Examining the Translations of Forough Farrokhzad's Selected

Archive of SID

Journal of Language and Translation Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019, (pp.77-91)

Examining the Translations of Forough Farrokhzad’s Selected Poems by a Native and a Non-Native Speaker Using Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model

Enayat A. Shabani1*, Nafiseh Emadi2, Fatemeh Daftari3 1Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics, Department of Foreign Languages, International College, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran 2 MA in Translation Studies, English Department, University of Tehran, Iran 3MA in Translation Studies, English Department, University of Tehran, Iran

Received: 02 December, 2018 Accepted: 17 January, 2019

Abstract This study was a Persian-English comparative translation investigation on the selected poems of Forough- Farrokhzad, an influential contemporary Iranian poet. Two English translations were analyzed: one by a native Persian speaker, Sholeh Wolpé, an Iranian poet and translator, and the other by a non-native Persian speaker, Jascha Kessler, an American poet, writer and translator. The translations were reviewed according to Vinay and Darbelnet’s(1995) model which identifies two general translation strategies: direct and oblique, resembling literal versus free classifications, respectively, along with their supplementary procedures in order to investigate the frequency of the application of each procedure by the two translators. After situating every line of the poems in the related categories, the number of times each procedure was employed was examined. The findings indicated that both translators used the oblique strategy more than the direct one. The non-native translator, however, used the oblique strategy considerably more frequently compared to the native translator. Finally, new procedures called complementary procedures were proposed by the researchers to be added to Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) model in order to fill the gaps in the application of strategies and procedures to the poems of Forough Farrokhzad and probably other poems.

Keywords: Comparative translation study, Contemporary Persian poetry, Forough Farrokhzad, Oblique translation, Vinay and Darbelnet’s model

INTRODUCTION target language (TL) expression. The issue of Throughout the history of translation, there has literal versus free translation has been discussed been a debate on “literal” and “free” translation. by many theorists. For instance, Nida (1964) pro- The aim of literal translation is to focus on the posed “formal correspondence” vs. “dynamic meaning of the lexical items of the source lan- equivalence,” Newmark (1981)used the terms guage (SL) text with no regard to the context. On “semantic translation” vs. “communicative trans- the other hand, the purpose of free translation is lation,” Vinay and Darbelnet (1995)use the terms to give the general meaning of the SL text in the direct for literal translation and oblique for free

*Corresponding Author’s Email: translation, and House (1997) introduced “overt [email protected]

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 78 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … translation” vs. “covert translation” for literal and translator in order to figure out the general trend free translations, respectively. of each translator in terms of the traditional con- Every translator has his/her own approach to cepts of literal and free translations, exploring to translation inspired by translation models devel- what extend the native and the non-native transla- oped in the field of translation studies and shall tor had the tendency to translate literally or flu- thereby decide whether to generally prioritize ently. Furthermore, the selected poems could be literal or free translation depending on the text. found in both translations, thus making a com- Vinay and Darbelnet’s(1995) translation model parative analysis possible. Meanwhile, Vinay and has been used in several Persian-English compar- Darbelnet (1995) proposed a set of translation ative studies for different text types including strategies and procedures in their model that both literary and non-literary texts. However, turned out to be comprehensive and applicable to according to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), there various translational comparative studies. The are some supplementary procedures other than following are a number of Persian-English com- their model’s general strategies which are less parative studies through Vinay and Dar- frequently used. These procedures include ampli- belnet’s(1995) translation model for literary and fication, economy and explicitation. Furthermore, non-literary texts. to date, there are few comparative analyses con- Delzendehrooy and Karimnia (2013) studied ducted on the English translations of ForoughFar- modulation in English translations of Khayyam’s rokhzad’s poetry using translation models. This quatrains and found that the most frequently used study, therefore, aimed at investigating, in a subcategory of modulation was “part for the comparative manner, the strategies frequently whole” by the two translators. Iranmanesh and used by a Persian native-speaking translator and a Azadmanesh (2015) conducted a research on col- non-native translator according to Vinay and locations from English to Persian in Great Gats- Darbelnet’s(1995) translation model and supple- by and discovered that the most frequently used mentary procedures in order to figure out how procedure was literal translation while the least extensively each translator applied oblique strat- used was borrowing. Shahbaiki and Yousefi egy (free translation), direct strategy (literal (2013) studied adjective-noun collocations from translation) or supplementary procedures. Also, it English into Persian in Jane Eyre. They com- explored the gaps in the application of Vinay and pared the works of two translators and noticed Darbelnet’s(1995) model on the translations of that one of the translators mostly used equiva- selected poems of ForoughFarrokhzad and ac- lence, while the other commonly used the literal cordingly recommended new categories which procedure. Yarahmadzehi, Beikian, and Nadri can be added to the model. (2013)conducted a study on the first of the three There are a number of English translations of volumes of the Persian translations of the novel ForoughFarrokhzad’s poems including Sin: Se- “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix” and lected Poems of ForughFarrokhzad (2007) by concluded that equivalence was the most frequent SholehWolpé, Selected Poems (2006) by Jascha and successful translation procedure. Zandrahimi Kessler and Amin Banani, Another Birth: Select- and Marzban (2017)analyzed style in the Persian ed Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad (1981) by Ha- translations of Pink Floyd lyrics and discovered san Javadi and Susan Sallée, Another Birth: Se- that literal translation caused the majority of er- lected Poems (2001) by Ali Salami, and A Re- rors. Sharei (2017)carried out a comparative birth: Poems (1997) by David Martin. The first study of the translation strategies employed in two translations were selected by the researchers two Persian translations of The Old Man and the for the purpose of this study since the aim of the Sea in order to investigate which of the catego- present research was to investigate the translation ries (direct or oblique) were the prevalent tenden- strategies used by a native as well as a non-native cy in the two translations. Behtash and

