Punjab Rural Water Supply & Sanitation

E1435 VOL. 1

Public Disclosure Authorized Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project

(World Bank assisted)

Preparedfor

Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab Public Disclosure Authorized

Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized

VOLUME - I (MAIN REPORT)

FDBACWI TURNKEY ENGINEERS Member-Feedback Ventures Group Public Disclosure Authorized

September 2006 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNK VNGIEER

Table of Contents

Volume I - Main Report

Section Title Page No

Abbreviations ix

Executive Summary 1 Coverage, Institutions and Regulatory and Policy Framework 1 Environmental Baseline 3 Key Environmental issues and mitigation measures 5 Environmental Management Framework 8 Key Elements of the EMF 9 Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle 10 Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 13 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Management 14 Training and Capacity Building 15 Budget 16

1. Introduction 18

1.1 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PRWSS) 18 1.2 Sector Environmental Assessment (SEA) 19 1.3 Methodology 20 1.3.1 Data Collection and Review 21 1.3.2 Preliminary Site Visits 21 1.3.3 Public Consultations 22 1.3.4 Selection of Villages for Detailed Study 22 1.4 Procedure followed for Public Consultations 25 1.5 Schedule of Public Consultations 25 1.6 Organisation of the Report 27

Page i Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACWK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MFGp

Section Title Page No

2. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Punjab 28 2.1 National Context 28 2.1.1 Swajaldhara 29 2.1.2 Total Sanitation Campaign 29 2.2 RWSS Coverage in Punjab 30 2.2.1 Drinking Water 30 2.2.2 Sanitation 34 2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework 35 2.3.1 National Framework 35 2.3.2 State Framework 38 2.4 Sector Institutions 41 2.4.1 Nodal Institution: Department of Water Supply and Sanitation 41 2.4.2 Converging Departments 44 2.5 Proposed World Bank assisted Project 45 3. Baseline Environmental Status 47 3.1 Physical Environment 47 3.1.1 Location 47 3.1.2 Physiography 47 3.1.3 Soils 49 3.1.4 Climate and Rainfall 50 3.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms) 54 3.1.6 Land Use 55 3.1.7 Agriculture 57 3.2 Water Resources Environment 59 3.2.1 Surface Water Resources 59 3.2.2 Groundwater Resources 62 3.2.2.1 Hydrogeology 62

Page ii and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Gr

Section Title Page No

3.2.2.2 Disposition of the Aquifers 62 3.2.2.3 Depth of Water Level & Water Level Altitude 68 3.2.2.4 Current Status of Ground water Resources 71 3.2.2.5 Deep Ground-water 77 3.2.2.6 Natural Ground-water Recharge 80 3.2.3 Water Quality 80 3.2.3.1 Surface Water Quality: Rivers & Canals 80 3.2.3.2 Surface Water Quality: Village Ponds & Wetlands 82 3.2.3.3 Ground Water Quality 84 3.2.3.4 DWSS Water Sampling Study 88 3.3 Household and Environmental Sanitation 97 3.3.1 Household Sanitation 97 3.3.2 Wastewater 97 3.3.3 Solid wastes 98 3.3.4 Cattle wastes 98 3.4 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices 99 3.5 Incidence of Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab 100

4. Environmental Analysis 102 4.1 Key environmental issues 102 4.1.1 Water Availability 102 4.1.2 Water Quality 104 4.1.3 Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab RWSS 105 4.1.4 Environmental Sanitation 107 4.1.5 Construction-stage Impacts 109

Page iii Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-be-Ftedbxk V"nwmsGw.p

Section Title Page No

5. Environment Management Framework 110 5.1 Environment Issues and Mitigation Measures 110 5.2 Environmental Management Framework 114 5.2.1 Key Elements ofthe EMF 114 5.2.2 Application of EMF to Project cycle 116 5.2.3 Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 122 5.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental Management 123 5.3.1 Project Institutional Structure 123 5.3.2 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management 136 5.3.3 Training and Capacity Building 137 5.3.4 Budget 139 6. Public Disclosure of Draft Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment 141

References 147

Page iv Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK iTURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment -FV -p

List of Figures

Figure Title Page No. No.

1.1 Approach and Methodology 20 1.2 Location Map of Punjab with sample villages/ 24 districts 2.1 Coverage of Rural habitations with Water Supply 31 2.2 Existing Organisational set up of DWSS 43 3.1 Location Map of Punjab with district boundaries 48 3.2 Rainfall distribution in Punjab 51 3.3 Districtwise Rainfall - Average v/s Actual for the 52 year 2003 3.4 Variation in Annual Rainfall 53 3.5 Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers in Punjab 58 3.6 River, Canal and Drainage Network, Punjab 60 3.7 3-D Diagram - Upper Bari Doab, Punjab 63 3.8 3-D Diagram - Bist Doab, Punjab 64 3.9 3-D Diagram - Sangrur, Punjab 65 3.10 Geological Cross Section through Patiala - Sangrur 67 Districts, Punjab 3.11 Map showing Depth to Ground Water Table in 69 meters during June 2004 3.12 Water Table Elevation 70 3.13 Status of Ground Water Development 73 3.14 Map of Punjab showing Rise/ Fall of Water Table in 75 meters from 6/84 to 6/2003 3.15 Water level trend in 2 typical Districts 76 3.16 Fence Diagram showing Fresh Ground Water 78 Sediments 3.17 Thickness of Fresh Ground Water Sediments 79 5.1 Process Flow Scheme for EMF Activities in the 118 Scheme cycle 5.2 Proposed Overall Institutional Model 125

Pagev Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-be-Feedbxk Vewm. Group

List of Tables Table Title Page No. No. 1 Environmental Management Framework 11 2 Recommended Monitoring Plan 14 3 Budget for Environmental Management 16 4 Annual Budget for Environmental Management 17 1.1 List of Sample villages and schedule of public 26 consultations 2.1 Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply in 30 2003 2.2 Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply 31 2.3 Percentage of Population served by the RWS 32 schemes 2.4 Type and Source for Coverage of Villages ( as on 32 March 2005) 2.5 Designed Service levels of Rural Water Supply 33 Schemes 2.6 Scope of Relevant Environment Regulations 37 3.1 Water Availability From Rainfall In Punjab 54 3.2 Land Use in Punjab 56 3.3 List of Natural Wetlands of Punjab 61 3.4 List Of Manmade Wetlands Of Punjab 61 3.5 Ground Water Potential (as on April 1, 2002) 71 3.6 District-wise Ground Water Availability (in ha.m.) 72 3.7 Water Quality of Rivers in Punjab 81 3.8 Quality Parameters of Some Wetlands of Punjab 83 3.9(a) Districts affected by shallow ground water quality 86 problems in Punjab (DWSS, 2006) 3.9(b) Districts affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality 87 Problems in Punjab 3.10(a) Water Quality Results of 10 districts 90 3. 1 O(b) Water Quality Results of 10 districts 91 3.11 Test results for Water Samples - in 6 districts 94 3.12 Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab 101 5.1 Environmental Management Framework 119 5.2 Environmental Data Sheet for Individual/ multi 121 village water supply and sanitation schemes 5.3 Recommended Monitoring Plan 123 5.4 Training needs for Environment Management 139 5.5 Estimated Cost of Training 139 5.6 Budget for Environmental Management Activities 140 5.7 Annual Budget for Environmental Management 140

Page vi Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK( TUTRNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mib VwGrupG-Fdbck

VOLUME - II

List of Annexures

No Title Page No.

1. Tariff Structure of DWSS 1

2. Terms of Reference 2 - 7

3. Criteria of selection of Survey villages 8

4. Data collection templates 9 - 16

5. District-wise coverage with service level 17

6. District-wise list of in progress villages 18 - 19

7. RWSS initiatives in the State 20 - 24

8. Schedule I (Ministry of Environment and Forests) 25 - 26

9. Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954 27 - 30

10. Stage of Ground water Development of Punjab State 31 - 37 as on 31.03.2004 11 Water Quality Standards for Surface Water as per 38 CPCB 12. Major types of water polluting Industries in Punjab 39

13. Drinking water standards as per IS: 10500-1991 40 - 42

14. District-wise Incidence of Diseases 43 - 46

15. Policy statement of Department of Irrigation, Govt. 47 of Punjab 16. Policy statement of Water Resources & 48 Environment Directorate, Govt. of Punjab 17. Report of Impact of Pumping of Ground Water by 49 - 51 M.C. Jindal

Page vii Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKN( Punjab TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment -- V p

18. Implementation/construction stage impacts and 52 - 59 mitigation measures 19. Water Quality Surveillance Programme 60 - 66

20. Public Notice in the Local Punjabi daily Newspaper 67 dated 30.07.06 21. Public Notice in Local English Daily Newspaper dt. 68 31.07.06 22. Comments of PSCST on Draft Report on EA Study 69 - 70

23. Comments of Addl. Director, Ministry of 71 Environment & Forest, Chandigarh on Draft Report on EA Study

Page viii Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( iTURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-|bFfdback V.nr G-p

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme BCM Billion Cubic Meters BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOT Build Operate and Transfer CE Chief Engineer CPCB Central Pollution Control Board Crore Equivalent to 10 Million DO Dissolved Oxygen DPH(PHE) Directorate of Public Health (Prinary Health Engineering) DPMC District Program Management Cell DSR Detailed Scheme Report DTES District Level Technical Environment Specialist DWSM District Water Supply & Sanitation Missions DWSS Department of Water Supply and Sanitation ECOP Environmental Codes of Practice EA Environmental Assessment EE Executive Engineer EiC Engineer in Chief EMF Environmental Management Framework ETP Effluent Treatment Plant F Fluoride Fe Ferrous (Iron) Gol Government of India GoP Government of Punjab GPWSC Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation Committee HYV High Yielding Varieties ICR Implementation Compliance Report IEC Information, Education, Communication ITI Industrial Training Institute M (M&E) Manager (Monitoring and Evaluation) MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MNP Minimum Needs Program MV Multi Village NABARD National Board for Agricultural and Rural Development NRCD National River Conservation Directorate O & M Operation & Maintenance OHT Overhead Tank ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Commission PAD Punjab Agriculture Department PAU Punjab Agriculture University PIP Project Implementation Plan PTU Project Implementation Unit

Page ix Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKC TURNKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M,bT-,F.dbdK VG- S-p

PMGY Pradhan Mantri Gramdoya Yojana PPCB Punjab Pollution Control Board PRI Panchayati Raj Institutions PSCST Punjab State Council for Science & Technology PRWSSP Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project QBS Quality Based Selection RWSS Rural Water Supply & Sanitation SE Superintending Engineer SEAMF Sector Environmental Analysis and Management Framework SHP Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion SPMC State Program Management Cell SPMU State Program Management Unit SSF Slow sand Filtration STES State Level Technical Environment Specialist SV Single Village SWSM State Water Supply and Sanitation Mission TDS Total Dissolved Solids ToR Terms of Reference TSC Total Sanitation Campaign TSP Total Sanitation Program UP Uttar Pradesh VST Village Support Team WATSAN Water Supply and Sanitation WQS Water Quality Surveillance

Page x Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Tb-NId ENGINEERS

Executive Summary

The Government of Punjab (GoP) proposes to access World Bank funds to expand coverage of water and sanitation schemes in its rural areas. The proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project is being designed with inputs from a range of preparatory studies.

This document presents the report of the Sector Environmental Assessment which is one of the preparatory studies. The World Bank's safeguards policy rate rural water supply projects in the non-priority category 'B'.

Towards this end, the following activities were conducted under the terms of reference of this study:

1. Outline of coverage, institutions and regulatory and policy framework. 2. Construction of an environmental baseline through secondary data search and public consultations. 3. Identification of environmental issues and concerns. 4. Development of a Sector Environmental Assessment and Management Framework. 5. Recommendation of Institutional Arrangement and Budget.

Coverage, Institutions and Regulatory and Policy Framework

In the State of Punjab, drinking water sources include 3148 piped water supply schemes provided by Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) and private handpumps in individual households. About 80% schemes are tube well based and remaining 20% schemes are canal-based. Safe water supply coverage is available only in 74% of the 14,605 total (main and other) habitations of Punjab. Fully covered habitations are 49% of the total while a quarter are partially covered.

GoP is keen to reform the sector to improve sustainability and standard of rural water service delivery, in Punjab. Towards this end, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab has recently developed a new Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) policy framework and obtained cabinet clearance of the same. The key features of the new approach would be: * Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation and management of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services;

Page 1 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessmenti TURNKEY ENGINEERS

* DWSS to be responsible for managing complex multi-village water supply schemes, but with improved fiscal and operational performance, and for providing capacity support also to rural local governments for single village schemes; * Introducing partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand; and * Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities.

Further, reform initiatives already taken by GoP include: i) Issuing a notification for raising water tariff over a 5-year period since 2002-03. The new tariffs for private connections shall be Rs 50 to Rs 60 per month in case of normal schemes with service levels of 40 lpcd and Rs 60 to Rs 75 in case of schemes designed for service levels of 70 lpcd. The notification also introduced- for the first time- water charge for public stand post users at a rate of Rs 10/ month/household to be increased to Rs 15 per month/ household from 2006-07. ii) Policy decision to transfer management of existing single village water supply schemes to PRIs (a total of 774 such schemes out of a total of 876 have already been transferred to PRIs). iii) Awarding operations-management contracts for 550 new piped water schemes to private sector participation resulting in cost reduction. iv) Willingness to redefine the role of the state government agency (DWSS) from direct service delivery to facilitation and partnership.

According to NSSO, in 2002, only 48.6% households in Punjab had sanitation coverage. Therefore there is a problem of unhygienic disposal of human faeces in the absence of sanitation facilities. Some initiatives have been taken for expanding the coverage of sanitation facilities which include introduction of Total Sanitation Campaign, demonstration of small bore drainage system and rehabilitation of existing polluted village ponds using cost effective and self sustaining technologies besides, installation of 244 vermi-composting units for solid waste management.

Now, GoP intends to scale up statewide the demand responsive and decentralized service delivery approach. In this context, GoP is seeking World Bank assistance in implementing its 6-year medium term Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) program. GoP has also decided to adopt a sector wide approach for RWSS improvements in the State. The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people - about 20% of the state's rural population through:

* Construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation of existing schemes in 3066 villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages). * Provision of small-bore drainage system and sewage treatment in 100 villages. * Rehabilitation of 1000 village ponds receiving sullage water.

Page 2 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TRNKE ENGINEERS

The Department of Water Supply and Sanitation is the only nodal institution for providing drinking water supply and sanitation facilities in rural areas of Punjab whereas four other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation.

Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, states are guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. These include The National Water Policy, 2002, The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and EIA Notification of 1994 with amendments.

Other Acts relevant to the Water supply and sanitation sector in Punjab are The Punjab Tube well Act, 1954, The Inter-State River Water Dispute Act-1956, and Punjab Panchayat Raj Act, 1994. A Punjab Ground Water Act is proposed to be enacted to regulate and control ground water extraction.

Environmental Baseline

Punjab State is occupied by Indus river basin and is drained by three major rivers, which include the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. The Ghaggar, Chitti (White) Bein, Kali (Black) Bein, Sakki Nala, Kiran Nala, Naumni Nadi and the Chakki river are the major seasonal rivers in the state The total stretch of canal network, including the distributary system, in Punjab is approx. 14500 kms.

Village ponds and tanks cover a substantial area in Punjab, estimated at approximately 25,000 acres across the state. They have traditionally played a major role in defining the ecology of rural areas, by providing natural drainage, acting as groundwater rechargers and providing habitat to the local flora and fauna. The state also has 12 natural and 9 manmade wetlands covering more than 15,500 ha area.

