3 Glarus – Marignano – Einsiedeln Zwingli’s Sermon at Monza 2 Power-Political Decisions before Marignano Based on various reports in the literature, in particular that of the priest Werner Steiner, Zug, we know the following 1506 As Priest in Glarus, Loyal to the Pope. (Farner Vol. 2, Egli, Zwingliana): Zwingli marched as armed He was there for the People – close to and for the People chaplain for the Glarner battalion 6 days from Glarus via 1 the Septimer Pass to Milan and Monza. On Saturday 8th Although Zwingli would have had interesting September 1515 he preached a sermon from the «Loggia of possibilities at the European Universities, he the Palazzo del arengario» (Town House and Guild Hall, see followed his inner motivation to provide active illustration) to the assembled representatives of the fight- application of what he had learnt, for the peo- ing strength, Confederation troops and additional fighting ple. In a short time he knew the families of the partners. In this way he warned them of defeat against the 1500 population of Glarus as well as those of French due to disagreement within the Confederation. On influential, political and military backgrounds. Sunday the Pope and the leaders of the Holy League held In this way he was aware of the current situa- a Council of War here. The attack took place on the follow- tion. As priest he was, in particular, an energet- ing Thursday due to pressure from Cardinal Schiner re- ic clergyman. He helped where he could, did sulting in the well-known defeat. Zwingli experienced here, school-teaching and took part in many of the at close range, the power-political decisions of the Pope’s local activities. As a result, not only did he know regency and the fatal dependence of the Confederation on of the difficulties and necessities of the popula- mercenary warfare. He became increasingly more doubtful tion but also the traditional customs and expec- of the mercenary situation, especially during the following tations. He was aware that his duty as chaplain months of contemplation. (Einsiedeln) was relevant to his position. 1516 The Turning-point of Zwingli’s «Inner Contemplation» 3 at Einsiedeln. He began Preaching the Gospel Later, Zwingli said «I started to preach him further. After approximately 1516 he the Christian Gospel in 1516» (Farner Vol. came to the conclusion that essential re- 2). His Bible studies and practical ex- vision was necessary within the Church perience during his time in Glarus were and the Confederation. The guiding prin- decisive contributing factors. As peo- ciple and compass for that, has to be the ple’s priest in Einsiedeln he took time to message to us exclusively from the Bible. consider the whole. His humanistic com- Zwingli said: «You are God’s tools. He re-

petence, contacts and studies for a reli- quires your service, not your inactivity ». able interpretation of the Bible absorbed

12 13 ? Was it Zwingli’s Reformation with Zurich or Zurich’s 1400 1500 1519 1531 1600 Reformation with Zwingli? 1 232 3 4 5 1523 The State of Zurich Declared Independence from It was Both Traditional Bishop Decisions, Wave of Democracy, 3 Modern Differentiated Social Politics End of the 15th Century For the first time in the middle-ages, an allowed Zwingli to preach as before. They A Radical Change was Brewing economically important City-State (a requested this from the other clerics as 1 member of the Confederation) took the well. The seizure of Church wealth fol- On the one hand there was misbehaviour within the initiative to elucidate, an up to now, cleri- lowed, which financed social meals and Church which was well-known by most. For exam- cal matter. May Zwingli be allowed to fol- care of the poor, abolition of celibacy ple: non-convincing divine service, moral attitude low up his program of reform? And the etc. There were however mistakes made, within the priesthood, deterioration within mon- council decided, and made it known to e.g. in connection with the dealings with asteries and the notorious trade with indulgences the Bishop. After 600 invited aristocrats the Baptists. (Admission of Guilt by the (see illustration). The initial steps for reform were and guild members debated, the council Zürich Church Committee 2004.) rejected (e.g. Franz von Assis) or were obstructed (Waldenser, John Wyclif, Jan Hus). Likewise of im- Rapid Spreading of the Zürich portance was the economic development. Guilds 4 Reformation within the Old Confederation and traders in the cities, but also in rural dis- Within a mere 7 years many cities and lics, on the contrary, had a clergy struc- tricts (e.g. Toggenburg, , Graubünden), other Cantons followed the direction of ture, which was, to a great extent aris- demanded more independence from clerical dicta- the Zürich Reformation. Central Swit- tocratic, and which earned considerably tors and less taxation. zerland, Solothurn and Fribourg, and at more from mercenary activities. Sec- a later stage Wallis, remained Catholic. ondly, there was the powerful network of From the point of view of today, more like many urban reformers e.g. Vadian, Mayor As from 1519 Zwingli preached at the Grossmünster a revolution. There were good reasons of St. Gallen, a friend of Zwingli. The ref- 2 Fundamentally, Persistently the Bible, only the Word of God for this. Firstly the reformed regions had ormation moved from different locations similar interests with Zürich. The Catho- but everything went quickly. Zwingli was called to Zurich. A new epoch com- menced with the first main service of public wor- 1531 Break, 2nd Battle at Kappel, ship on 2nd January 1519. The people understand Public Peace, Consolidation him, he is convincing. In spite of an outbreak of the 5 plague he remains in the city to help. He survives The Reformers’ success led to retali- his place. The Public Peace Treaty forced his own plague infection and writes the plague ation. 1524 the Central Swiss Catholic the City Cantons to consolidate and song. He starts translating the Bible together with Cantons concluded a separate alliance made possible Catholic gain in the Com- an outstanding team from which the Zurich Bible with in which they pledged to mon Lordships (this was reversed how- resulted in 1531 and later the University of Zurich. suppress the Lutheran, Zwinglian and ever during the Toggenburg War of 1712). 1521 Zurich prohibits mercenary warfare to the Hussite perverted doctrines in its territo- The benefit: two equally strong parties. annoyance of the leading profiteers. 1522 Zwing- ries. 1527 the Reformed Cantons united There were no more wars, between the li supporters irritate the Bishop of Constance by with Constance. Minor provocation gave Confederates, the Catholics and the Re- «eating sausage» during Lent. rise to the 2nd Battle at Kappel. The formed City Cantons, for approximately Central Swiss won and Zwingli was killed 100 years. 14 on the battlefield, Bullinger stepped into 15 What was the ?? Impact of the Swiss Reformation? 14001400 15001500 16001600 17001700 2017 2017