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 79 Moghadam (2017)conducted a study on the trans- translation strategy used by the students was lation of the novel Animal Farm. The findings modulation in a literary text selected from the indicated that the translator mostly used the book Dubliners. Shabanipoor and Moinzadeh equivalence procedure. All of the mentioned (2013)investigated translation strategies used in studies are instances of the application of Vinay the translation of specialized terms of psycholo- and Darbelnet’s(1995) model on literary works. gy, and it was revealed that the literal procedure However, some studies were done on non-literary was the dominant strategy. texts that are as follow: Moreover, studies were conducted on Shakernia (2011)worked on Persian subtitles Forough’s poetry including the study by Darznik of American historical drama and romantic com- (2010) which explored the legacy of Forough in edy movies and realized that direct strategy was the Iranian diasporic art and literature. mostly used for historical movies and oblique Hassanpour and Hashim (2012)also analyzed strategy for romantic comedy ones. Khatibzadeh Forough’s poetry through a stylistic and lexico- and Sameri (2013) studied translation of binomi- grammatical method to show the poet’s stance als in political speeches and reports and discov- toward women’s status in the society. Additional- ered that literal translation was the most applied ly, Esmaeili and Ebrahimi (2013) worked on the procedure. Lotfollahi, Ketabi, and Barati (2013) assessment of defamiliarization in the poems of studied Persian translations of English print ad- Forough, and, Barekat and Eftekhari (2011) ap- vertisements for cosmetic and hygienic products, plied semiotics theory, which determines the na- and it was revealed that the most frequently used ture and function of texts, to a poem by Forough. procedures were literal translation and borrowing. Lotfollahi and Moinzadeh (2012) worked on Life and Poetic Style of ForoughFarrokhzad movie titles translated from English into Persian, Forough was an influential Iranian female poet and it was shown that the most frequently em- who was born in 1935 in Tehran, Iran. She stud- ployed translation strategy was literal translation. ied embroidery and painting at school. At the age Lotfollahi and Dabbaghi (2012) studied the trans- of 16, she got married and a year later, her son lation of terms of address from English into Per- was born. In 1954, two years after the marriage, sian in three short stories and concluded that lit- she got divorced and lost the custody of her son. eral translation was the most common translation Forough was also a film director and produced strategy used by the translators. Shokri (2014) several documentary films. The House Is Black is worked on translation strategies applied in Per- the most prominent documentary produced by sian to English cases for translating movie titles Forough which depicts a leper colony in Tabriz(a and found that the most frequent translation strat- major city in the northwest of Iran). She was so egy was literal translation. Hejazi and Dastjerdi overwhelmed by this work that during the docu- (2015)studied translation of binomials in hard mentary production, she adopted a leper boy. news and realized that literal translation followed Forough died in a car accident in 1967 at the age by modulation were the mostly used procedures of 32 (Farrukhzad, 1981). by translators. They also found that males used The poetic forms of Forough’s works, in more literal translation, while females used mod- terms of rhythm, rhyme, and writing structure, in ulation more than other procedures. Heshmatifar her five collections of poems can be categorized and Biria (2015) explored the translation strate- as poems in (a) traditional or semi-traditional gies utilized for rendering economic terms. The format including Charpareh and Masnavi, (b) result showed that the most frequently used trans- modern poetry (contemporary poetry) including lation strategy was literal translation. Amiri and Nimai poetry (the first kind of modern poetry Yousefi (2016)studied Iranian students’ transla- influenced by NimaYushij, a contemporary Per- tion ability and found that the most frequent sian poet), and (c) new Nimai poetry (the person-

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 80 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … al style of Forough). Forough was highly influ- Forough’s poetry is perhaps the most feminine enced by NimaYushij, the Persian poet who es- one among the Persian poems so far. Forough tablished a new perspective in the contemporary wrote about the hidden emotions of Iranian wom- Persian poetry(Mousavi, 2005). It is important to en. In love, she did not know the socially accept- note here that the six selected poems in this study ed limits and ignored the norms. She was reckless cover all of the poetry forms used by Forough, to bare her sinful relationship (Salari, 2015). Ac- except masnavi. However, the translators, Shole- cording to Ahmad Shamlou, the celebrated con- hWolpé and Jascha Kessler, did not consider po- temporary Iranian male poet and writer, etic forms in their translations. “Forough is so much a woman that I have never Out of Forough’s five collections of poems, been able to read her poem aloud; when I do so, I four were published during her lifetime: The feel like wearing a female dress. In my mind, as I Captive in 1955, The Wall in 1956, Rebellion in read, I hear her poetry with a woman’s 1957, and Another Birth in 1963.Her last collec- voice”(Jalali, 1997, p. 281). tion, Let Us Believe in the Beginning of a Cold Season was posthumously published in 1974. METHOD Forough’s first two collections have love and Corpus romance as their theme while in the third collec- The corpus of this study was selected from tion, the dominant theme is her concern about Forough’s poems and their two English transla- conventional values. Forough believed that her tions by SholehWolpé, a Persian native-speaking last two collections mark the turning point in her translator, from the book Sin: Selected Poems of poetry work where her worldview and vision of ForughFarrokhzad (2007) and Jascha Kessler, a the world broadened and when she expresses non-native speaker, from the book Selected Po- concerns about the society at that time ems (2006). Table 1 below lists the poems stud- (Farrukhzad, 1981). ied in this paper.