The environmental baseline covered the following aspects related to the water resources of Punjab:

1) Water availability

The total available surface water resources in the state amount to 14.54 MAF (17937 MCM). Surface water is currently the source of irrigation for 38.3% of the land. Punjab also has a total replenishable ground water resource of 14.74 MAF (18200 MCM). Shallow aquifers have been the major source of water for irrigation, drinking water (from private spot sources) and industrial uses in Punjab. Large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth has translated into over-exploitation of shallow aquifers and consequent decline in shallow groundwater levels, especially in the fresh groundwater areas.

Page 3 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well established, starting from the depths of 100-15Om down to depths of 300 m in most parts and up to 600 m or more in 75 km wide belt in front of the Himalayan range. The deeper aquifers are confined in nature, and the tube-wells tapping these zones have discharge approximately in the range of 150-200 cu.m./hr, with drawdown ranges from 1.97 to 11.72 m.

2) Water quality

The major canal networks of Punjab are kept relatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flows are also seldom routed into the canal system. The quality of groundwater in the top phreatic aquifer is getting degraded in those parts of the state where industrial effluents are being disposed off in watercourses or on agricultural land without any treatment. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fluoride, Iron, Hardness and Chloride have been found to be the major water quality parameters relevant to shallow groundwater quality in Punjab.

With the exception of salinity and fluoride (naturally occurring in groundwater) in the seven districts of state, the deep aquifers of Punjab are expected to be relatively free from the pollution issues because of their relative hydrogeological isolation from shallow aquifers.

The quality of water in the village ponds is being affected due to discharge of untreated sullage/sewage into the village ponds, including overflow of effluent from septic tanks, encroachment for building habitats, run-off from cattle dung dumps around ponds and growth of undesirable aquatic plants due to high nutrient loadings. Attempts are being made to rejuvenate ponds by adoption of cost effective technologies, such as duckweed ponds and constructed wetland.

3) Current sanitation practices

The solid waste/ garbage from the villages is dumped in the traditional dumping ground called the 'Rudi' which is located near the village pond severely impacting its water quality and holding capacity.

Punjab has a widely prevalent practice of keeping household cattle, but there are very few scientific or eco-friendly facilities (such as biogas generation, vermiculture etc.) for disposing off the large amounts of waste that this practice generates.

Page 4 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEYMember-F.Wbxc ENGNEERS Venf G-.p

4) Incidence of diseases

In 2004, nearly 4,75,000 outpatient cases and 173 deaths were reported in Punjab for diseases caused due to water and sanitation-related conditions. Diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis and amoebiasis are the most common water- and sanitation-related diseases in Punjab, and there were 133 deaths due to these two diseases alone.

To tackle the problem, special task force has been constituted by GoP, which reviews the situation periodically, and during rainy seasons, monthly review meetings are being held to initiate remedial measures.

Key Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures

The assessment of baseline environmental conditions has brought out the following issues, which need to be addressed in the design and implementation of project- sponsored schemes:

Baseline Environmental Issues Currently Affecting RWSS in Punjab

a) Water Availability: For a large number of rural households which are not covered by public water schemes and which are dependent on private sources like the shallow hand-pumps or tube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adversely affected the water supply.

Water for about 80% of DWSS Ground water based schemes is sourced from the deep aquifer layers, which is considered abundant from the perspective of ensuring long-term source sustainability. About 20% of the water supply schemes in Punjab are based on canal-water supply, and in some cases the water supply is adversely affected during the periods of canal maintenance shutdown.

b) Water Quality

Canal water quality

In general, the water quality concerns in the river waters of Punjab are the disposal of untreated municipal and industrial discharges, as well as drainage of agricultural return flows. The problems are more acute in the locations and during the periods when the flow in the receiving watercourse is not sufficient to cause acceptable dilution of the discharged effluents. The major canal networks of Punjab are kept relatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flows are also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals is therefore expected to be better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches of rivers where the pollutant loadings are minimal.

Page 5 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment VRWO& ENGINES

Ground water quality

The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Punjab is poor owing to natural presence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use. In addition, the quality of shallow groundwater may also indicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According to DWSS estimates, about 54% of the total 12,267 villages in Punjab suffer from poor water quality conditions. Specifically:

* Salinity is a significant problem in districts of Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Mansa, Moga and Muktsar. * Prevalence of fluoride in groundwater is indicated in Ludhiana, Faridkot, Sangrur, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ferozepur and Patiala. * In addition, isolated pockets of Ludhiana and Bathinda have been reported to have presence of heavy metals and pesticides, respectively, in shallow groundwater.

Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence of bacteriological/ chemical contaminants.

c) Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project: Based on a technical consideration of the proposed project interventions, the hydrogeological characteristics of the deep aquifers, the state policy on provision of canal water for rural water supply schemes, and in the context of the Bank's determination of the applicability of OP/BP 7.50 on International Waterways from either surface water or ground water perspective, the proposed project activities do not trigger OP/BP 7.50. This determination is based upon the provision that no bore-wells will be installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India and Pakistan.

d) Environmental Sanitation: 49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitation coverage, and the main factors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages are the following:

Page 6 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACWK Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TRNKEY ENGINEERS M-b- -Fdback Vt, Glwp

* Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks and finding its way to the village drains. * The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. * Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene, diahorreal diseases, skin diseases, hook worm infestation, viral Hepatitis-A and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.

Environmental Management

The project-sponsored interventions are expected to bring about public health and environmental benefits, by improving delivery and quality of RWSS services. The specific measures to address the above environmental issues include the following:

1. Source selection will be conducted with due regard to ensure year-round adequacy of water supply and long-term sustainability of the resource. More specifically:

* The current DWSS design practice ensures that water supply for ground water based schemes is sourced from deep aquifer. The EA study, supplemented by inputs from regional groundwater experts, indicates that the current and expected future drinking water extractions from the deep aquifer are small compared to their estimated sustainable yield, and therefore source sustainability for deep groundwater-based schemes is ensured. * In areas where deep aquifers are saline, canal-based schemes will be/are being implemented, if adequate year-round supply can be guaranteed through storage or other measures. * During acute summer season, due to canal closure, it is proposed to augment the source and supply at 10 lpcd to consumer by treating ground water through R.O./ De-flouridation plants. * Furthermore, in order to ensure that there are no local-level "well-to-well" cross- boundary groundwater impacts, it will be ensured that no bore-wells are installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India and Pakistan.

2. The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes will ensure that source selection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that water quality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically:

Page 7 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKE ENINE RS

* However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater quality and due to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial or agricultural chemicals in some locations, the project will commence and support a systematic assessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. The water quality testing for source selection of water supply schemes will include testing for pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage. However, in view of the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these contaminants, a phased approach will be adopted which will be based on an initial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. For first-year implementation, water quality testing for these industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in the first ten schemes in each district of the state, and the approach for further testing will be calibrated on the basis of the test results obtained. The sampling study for the presence of these pollutants in deep groundwater would be integrated as a part of the project-supported initiative on building a database on water quantity and quality of deep aquifers in the state. * Effective, regular & improved disinfection systems, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems will be ensured. * A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed, which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supply schemes.

3. The project will support interventions on environmental sanitation to ensure that the benefits of improved water supply are not compromised by poor personal hygiene standards, and inadequate drainage, sullage/wastewater treatment and disposal. More specifically:

* The project will support sustained IEC campaign to create and enhance awareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand-washing, safe water collection, storage and handling practices. * The project will support, on participatory basis, drainage improvement schemes for improving sullage drainage, addressing effluent overflow from septic tanks into village drains, installing small-bore sewerage and undertaking ponds rehabilitation.

4. In addition, the EMF will prescribe measures to ensure that the temporary adverse environmental impacts associated with construction-stage activities are systematically addressed in the project-sponsored schemes.

Environmental Management Framework

The proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will finance investments in rural water supply and drainage improvement schemes to serve the rural

Page 8 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS M-b--F-db-k V-.. G,-p

populations in Punjab. While the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverse environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of project-sponsored schemes, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under:

(a) To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental issues at the different stages of the scheme cycle; (b) To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental issues; (c) To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming enviromnental management in project implementation processes.

Key Elements of the EMF

The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project-sponsored scheme are the following:

1. Collection of basic environmental data: The EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the field data collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Environmental Data Sheet has been formulated, which would include information such as source water quality test results for water supply schemes; sullage conveyance, treatment, disposal or utilization information for drainage schemes, etc.

2. Environmental Classification of Schemes: The DSR for Water supply or drainage schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet supported with a detailed note, if any, on items listed in the data sheet. At the DSR preparation stage, the available environmental information will be evaluated, and based on the level of expected enviromnental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme would be classified as either Category I (basic) or Category II (independent environmental appraisal required). Note that only water supply schemes can be classified as Category II, if the scheme satisfies specific criteria pertaining to the presence of industrial or agricultural chemical contaminants in the water supply source, as described below. Furthermore, preparation of DSR for drainage schemes must include measures for pond rehabilitation, or appropriate treatment/disposal/ utilization of treated effluent. The DSR for any drainage scheme that does not include sufficient measures for the above shall be considered incomplete and unacceptable.

3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval: For all category I schemes, there shall be

Page 9 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

no separate environment appraisal but the environment aspects shall be included in the normal appraisal and evaluation process for the proposed scheme, based on the Environmental Data Sheet included in the DSR. For category II schemes, an independent environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, which will include evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures by the environmental expert of the district level facilitating unit. In extreme cases, where the district level resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing the appropriate mitigation measures, support from state level environmental resource agency may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category II Water Supply scheme shall not take more than 30 days.

4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases: The EMF will ensure that:

a) The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) are adequately implemented.

b) Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmental indicators is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program

c) IEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitization regarding personal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and water conservation, as an integrated component of the project IEC activities.

Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle

In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF is systematically implemented for all the project-sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to be integrated in the scheme cycle. The following provides a sequential overview of the various steps in the planning, design and implementation phases of the proposed scheme cycle for the project-sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated in parentheses against the respective tasks. The integrated EMF activities that need to be implemented at various stages are highlighted and italicized:

1. IEC and mobilization activities, leading to formation of Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC) [Support organizations (SO), led by JE/DWSS]. 2. Preparation of Situation Analysis Report [JE/ DWSS and GPWSC]. 3. Preparation of rough cost estimate [JE/DWSS and GPWSC]. 4. Community consultations on above [GPWSC, with assistance of SO and JE/ DWSS]. 5. Field data collection for design of scheme [JE/DWSS] Environmeftal DatajSheei) 6. Preparation of DSR for scheme [EE/DWSS] (Environmental Classification; of

Page 10 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment 67FE,Y,,,,tNGro.E

Srheme). 7. Administrative approval for scheme [EE for rehabilitation schemes/small schemes up to Rs. 2 Lacs; otherwise SE or CE/DWSS] 8. Technical approval [SE or CE/DWSS] (niroent praisatanr.F>valuatjon) 9. Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting tender/ bid documents [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes] mea (inchuding thaNe for construction

10. Award of contracts [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi- village schemes]. 11. Release of funds (1st installment of 75%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-village schemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 12. Release of funds to contractor, in 3 installments [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 13. Release of funds (2nd installment of 25%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-village schemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 14. Implementation Completion Report [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE D%VSS ftr niulti-%il1ae scheniwes. %%ithinpults froml conitractors] Thl ICR needs

mOiigatton 15. Operation and Maintenance Phase [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for nmulhi-' iliage schemes] sewa feazr9agjee -ta'ntmoni oring as pepr e ygiene, emr6niStal sanitation, and water conservation.

The following Table 1 summarizes the application of the EMF to the scheme-cycle, indicating the EMF activities, and corresponding objectives, processes, responsibilities and decision results.

Table 1: Environmental Management Framework

Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Resull Environmental To collect basic Discuss scheme with SO, with Environmental Data Sheet information on community and identify assistance of data sheet environmental environmental issues of JE/DWSS furnished, and aspects of the concem attached to DSR. proposed scheme. Complete Environmental Data JE/DWSS sheet, with supplementary notes if required.

Page 11 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessmehf TURNKEY ENGINEERS

Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available EE/DWSS Scheme Classification of schemes with information on environmental classified as Scheme potentially aspects as provided in the Category I significant Environmental Data Sheet, and (basic) or environmental based on the level of expected Category II or public health environmental and public (independent issues are health impacts, assess whether environmental identified at an the proposed scheme is appraisal early stage, for Category I (basic) or Category required) independent II (independent environmental environmental appraisal required). Note that appraisal only water supply schemes can be classified as Category II, if the certain specified criteria are met. Environmental To ensure that For category I schemes, there District Environmental Appraisal and relevant shall be no separate Program appraisal and Approval environmental environment appraisal but the Specialist/ approval of issues have been environment aspects shall be DPMC, with proposed identified and included in the normal assistance of scheme, with appropriate appraisal and evaluation District-level decision to (i) mitigation process for the proposed Technical accept scheme measures have scheme, based on the expert as submitted, or been designed to Environmental Data Sheet (ii) accept address them. included in the DSR. scheme with For category II schemes, an modifications independent environmental suggested in the appraisal of the proposed environmental scheme is required, including appraisal. evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures.

To ensure that Technical Approval for the Programme Technical mitigation scheme will not be accorded Director approval for measures and without Environmental scheme with their costs are Clearance from SPMC environmental integrated in mitigation scheme design measures and and accordingly its implementation costs are plans. integrated in scheme design and implementation plans.

Page 12 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

Implementation of To ensure that Implementation Completion GPWSC for ICR with Environmental the prescribed Report (ICR) for scheme will single-village environmental mitigation environmental need to include compliance schemes; compliance o measures mitigation certificate that all prescribed EE/DWSS for information measures environmental mitigation multi-village (including measures (including schemes construction construction stage) have been stage) are implemented. implemented

* Environmental To ensure that * Water Quality State Program Periodic supervision, environmental monitoring will be Specialist with environmental monitoring, aspects are conducted as per assistance from monitoring and evaluation integrated in the project water quality State-level reports * IEC and O&M phase monitoring protocol Technical capacity * IEC on (i) need for Expert building on drainage (Integrated 0 hygiene and improvement/ sullage with project environmental treatment in villages, protocol on health issues (ii) personal and water quality public hygiene, and monitoring and (iii) need for water project IEC) conservation.

Template for Environmental Data sheet to be prepared for each scheme during pre- planning/planning phase is presented in Table 5.2.

Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

The implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes is likely to result into varying level of environmental impacts that would require supervision and monitoring. The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to:

* Ensure that mitigation measures have actually been adopted, and are proving effective in practice * Provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of preparation of this EA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures * Provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future similar projects.

This will be under the overall responsibility of the Programme Director, with inputs and assistance from the State and District Technical Environment Specialists. The technical specialists will work in close coordination with the project monitoring and evaluation team. There would also be periodic monitoring and supervision by the World Bank, to ensure compliance with the respective safeguard policies. The Table below outlines a

Page 13 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURbN-FeYEbN,V~mGINEp

set of monitoring indicators, which have been integrated into the overall project supervision, monitoring and evaluation processes.

At village level, basic water quality monitoring would be done by the GPWSC, through the use of water quality monitoring kits. For multi-village schemes, the monitoring of water quality at water works will remain the responsibility of DWSS field staff.

The following Table 2 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.