1 12 23 34 4

After 1531 Counter Reformation 1549 Unity of the Reformed Swiss, Zwingli, Bullinger, 1 and Political Consolidation until 1712 3 Calvin – and many more Reformers Already before the Council of Trient, Catholic Cantons In the Confederation, the Zwinglians and Calvinists arrived tried to re-establish Catholicism in dominant Catholic re- at a mutual policy in several steps. Heinrich Bullinger, the gions. This was successful to a certain extent e.g. at the direct successor had a decisive influence. A joint ratified Prince Abbey of St Gallen, in the Toggenburg and in Sar- acknowledgement was e.g. in 1549 the Consensus Tiguri- ganserland. Consolidation meant: the two sides could not nus (The Lord’s Supper: this represents my body) and 1561 become reconciled, but on no account did they want to the Second Helvetic Confession. These were signed not risk termination of the Confederation. From 1536 onwards only by all the Reformed Cantons’ representatives and the the financially stronger, Reformed City-States Party was a whole Reformers’ team, but also by representatives from firmer basis for theological consolidation and further so- Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Poland and Scot- cio-political development. land.

Start of the Merging of the Lutheran Groups: 2 Luther, Melanchton, and the Regional Princes among others What have the Reformers achieved for us from a Present Day Perspective (2017) An individual Lutheran Reformation had developed. At that In the first place a compass for everyone - the Bible - for all. Secondly, a democratic impe- time Emperor Charles V tried to unify the different parties tus, accompanied mostly by technology, education and a living standard increase, but after the attempted agreement between Luther and Zwingli only for those in the Northern Hemisphere. Courageous personalities causing construc- at Marburg in 1527 failed, but remained loyal to the Pope. tive changes. Zwingli belongs to this class. Probably one of the most outstanding Swiss. As from 1531 the Schmalkaldic League, comprised of several princes of the region, supported the Reformation. What is still missing? There resulted a stormy period as in the Confederation, but Peace throughout the world. (We should carefully ask ourselves why) more aggressive, lasting longer until 1648. The Confeder- ates were repeatedly asked by both sides to provide mer- cenary support. They refused at all times. Even the allied Global Development of reformed city of Constance got no support and returned 4 Evangelical Christians 150 Mio. Catholicism. The reformed population (Zwingli, Cal- Many of these are often minorities with vin 80 Mio) spread abroad, first of all difficult conditions of existence. via West-Europe to North America, later 2015 Christianity world-wide (2 Mrd). however, to Asia, China and Korea. The oldest communities, from the Bal- The Lutheran population (70 Mio) spread kan States to Russia, are the Orthodox to North-Europe and then to North Amer- Christians (270 Mio). The second oldest ica and Asia as well. In addition, both of and greatest community world-wide are these Christian Churches have small the Catholics (1.2 Mrd). Church throughout the globe. 16 17 Family Names in Wildhaus Which Family Names were at the Time of Zwingli already Present in Wildhaus In these parts, even before the birth of tenure recipients, living in the Wildhaus Zwingli, a strong attempt had started in region, had to fulfil with respect to their around 1500? order to obtain independence and free- church. Thus we discovered a fair- dom from the old commitments and re- ly large list of family names of recipients strictions. Huldrych was born into this which inhabited the upper Thur Valley at atmosphere of passion for freedom. the time of Zwingli. The feudal tenure re- cipients are listed only by Christian name In 1468, the Prince Abbey St. Gallen, and surname. There is no indication as represented by the local Abbey Sannt to their year of birth or wife. For this rea- Johann, handed over real estate to some son it is almost impossible to determine of the burghers of the Thur Valley, as a more than 2 generations. Assuming that feudal tenure in exchange for a tenure the tenure recipients around 1534 were rent. In 1540, feudal tenure recipients aged between 25 and 60 years, we can were registered in Feudal Tenure Regis- calculate a minimum of at least two gen- ters for the first time. erations of farming populations.