Table 1. List of studied poems Translation by SholehWolpé Translation by Jascha Kessler Persian Title آﻓﺘﺎب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد The Sun Rises The Sun Coming Up 1 ﺑﮫ آﻓﺘﺎب ﺳﻼﻣﯽ دوﺑﺎره ﺧﻮاھﻢ داد I Will Greet the Sun Again Once More 2 اﺳﯿﺮ Captive Captive 3 ﺣﻠﻘﮫ The Ring The Ring 4 ﺗﻮﻟﺪی دﯾﮕﺮ Reborn Born Again 5 دﯾﻮار The Wall The Wall 6

Theoretical Framework: Vinay and Dar- Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) developed a belnet’s Model comparative stylistic analysis of French and Eng- Vinay and Darbelnet’s(1995) model was used as lish. They considered texts in the two languages, the theoretical framework in this study. This model determined differences, and identified different includes two main translation strategies (direct, translation strategies and procedures (Munday, oblique) and seven procedures (borrowing, calque, 2001). There are, as they argue, two general literal translation; transposition, modulation, equiv- translation strategies: direct translation and alence, and adaptation).Additionally, three supple- oblique translation. Direct translation is transfer- mentary procedures proposed by Vinay and ring the SL message piece by piece into the TL Darbelnet (1995), including amplification, econo- according to “structural parallelism” or “metalin- my and explicitation were also used as part of the guistic parallelism” (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. theoretical framework.

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 81 31). It includes three procedures: borrowing, However, Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) be- calque, and literal. lieved that in cases where direct translation is not Borrowing is when a word in the SL is trans- possible because of metalinguistic or structural ferred to the TL directly to fill a semantic gap, differences, the strategy of oblique translation occasionally for the purpose of adding a local must be used. Oblique translation covers four color (Munday, 2001). procedures: transposition, modulation, equiva- TT: Hijab lence, and adaptation. Modulation refers to the ﺣﺠﺎب:Example: ST Calque is a special kind of borrowing in process of changing the form of a message which a language borrows an expression or a through changing the viewpoint. According to structure form another language and then trans- Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), modulation can oc- lates each of its elements literally(Vinay & cur along the following lines: abstract for con- Darbelnet, 1995). crete, explicative modulation, the part for the ,whole, one part for another, reversal of terms آﺳﻤﺎﻧﺨﺮاش:Example: ST: Sky scrapper TT Literal translation is the word-for-word trans- negation of opposite, active to passive, space for lation which entails “the direct transfer of a SL time, exchange of intervals for limits (in space text into a grammatically and idiomatically ap- and time) and change of symbol (including fixed propriate TL text” (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. and new metaphors). Table 2 provides more ex- 33). planation on modulation subcategories. TT: God protect you ﺧﺪاﺣﺎﻓﻆ:Example: ST

Table 2. Modulation subcategories Modulation subcategories Description and Examples Using concrete words, which are easier to be recognized, rather than abstract Abstract for concrete words. (and vice versa) در ھﻮای آزاد ﺧﻮاﺑﯿﺪن :ST: to sleep in the open TT Providing the cause for the effect. Explicative modulation ﻣﺪﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ را ﻧﺪﯾﺪه ام :ST: you are quite a stranger TT The part for the whole (and Using an object’s feature to present the whole object. TT: earth ﺧﺎک :vice versa) ST When some part of a thing is translated into another part. One part for another ST: I read this book from cover to cover ﻣﻦ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب را ﺻﻔﺤﮫ ﺑﮫ ﺻﻔﺤﮫ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪم :TT Making language sound natural. Reversal of terms اﻣﺘﺤﺎن دادن :ST: to take an exam TT Positive for double negative or double negative for positive. Negation of opposite ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﮕﯿﺮ :ST: take it easy TT Active to passive (and vice Translating active sentence into a passive sentence and vice versa. TT: the story was written by him او داﺳﺘﺎن را ﻧﻮﺷﺖ :versa) ST Space for time When a word or phrase indicating space is translated into a word or phrase rep- (and vice versa) resenting time and vice versa. ﻣﻦ ھﻨﻮز او را ﻣﯿﺒﯿﻨﻢ :ST: I see him there TT Exchange of intervals for lim- The limit is interpreted as a fixed point in time, and the interval as duration. TT:no parking between signs ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ ﭘﺎرﮐﯿﻨﮓ :its ST Comparing fixed metaphors, contrasting symbolism in different languages due Change of symbol to entirely different images. او ﻣﺜﻞ رﺳﺘﻢ ﻗﻮی اﺳﺖ :ST: he is as strong as a horse TT