Table 2: Recommended Monitoring Plan

S. Project Performance Indicators Monitoring No. lnterventionl Agency Component 1. Water Access to safe drinking water State M&E Availability supply of a minimum of Specialist 70 lpcd to the target communities (included in project - wide M&E) 2. Water Quality Regular DWSS water quality GPWSC/ testing (included in project- District wide M&E) Technical Specialist Independent water quality Independent surveillance consultant to be appointed by State M&E Specialist. 3 Sanitation Increased access of State M&E household to common Specialist sewerage/ sanitation system.

Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management

The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management will be located as following in the project institutional structure:

Page 14 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEYMabv-Feedbac ENGINEERS Vu,m Grow

3. A panel of technical experts at the State and district level will be constituted to provide technical support to SPMC and DPMC.

The Executive Engineer (additional charge) within the technical unit of SPMC will be responsible for overall environmental management for the project. He/she will be charged with the effective implementation of the EMF, including the environmental training and capacity building as well as ensuring that the external environmental audits

are conducted for the whole project (two audits of 20 schemes each in the 2nd and 4 th year of project cycle. Panel of technical experts at the State/ District level will be formulated after project appraisal who will assist SPMC/ DPMC for effective implementation of EMF including the environment training & capacity building as well as in identifying the expert agency for conducting environment audits.

The Sub Divisional Engineer (additional charge within DPMC) will be responsible for all district level environmental management activities. Their responsibilities include ensuring environmental management in all project-sponsored schemes, for organizing six-monthly environmental supervisions in the district and preparing supervision reports, and identification and empanelment of district-level environmental experts in their respective districts.

At the village level, the project will aim to develop capacity for environmental management through environmental sensitization and awareness campaigns targeted at village support organizations, GPWSCs, and DWSS field staff.

Training and Capacity Building

The state currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The training and capacity building program developed for the project aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for the staff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities will be organized. The capacity building for environment management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project.

1. Technical Training for Environmental Management

A specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on the procedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management will be developed. This training would be mandatory for the State Program Specialist and District Program Specialist, as well as for the district-level environment experts. The training will involve initial orientation, main training program and refresher training programs. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 days each, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of one day.

Page 15 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment. RNK ENIN R5

Furthermore, subject to indication of interest by suitable candidates, the project would provide extended education support for upto 5 DWWS engineers, including Master's level education at institutions such as All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Kolkata. The Executive Engineer, along with technical experts, will be responsible for selection of suitable candidates, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity-building budget.

The technical training would also include training of operators at the scheme level.

2. Environmental Awareness and Sensitization for Targeted Communities

The training programs on environmental awareness will be organized regionally and will be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. The programs will specifically include community representatives, e.g. the GPWSC members, in order to sustain environmental concepts beyond the project period. While these Community- level awareness programmes will be a part of the overall project IEC programme, the State Program Management Cell will be responsible for the development of communication materials.

Budget

The total expected budget for environmental management activities under the proposed PRWSS project has been worked out as 4.0 crores. The detailed break-up of the budget is presented in Table 3 below:

Page 16 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TGR;1EY ENEusGINER

Table 3: Budget for Environmental Management

S.No - &gfinAtvity Amount (in Rs. Crores) 1 A Trainings 1.80 crores B Audits (2 nos) 0.40 crores C Technical Support 0.30 crores 2.50 (State and District level) 2 Water quality testing for incidence of industrial and 2.001 agricultural chemical contamination in water supply sources in Punjab (pesticides/heavy metals) 3 Review of international best practices in deep aquifer 0.25 drilling and contamination prevention, to develop guidelines for DWSS deep groundwater GW extraction 4 Engagement of resource persons (for appraising 200 0.80 category II schemes ( Rs. 40,000 per scheme) 5 Preparation of community awareness materials 0.20 6 Extended Post-graduate Education Support to 0.25 selected DWSS engineers (subject to suitable candidates) Total 4.0

The year-wise budget for the environmental activities has been given in Table 4 below.

Table 4: Annual Budget for Environmental Management

Annual Expenditure Budget (Rs. in crores) Year 1 Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 0.5 0.8 1 0.7 J 0.6 0.6 0.8

'The funds for this water quality testing are included in the overall project water quality testing budget, and are therefore not included in the total Environmental Management Budget.

Page 17 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

I Introduction

1.1 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PRWSS)

The Government of Punjab (GoP) has prioritized RWSS as a key area of its development agenda. Over the past few years, significant capital allocations to the RWSS sector (about US $ 20- 25 million annually or 3% of the total plan outlay), have been made which indicates the high priority accorded to the sector. Government of India too supports the RWSS sector reforms and provides significant financial assistance to Punjab through its centrally sponsored programs such as ARWSP, Swajaldhara and Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Despite these efforts, only about 30% of the villages currently receive a basic service level of 40 lpcd through public water schemes (mostly piped water schemes). Another 40% have piped water supply but with less than 40 lpcd supply and the remaining 30% do not have access to any public water system (generally met by own/ private sources). Though the O&M standard of water supply systems in Punjab is much better than in most other states in India, the existing services are not able to meet the demand of increasing population or for higher service standards-such as private connections and supply for cattle consumption. User charges finance only about 25 % of the operation and maintenance expenditure. Shallow water quality in 30% of villages is affected by fluoride, salinity or iron. About 50% households have latrines, but there is no reliable data on this, and the level of overall environmental sanitation is extremely low.

In the above context, GOP is keen to reform the sector to improve sustainability and standard of rural water service delivery, in Punjab. Towards this end, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab has recently developed a new RWSS policy framework and obtained cabinet clearance of the same. The key features of the new approach would be:

* Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation and management of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services; * DWSS to be responsible for managing complex multi-village water supply schemes, but with improved fiscal and operational performance, and for providing capacity support to rural local governments; * Introducing partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand; and * Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities.

Further, reform initiatives already taken by GoP include:

Page 18 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TE FinlnvionmntaAsessentMerbt-feedback Rpor onSecor ENNEERSVe-m G~p

a) Issuing a notification for raising water tariff over a 5-year period since 2002-03. The new tariffs for private connections shall be Rs 50 to Rs 60 per month in case of normal schemes with service levels of 40 lpcd and Rs 60 to Rs 75 in case of schemes designed for service levels of 70 lpcd. The notification also introduced- for the first time- water charge for public stand post users at a rate of Rs 10/ month/household to be increased to Rs 15 per month/ household from 2006-07. A copy of the notification is attached at Annexure 1. ii) Policy decision to transfer management of existing single village water supply schemes to PRIs (a total of 774 such schemes out of a total of 876 have already been transferred to PRIs) iii) Awarding operations-management contracts for 550 new piped water schemes to private sector participation resulting in cost reduction; iv) Willingness to redefine the role of the state government agency (DWSS) from direct service delivery to facilitation and partnership.

Now, GoP intends to scale up statewide the demand responsive and decentralized service delivery approach. In this context, GoP is seeking World Bank assistance in implementing its 6-year medium term Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) program. GOP has also decided to adopt a sector wide approach to RWSS improvements in the State.

1.2 Sector Environmental Assessment (SEA)

The proposed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP) falls under environmental category 'B' as per Bank's safeguard Policies laid down in OD 4.01 of World Bank on EA.

The purpose of the Sector Environmental assessment (SEA) is to identify upfront the PRWSS project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence; examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts throughout project implementation.

SEA has taken into account the natural environment (air, water and land); human health and safety including the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The SEA is expected to serve as a complement to project specific EAs in the Development Plan. Accordingly, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EA study have been formulated as in Annexure 2.

Page 19 of 148 Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK( Punjab Rural TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-.b.-F*Wdba* Vern- Gp

1.3 Methodology

The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment Study is depicted in Fig. 1.1 and briefly described below:

Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology

DWSS, PPCB, Irrigation, Agriculture, WRED, Data Collection CGWB, PSCST etc. X Inception Analysis Report

...... Site V isits

...... -...... - Public Consultations

Baseline Status and Identification of Hot spots

Analysis of Alternatives Interim Status Report

Environmental Risks and Impacts Draft report

Strategy for Mitigation _ Draft Final

______R eport Environmental Management Framework

Fina Environmental Monitoring Report and Performance Indicators Report

Page 20 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FH=DBACK. Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TRNKEY ENGINEER M-rb.r-F.Wb.k V-5 G-p

1.3.1 Data Collection and Review

The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data on water resources availability, their utilisation, problems of water availability and quality as relevant in the context of the proposed PRWSS project, demographic, socio- economic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and service levels and problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included an analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation with specific focus on Punjab. A review and analysis of this information led to the delineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to the State and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental impacts due to the proposed project and preparation of environmental management framework (EMF) for mitigating adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.

The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of data relevant to the proposed project. The main sources of such information comprised the DWSS, the Water Resources and Environment Directorate and the Punjab Pollution Control Board. Data pertaining to groundwater was also mobilized from the CGWB. The DWSS, as the nodal agency for the provision of rural water supply and sewerage infrastructure in the state, has generated over the years enormous data pertaining to water services. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of water supply, water quality of rural and urban schemes etc.

Water quality status has been reviewed from the data collected from the DWSS and PPCB. As for quantitative data (availability and use), reliance has been placed on the data generated by the DWSS, Central Groundwater Board and the Water Resources and Environment Directorate, which have developed extensive database and information products on water availability and quality.

1.3.2 Preliminary Site Visits

In order to prepare the community for their participation during public consultations, it was decided to undertake preparatory visits to the sample villages. The purpose of these visits was to meet with the elected representatives of the villages as also the target population and officials of the various development departments at the village, taluk/district levels to sensitise them regarding the proposed DWSS project, as also their role and stakes in the project. During these preparatory meetings, the participants were informed about the public consultations that were to follow. This advance intimation was aimed at providing adequate time and opportunities to the target groups to formulate/firm up their views regarding their participation in the proposed project.

Page 21 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY MCNE

The team, which organised these meetings, comprised representatives of the DWSS, the EA Consultants and local body representatives. The preparatory visits also enabled collection of available secondary data on the existing status of water supply, sanitation, public health and personal and environmental hygiene in the sample villages through key informant (household) interviews and on-site observations.

1.3.3 Public Consultations

In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as part of the EA Study, in forty sample Villages selected from 10 districts of Punjab. The objective of these consultations was to identify upfront the environmental issues as related to the proposed activities under the PRWSS project, to assess the views of the beneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project in a 'demand driven' planning and decision making process. The purpose of the consultations was also to identity the priorities and preferences of the target group in respect of the proposed project components including alternatives, if any.

1.3.4 Selection of Villages for Detailed Study

The selection of villages for village level and household survey was done in consultation with DWSS based on the guidelines and templates given by World Bank. The villages were selected in such a way that each selected village matches at least one parameter in the given templates so as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditions in the state. The 28 parameters governing the selection of villages are given below. The samples villages fulfilling this criterion are given in Annexure 3 and the format for village and Household surveys is given in Annexure 4. 1. Presence of functional water supply scheme 2. Absence of functional water supply scheme 3. Canal water source 4. Ground water source 5. Adequate canal water supply (all year) 6. Inadequate canal water supply (all year) 7. Inadequate canal water supply (dry season) 8. Adequate yield of ground water 9. Inadequate/declining yield of ground water 10. Adequate water works infrastructure 11. Inadequate water works infrastructure 12. Adequate distribution network

Page 22 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACIC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNI ENGINEERS

13. Inadequate distribution network 14. Potable ground water available (shallow depth) 15. Potable water available (deep, greater than 200 feet) 16. Shallow Ground water not potable due to high fluoride 17. Deep ground water non potable due to salinity 18. Shallow Ground water not potable due to salinity 19. Deep ground water not potable due to salinity 20. Shallow Ground water not potable due to excess iron 21. Deep ground water non potable due to excess iron 22. High concentration of pesticides in water (suspected) 23. High concentration of heavy metals in water supply (suspected) 24. High incidence of disease related to water supply and sanitation 25. Successful 0 & M of water supply scheme by Panchayat 26. Unsuccessful 0 & M of water supply by Panchayat 27. Villagers ready for contribution for water supply scheme augmentation 28. Villagers not ready for contribution for water supply scheme augmentation

The location map of Punjab showing the sample villages (Blocks) are shown in Fig. 1.2. The public consultations have been preceded by the IEC activities. During public consultations, the participation of local NGOs, Panchayati Raj Institutions, economically/ socially weaker sections, informed/ knowledgeable public and opinion leaders, etc. was mobilised. The participants to the consultations were briefed on the proposed DWSS Project, its objectives and the rules for participation in the project.

The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues:

1. Quantity of current water supply; 2. Quality of current water supply; 3. Household sanitation facilities; 4. Sullage disposal; 5. Prevailing diseases; 6. Their expectations from the proposed project and willingness for cost sharing; etc

Page 23 of 148 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACNCR5 Punjab TURNKEY ENGiNEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b-F-dkGCp

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY

STATE BOUNDARY DISTRICT BOUNDARY SURVEY BLOC'(

RIVER--

FIOl G2 LOCATION PLAN OF PUNJA SHOWING SAMPLE VILLAGES/BLOCKS SORe .WRD, 2005

Page 24 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( iTURNK1EY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-t--Fedbck Vwt,. G-

1.4 Procedure followed for Public Consultations

* All the stakeholders in the identified Gram Panchayats - the target population, elected representatives of the GP, local NGOs and youth clubs were informed in advance regarding the name of village, date, time and venue of the meeting. * The DWSS representative/ EA consultant presented an overview of the proposed water and Sanitation Project, the objectives and scope of the project, the various components envisaged and the rules for participation of villages in the project. This was followed by formal discussions/consultations. * The participants, especially women, local NGOs and members of youth clubs were invited to share their views, concerns and their priorities for the proposed project, constraints experienced with the existing water and sanitation systems and their suggestions to make the proposed project sustainable in achieving the objectives. * Specifically, the demand for the proposed project and the willingness of the target group to participate in the project, including financial contribution in construction and subsequent O&M of the project was sought. * The views of the target group on the proposed institutional framework for implementation of the project and its continued operation, maintenance and monitoring. * The major environmental concerns of the target group in the context of the proposed project and their suggestions for mitigation of the impacts.

1.5 Schedule of Public Consultations

The list of 40 sample Villages along with schedule of public consultations in the villages is given in Table-1.1 below.