In the archives of the reformed church Church Registers (baptism, marriage, parish of Wildhaus – Alt St. Johann there burial) were first recorded by the church is a “Tenure Rent Ledger”, introduced officials from approximately 1600 on- by Mayor Götti in 1534. In this well-pre- wards. Death Registers were in fact in served parchment file, various clerks existence only after 1650. have recorded all the obligations which

1540 Lehenbuch Wildenhuss Alpen in der Laui und in der Schwendi ( Auszug ) Ammann, Bischof, Bolt, Bräker, Bühler, Feiss, Feurer, Forrer, Götte/i, Kaufmann, Knaus, Mühlestein, Reich, Schlegel, Schmid, Steiner, Sutter, Tschümy, Weber, Wittenwiler, Tobler, Schällibaum, Zwingli u.a.

Diss sind die Lechen so die biderben lüt zum Wildenhuss von dem Erwirdige und geistlichen Herren, Herrn Jacob Apt des gotzhuses zu Sannt Johann empfangen hand am Zinstag nach dem nüwen Jars tag anno 1541.

18 19 Source Directory

S. 2 – 3 Zeichnung Geburtshaus: Ansichtskarten S. 12 – 13 Schulhaus Realschule Lisighaus: Familie Notker und Sophia Alpiger Glarus: http://www.altglarus.ch/gebaeude_orte.php Schulhaus Sekundarschule Lisighaus: Ansichtskarten Monza: http://arengario.net/cartoline/cart059.html Gruppenbild: Claudia Vetsch Einsiedeln: http://www.sueddeutscher-barock.ch/Bilder_jpg/grafi k/e/Einsiedeln_MerianGr. S. 4 – 5 jpg Pflanzgarten: H. U. Knaus. S. 14 – 15 Grafik Klima: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2000_Jahre_Temperaturen-Ver- Ablasshandel: http://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/ablasshandel-im-spaetmittelalter-gna- gleich.png de-gegen-geld/12185668.html S. 6 – 7 Grossmünster ZH: Von Roland zh - Eigenes Werk, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wiki- Karte: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toggenburg media.org/w/index.php?curid=5082760 Handel: http://www.goldenersteig.eu/geschichte.html S. 16 – 17 S. 8 – 9 Konsolidierung: http://www.wikiwand.com/de/Reformation_und_Gegenreformation_in_ Hudlrich Zwingli: http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.ch/2012/04/ulrich-zwingli.html der_Schweiz (Wird auch auf S. 10-16 gezeigt) Luther: http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Martin_Luther S. 10 – 11 Zwingli: Von Hans Asper - Winterthur Kunstmuseum, Gemeinfrei, https://commons.wikime- Weesen: http://www.sarganserland-walensee.ch/alte_ansichten/weesen_ziegelbruecke/ dia.org/w/index.php?curid=553075 weesen_ziegelbruecke.htm Calvin: http://photos.geni.com/p13/c8/dd/af/1a/5344483d3d58394e/jean_calvin_original.jpg Uni Wien: Jacob Hoefnagel (1609) / Claes Jansz Visscher (1640)(uploaded by Contributor, Bullinger: Von Hans Asper - http://opac.nebis.ch/F/PE9R6CBIB2YMNGCQ1TP95EGAN- reworked by ArtMechanic) - Graphische Sammlung Albertina (Hrsg.): Oesterreich in alten HC49I9UBC7DA5UL8R5S-75S3IA-00536?func=full-set-set&set_number=053519&set_ Ansichten. - Veduten aus der Zeit von 1490 bis 1850. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg, 1977, entry=000003&format=999, Gemeinfrei, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?cu- Tafel 3Original: Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien, Inv. Nr. 31043, Gemeinfrei, https:// rid=913927 commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1176920 Karte: http://www.d-maps.com Uni Basel: zeitgenössischer Maler - Webseite Geschichte Uni Basel http://www.unige- S. 18 – 19 schichte.unibas.ch/materialien/rektoren/georg-andlau.html, Public Domain, https://com- Karte: Oskar Farner, Zwingli-Verlag, Zürich, Zinsbuch 1534 – Bearb.2016 Josef Bischof mons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11793448 Lehen: Stiftsarchiv SG; Bearbeitung 2016 Josef Bischof-Sutter Gommiswald, Hans Forrer

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