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 82 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), the expression of the same idea(Vinay & transposition refers to the change in the part of Darbelnet, 1995). speech without altering the meaning. There are Example: ST: The charges brought against اﺗﮭﺎﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎو :two different types of transposition in translation: him TT obligatory transposition and optional transposi- Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) defined explicitation. The following is an example of optional tion as a procedure that includes presenting target transposition in which the translator has the language items that remain implicit in the source choice between applying literal or transposition language, being clear through the related situa- procedures. tion and context. Example: ST: my uncle came to see me ظﺎھﺮاﻋﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﺖ :ST: it seems great TT ﻋﻤﻮﯾﻢ ﺑﮫ دﯾﺪﻧﻤﺂﻣﺪ :transposition) TT) -lit) ﺑﮫ ﻧﻈﺮﻋﺎﻟﯽﻣﯿﺂﯾﺪ :ST: it seems great TT eral) Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) translation However, in obligatory transposition, the lan- model consisting of two general strategies and guage has no other choice because of the lan- seven procedures was opted as the framework for guage system. the current study to be applied on two English .TT: a young girl translations of selected poems of Forough دﺧﺘﺮﮐﯽ:Example: ST Expressing the same situation in two different languages using totally different “stylistic and Procedure structural method”(Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. As stated earlier, this study scrutinized two Eng- 38) is called equivalence. Using equivalence is lish translations of Forough’s selected poems by frequently applied to idioms and proverbs. a native as well as a non-native translator accord- TT: more ing to the translation model developed by Vinay ﮐﺎﺳﮫ داغ ﺗﺮ از آش :Example: ST Catholic than the Pope and Darbelnet (1995). These two translations Adaptation is used when “the type of situation were analyzed by two raters independently using being referred to by the SL message is unknown Vinay and Darbelnet’s(1995) model as the in the TL culture” (Vinay & Darbelnet, 1995, p. framework. The raters were 27- and 28-year-old 39) females, native Persian language speakers, with Example: ST: Sunday (when the holiday is in- postgraduate education in translation studies. The tended) selected poems of Forough were considered as in Iran, Fridays are holidays) the source texts and their English translations as)ﺟﻤﻌﮫ :TT Apart from the general translation strategies the target texts. The two raters prepared 20 tables and procedures included in the model, Vinay and for each of the translations based on the strategies Darbelnet (1995)also proposed some additional and procedures developed by Vinay and translation procedures including amplification, Darbelnet (1995). The poems were analyzed in- economy and explicitation which are described in dependently by the raters line by line, and each detail below. line was put under the relevant category in the According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), tables. It was observed that the lines were placed during the amplification process, the TL uses in more than one table. Then, the data collected more words than the SL for the same idea, with- from the raters were compared in order to identi- out changing the meaning, which makes target fy agreements and disagreements. For the cases text (TT) longer than source text (ST). of disagreement, a third rater (a 35-year-old male Example: ST: as (e.g., as I explained) TT: native Persian language speaker, with a Ph.D. in applied linguistics and five years of experience in ھﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮرﮐﮫ Economy is the opposite of amplification that teaching translation to university students) was is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST for asked to do the analysis, and from the three deci-

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 83 sions, the two similar ones were identified and since both are expressions that describe fate and included in the study. Furthermore, some of the destiny. lines were not put under any category and as the This has fallen to me ﺳﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ اﯾﻨﺴﺖ (raters explained, could not match any of the pro- (p.241 cedures in the model. Accordingly, through ses- (translated by Wolpé, 2007) sions of joint analysis and discussion where the researchers and two of the raters were present, Analysis new categories were proposed to address the This study is a qualitative product-oriented de- parts which could not be put under the categories scriptive research. The agreement and disagree- in the model. ment cases among the raters were collected in The following is an example of literal transla- tables in order to estimate the degree of agree- tion in which all of the key words in the Persian ment between the two raters through inter-rater line are transmitted word for word to the English reliability. After analyzing the disagreement cas- language. es and reaching an agreement on them using the Returning from the results from the analysis of a third rater, each line ﮐﮫز ﻣﮭﻤﺎﻧﯿﯿﮑﺂﯾﻨﮭﺒﺮ feast of the mirror was placed under the relevant category. Then, the ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد (p.243) number of applied strategies and procedures was (translated by Kessler, 2006) counted in order to estimate its frequency and to find out the extent to which each strategy and In the following line, there is a change in part procedure was utilized by the two translators. of speech from Persian to English, so it can be considered as a case of transposition. The word RESULTS tight), which is an adjective, is translated as As mentioned in section 0,raters investigated the)ﺗﻨﮓ tightly, which is an adverb. translations independently, and there were some -cases of disagreement between them. The inter راز اﯾﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﮫ ﮐﮭﺎﻧﮕﺸﺖ the meaning of this rater reliability method indicates the degree of ﻣﺮا band agreement among the raters. The percentage of اﯾﻨﭽﻨﯿﻦﺗﻨﮓﮔﺮﻓﺘﮫ اﺳﺖ ﺑﮫ -that grabs my fin agreement among the raters is 93.7 percent for ﺑﺮ(ger so tightly, (p.8) (adjective (translated by Wolpé, 2007) Kessler’s translations (314 cases out of 335) and 93.9 percent for the translations by Wolpé (248 fire) is cases out of 264). Therefore, a clear and strong)آﺗﺶIn the following line, the word translated as flame; while flame is part of fire. consensus among the raters could be found for Thus, part of a thing is replaced for the whole, both translations. However, disagreement cases which is called the part for the whole procedure (21 in Kessler and 16 in Wolpé) were discussed according to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). by the two raters and finalized using the analysis and in this word of a third expert and subsequently added to the accurate data in order to count the frequency of ﻣﻦ در اﯾﻦ آﯾﮫ ﺗﻮ را ﺑﮫ ,bound you to trees .each procedure employed درﺧﺖ و آب و آﺗﺶﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪزدم (water, flame (p.237 (translated by Kessler, 2006) After placing each line of the translations by Kessler and Wolpé of Forough’s selected poems The following is an example of the equiva- in the relevant categories proposed by Vinay and lence procedure in which the same situation is Darbelnet (1995), it was found that in 335 cases, described in the SL and TL using different struc- Vinay and Darbelnet’s(1995) taxonomy was ap- literally means: this is plied to Forough’s selected poems translation by)ﺳﮭﻢ ﻣﻦ اﯾﻨﺴﺖ .tural methods my portion) in the Persian language refers to the Kessler. As shown in Figure 2, Kessler mostly same situation as this has fallen to me in English used the oblique strategy with the frequency of