Page 25 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACKN ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-br-F..dbc kVetw Gup

Sr. No. Name of District Name of Block Name of Village Date of Public consultation

1 Sangrur Lehargaga 1. Nagala 09.02.06 Andana 2. Andana 09.02.06 Lehargaga 3. Chular Kalan 09.02.06 Andana 4. Bhullan 09.02.06 2 Bathinda Sangat 1. Chak Ruldu Singh Wala 11.02.06 Phul 2. Mehraj 10.02.06 Talwandi Sabo 3. Jhajal 11.02.06 Maur 4. Ghasokhana 10.02.06 3 Ferozepur Ghul Khurd 1. Ratta Khera 12.02.06 Fazilka 2. Bannawali 12.02.06 Jalalabad 3. Gubaya 12.02.06 Fazilka 4. Jorki Kankar Wali 11.02.06 4 Amritsar Jandiala 1. Ballian Manj Pur 19.02.06 Khadoor Sahib 2. Sarli Khurd 19.02.06 Patti 3. Boparai 19.02.06 Valtoha 4. Theh Valtoha 18.02.06 5 Roopnagar Roopnagar 1. Paprala 07.02.06 Anandpur Sahib 2. Surewal 17.02.06 Anandpur Sahib 3. Khemara 17.02.06 Kharar 4. Lakhnaur 18.02.06 6 Patiala Rajpura 1. Jhand Mangoli 08.02.06 Patiala 2. Hardaspur 08.02.06 Sanaur 3. Assarpur 08.02.06 Patiala 4. Kuka 08.02.06 7 Ludhiana Block 2, Ludhiana 1. Partap Singh Wala 17.02.06 Pakhowal 2. Baraundi 16.02.06 Pakhowal 3. Majri 16.02.06 Sudhar 4. Rajoana Kalan 16.02.06 8 Jalandhar Noor mahal 1. Bilga 16.02.06 Jalandhar West 2. Naugajja 15.02.06 Nakodar 3. Shankar 15.02.06 Jalandhar West 4. Subhana 15.02.06 9 Gurdaspur Gurdaspur 1. Mahadev Khurd 14.02.06 Gurdaspur 2. Chhaguwal 14.02.06 Dina Nagar 3. Wankha 14.02.06 Kalanaur 4. Kalanaur 14.02.06 10 Fatehgarh Sahib Amloh 1. Lakha Singh Wala 06.02.06 Sirhind 2. Dhatonda 07.02.06 Sirhind 3. Madhopur 07.02.06 Amloh 4. Lad Pur 06.02.06

Page 26 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-R.i- EN..kVGpR

1.6 Organisation of the Report

The report is presented in five chapters including the Introductory Chapter-1. Introductory chapter presents in brief, the methodology followed in the study, the criteria for selection of sample Village Panchayats for preliminary site visits, schedule and the procedure followed for public consultations. Chapter 2 Provides information on the rural water policy and environmental framework for appraisal of the proposed project. Describes rural water and sanitation institutions in Punjab, their roles and responsibilities with special focus on rural water supply and related aspects. Presents a profile of the proposed project and the rules for participation of the beneficiary community in the project. Chapter 3 Presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in the State. Based on a critical review and analysis of baseline data, the issues of environmental concern have been identified. This chapter also outlines the major issues arising from public consultations.

Chapter 4 Analyses the potential environmental issues, its mitigation and the risks associated with the proposed project activities during the design, preparatory, construction and operational phases of the project.

Chapter 5 Describes the environmental management framework (EMF) for mitigating the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts of the project along with agencies responsible for mitigatory action. Appropriate environmental performance indicators have been proposed which could' be integrated with other indicators as tools to assess the project performance. The institutional framework along with the linkages for implementation of the project and the financial arrangements for the project are presented in this chapter.

Page 27 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F_-DBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M.be- F.edb Ve- G-ok 2 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Punjab

2.1 National Context

The First Five Year Plan under the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Prograrnme', introduced in 1954, provided the funds for development of Social Welfare Sector. Since Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) is a state subject, funds for the development of the sector have been provided in the annual state budgets. During the initial years, the programme mainly concentrated on the construction of open wells in habitations having no drinking water wells and where the number of open wells was not adequate. These works were being executed with people's participation.

During the 1960s, only easy habitations were being attended to, leaving the difficult habitations. Recurring droughts made the situation worse with the falling ground water table and drying up of open wells resulting in acute scarcity of drinking water. At this juncture, the state government felt the need to develop deep bore wells particularly in difficult habitations. A bore wells programme was started by the Government in the early seventies with assistance from UNICEF and thus, there was a marked shift in emphasis from construction of open wells to bore wells.

With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in 1972-1973 by the Government of India with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greater emphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programme was withdrawn after 1973-1974, following the introduction of Minimum Needs Programme under the Fifth Five Year Plan. The slow progress achieved by the states in the supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the Minimum Needs Programme led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-1978.

In the late 1990s, a number of initiatives were piloted across India that sought to shift the paradigm to a demand responsive bottom-up approach. Successful implementation of these projects that involved participation and monetary contributions from the community for both capital costs and operations and maintenance as well as transformation of the role of the government from provider to facilitator led to institutionalizing of reforms in the sector around the turn of the millennium. Rural water supply and sanitation sector reforms in India straddle two pillars:

* 73rd constitutional amendment designating Panchayati Raj Institutions as providers of basic services to rural communities. * Government of India's (GoI) Swajaldhara policy that institutionalizes the demand responsive bottom up approach.

Page 28 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACKK TURNKEY ENG1NEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment . *.. G

2.1.1 Swajaldhara

Experience from Swajal project of UP Government and other similar demand responsive projects led to the launch of a Sector Reforms Programme in 1999-2000 covering 67 districts in 26 states. Reforms in the rural drinking water sector were adopted in 1999 through Sector Reform Project (SRP) on pilot basis and have been scaled up throughout the country in the form of Swajaldhara launched on 25th December 2002. The programme is a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven, centralized to decentralized implementation and Government's role from service provider to facilitator. The fundamental reform principles in Swajaldhara are adhered to by the State Governments and the Implementing Agencies in terms of adoption of a demand- responsive approach with community participation. It is based on empowerment of villagers to ensure their full participation in the project through a decision-making role in the choice of the drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation, control of finances, management arrangements including full ownership of drinking water assets. The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both as well as 100% responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated service delivery mechanism is also promoted which includes taking up conservation measures through rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for sustained drinking water supply.

2.1.2 Total Sanitation Campaign

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is a comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in rural areas with broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation. TSC as a part of reform principles was initiated in 1999 when Central Rural Sanitation Programme was restructured making it demand-driven and people-centred. It follows a principle of "low to no subsidy" where a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor households for construction of toilets. TSC gives strong emphasis on Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity Building and Hygiene Education for effective behaviour change with involvement of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Support Organisations (SOs), and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) etc. The key intervention areas are individual household latrines (IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex, Anganwadi toilets, Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production Centres (PCs). The main goal of the GOI is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. To give fillip to this endeavour, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage in their area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas taking district as the unit of implementation.

Page 29 of 148 FE-DBACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEEPS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-be--Fe.dback Vmnrs G'xp

It is expected that sector reforms program of Gol including TSC will significantly improve the status of the following in India from the following status in the year 2000:

* Percentage of population with access to safe drinking water - 84% * Percentage of population with access to sanitation facilities - 28%

Benefits from the sector reforms program include:

* Improved public facilities for drainage * Reduction in incidence of water-borne diseases amongst children * Reduction on time spent, predominantly by women, on collecting water * Introduction of appropriate technology and designs for water supply systems

These in turn would increase the health and productivity standards in the rural areas of India.

A number of Indian states have commenced rural water supply and sanitation projects on the reform guidelines enunciated in Gol's Swajaldhara policy and Total Sanitation Campaign. These include Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal and Uttaranchal.

2.2 RWSS Coverage in Punjab

2.2.1 Drinking Water

In Punjab, drinking water sources include organised piped water supply schemes as well as a number of private spot sources. Organised piped water supply includes ground water from deep aquifers and in some cases, canal water, where aquifer water is not potable. However not all drinking water sources, especially from the private spot sources, provide safe and potable drinking water.

According to the Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission (RGDWM) survey in 2003, the coverage of habitations under drinking water schemes in rural Punjab was as under:

Table 2.1: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply in 2003

Type of Habitation Numbers Fully Covered 4091 Partially Covered 5256 Not Covered 5258 Total 14605

Page 30 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF--DBACKa EINGNERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment n e so

It must be noted here that the habitations include the main as well as the other habitations. The Table 2.2 below presents the findings of RGDWM as well as the progress until March 31, 2006 (DWSS).

Table 2.2: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply

Habitations.| Peio Tye o ' v red N N'ot covered Total Period Habitations. ot covered - ____

____ Nos % Nos % Nos Nos 2003 Nlain 3-16 311 45r2 l- 4026 33 1''6- survey habitations OOcher 375- i '31 31 13 53 2x38 hahications Tolal 4091 28 5256 36 5258 36 14605

! . habitations March Nlain 6319 52 2861 2 31I 25 122)72( 31, hahitations 2006 Other S41 36 -711 31 76 2 33 233 Actual habitatins Total 7164 49 3592 25 3849 26 14605 habitalions

The current coverage of rural habitations with water supply is presented in the Fig 2.1 below:

Fig 2.1: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply (as on March 31, 2006)

Not- Thus, 49% of all (main and other) covered habitations are now fully covered while 26% Fully 25% habitations are partially covered.

Cvr49% There is no water supply scheme in 26% Partially habitations. Covered 25%

The population covered under rural water schemes is given in Table 2.3 below (DWSS, 2006). It has been calculated based on number of private connections plus number of PSPs multiplied by 25 on the assumption that one PSP is used by 25 Households.

Page 31 of 148 Project FEEDBACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment m_b-F.dbk Venurm G,.owp

Table 2.3: Percentage of Population served by the RWS schemes

Multi-Village Tube well |2,650 21939| 754625| 45,27,7501 81,95,8651 55.24l Sigle village Tube well |65,821| 1,837| 111746| 6,70,476 21,53,3821 31.14| Multi-Village Canal 35,874 2,255 92249 5,53,494 16,95,392 32.65 ,Single village Canal 44,0221 4,251 1502971 9,01,7821 13,25,2541 68.05 |Total 1 3,51,8671 30,2821 11,08,9171 66,53,5021133,69,8931 49.76

The villages are covered under water supply schemes are either single village schemes or multi-village schemes. The source of water is a tubewell or a canal. The details of coverage of villages by schemes and source are presented in the Table 2.4 below.

Table 2.4: Type and Source for Coverage of Villages (as on March 2005)

Source Type of Scheme No of Schemes No of Villages Tube well (TW) Single Village 645 645 Multi Village 1884 6469 I Total 2529 7114

Canal Based (CB) Single Village 373 373 Multi Village 246 817 I Total 617 1459

Total Single V-ilage 1018 1018 Total Multi Vdilage 2130 7286 TTotal Schemes 3148 8304

All schemes are designed to provide a minimum of 40 lpcd of water. Design service levels of the 3148 schemes are presented in Table 2.5 below (DWSS). However, it is relevant to mention that information on actual service levels is not available.

Page 32 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FTURNEY ENNDBACSK TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Pt..-FV"n- Gwp

Table-2.5: Designed Service levels of Rural Water Supply Schemes

| 'gv of l _ ___ , 6fL eve,Is>+;,i> r-;' , ,, ; rScheme AAbove 70, Total

MVS TW 1514 368 2 1884 SVS TW 414 4 225 2 645 MVS CB 104 4 135 3 246 SVS CB 217 9 144 3 373 Total 2249 51 7 871 10 3148 % 71.6 0.54 - 27.68 0.32 100

Annexure 5 presents the district-wise details on design service level coverage while Annexure 6 presents district-wise details of in-progress villages (In-progress vilages are those villages where schemes are being undertaken presently by DWSS).

Rural water supply initiatives in Punjab have been a mix of Government of India and state government interventions since independence, some of which are given below:

* Handing over of O&M of single village schemes to Panchayats has been carried out. A total of 774 schemes have been handed over of which nearly 71% (554 schemes) are functioning satisfactorily. In the next phase, O&M of intra-village works will be devolved to the Panchayats.

* Punjab has also been innovative in adopting a number of newer techniques/ equipments for water treatment. 21 package treatment plants including water filtration, obtained from Uruguay have been commissioned in Punjab. These are being offered as an alternative in areas with water logging problems, where conventional slow sand filtration plants get damaged due to the presence of high water table.

* The state has also installed a Reverse Osmosis plants for desalination at Jorki Kankarwali in District Ferozepur on pilot basis with the aim to provide this facility on BOT basis. This shall be adopted in more villages if it finds acceptance with the users.

* 25 Silver ionisation plants for disinfection have been installed in the state as an alternative to mechanized chlorinators. These plants are operating satisfactorily and the state plans to install more of such plants as cost effective disinfection solution.

* A defluoridation plant is in operation at village Andana in District Sangrur.

Page 33 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACK(TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mmb.n- Fedbnk VontGroiGp

Details of various rural water supply programmes implemented by the DWSS in Punjab are given in Annexure-7.

2.2.2 Sanitation

According to NSSO, in 2002, only 48.6% households in Punjab had sanitation coverage wherein it was observed that:

* 21.2% households have arrangements for hygienic disposal of human faeces * 4.5% households share toilets, while * 1.7% households use a public/community toilet

Therefore there is a problem of unhygienic disposal of human faeces in the absence of sanitation facilities. Consequently, there is widespread practice of open defecation in rural areas.

In addition to the unsanitary disposal of human waste, the sanitation situation in rural areas becomes more acute as:

* Wastewater generated by households including cattlesheds flows into open surface drains that are often choked, leading to stagnation of wastewater in the lanes and by lanes. * Facilities for safe disposal of enormous amounts of animal and agriculture solid wastes are absent. * Construction of dry pits to discharge sullage is done without any consideration to sanitary aspects * Discharge of septic tank effluents into the open drains creates unsanitary conditions

The lack of proper sanitation facilities for disposal of various wastes results into:

* Wastewater seepage into shallow aquifers which are sources of water for hand pumps, open dug wells, percolation wells. * Contamination of village ponds by wastewater and dumping of other wastes on its periphery, * Presence of stagnant water in open drains and open areas. This is a breeding ground for mosquitoes and other harmful organisms, which lead to water and sanitation related diseases.

Some initiatives have been taken for expanding the coverage of sanitation facilities and these include:

Page 34 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-_DBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTRw-F-db-k VE.NG GEp

* Introduction of Total Sanitation Campaign and state-funded Rajiv Gandhi Pendu Jan Sehat Kalyan Yojna in 6 districts providing 413,498 household latrines, 12411 school toilets, 995 toilets for anganwadis, 334 sanitary complexes and 49 rural sanitary marts

* Demonstrated successfully small bore drainage system alongwith cost effective sewage treatment utilising existing ponds in 3 villages and also provided conventional sewerage system in 5 villages.

* Rehabilitation of the existing polluted ponds in rural areas using cost-effective and self-sustaining technologies like duckweed pond followed by fish pond, constructed wetland and stabilization ponds. About 50 ponds have already been rehabilitated under this initiative till date (DWSS, 2006).

* Similarly, initiatives on disposal of cattle and other organic waste have resulted in installation of 244 vermi-composting units (StatisticalAbstracts of Punjab, 2005).

2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework

2.3.1 National Framework

Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, states are guided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. These include:

* 73rd Constitutional Amendment * The National Water Policy of 2002 * The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986 * Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) as amended in1988 * Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977 * Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended inl988 * The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991 * EIA Notification of 1994 with amendments

The 73rd Consititutional Amendment designates Panchayati Raj Institutions as providers of basic services to rural communities which include drinking water and sanitation.

Page 35 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF--DBACI. ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M Ven- G-p

The aspects of the National Water Policy that impact rural water supply schemes are presented in the Box 2.1 below:

Box 2.1: National Water Policy aspects impacting Rural Water Supply Schemes

* Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such, and on an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned. * Water should bq made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfers from one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the requirements of ihe areas/ basins. * Water resource: development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as multipurpose prbjects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The projects should provide for irrigation, flood mitigation, hydro-electric power generation, navigation, pisciculture and recreation wherever possible. * The study of tbe impact of a project, during construction and later, on human lives; settlements, occupations, ecdnomic and other aspects sbould be an essential component of project planning. * In the planning, implementation and operation of projects, the preservation of the quality of environment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any, on the environment should be mirnin-sed and should be off-set by adequate compensatory measures. * There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, fornilation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspectts, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area developmenL * Special efforts should be made to investigate arid formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas inhabited by tnral or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scbeduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. In other, areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tnbes and other weaker sections of society. * In the planning aand operation of systems, water allocation pniorities should be broadly as follows: (i) Drinking water,' (ii) Irrigation, (iii) Hydro-power, (iv) Navigation and (v) Industrial and other uses. However, these priorities might be modified, if necessary, in particular regions with reference to area specific considerations. * There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies.