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 84 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … 64 percent and used direct strategy for 36 percent As can be seen in of the times. Among the procedures of direct strategy, he widely used literal translation with Table 3, within the subcategories of modula- 99 percent and used the borrowing procedure tion, both Kessler and Wolpé frequently used the only for the remaining one percent. Remarkably, part-for-the-whole procedure in 29 and 19 cases, he did not use the calque method at all through- respectively. Then, the most frequently used pro- out the translation. Within the procedures of the cedure was change of symbol for Kessler in 28 oblique strategy, modulation was the most fre- cases, and change of symbol as well as explica- quently used procedure with 66 percent, followed tive modulation in 10 cases for each for Wolpé. by transposition with 30 percent, and adaptation Kessler used 18 times the abstract-for-concrete procedure while this occurred only eight times and equivalence with the same frequency of two for Wolpé. Both translators used the one-part-for- percent. another procedure nine times. Kessler used expli- On the other hand, in 264 cases, the transla- cative modulation, reversal of terms, active to tions by Wolpé were positioned under the strate- passive, exchange of intervals for limits, negation gies and procedures developed by Vinay and of opposite, and space for time in eight, seven, Darbelnet (1995). She used the oblique strategy five, four, three, and one cases, respectively. more than the direct one (53 percent and 47 per- Wolpé used active to passive in four cases and negation of opposite, reversal of terms and ex- cent for each, respectively). Within the proce- change of intervals for limits one time each. She dures of the direct translation, she often used lit- did not use space for time in her translation. Re- eral translation with a frequency of 96 percent, garding the supplementary procedures, Kessler while borrowing was seldom used by her (four mostly used explicitation for 26 cases followed by percent only). Like Kessler, she did not use economy and amplification for 20 cases each. In- calque procedure at all in her translation. From stead, Wolpé commonly used amplification in 24 cases followed by economy in 23 cases and ex- the procedures of the oblique strategy, Wolpé plicitaion in 19 cases (see used 60 percent modulation, 34 percent transposition, three percent adaptation, and three percent equivalence. Table 3).

120 100 80 60 40 20 Equivalence Explicative Modulation Transposition Amplification Explicitation Negation of Opposite Exchange of Intervals Space for Time Adaptation Economy Active to Passive Calque Borrowing The Part for the Whole One Part for Another 0 Literal Abstract for Concrete Reversal of Terms Change of Symbol Number of Cases …

Modulation Direct Oblique Supplementary

Kessler Wolpe

Figure 1.Comparative bar chart of procedures used by the two translators

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 85 Table 3. Number of procedures used by the two translators Kessler Wolpé Borrowing 1 4 Direct Calque 0 0 Literal 97 89 Transposition 52 36 Adaptation 3 3

Equivalence 4 3 The Part for the Whole 29 19 Change of Symbol 28 10 Abstract for Concrete 18 8 Oblique Active to Passive 5 4 Negation of Opposite 3 1 Modulation One Part for Another 9 9 Explicative Modulation 8 10 Reversal of Terms 7 1 Exchange of Intervals for Limits 4 1 Space for Time 1 0 Amplification 20 24 Supplementary Economy 20 23 Explicitation 26 19

Kessler (Non-Native Translator) Wolpé (Native Translator)

Direct 36% Direct Overall 47% Oblique Oblique 64% 53%

Calque Calque Borrowing Borrowing 0% 0% 1% 4%

Direct

Literal Literal 99% 96%

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 86 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a …

Adaptation Equival Adaptation Equival 2% ence 3% ence 2% 3%

Transposition 30% Transposition Oblique 34% Modulation Modulation 66% 60%

Figure 2.Percentage of translation strategies and procedures utilized by the two translators