Page 36 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M.-F.db-k V.=- G-p

Scope of relevant national environment regulations listed above is presented in Table 2.6 below:

Table 2.6: Scope of Relevant Environment Regulations

S.No Relevant Act Scope of the Act Under this Act, the central government is empowered to The Environment take measures necessary to protect and improve the I (Protection) Act, quality of the environment by setting standards for No.290of1986 emissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and protection of public health and welfare. Water (Prevention and Control of This Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water 2 Pollution) Act, 1974 bodies beyond a given standard and lays down penalties (Central Act 6 of for non-compliance. 1974) as amended in1988 Water (Prevention This Act provides for a levy and collection of a cess on and Control of water consumed by industries and local authorities. It 3 Pollution) Cess Act aims at augmenting the resources of the central Pollton 1stateCs At boards for prevention and control of waterand No 36 of 1977 pollution. Forest (Conservation This Act restricts the powers of the state in respect of 4 and amendmen6 de- reservation of forests and use of forestland for non- inl988 forest purposes. The Wildlife This Act provides for protection to listed species of 5 (Protection) ActI972, Flora and Fauna in the declared network of ecologically Amendment 1991 important protected areas such as wild life sanctuaries and national parks. All projects listed under Schedule-I of the Notification require environmental clearance from the MoEF. Water supply and sanitation projects, however, are not covered in the Schedule. (The list of project categories under Schedule I of the Environmental Impact assessment EIA Notification of Notification is given in Annexure 8). 6 1994 with amendments Amendment to the notification dated 7th July 2004, brings large housing projects, which will house more than 1000 residents or discharge more than 50 KLD of sewage or having an investment of Rs. 50 crore, under its ambit.

Page 37 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYTRKYNIES ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b., --F.d&kVa G-Op

The proposed PRWSS project does not fall under any of the project categories listed in Schedule-I of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does not require any formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. The project area has not been notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.

Though the State of Punjab is dotted with a number of sites of religious and historical importance, cultural properties, heritage sites, wildlife and bird sanctuaries, the proposed DWSS project is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.

The proposed PRWSS project will address all the issues of concern as laid down in the OD 4.01 of World Bank on EA. Though there are no specific clearances required from the Ministry of Environment, GOI, all the provisions in the various central and state Acts listed in this chapter and relevant in the context of the proposed project would be incorporated during the implementation of the project.

2.3.2 State Framework

Water supply and sanitation in Punjab is guided by the following state and National laws:

* State Water Policy - drafted in 1997

Punjab is one of the states to have formulated a draft framework of Water Policy within the overall framework of the National Water Policy (1987). The policy was approved for enactment. However, the National Water Policy has since been revised in keeping with the developments on the subject, and the new policy approved by the Parliament came into force in 2002. To keep pace with the National Water policy, GoP made few amendments in the State water policy, which is under consideration for approval and enactment.

The broad objectives of the Punjab State Water Policy are:

* To allocate available water resources judiciously to different sectors. * To preserve sweet ground water resources in the area where the static ground water resources are limited. * Transfer the O&M of existing rural water supply, sanitation and environmental facilities to local bodies or beneficiary associations. * Promote beneficiary participation to capital cost of public investments in irrigation, water supply, sanitation and environment control works. * Promote the recovery of O&M costs in existing and new facilities by bringing rational approach for fixing the rate of water for various uses. * Promote beneficiary participation in all aspects of water planning and management.

Page 38 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b. .dback Vt- G-oup

* Prepare, approve and initiate the implementation of state water and water related environmental plans. * Proceed with institutional reform to strengthen and centralize the collection, storage and processing of water and monitoring of all water related activities. * Strengthen the research, development and dissemination of efficient and cost effective uses of water. * Initiate mitigating measures to safeguard the environment and ecological balance from all water related activities and promote safe use and disposal of water. * Provision of flood protection, drainage facilities and solving water logging and salinity problems. * Regulation of land use in flood prone areas. * Provide social justice and adequate rehabilitation measure for persons displaced or adversely affected by project construction. * Optimize economic benefits by multi purpose use of water for hydropower generation, preservation and enhancement of fisheries, preservation and stoppage of encroachments of wetlands for wild life. * Initiate adequate measures for artificial recharge of ground water. * Promote remote sensing techniques for water resource development in the state.

The Policy, which will apply to all the water resources in the State, has also outlined an Action Plan and identified the institutional framework for implementation. Some of the important components of the Action Plan are given below:

* Planning, Designing and Management of water resources will be done on an integrated basis with active coordination of all water user bodies whether public or private, * Review of various issues identified and proposed management action plan at the state and regional levels, * The plan would be structured on a five-year operation to fully implement the state water policy.

The Policy recognises that water is a prime natural resource and a basic human need. The policy emphasizes the need to estimate water resources and plan their allocation and utilisation so that human consumption gets the first priority over agriculture, industry and power generation. Water quality is an important component of the Policy and improvements in strategy and innovation in techniques are recognised as the vehicles to eliminate pollution of surface and ground water resources. The environmental aspects related to water are to be given due considerations to ensure sustainability of source and protect it for future generations.

All the above aspects have been adequately captured in the draft framework of the State Water Policy of Punjab. However it is recommended that the State Water Policy is enacted at the earliest to ensure speedy implementation of the schemes under this project.

Page 39 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACK( ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M.b-Fedbc V G-p

* The Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954: The Government of Punjab has drafted an act to provide for the construction improvement and maintenance of State Tube well irrigation works in Punjab. This Act, called the Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954 extends to the whole of the state. A copy of the Act is appended as Annexure 9.

* The Inter-State River Water Dispute Act-1956: In order to promote integrated and optimum development of waters of inter-state rivers and river valleys, under Entry 56 of List-I of the Constitution, Parliament has enacted the River Boards Act, 1956. This act contemplated the appointment of river boards by the central government in consultation with the state governments. It is expected that these boards would help in coordinated and optimum utilization of river waters and promote development of irrigation, drainage, water supply, flood control and hydroelectric power.

The state cannot legislate on use of waters of inter-state rivers and river valley beyond their state boundaries. In the constitution, water is a matter comprised in Entry 17 of List-II. This entry is subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List-I. The result is that no state can effectively legislate inter-state river water for its own benefits. Only Parliament can effectively regulate by law the beneficial use and distribution of such waters among the states. Secondly, the quantity of water available to each of the states depends upon the equitable share of the other states. Thirdly a dispute about the waters of an inter-state river can arise from any actual and proposed legislation of a state.

* Punjab Panchayat Raj Act, 1994: This Act prescribes the purpose and manner of organising Village and Town Panchayats. It authorises the Panchayats to construct, repair and maintain any community asset including water related structures like ponds, water supply and sanitation schemes. This Act allows the Government to transfer to Panchayats the duty of protecting and maintaining any irrigation works or regulate distribution of water.

* A Punjab Ground Water (Control and Regulation) Act has been framed and is proposed to be enacted to regulate and control ground water extraction.

Policy decisions of the state government that impact RWSS sector in Punjab include:

* Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation and management of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services; * Department of Water Supply and Sanitation to be responsible for managing complex multi-village water supply schemes, but with improved fiscal and operational performance, and for providing capacity support to rural local governments; * Introduction of partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand; * Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities. The state Cabinet has approved fixing of a 5-year tariff plan during 2002-07 to increase revenue from user charges thus aiming at recovering 100% O&M costs.

Page 40 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

2.4 Sector Institutions

Punjab has one nodal department for rural water supply and sanitation, while four other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation. These institutions are as under:

1. Nodal institution * Department of Water Supply and Sanitation

2. Converging institutions * Rural Development and Panchayat Department * Department of Irrigation * Department of Agriculture * Punjab Pollution Control Board

These institutions are discussed in detail in the following section 2.4.1

2.4.1 Nodal Institution: Department of Water Supply and Sanitation:

The Public Health Department of the state has been renamed as the Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS). DWSS is responsible for the following activities:

* Planning, execution, operation and maintenance of works related to water supply and sanitation in rural areas. * Planning, execution, operation and maintenance of state owned water supply and sewerage schemes in the towns of Muktsar, Anandpur Sahib and Fatehgarh Sahib and water supply in the town of Faridkot. * Water supply to residential complexes of Ranjeet Sagar Dam Project, Union Territory of Chandigarh and N.A.C at Mohali. * Planning execution, operation and maintenance of internal sanitation, air conditioning, fire fighting, hot and cold water supply work in Government buildings such as medical colleges, hospitals, engineering colleges, polytechnics, ITIs, Jails, administrative / tehsil complexes etc. and medical gas supply in hospitals and kitchen equipment in state guest houses, hospitals etc. * Providing Water supply and sanitation in secondary schools. * Providing conventional and small-bore sewerage system and sewage treatment in rural areas including ponds rehabilitation.

Page 41 of 148 F--DBACKC Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment P -F-f-k Vsum G-p

DWSS is currently implementing Gol programmes as Swajaldhara and Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP). It is also the nodal department for the proposed World Bank assisted Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. It also implements Rural Water supply programme under state-funded MNP and NABARD schemes.

DWSS operates under the independent charge of the Minister of Public Health. The Principal Secretary is its administrative head. The operation of the department is managed by three Chief Engineers with the support of 250 senior and middle level engineers. They are further supported by around 750 junior engineers besides other supervisory and technical staff to operate the waterworks. The current organisational structure of DWSS is presented in Fig 2.2.

DWSS endeavours to supply clean and potable drinking water. Towards this end, it follows a water quality monitoring and surveillance regime. The network of its water testing laboratories is critical to implementation of this regime. These laboratories include a state laboratory at Patiala and three district laboratories at Bathinda, Ferozepur and Amritsar. Moreover, nine additional district level laboratories are being set up with the assistance of Government of India.

Page 42 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKA Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTUNFKdbk VENCE G-Sp FIG. 2.2 EXISTING ORGANISATIONAL SET UP OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT

Minister I W/S/ Sanitation { I

Chief Engineer Chief Engineer (South) Chief Engineer (North) [______(Central)

Head Head Office Head Office

(Dsg-)Mohali (D&l.-l) (I&M- (I&M-I) | Mn) | | (R) | | (HRD) | | (Eptt.)) || (I&M-II)) |

d FIELD L

; , t | Mech. Wing|

S.E S.E. S.E. S.E. Hoshiapu Gurdaspu Jalandhar Amr itsar

FIELD

geE 3 oEf E

Page 43 of 148 F~EDBACM( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINES Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Fd V -p

2.4.2 Converging Departments

1. Department of Rural Development and Panchayats (DRDP): The rural development department is primarily carrying out the activities for provision of individual household latrines. The Panchayat department is responsible for provision of open drainage and pavements, lining of paths, building of schools, community halls etc in rural areas.

DRDP is also engaged in rural sanitation activities. It is currently implementing the Total Sanitation Campaign and state funded Rajiv Gandhi Pendu Jan Sehat Kalyan Yojna. The 16 approved projects will result in construction of 413,498 household latrines, 12,411 school toilets, 995 toilets for anganwadis, 334 sanitary complexes and 49 rural sanitary marts. DRDP has already constructed 25130 household latrines, 592 school toilets and 53 sanitary complexes.

2. Department of Irrigation: The Department of Irrigation is responsible for

* Designing and construction of all the dams, reservoirs and barrages. * Construction and maintenance of canals and drains, macro and micro hydel projects. * Lining of the existing channels and water courses. * Flood control interventions. * Regulation of the flow of waters in rivers and canals. * Control of water logging in the affected areas.

The surface water/canal based schemes of the DWSS are critically dependent upon the water transmission and distribution network of canals under the Department of Irmgation.

3. Department of Agriculture: The Department of Agriculture oversees all agriculture related activities in the state. It is also responsible for monitoring shallow ground water levels.

4. Punjab Pollution Control Board: Punjab Pollution Control Board was constituted under the Water (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Headquartered at Patiala, it is a regulatory authority for implementing various pollution control laws. The main functions of the Board can be summarized as under:

To inspect industrial plants and manufacturing process, sewage or trade effluents plants or any control equipment for the treatment of sewage and trade effluent; to review plans and specification for installation of effluent treatment plants or air pollution control devices; to issue consents for installation and operation of

Page 44 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKNGES Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-nb FoekVems.- Group

industrial plant and to give such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention and control of water or air pollution.

Pollution assessment -To assess the water quality of river, streams, well and ambient air in the state and to plan the prevention, control and abatement of their pollution.

The Board has also undertaken various studies of underground water, soil and air to take remedial steps to control pollution.

2.5 Proposed World Bank assisted Project

As mentioned earlier, the proposed World Bank assisted rural water supply and sanitation project would aim to scale-up demand responsive and decentralized service delivery approach across the state in the medium term. The project will cover all the 19 districts in Punjab.

The project is expected to be designed around three components, viz.

* Institution Building: (i) sector management and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems, (ii) IEC campaigns, (iii) capacity building of program staff and support agencies; and (iv) technical assistance for reorganization of DWSS.

* Community Development and RWSS Infrastructure Building: (i) community and Village Panchayat capacity building, (ii) women's development programs, iii) construction/ up gradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation schemes, including water quality monitoring programs, and (iv) targeted Scheduled Caste development plan. Groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting will be integral parts of drinking water source development.

* Future Sector Planning: (i) developing long term policies and strategic plans, (ii) strengthening sector information management systems, (iii) learning and piloting innovative approaches.

The World Bank funds will also enable the state to fill the resource gap for achieving its medium term RWSS objectives.

The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people - about 20% of the state's rural population through:

* Construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation of existing schemes in 3066 villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages)

Page 45 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF==DBACK( ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment F1ber-- Feedb k Vv G-p

* Provision of small bore drainage system and sewage treatment in 100 villages * Rehabilitation of 1000 village ponds receiving sullage water

As part of the project design process, a number of preparatory studies have been undertaken. This document presents the report of the preparatory study on Sectoral Environmental Assessment for the proposed project. The proposed project belongs to environmental category 'B', as per World Bank's safeguards policy.

The objective of the Environmental Assessment is to conduct a Sector Environmental Assessment and develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The detailed Terms of Reference are presented in Annexure 2.

Page 46 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACWK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTNbv-FKdbYEVNGNER

3 Baseline Environmental Status

This chapter provides an overview of the physical geography of the state, with special emphasis on water resources. This environmental baseline has been developed mainly on the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by (a) public consultations, (b) Water Quality Sampling Study conducted by the DWSS as a part of this EA study, and (c) Study on the sustainability of deep groundwater resource, commissioned by the DWSS.

3.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1 Location

The state of Punjab is located on the northwestern part of India. It lies between 29°30'and 32032' North latitudes and 73°55' and 76°50' East longitudes. It shares its borders with Pakistan on the West, Jammu and Kashmir on the North, Himachal Pradesh on its East and North East, Haryana on its south and south-east and Rajasthan on its south-western parts.

It occupies an area of 50,362 sq. km., which constitutes 1.53% of the whole country. About 6% of total area in Punjab is under forest cover. For administrative purposes, the state is divided into 19 districts 2, 4 divisions, 72 sub-divisions, 72 Tehsils, 81 sub- Tehsils and 141 blocks. As per 2001 census, there are 12278 inhabited villages in Punjab. The location map of Punjab with its District boundaries is given in Fig 3.1.

3.1.2 Physiography

Physiographically, Punjab can be divided into five major landforms (PSCST, 2005):

Shivalik Hills

The hills are located in the northern fringe of Gurdaspur and north-eastern parts of Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. These are composed of sand-stones, conglomerates and shales. The hills cover about 3% of the total area of the state.

2 The 18th district, Mohali, has recently been created on 13th April 2006 out of Roopnagar District. The 19th District, Tarntaran, has been carved out of Amritsar District on 16'b June 2006. Thus, there is no data pertaining to these districts. The statistics for these districts are included in the statistics of districts from which they are carved out.

Page 47 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitationuppyan Project ~TUTRNKEY niao TREBAM.ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mb--Fd::k V" GCp

UNJAB

STATEBOUNDARY DETRKCTBOUJNARY

RSPUR

X X \INDEX P

AMRITSR<\ 0

2 0 5 > HOSHIRR

LOCO UN JAB TDN PA 8 of 1SHEHR4

FERROZEPUR =<

LUDHLANA ROOPNAt

( ) M~UKTSAR i%g4SAGU PATIALA

/ $ 0 BATHINDA 5

t - > ~MANSA RAJASTHAN

FIG.3.1 LOCATION MiAP OF PUNJAB WITH DISTRICT BOUNDARIES

Page 48 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACK( ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M- F-dbv.k GVt

Piedmont Plain

It forms a transitional zone between the Shivalik hills and alluvial plain. It is about 10- 15 km wide and comprises parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. The elevation varies from 300 to 375 m above the MSL. The land is dissected by seasonal streams, popularly called 'choes'. Many of these 'choes' terminate in the area without joining major stream/river. The deposits in the alluvial plains and in 'Choes' are coarse textured (mainly sand) mixed with gravel and/or pebbles at places, and relatively finer in other areas. This unit occupies about 8% of the total state area.

Alluvial Plain

These are the old valley floors, the remnants of which lie above the level of the present river beds. They are separated form the flood plains at their bases by broken chains of sand dunes/bars and cliffs. The unit occupies nearly 59% of the total geographical area. The alluvial plains comprise the what are popularly known as 'Upper-Bari Doab' (covering most parts of Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts), 'Bist Doab' (covering most parts of Jalandhar, Kapurthala and parts of Hoshiarpur) and 'Malwa' plain (covering areas south of Satluj river). Their elevation varies from 200 to 300 m above the MSL.

Sand Dunes

About 11% area of the state is affected by sand dunes. Major pockets of sand dunes are observed along with old river courses of Beas, Satluj and Ghaggar in the districts of Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. They stand out as low or high ridges, and are believed to have developed due to the braiding action of the major rivers and their tributaries as well as seasonal rivulets and reworking of the fluviatile deposits by aeolian action. They are locally known as 'Tibbas', and most have been levelled and brought under cultivation.

Flood Plains

These lie along each of the main rivers, where subsoil water is high (especially in rainy season). Their width varies from 5 to 10 km. The flood plain areas are undulating and contain various inter-locking channels of streams and, at places, swamps. The flood plains occupy about 7% of the total area of the state.

3.1.3 Soils

The soils of Punjab, developed largely on alluvium deposited by the rivers of the Indus system, exhibit varying profile development from A-C profiles. The differential evolution of these soils, occurring on different landforms, has been attributed mainly to climate followed by topography over a period of time. The soils show marked differences in texture, drainage conditions and profile development, as realized by the

Page 49 of 148 F==DBACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mtwnb -F kVamGC-p

redistribution of soluble salts, carbonates and other less-soluble and mobile soil constituents.

In terms of soil type, the state can be divided into three zones -

a) South-Western Punjab: This region covers the tehsils of Fazilka, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa and parts of Ferozepur, which border Haryana and Rajasthan states in the southwest. The soil is predominantly calcareous, developed under hot and arid to semi-arid conditions. The pH value ranges from 7.8 to 8.5, which shows that the soil is normal in reaction. Grey and red desert, calsisol, regosol and alluvial soils are found in this zone. The soil of southwestern Punjab can further be sub-divided into two categories (i) Desert Soil and (ii) Sierozem Soil.

b) Central Punjab: The soil of this zone has developed under semi-arid condition. The soil is sandy loam to clayey with normal reaction (pH from 7.8 to 8.5). The soil covers the districts of Sangrur, Patiala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Amristar, parts of Gurdaspur, Ferozepur and fringes of Kharar tehsil of Roopnagar district. Problem of alkalinity and Salinity is quite acute, especially in districts of Amristar, Sangrur, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Patiala. The soil of the central zone, generally recognised as alluvial, falls into two categories, (i) Arid and Brown Soil and (ii) Tropical Arid Brown.

c) Eastern Punjab: The soil has developed in the sub-humid foothill areas bordering Himachal Pradesh covering eastern parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Roopnagar and northeastern fringes of Patiala district. Because of the undulating topography and fair amount of rainfall, normal erosion is quite common. The fertility of the soil is medium to low and the texture is loamy to clayey. Two soil types are recognized in this zone (i) Grey Brown Podzolic Soil (ii) Reddish Chestnut Soil.

3.1.4 Climate and Rainfall

Because of its location, Punjab experiences hot summers and fairly cold winters, with night temperatures occasionally touching freezing point. Mean annual rainfall over the entire state is 660mm received in 32 rainy days. Annual rainfall in the state ranges from 389mm (21 rainy days) to I100mm (48 rainy) days. July and August are the rainiest months of the year contributing about 57% of annual rainfall. About 80% of the rainfall occurs during monsoons. This rain is characterized by being torrential in nature thereby causing a greater runoff, soil erosion and flooding. The western disturbances bring some rainfall in winter which falls as a light drizzle thus resulting in greater absorption of rain fall into the ground. The rainfall distribution in the state is depicted in Fig 3.2.

The Districtwise rainfall- average (1999-2003) is depicted in Fig 3.3 (SAP, 2005). The variation in annual rainfall over the last 3 decades is given in Fig 3.4 (SAP, 2005). The availability of water from rainfall in Punjab (on the basis of normal rainfall) is given in Table 3.1.

Page 50 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACK( ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M4b VeCp G-F-rdb-ck

PAKISTAN i'

FEROZ4EP,L

<4;E3 ll§' (3 ~i$ L * t;.. (3- f LfL

PAKISTHAN

METROLOFEAROSTPUR

|~~~~~~LL LEED.Rl3s<>77. f Pag3 51o3 f 1 600- 50031

900-800 LL L00-30 800 LESSTHAN- 700

R FAINGAUGE STATIOIZ V<8toJP9tL4 |METROLOC3ICAL STA13ON | .;> */ y 1ISOHY`ETE IN mm -axo- i W't>-> p |DISTRICT HEADQUATERS |,:: RAIFAL DITIBTO IN1 PUNJ souc CO Wy3raoo,H.Se 3s, l ANNUAL RAINFALL IN mm

|MORE THAN 1IE 2, 700 - fi00 |1 100 -1 000 E . 600 - 500 |1000 - 900 / 500. - 400 900 -Boo UL 400 - 300 |800 - 700 E mLESS THAN 00FGo.

RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN PUNJAB SOUP=CE:ow'% o04

Page 51 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment ENGINFERdtSd§VenC.0-P

200 Average Rainfall of 5 Years (1 999-2003) 11000s U Average Rainfall - 2003

0,0010'

61057302 0

;000

453 '54IZ ~ . 0SSZ

Name of District

Fig. 3.3 District wise rainfall - Average v/s Actual for the vear 2003

Page 52 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation F--DBACKC Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment 1 F1brdUcVnt5 G-.p

I w'u 19 6 'J 199 0 22)') 22 0 0 3 120 0 4

Year Figure 3.4 - Variation in Annual Rainfall in Punjab

Page 53 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F EDBAC C( TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment i -- FdkVt

Table 3.1: Water Availability From Rainfall in Punjab (On The Basis of Normal Rainfall)

691 5096 3.521 ---1 .------Amritsar ------~------F------s------l 2 Bathinda 404 3385 1.360 3 Faridkot 450 1469 0.661 --.------4 Fatehgarh 6358 1180 0.749 Saheb II 5 PFerozepur 437 1 5303 2.317 6 Gurdaspur 1002 3564 3.571 7 Hoshiarpur 941 3365 3.166 T8OJalandhar 789 ----- 26320 312.0776 -9 -Kapurthala 428 ------1632 ------0.698 10 Ludhiana 681 3767 2.565 31 o Mansap o2171 ( 494 1.072 12 Moga 463 | 2216 |1.026 -13 - _M uktsar ------3'53 ---- 261-5 ------0.923 ----- 14 Nawanshehr 849 T 1267 o s 1.076 ------p------t15eHPatiala .631 3625 2.287 16 Roopnagar 859 i 2055Q 1.765n ------F------1------1 17 Sangrur 552 | 5020 2.771 ------I TOTAL 50362 |31.616

The mean relative humidity varies from 50% to 95%. The normnal average temperature ranges between 5 degree dutrng winter and 38h C during summer, with parts of the state touching 45° C in summer.

3.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms)

Most of Punjab is a fertile plain. Toward the southeast one finds semi-arid and desert landscape, whereas a belt of undulating hills extends along the northeast at the foot of the Himalayas.

About 90% of the area of the state is occupied by Quaternary alluvium. In the remaining part, Tertiary formnations outcrop as Shivalik hill ranges in northeastern part of the State. The alluvial plains have been formned by the fluvial deposits of the Ravi, the Beas and

Page 54 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKS TURNKEY ENGINEERS Draft Final Report on Sectoral Environmental Assessment MTUNKYdb.k V-n.GI

the Satluj rivers. The Quaternary formations are represented by alluvial deposits, which are part of Indo Gangateic alluvial system. These are deposited by the present and ancestral river system of the Pleistocene period in the fore-deep between the Himalayas and the Peninsular shield. The Quaternary deposits are divided into: (i) Piedmont deposits occurring along a narrow belt along the Shivaliks, commonly known as "Kandi"; (ii) Alluvial plains; (iii) Aeolian deposits occurring in the southwestern part of the State and (iv) An intermountain valley at Anandpur Sahib of Roopnagar district. The alluvium is divided into Newer alluvium occurring along active flood plains of rivers and older alluvium confined to abandoned flood plains. The Tertiary formations outcrop in the northeastern and eastern part of the Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Nawanshehr and Roopnagar districts and extend in a NW-SE direction. A plateau exists on top of Shivalik formation in Garshankar block of Hoshiarpur district. The master slope of the land surface in the State is from east, northeast to west, southwest (Chopra S, 1990).

3.1.6 Land Use

Eighty-four per cent of the state's area (42.24 LAND UTIUSATION INPUNJAB 2004-2005 (p) thousand sq km) is under 596% agriculture, out of which - Y00.65% some part has been , 0.34% utilized in developing canal and drainage irrigation system. About 6% of the area (about 2.77 thousand sq km) is 83.45% under forest. In addition, 0.67 thousand sq km is UNet Area Sown 0 Forest Area under fallow land and 0 Land not available for Cultivation 0.37 thousand sq km is -unculbvatedLandexcludingFallow Land 0.37thousand sq km is 0 Other uncultivatedLadexlinFlowad barren land.

Table 3.2 gives the District wise land use pattern in Punjab (Land Records, Punjab and SAP 2005). Data indicate that maximum area under cultivation is in District Ferozepur, followed by districts Amritsar, Sangrur and Ludhiana. Maximum forest area lies in District Hoshiarpur followed by Roopnagar and Gurdaspur. Appreciable land under pastures has been recorded only in District Roopnagar followed by Patiala (out of which more area in District Patiala is under tree groves). Furthermore, maximum land under non-agricultural use lies in District Ludhiana (49 sq km) followed by Districts Patiala, Sangrur and Amritsar.

Page 55 of 148 F'=DBACK Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment

Table 3.2: LAND USE IN PUNJAB

District Geogr Total Forests Barren Land Total Cultu Perman Land Total Curre Fallow Total Net Net Area Total aphic Area and put to (4+5) rable ent Under (7+8+ nt land (11+1 area area sown Cropp al accor un- Non- Waste Pastures Misc. tree 9) fallo other 2) sown sow more ed Area ding cultura agricult and crops and w than n as than area to I-able ure use other groves not current % to once (14+ Villa Land grazing included flow total 16) ge land in net area area paper sown 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Gurdaspur 356 351 37 (a) 20 20 - (a) - (a) (a) - (a) 294 84 220 514 Amrisar 508 505 15 (a) 40 40 1 1 (a) (a) (a) 449 89 356 805 134 269 Kapurthala 163 167 2 1 29 30 (a) - - (a) (a) (a) 135 81 Jalandhar 266 266 6 - 21 21 - - - - 239 90 184 423 NawanShchr 119 127 17 4 7 11 2 2 3 3 94 74 89 183 Hoshiarpur 340 339 108 1 28 29 (a) I 1 2 (a) (a) 200 59 158 358 Roopnagar 216 210 51 10 19 29 1 4 (a 5 2 2 123 59 101 224 Ludhiana 368 368 10 (a) 51 51 1 1 306 83 299 605 Ferozepur 585 526 12 1 38 39 (a) (a) 475 90 432 907 Faridkot 144 147 2 (a) 17 17 2 2 126 86 123 249 Muktsar 263 264 4 3 14 17 5 5 13 13 225 85 220 445 Moga 168 223 2 (a) 21 21 - - (a) (a) 200 90 186 386 Bathinda 334 337 8 32 32 297 88 253 550 Mansa 219 214 3 - 14 14 (a) (a) 7 7 190 89 173 363 Sangrur 502 502 7 1 50 51 (a) (a) I 1 3 3 440 88 432 872 Patiala 368 372 15 4 45 49 - (a) 1 1 2 2 305 82 283 588 Fatehgarh 117 115 1 (a) 12 12 - (a) - (a) - - 102 89 89 191 Sahib Punjab 5036 5033 300 25 458 483 9 5 3 17 33 (a) 33 4200 83 3732 7932 (2004-05) - (All values in '000 hectares)

(a) below 500 ha

Page 56 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK( TURNKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-W-F-db-kV-w-tk-p

3.1.7 Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of Punjab's economy, and almost 84% of the state area is under agriculture. The cropping intensity is 185%. Kharif and Rabi are the two main crops harvested in early winter and summer respectively. Crop pattern is determined by the availability of irrigation water. Rice and cotton are the major Kharif season crops. Rice is now grown in almost all districts of the state, irrespective of the agro-climatic conditions. It covers a little more than 81% of the cropped area. At district level it ranges from about 33% (Muktsar) to more than 97% (Fatehgarh Sahib). The major cotton growing districts are Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Faridkot and Ferozepur, where as the maximum area under cotton is in Muktsar district followed by Bathinda and Mansa districts. Maize, sugarcane, and fodder are the major Kharif crops grown in the Kandi belt of Hoshiarpur and Nawanshehr districts. Jalandhar and Kapurthala districts have substantial areas under vegetables cultivation.

Wheat is the dominant crop in Rabi season covering 93% of the total Rabi cropped area. Other crops, including potato, maize, sugarcane, Rabi pulses and oil seeds occupy only about 7% of the area. The districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Nawanshehr and Roopnagar show some crop diversity, as 10-30% of the Rabi cropped area in these districts is under the above-mentioned "other" crops. Potato and vegetables are the other dominant crops in Jalandhar and Kapurthala, while maize, sugarcane and fodder are the other significant crops in Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Nawanshehr and Roopnagar.

Agriculture in Punjab is characterized as input-intensive monoculture farming, marked by High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs), mostly wheat-rice rotation, and high fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Use of traditional organic manure has decreased, with widespread practice of using the cattle dung as a fuel, in the form of dung cakes. Fertilizer consumption has increased from 1.75 thousand Nutrient-tons in the early seventies to 11.11 thousand Nutrient-tons in 2002-03 and chemical pesticide use has increased from 3,200 Metric tones to 7,400 Metric tons from 1980 to 2001. The figures for consumption of chemical fertilizers in Punjab are shown in Fig. 3.5.