According to the results achieved, both trans- Suggesting Complementary Procedures lators mainly made use of the oblique strategy, In 31cases, the procedures and strategies devel- though Kessler utilized the oblique strategy con- oped by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) could not be siderably more than Wolpé and out of the proce- applied to the translation of Forough’s selected dures of the oblique strategy, modulation contain- poems by Wolpé; the same happened for Kessler ing 10 subcategories, was often applied by the in 27cases. The researchers analyzed these cases translators. However, regarding the direct strate- and tried to categorize them. The new categories gy, the literal procedure was widely employed by have been labeled complementary procedures by both translators, and concerning the supplemen- the researchers and can include three procedures tary procedures, explicitation and amplification which the researchers called addition, omission, were frequently used by Kessler and Wolpé re- and mood change. spectively. Addition. DISCUSSION Adding words to the TT whereas that word or Even though both translators applied the oblique expression is absent in the ST is called addition strategy more than the direct one, Kessler, as a by the researchers which is originated from the non-native speaker of the source language (Per- description by Newmark (1988) who classified sian), used oblique strategy, which is a kind of the addition of information into the TT as cultur- free translation, more than Wolpé, the Persian al, technical and linguistic. This procedure most- native-speaking translator. Within the procedures ly happens when the translator intends to add of direct strategy, they both used literal transla- emphasis. Wolpé used addition in eight cases tion with a noticeable difference compared to while Kessler used it in 17 cases. The following other procedures, and from the procedures of is an example of addition in which the translator oblique strategy, both translators commonly used used additional words in the TT. The English line modulation followed by transposition, while the is the TT and the Persian line is the ST. In Eng- least used procedures by both of them were adap- lish, the very, which is a common phrase to em- tation and equivalence. Therefore, the application phasize something notable, is added to the TT by of Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) procedures was the translator while the term is absent in the ST. almost the same for Kessler and Wolpé, while in And travel to the very ﻣﯽ روم ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ the application of their main strategies (oblique beaches of the Sun ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ and direct), considerable differences could be (p.367) found between the translators. (translated by Kessler, 2006)

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 87 Omission. but Kessler translated it as do you see, which is According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), using an interrogative sentence. This procedure is not fewer words in the TT than the ST for conveying used by Wolpé. ﻧﮕﺎه ﮐﻦﮐﮫ ﻣﻮم the same idea without changing the meaning of Do you see on our way ﺷﺐ ﺑﺮاه ﻣﺎ (the utterance, is called economy. However, omis- the tallow of night (p.33 sion is a term used by the researchers which im- (translated by Kessler, plies excluding words in the TT while that word 2006) or expression exists in the ST. Omission is a fa- miliar term in the field of translation studies as it Defective translations. is used by many theorists in various states. Here, Based on the raters’ analysis, in three cases Kess- the term omission is derived from the description ler had a misunderstanding of the Persian line by Baker (1992), for situations in which a term is and the same occurred for Wolpé in four cases. excluded in the TT due to its redundancy. This These cases are called defective translations by procedure mostly happens for the sake of summa- the raters that can be defined as the translations rizing. In the following line, the translator used that do not appropriately match the ST (most omission in order to summarize. In the previous probably) due to the translators’ misunderstand- lines, the translator used perhaps life for ing of the TT. For example, in the following line, -meaning light) is translated as dis) ﻧﻮر but in this line, she just used the word or the wordزﻧﺪﮔﯿﺸﺎﯾﺪ since it was no longer necessary to repeat the tant which may be due to misspelling in the same expression. In 23 cases, Wolpé used omis- translator’s version of the poetry book. Since the sion, while this occurred seven times for Kessler. Persian equivalents for the words distant and (respectivelyﻧﻮر andدور) light have close spellings زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ طﻔﻠﯿﺴﺖ or is a child returning depending on the typeset, misunderstanding ﮐﮫ از ﻣﺪرﺳﮫ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد (home from school (p.79 might have arisen from misreading. (translated by Wolpé, ﺗﺎ ﺑﺸﻮﯾﻢ ﺗﻦ ﺑﮫ آب ﭼﺸﻤﮫ wash my body in 2007) ھﺎیﻧﻮر (distant springs, (p.12

(translated by Wolpé, 2007) Mood change.

There are four sentence types in grammar called Drawing on Previous Studies declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and im- Though the comparative studies on Persian- perative sentence. Using one of these sentence English translation analysis through Vinay and types in the ST and a different one in the TT is Darbelnet (1995) are scant and inconclusive, the suggested by the researchers to be called mood findings of the previous studies can yield further change. The term mood is borrowed from the insight into how the results of this study can be functional linguistic approach by Halliday and interpreted. Delzendehrooy and Karimnia (2013) Matthiessen (2004) which serves to preserve so- worked on Khayyam’s quatrains based on the cial relations and the expression of social roles, subcategories of modulation that is one of the including the communication roles generated by procedures of oblique strategy but they did not the language and the interaction between people consider direct strategy or other procedures of (for example the roles of questioner or respond- oblique strategy as well as supplementary proce- ent). This procedure can be added to the procedures developed by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995). dures of modulation developed by Vinay and Thus, their findings cannot be entirely compared Darbelnet (1995), since there is a change in the to the findings of the present study. However, point of view. In three cases, Kessler translated they found that the most frequently used subcate- imperative sentences to interrogative ones. For gory of modulation was the part-for-the-whole by which is anﻧﮕﺎھﮑﻦ,instance, in the following line the two translators which is similar to this study. imperative in the ST, should be rendered as look,

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 88 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … Both of the translators, Kessler and Wolpé, used (1995). Contrary to the present study where both the part-for-the-whole procedure more than the translators commonly used the oblique strategy, other procedures of modulation. one of the translators in her study mostly used In another study, Iranmanesh and oblique translation while the other used the direct Azadmanesh (2015) studied translation of collo- one most frequently. Quite recently, Behtash and cations in Great Gatsby considering the strategies Moghadam (2017) studied an oblique translation (direct and oblique) developed by Vinay and of Animal Farm and found that the translator Darbelnet (1995), disregarding supplementary mostly used the equivalence procedure and as procedures. The results indicated that the literal mentioned previously, equivalence was seldom procedure followed by modulation were the most used by both of the translators analyzed in the commonly used procedures. Similarly, in the cur- present study. rent study, literal translation and modulation were Very few studies have applied the model on the most frequently used procedures from the poetry, and in almost all of the previous studies direct and oblique strategies, respectively. using the model, the ST was English and the TT Shahbaiki and Yousefi (2013) investigated ad- was Persian. One of the exceptions is the study jective-noun collocations from English into Per- by Delzendehrooy and Karimnia (2013) who sian in Jane Eyre according to Vinay and Dar- worked on Khayyam’s quatrains. In this study, belnet’s(1995) model by two translators, yet they the ST is Persian poetry and the TTs are its two disregarded the supplementary procedures. It was English translations. Also, this study investigated revealed that one of the translators commonly supplementary procedures proposed by Vinay used equivalence while the other frequently used and Darbelnet (1995), which few researchers in literal translation. In the current study, however, this area have done. both of the translators frequently used literal translation. Yarahmadzehi et al. (2013) studied CONCLUSION Persian translations of English phrasal verbs in Two English translations of the selected poems of the novel Harry Potter and the Order of the Forough by Kessler and Wolpé (a non-native and Phoenix based on the Vinay and Dar- a native Persian speaker, respectively) were ana- belnet’s(1995) taxonomies and found that the lyzed based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1995) most frequently used translation procedure was model. The analysis was conducted independent- equivalence. However, in the current study ly by two raters to ensure the reliability of the equivalence and adaptation were the least used findings. Based on the findings from the analysis, procedures by Kessler and Wolpé. it was revealed that in most of the cases, the By analyzing the style in two Persian transla- raters had consensus, though in less than 10 per- tions of Pink Floyd’s lyrics, Zandrahimi and cent of the cases, agreement between the raters Marzban (2017)shifted their attention from the had not been achieved. By drawing on the analy- frequency of each employed strategy and proce- sis of a third rater for those cases, the frequency dure and the gaps in the applied model, to the of each applied strategy and procedure by the two quality of translations. Though they did not con- translators was estimated for the corpus of inter- sider the frequency of each procedure and only est. After counting the frequencies, it was found focused on the style of translations, the findings that both of the translators commonly used the suggested that in a considerable number of parts, oblique strategy, though the non-native translator literal translation lead to an error. used the oblique strategy more than the native Sharei (2017) conducted a comparative study one. So, considering that the oblique and direct of the strategies employed in the novel The Old strategies resemble free and literal translations, Man and the Sea by two translators based on the respectively, the non-native translator generally strategies developed by Vinay and Darbelnet refused to translate literally; rather he had a trend

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 89 toward free translation. However, though trans- (Comparative Language and Literature lating fluently, the native speaker employed the Research), 1(4), 109-130. word-for-word rendering more than the non- Behtash, E., & Moghadam, M. (2017). Translation evaluation: A comparative native translator. Therefore, it may be inferred study of an oblique translation. that the non-native translator’s main focus was on International Journal of English the sense so as to convey it properly to the target Language & Translation Studies, 5(2), audience. 108-112. Additionally, both of the translators consider- Darznik, J. (2010). Forough goes west: The ably used supplementary procedures. During the legacy of Forough Farrokhzad in Iranian analysis, it was realized that Vinay and Darbe- diasporic art and literature. Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, 6(1), 103- lent’s(1995) procedures were not applicable for 116. doi:10.2979/MEW.2010.6.1.103 translating some of the lines (of poems), so new Delzendehrooy, M., & Karimnia, A. (2013). A categories were suggested by the raters called comparative study of modulation in complementary procedures to be added to Vinay English translations of Khayyam's and Darbelent’s(1995) model so as to make it quatrains. Procedia - Social and more vigorous and give it more explanatory ro- Behavioral Sciences, 70, 28-40. bustness. The three complementary procedures doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.03 Esmaeili, Z., & Ebrahimi, S. (2013). The are addition, omission, and mood change. assessment of defamiliarization in This study, being comparative in nature, in- Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry. vestigated the translation product and tried to International Journal of Applied contribute to research on translating Persian poet- Linguistics & English Literature, 2(2). ry. It might help researchers to identify different Farrukhzad, F. (1981). Another birth: Selected characteristics in two different languages (Eng- poems (H. Javadi & S. Sallée, Trans.). Emeryville, CA: Albany Press. lish and Persian in our case) in order to perceive Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An the idea that people in difference languages ex- Introduction to Functional Grammar press situations differently. Also, it may benefit (3rd ed.). London: Arnold. those who are interested to conduct further stud- Hassanpour, F., & Hashim, R. S. (2012). Reading ies on the English translations of Forough’s po- Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry from the ems. Other researchers are encouraged to conduct perspective of systemic functional studies on the English translations of Forough’s linguistics. Journal of Language Studies, 12(3). poems using the same or a different translation Hejazi, S. H., & Dastjerdi, H. (2015). Translation model using the same or a different selection of of binomials in hard news: A contrastive her poems. Researchers can also use Vinay and study of English and Persian. Darbelnet’s(1995) model to investigate poems of Mediterranean Journal of Social other outstanding poets with a similar style. Sciences, 6(2), 512-516. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p512 References Heshmatifar, Z., & Biria, R. (2015). Exploring the translation strategies utilized for the Amiri, N., & Yousefi, M. (2016). Home culture rendition of economic terms from attachment and Iranian students’ English into Persian. Journal of Applied translation ability. International Journal Linguistics and Language Research, of English Linguistics, 6(6), 54-66. 2(8), 111-127. doi:10.5539/ijel.v6n6p54 House, J. (1997). A model for translation quality Baker, M. (1992). In other words. London: assessment: A model revisited. Germany: Routlege. Gunter Narr Verlag. Barekat, B., & Eftekhari, T. (2011). Semiotics of Iranmanesh, M., & Azadmanesh, N. (2015). A poetry: Applying Michael Riffaterre’s comparative study of translation theory to a poem by Forough Farrokhzad. strategies of collocations from English Language Related Research