Page 57 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment -F-db,,V-G-P

Figure 3.5: Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers in Punjab

1400 _ _r -7__

I NiIrogenous (N) A 1200Phosphatic (P) ' P4 -

r Potassic KK)

800 --I

z i k- 111ilt,, t-..FY,,,-

1970-1971 1980-1981 1990 1991 2000-2001 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 Year

Page 58 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-- DBACNCKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mnb,-F-ft-kV.- cGp

3.2 Water Resources Environment

3.2.1 Surface Water Resources

Punjab State is occupied by Indus river basin and is drained by three major rivers, which include the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. The Ravi sub-basin covers northwestern part of Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts. The Beas river sub-basin drains remaining part of these districts along with northwestern part of Hoshiarpur district and northern part of Kapurthala district. The central and southwestern part of the State forms the Satluj river sub-basin.

The Ghaggar, Chitti (White) Bein, Kali (Black) Bein, Sakki Nala, Kiran Nala, Naunmi Nadi and the Chakki river are the major seasonal rivers in the state. The Ghaggar is the most prominent among these, and it drains the southeastern and southern part of the State.In addition, several seasonal rivulets known as 'choes' are found in the Shivalik area. The total stretch of canal network, including the distributary system, in Punjab is approx. 14500 kms. The main canals from River Satluj are Anandpur Hydel Channel and Bhakhra Main Line (BML) at Nangal, Sirhind canal and Bist Doab canal at Roopnagar and Rajasthan feeder canal and Ferozepur feeder canal at Hussainiwala. The main canal from Beas is Mukerian Hydel Channel or Shah Nehar. The major irrigation canal originating from Ravi at Madhopur is Upper Bari Doab Canal. The drainage system is also complementary to the canal irrigation system extending up to 8000 km length. Important drains are Shakki Nallah, Hudiara Nallah, Kasur Nallah and Patti Nallah between Ravi and Beas and West/Kali Bein and East/Safed Bein between Beas and Satluj. The canal network of Punjab along with drainage system is depicted in Fig. 3.6.

Village ponds and tanks cover a substantial area in Punjab, estimated at approximately 25,000 acres across the state (PSCST, 2004). They have traditionally played a major role in defining the ecology of rural areas, by providing natural drainage, acting as groundwater rechargers and providing habitat to the local flora and fauna. However, most of these ponds are now used for discharge of sullage water, with consequent deterioration in the water quality.

Page 59 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACKI0 TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Member-Fe dt- Vew ,p

16 J. v

R~t A A* S

BA5ED UPON SURVEY OFINDIA MAP WITH IHE PERISSI14N Qf THE SURVEYOR GENEBAL Of NDIA

(iD OVERUTEIJK OF INDIA EOPYRICHT 71JS FIG.3.6 RIVER, CANAL & DRAINAGE SYSTEM (PUNJAB) SOURCE: PPCB, 1995

Page 60 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-.n--Fedbk VYvrj G-o.p

The state also has 12 natural and 9 manmade wetlands covering more than 15,500 ha area. Three of these wetlands- Harike, Kanjli and Roopnagar are recognised as wetlands of international importance, and hence classified as Ramsar sites. The list of major natural and man-made wetlands of Punjab is presented in Tables 3.3 and 3.4.

The total available surface water resources in the state amount to 14.54 MAF (17937 MCM). The irrigation potential of this is estimated at 3 mha for major and medium schemes and 50,000 ha for minor schemes (CWC 2003). Surface water is currently the source of irrigation for 38.3% of the land. It is also the source of water for 617 schemes covering 1459 villages (about 20% of total schemes) of the DWSS schemes in Punjab.

Table 3.3: List of Natural Wetlands of Punjab

Name of Wetland District Area (sq km)

Jastarwal Jheel Amritsar 0.55 Aliwal Kotli Amritsar 0.10 Bareta Mansa 0.20 Kahnuwan Chhamb Gurdaspur 1.28 Keshopur miani Jheel Gurdaspur 4.08 Mand Bharthala Hoshiarpur 0.61 Narayangarh - Terkiana Hoshiarpur 0.82 Sital Sagar Hoshiarpur Major Part in H.P. Rabasbsar Kapurthala 0.41 Lobana Patiala 0.11 Lahail Kalan Sangrur 0.20 Gobindgarh / Khokhar Sangrur 0.08

Table 3.4: List of Manmade Wetlands of Punjab

Name of Wetland/Lake District Area under water (sq km) Harike Lake Amritsar, Kapurthala, 41.0 Ferozepur Kanji Lake Kapurthala 0.44 Roopnagar Lake Roopnagar 13.65 Hussainiwala Reservoir Ferozepur 6.88 Ranjit Sagar Gurdaspur 32.64 Dholbaha Dam, Hoshiarpur 1.32 Malli Dam Hoshiarpur 0.72 Mangrowal Dam Hoshiarpur 0.70 Nangal Lake Roopnagar 4.0

Page 61 of 148 and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKC Punjab Rural Water Supply TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-be F.dbok V- nV.,5GrG-p

3.2.2 Groundwater Resources

3.2.2.1 Hydrogeology

As described earlier, about 90% of the area of Punjab is occupied by unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits. These were deposited by the current and antecedent river systems of the Pleistocene period. Based on ground water exploration and geophysical surveys by various Government organizations and ONGC, the thickness of the alluvial sediments is found decreasing from northeast to southwest. It is more than 4000 m in the proximity of Shivalik hill range. Around Bathinda, the thickness is around 580 m and further reduces towards southwest. A buried ridge is inferred to exist here (Delhi - Lahore ridge). The thickness of the alluvium west of the ridge is less than 400 m and is estimated to be about 1000 m in the central parts of the state. The alluvial sediments consist of clay, silt and fine to coarse sand, and it is the saturated sands and gravel boulder beds in these sediments that form the potential aquifers.

3.2.2.2 Disposition of the Aquifers

3-D geological diagrams based on lithologs of bore holes in the Bari and Bist Doabs are given in Figures 3.7 and 3.8. Generalized lithological cross sections across southeastern part passing through Patiala and Sangrur districts is given in Figure -3.9.

In the upper Ban' Doab area in Gurdaspur district the aquifers embody a number of thick granular layers alternating with thin clay beds down to 300 m depth (Figure -3.7). The clay layers pinch out at short distances. The thickness of clay beds increases towards southwest into Amritsar district. The aquifer material consists of sand with pebbles, cobbles and boulders. The aquifers zones here are thick and the thickness of individual zones varies from 20 - 65 m. The clay beds pinch out in easterly direction in the northern part of the area indicating interconnection in that part. In the Amritsar area 5 - 6 granular zones with individual thickness of 20 -95 m are observed down to 375 m depth. The thickness of water table aquifer extends to 50 m depth. The granular material is fine to medium sand. Further south 6 - 8 granular zones exist down to 450 m depth. These are 15 - 85 m thick separated by 10 - 45 m thick clay beds. The clay beds are regionally extensive. Deeper aquifers are locally confined in nature.

In the Bist Doab area covering Nawanshehr, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar and Kapurthala districts, thick aquifers comprised of sand and boulders with thin clay layers occur in the northern part (Figure -3.8). In the central and eastern parts the clay beds are thicker and more persistent. The aquifers are comprised of fine to coarse sand that are fairly extensive in nature. These are influenced by the two rivers flowing at the border of the Doab. Down to more than 450 m depth, 3 - 5 aquifers exist in the northern parts and 5 - 8 in the central parts.

Page 62 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FE DBAC K Final Report on Sector TURNKEY ENGINEERS Environmental Assessment M ,-F-.dbAckVn. G

IC-ALA£

VAL~ ~ ,DE I

7FIG.3.7

AQUIFER DISPOSITION 3D DIAGRAM UPPER BARIDOAB, PUNJAB (AMRITSAR & GURDASPUR) SOURCE:CGWB, 2004

Page 63 of 148 Sanitation Project F-DBACK' Punjab Rural Water Supply and TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-tUF.db.d VN G-p

'4 :. .. :¢ - - ..... INDEX ~- G-; NU*.A

AQUIFER DISPOSITION 3D-DiAGRAM - 5IST DOAB, PU.JAB (HOSHIARPUR, JALANDHAR, KAPURThALA) SOURCE: CGWB, 2004

Page 64 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FT-URNDKB AECNGNS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M be-Ffdbzk Vem- G-p

-ASULPUR

MURAN WALI

------1

------...... t+--*lSr', - )

Xmm

KHTL

LEGEND\ - -IAQUIFER ZONE CLAY

FIG.3.9 AQUIFER DISPOSITION 3D-DIAGRAM-SANGRUR, PUNJAB SOURCE: CGWB, 2004

Page 65 of 148 Project F---DBACKC Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M.[nbe-F-edbak V-r- Grwp

In the Dera Bassi, Kharar, Ganaur and Rajpura blocks the aquifer zones are 1.5 - 10 m thick and comprised essentially of fine to medium sand down to 450 m depth (Figure - 3.9). The coarse sand gravel beds are rarely encountered. Clays predominate here and constitute 70-80 % of the total sediments down to 450 m. Furthermore, the Rajpura and Kharar blocks have poor quality ground water due to salinity in the aquifers at certain depth interval in the top 150 m.

In the district of Sangrur there are three aquifer groups down to 530 m depth and these are separated by two distinct clay beds of considerable thickness (Figures-3.9 and 3.10). The first aquifer is down to 60 m depth followed by a 16 m thick clay layer and the second aquifer is below this clay layer down to 160 m depth. The third aquifer is below another clay layer of 30 m thickness. There are thin clay layers in these aquifer groups.

In Ludhiana, Moga, Faridkot and Ferozepur districts also thick aquifers exist at shallow depth in the proximity of Satluj river. But away from it the proportion of clay strata increases even at shallow depths. There is very large variation in aquifer disposition in these districts and in the southern parts, the water quality is generally brackish to saline. The southern districts namely, Bathinda, Mansa, Abohar, etc. have aquifers that are generally compromised due to naturally ocurring water quality problems.

In the Ghaggar belt area, the aquifers below 30 - 90 m depth are under semi -confined and locally confined conditions. There is however inter - connection between aquifers on a regional scale (Figure-3.9). It also shows that the kandi belt is the major recharge zone for the deeper aquifers. The other recharge comes through leakage from top aquifers, compaction of sediments, etc.

Page 66 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FHaDBAC19 TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-tV EGIE

LEGFND ~CLU Ml SANDMADRAVEL i:3 sni ERGRAEL

GWTE FIG.3.10 E3OI GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTION F0RieTY THROUGH PATIALA - SANGRUR DISTRICTS PUNJAB Source: UNDP

Page 67 of 148 Project FEEDBACK, Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MF-db.d. V- G-p

3.2.2.3 Depth to Water Level and Water Level Altitude

The depth to water level varies greatly over the state, as shown in Figure - 3.11. Whereas it is in the range of 40 - 60 m in the Kandi belt, it is 5 -15 m in most other parts of the state. Water levels are also very deep (60 - 170m) in the plateau area east of Garshankar. Water levels within 2 m occur in southwestern part in State in parts of Muktsar, Faridkot and Ferozepur districts. Shallow water levels, within 5 m depth occur along flood plains of river Ravi, Satluj and Beas and in the southwestern part of the State. Depth to water table is more than 20 m bgl around major cities of the State viz. Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Moga and Sangrur. Water levels deeper than 20m occur in Kandi areas in Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. In the plateau region of Garshankar block of Hoshiarpur district, it ranges between 50-180 m bgl.

In Southwestern parts of the state covering parts of Ferozepur, Faridkot, Muktsar, Bathinda and Mansa districts, water-logging conditions prevail over large parts where water level is less than 5 m below land surface. The water table here is rising due to limited/ non-extraction of ground water due to its brackish/ saline quality and thus being unfit for all purposes. The water levels in the southern districts were more than 40 m deep in the pre-irrigation era, and although this area receives minimal rainfall, water- logged conditions are caused due to the fact that the region is a like a bowl and is surrounded by the Sirhind Feeder, Rajasthan Feeder and Bikaner canals. Since the area has no artificial or natural flow of surplus water and it receives the return flow of irrigation without adequate drainage out of the area, almost all the water percolates into the ground raising ground water levels at an alarming rate of 0.2 to 1 m/yr. The irrigation department has taken up drainage improvement works to supplement the existing drainage system in these areas.

The water levels in the deep tubewells in most parts of the state are deeper than of shallow aquifer, indicating that a vertical down gradient exist in water levels.

The altitude of water table in Punjab varies from 340 m above mean sea level in Pathankot area to less than 180 m in the southwestern parts Figure - 3.12. The highest altitude is in the Kandi belt, and is accompanied by a steep gradient. The gradient gradually decreases towards southwest, and with the exception of local variations caused by rivers, canals, etc., the regional groundwater flow direction is Northeast to southwest. The ground water flows from northeast to southwest with a very low gradient after the few km distance from the hilly terrain. This shows that ground water recharge to deep aquifers is from northeastern parts. Presence of thick clay layers prevents vertical movement of ground water. This indicates that on regional scale the recharge area lies in the northeast for most aquifer zones.

Page 68 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Me.F-Fftdb** V"waa G-p

PAiISTAN

f5ac, %zARcA, E 0 APiS

t-' - FIG.3.1 1 IIAP OF PUNJAB SHOWING DEPTH TO GROUND WATER TADLE IN MiETRES DURING JUNE1200 .. zc

Page 69 of 148 Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Punjab Rural Water TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment - V.,tm Gr-p

LEGEND INTERNATIONALBOUNDARY STATEBOUNDARY DISTRICTBOUNDARY BLOCKBOUNDARY RIVER WATERTABLE ELEVATIONIN METERS --

FLOW DIRECTIONOF GROUND WATER

SEMICONSOUDATED FORMAnOM

4boS \ { *z z \ \' +* UR

PAKISTAN

8 KTSR' < '/ MNA

RAJASTHAN - 40

FIG.3.1 2 WATER TABLE ELEVATION sounC, IA, 2004

Page 70 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK' Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENG NEERS

3.2.2.4 Current Status of Groundwater Resources

The state has a total replenishable ground water resource of 1.82 mham/yr (14.74 MAF). Table 3.5 presents provisions for its use and development (CGWB, 2002).

Table 3.5: Ground Water Potential (as on April 1, 2002)

Total Replenishable Ground Water Resource (mhani/Yr) 1.821577 Provision For Domestic, Industrial and Other Uses (mham /Yr) 0.182158 Available Ground Water Resources for lrrigation (mham /Yr) 1.639419 Utilizable Ground Water Resources for Irigation (mham /Yr) 1.475477 Gross Draft (mham. /Yr) as on 31.3.02- Pro-rata Basis 2.030674 Net Draft (mham. /Yr) as on 31.3.02 1.421472 Balance Ground Water Resource For Future Use (mham /Yr) 0.217947 Level Of Ground Water Development % i Present 86.71 After 5 years (projected) 94.51

The shallow aquifers have been the major source of water for irrigation, drinking water (from private spot sources) and industrial uses in Punjab. Approximately 94% of the total area sown in Punjab is irrigated, out of which 62% is irrigated by tube wells. Hence, irrigation from shallow groundwater supports roughly two-thirds of the total sown area in Punjab.