www.SID.ir Archive of SID 90 Examining the Translations of Selected Poems of ForoughFarrokhzad by a … into Persian in Great Gatsby based on Learning and Applied Linguistics World, Vinay and Darbelnet’s model. Indian 4(3), 13-23. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Shakernia, S. H. (2011). A comparative study of Sciences, 5(4), 79-87. the Persian subtitles of American Iran: historical drama and romantic comedy .ﺟﺎوداﻧﮫ زﯾﺴﺘﻦ، در اوج ﻣﺎﻧﺪن .(Jalali, B. (1997 Morvarid. movies with the originals. Theory and Khatibzadeh, P., & Sameri, M. (2013). Practice in Language Studies, 1(6), 740- Translation of binomials in political 743. doi:10.4304/tpls.1.6.740-743 speeches and reports: A contrastive study Sharei, V. (2017). A comparative study of the of English and Persian. Linguistics and strategies employed in "the old man and Translation, 56A, 13779-13785. the sea" translated from English into Lotfollahi, B., & Dabbaghi, A. (2012). Persian on the basis of Vinay and Translation of terms of address from Darbelnet's model. Theory and Practice English into Persian: strategies in focus. in Language Studies, 7(4), 281-284. Mediterranean Journal of Social doi:10.17507/tpls.0704.06 Sciences, 3(3), 329-333. Shokri, S. (2014). Translating movie titles: doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n3p329 Strategies applied on Persian to English Lotfollahi, B., Ketabi, S., & Barati, H. (2013). cases. Mediterranean Journal of Social Persian translation of English print Sciences, 5(20), 2568-2573. advertisements for cosmetic and hygienic doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p2568 products. The Iranian EFL Journal, 9(3), Vinay, J., & Darbelnet, J. (1995). Comparative 320-331. stylistics of French and English: A Lotfollahi, B., & Moinzadeh, A. (2012). methodology for translation. Amsterdam, Translation of movie titles from English PA: John Benjamins. into Persian: Strategies and effects. Yarahmadzehi, N., Beikian, A., & Nadri, F. Mediterranean Journal of Social (2013). A study of Persian translations of Sciences, 3(3), 511-516. English phrasal verbs in Harry Potter and doi:10.5901/mjss.2012.v3n3p511 the order of the phoenix. International .Journal of English Linguistics, 3(1), 1-2 ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺎﻟﺒﮭﺎی ﺷﻌﺮ ﻓﺮوغ .(Mousavi, S. K. (2005 doi:10.5539/ijel.v3n1p60 ﻣﺠﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﻮم اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه .ﻓﺮﺧﺰاد Zandrahimi, M., & Marzban, M. (2017). The .ﺷﯿﺮاز, 22(1), 124-111 Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation analysis of style in Persian translations of studies: Theories and applications. New Pink Floyd lyrics. Journal of Research in York, NY: Routledge. Applied Linguistics, 8, 164-170. Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to translation. doi:10.22055/RALS.2017.12920 Oxford & New York: Pregamon Press. Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice-Hall. Nida, E. A. (1964). Toward a science of translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill. .Iran: Dorna .زﻧﺎﻧﮫ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮوغ .(Salari, M. (2015 Shabanipoor, M., & Moinzadeh, A. (2013). A study of translation strategies used in translation of specialized terms of psychology from English into Persian. International Research Journal of English Language Teaching and Literature Studies, 1(2), 1-5. Shahbaiki, A., & Yousefi, M. (2013). A comparative study of adjective-noun collocations from English into Persian in Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. International Journal of Language

www.SID.ir Archive of SID Journal of language and translation, Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2019 91 Biodata Dr Enayat A. Shabani is Assistant Professor of Applied Linguistics at Tehran University of Med- ical Sciences (TUMS). He is also TUMS Director of International Affairs and Development, the Head of the Department of Foreign Languages of the TUMS International College, and a member of the TUMS Internationalization Committee. His areas of research interest include language testing and assessment, language and cognition, and internationalization of higher education. Email: [email protected]

Ms Nafiseh Emadi received her BA in Econom- ics from the City University of New York and her MA in Translation Studies from the University of Tehran. She is now working for the International Department of the Presidential Office’s Center for Women and Family Affairs. She is interested in translation studies, higher education, and women’s studies. Email: [email protected]

Ms Fatemeh Daftari graduated with a master’s degree in the field of Translation Studies from the University of Tehran. Her research interests include theories of translation, translation criti- cism, translation and literature, and translation of religious texts. Email: [email protected]