This large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth has translated into over-exploitation of shallow aquifers. Consequently there has been a continuous decline in shallow groundwater levels, especially in the fresh groundwater areas. In Central Punjab, it is observed that the shallow groundwater level is continuously falling at a rate of 0.2 to 0.3 m/year. (CGWB, 2002).

Table 3.6 below delineates the district-wise availability of ground water, as computed against annual draft, recharge and net balance, in different districts during the study period 1995-97 and completed in 2000-01 (PRSC, 2001).

Page 71 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF==DBACK( ENG.INEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY E GI

Table 3.6: District-wise Ground Water Availability (in ha.m.) Annual Annual Annual Ground No of blocks in Si Dirict gross net net draft water category. No. i recharge recharge balance Dark Grey White

1 Amritsar 179062 161154 179788 -18634 14 2 - 2 Bathinda 55782 50204 35710 14494 1 2 4 3 Faridkot 58971 53074 26537 26537 - - 2 4 Fateh Garh 42732 38458 54222 -15764 5 - - Sahib 5 Ferozepur 302379 272139 174684 97455 3 3 5 6 Gurdaspur 171554 154400 109317 45083 5 4 5 7 Hoshiarpur 108097 97286 43101 54185 1 1 8 8 Jalandhar 72081 64871 128015 -63144 10 - - 9 Kapurthala 35970 32373 81129 -48756 5 - 10 Ludhiana 166655 149989 204494 -54505 10 1 - 11 Mansa 81721 73549 28425 45124 - 2 3 12 Moga 47420 42677 107486 -64809 4 - - 13 Muktsar 110615 99554 14061 85493 - - 4 14 Nawanshehr 44055 39648 38477 1171 3 1 1 15 Patiala 129487 116538 144343 -27805 8 - 1 16 Roopnagar 60828 54744 28331 26413 2 5 17 Sangrur 151818 136638 212075 -75437 13 - 1819227 1637296 1610195 0 27101 0 84 16 38 Total OR OR R R 14.74 MAF 13.26 MAF 13.04 MAF 0.22 .__ .-_._-M _ _ AF .

Thus, out of the 17 districts, 9 are categorised as dark i.e. where stage of development of water is more than 85%; 3 as grey i.e. where stage of development of water is between 65% to 85% and further exploitation needs to be carried out cautiously. The remaining 5 are white i.e where stage of development of water is less than 65% with potential for further exploitation. The above table also indicates that most of the dark blocks fall in the central Punjab whereas most of the grey and white blocks fall either in the Kandi area or south-west Punjab where exploitation of shallow groundwater is difficult due to sub-mountainous topography or saline nature of the groundwater. Based on above data, the status of groundwater development has been depicted on the map of Punjab in Fig. 3.13 below. The detailed block wise figures for stage of groundwater development in the state, as per recent study done by WRED in 2004, are presented in Annexure 10.

Page 72 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

LEGEND

DARK (84) GREY (18) WHITE (38)

XSPATHNK

SKINS N

PAKJSTANNUP

G fURUHAkRW | | |

t JALALABAD>'KO '

J FAZILKA */\

FIG.3.1 3 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT SOURCE: COWIS, 2004

Page 73 of 148 Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKC Punjab Rural TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MNKEY V-t.- GS

During the past 28 years (1975-2003), 78% of Punjab's area has witnessed a decline in water levels to the tune of 4-16 m (CGWB, July 2004). The areas under depletion include the entire state except southwestern parts of the state covering major parts of Muktsar, southern part of Ferozepur and southwestern parts of Bathinda and Mansa and northeastern part of the State along Shivalik hills - where there has been a rise in water table, as stated earlier. The pattern of depletion/rise in shallow ground water of the State is depicted in Fig 3.14. The pattern of ground water depletion/ rise in 2 typical districts of Punjab is shown in Fig 3.15. It is seen that the first hydrograph, which is for Sangrur District, follows a downward trend whereas the second hydrograph, which belongs to Muktsar District, shows a rising trend. This is in concordance with the overall situation in the districts described earlier.

However, it should be noted here that the above scenario on ground water potential relates to shallow aquifers that lie within a depth of 20m. These aquifers comprise mainly of fine to medium sand grains, are unconfined and have a thickness of 15 to 20 m. While the CGWB, Irrigation Department and Agricultural Directorate make regular measurement of water levels, most of these measurements are from dug well zone and hence reflect the shallow or water-table aquifers in the state.

The behavior of water levels in the deep aquifers has not been studied on wide-scale and therefore there does not exist any evidence of water table decline or resource depletion in the deep aquifers of Punjab.

Page 74 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACKT( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTURNFKE. Vemis G-up

.r4 APL f ', .,.-Nj S .. r-,s Aei.IAO

,* XDWAH D-- . , 'r,.P;;r~s

( A , - -) .i'eER: .

!B -?4ERA -. .AISA - - -^Rz;-'& ni-- 15| ElT^ Cw - d-r ^s-- .. su: ;.

4 - *R ,Dr. AZ-i LV

OHP sTeI ur p-PPPSP'ArP.H 'P

~T 6 ArAPARuP4

HrA SA .G- - - - ; 1 -EErR ^ v ~%0;f

GUR SIAR,Np-= P-

MAP OF PUNJAB SHOWING RISE/FALL OF WATER TABLE IN METRES FROM 6/84 TO 6/2003 SCKRC WV^ 20

Page 75 of 148 F-DBACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b-Fedbk V-n- G-o

DEPLETING WATER LEVEL HYDROGRAPH OF PAKIHOXE (44N-3BI), SANGRUR DISTRICT WATER LEVEL- TREND-WI (0)

(2)-

(4) -

G9R 4=D\ (1°)(6) (7)- (13) X --

(10)-

( ------OOOOOOO (12)- (I 3) (14)

T1MB INDEX ALL SLOPE =-0.343 INTERCEPT= -3.44

RISING WATER LEVEL

HYDROGRAPH OF TL-A8 ( D-4C) RUWDISRC

(15)

I I I I I I I I IOR I I I I I I 0 I I I

TIME INDEX ALL SLOPE = -0.452 INTERCEPT= -13.85 FIG.3.1 5 WATER LEVEL TREND IN TEPICAL DISTRICTS

Page 76 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F EDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

3.2.2.5 Deep Ground-Water

The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well established, starting from the depths of 100-150m down to depths of 300 m in most parts and up to 600 m or more in 75 km wide belt in front of the Himalayan range.

Based on 2004 data of Central Groundwater Board (presented in the fence diagrams in Fig 3.7 - 3.10 and in Fig 3.16 and 3.17 presented below), the following can be observed:

* Thick fresh water aquifers exist in major parts of the state and these are laterally and vertically extensive and persistent in nature. * In southwestern part of the state, fresh water aquifer is comparatively narrower than other parts of the state as the area is underlain by brackish/ saline water. * The thickness of fresh ground water sediments in most of the state, except in southwestern part of the state, is more than 200 - 300 m. * In northeastern part, the thickness of fresh water sediments is up to 450 metres. * It is expected that thickness of fresh ground water sediments is more than 100Gm in some parts of the state, but this is yet to be established by deep ground water exploration. * Ground water exploration in Bist Doab area and upper Bari Doab area shows 5 to 7 thick aquifer zones up to explored depth of about 450 metres. * In Amirtsar, Kapurthala. Fatehgarh Sahib, Ludhiana, Patiala districts and parts of Sangrur, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Nawanshehr, Jalandhar and Roopnagar districts there are thick aquifers down to 300m depth with average yield of the wells above 150m3 /hr.

The deeper aquifers are confined in nature, and the tube-wells tapping these zones have discharge approximately in the range of 150-200 cu.m./hr, with drawdown ranges from 1.97 to 11.72 m (Raju and Rao, 1974; CGWB, 2001).

The CGWB has made ground water estimates of deep aquifers between water table aquifer and 300 m depth range in Punjab (Jindal MC., May 2006). The same are summarized below:

* Volume of fresh ground water sediments down to 300m depth 18727200 MCM * Volume of aquifer zones (35 %) 6600977 MCM * Specific yield of the aquifer zones 15 % * Volume of Deep ground water (Static Reserves) 977400 MCM

Page 77 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURN-k ENeGrou

J&Ky

HIMACHAL

r ',A >PRADESH

.1\/1 o h

A ~\areL ,N -S-'' '

IC S T - M P A -PhO

->S I<=

t.~~ I --- ~~~mt * , t,- m u J A il~1 VS 0 C -.-- 1 0fe - Id /-

THANFAJAS AG , FRESH -

eOURCEs: CY&I

P aIg7T 8oD e1 FIG.3.16 t r FENCE DIAGRAM SHOWING FRESH '--;'' GROUND WATER SEDIMENTS SOURCE: CGWB. 2004

Page 78 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEr s GINES

INDEX J & K THICKNESS IN m e4-rE'A LESS THAN t0 ½;_ 10 - 20

20 -- 50

50 - 100

100 -- 200

200 - 500

. MORE THAN 500

4*-.- 5O SPOT- VALUESI iNe

!r21 11:) 7S. HIMACHAL PRADESH

P A K19T41 ST N .N -r

- -- nl| - .

g4,- .- ' 7..'. - i < 1

)- f','I(i''/ - ' ¶.".z' - - t-tVH-

~;f ~ a ~ /r ~ tt \''i

RAJASTHAN ' " -- -

3 -.. - .- HARVANA

FIG.3.17 THICKNESS OF FRESH GROUND WATER SEDIMENTS SOURCE: CGWB, 2004

Page 79 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTbrNf.EdbxdkVenrGroup

The ground water potential of these aquifers is huge. As mentioned before, there is no convincing record available that water level of these aquifers is declining and hence the resource depletion is not established as yet. Currently, DWSS sources its water from the deeper aquifers of Punjab for its 2529 tube-well based schemes covering 7114 villages and total extraction being done is of limited quantity. Apart from DWSS deep tubewells, a few deep tubewells are also owned by State Government for irrigation purposes.

3.2.2.6 Natural Ground-Water Recharge

Rainfall and ensuing runoff is the main source of natural groundwater recharge in Punjab. However, the extensive coverage of irrigated agriculture and an extensive canal network imply that there is a significant groundwater recharge resulting from irrigation return flows and canal seepages.

The deep aquifers in Punjab are confined and hydrogeologically connected with the water bearing zone of the Himalayan range (Rao, 1973). The water recharge and its movement in the deep aquifer, although characterized by a longer time scales than those for the shallow aquifer, are connected to the larger scale processes of snow-melt and precipitation in the Himalayan water bearing zone.

3.2.3 Water Quality

Although various departments and agencies have periodically monitored and collected information on water quality in Punjab, there does not exist a systematic program for monitoring of water quality in the state. As a result, there does not exist any database on the quality of rural water supplies. The following analysis is based on the information collected from the various agencies, and supplemented by the Water Quality Sampling Study that was conducted by the DWSS in 40 villages in 10 districts of Punjab, as a part of the project preparation studies.

3.2.3.1 Surface Water Quality: Rivers and Canals

A comprehensive assessment of water quality in surface water resources of Punjab is not possible due to the absence of a systematic water quality database. In general, the water quality concerns in the river waters of Punjab are the disposal of untreated municipal and industrial discharges, as well as drainage of agricultural return flows. There are 59 Municipal Corporations/ Committees discharging their waste waters directly or indirectly into the rivers of Punjab. The problems are more acute in the locations and during the periods when the flow in the receiving watercourse is not sufficient to cause acceptable dilution of the discharged effluents. The major canal networks of Punjab are kept relatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flows are also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals Page 80 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FH DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

is therefore expected to be better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches of rivers where the pollutant loadings are minimal.

The stretches of concern regarding water quality in some of the main rivers of Punjab are identified in Table 3.7, based on a study (CPCB, 2001). It indicates that the water quality in most stretches of rivers in Punjab does not conform to the designated use requirements.

Table 3.7: Water Quality of Rivers in Punjab

Desir River Code Location ed 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Class

Satluj I Satluj U/S Nangal C B A A B B S2 Sat]uj 100 m D/S confluence C B A B C B point of discharge from NFL S3 Satluj DIS Nangal C A D (BOD) B C C S5 Satiuj R. (U/S Roopnagar) H/W C A A B C C S6 Satluj D/S Rishabh paper mills C D (BOD) B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) S8 Satluj DIS Budha Nallah (Upper) C D D Below E E D(BOD) (DO, BOD) D(R ) (_ROD,OB (T. Coli) (T. Coli)

S9 Satluj D/S Budha Nallah (Lower) C B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD,T. D (ROD, _____Coli) T Colil SI 0 Satiuj D/S East Bein C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (Oi),T. D (BOD) Coli) Sli Satiuj at Harike C NA NA D (BOD) D (T Coli) NA S12 D/S Harike Lake C B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (T. Coli) C S13 Rajasthan Feeder Canal C D (BOD) D (BOD) E (BOD) D (T Coli) B (Free ammonia) Beas B D/S Pathankot C B B B B C 1B6 Beas DIS Mukrian Paper Mill C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) B7 Beas City C A A D (BOD) D (BOD) C B9 Beas D/S Goindwal Sahib C D (BOD) A D (BOD) D (BOD) C Ravi RI UIS Madhopur Head Works A A NA A NA A Ghaggar Ghaggar Rest House Mubarkpur C D (BOD) B B D (BOD) D (BOD) GI G2 Ghaggar D/S Bhankarpur C D (BOD) D (BOD) B D (BOD) D (BOD) G8 Ghaggar D/S Ratanheri C D (BOD) D (BOD) E (BOD) E (BOD) BDOD)O Free ammonia

G9 Ghaggar DIS Khanauri (Sarswati) C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) E (DO, OD, D (BOD, T. T.gColi) Co8i) NA: Not av'ailable, (Critical Parameter)______

Page 81 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FHDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment bRK ENG-

The above classification of rivers has been done on the basis of water quality standards for surface water sources as per CPCB (New Delhi) criteria which are given in Annexure 11.

Details on the some of the water quality-affected watercourses as well as the causes are provided below (PSCST, 2005):

* The stretch of river Satluj between Ludhiana and Harike has been classified as category D. This stretch has been covered by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD), MoEF for monitoring of water quality. The results of the study made between 1997 and 2001 are given in Table 3.8. * In Ludhiana the rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization have adversely affected the water quality along Budha Nullah, which carries more than 440 Mld of untreated industrial effluent containing toxic elements into the Satluj, making the river water almost black at the point of their confluence. * The water quality in Chandigarh drain is adversely affected due to eflluents from industrial units near Banur and Rajpura. * High values of Mercury, heavy metals and pesticides have been reported in water in 2003 at D/S Dhakansu nallah. Further, values of most metals are high in sediments. With regard to pesticides, high values have been reported at D/S Khanauri, both, in water and sediments in certain stretches of the Ghaggar river which are being monitored by CPCB.

172 industries were identified by PPCB discharging their effluents directly or indirectly into drains/ streams/ rivers etc. 104 industries have provided adequate effluent treatment plants and have brought their effluents to the prescribed norms of the Board for discharging into these water bodies as well as on land for irrigation purposes. 27 industries are lying closed at present. Remaining units are taking appropriate measures to control pollution (PPCB).

A list of major types of polluting industries discharging into the watercourses and their pollutant characteristics, as identified by PPCB, is presented in Annex 12 (PSCST, 2005).

3.2.3.2 Surface Water Quality: Village Ponds and Wetlands

Almost every village in Punjab has one or more ponds, which traditionally used to receive the storm water runoff from the village. These ponds were earlier estimated to occupy over 25,000 acres (PSCST, 2004) across the state, but over the past decades the increased water supply in villages without adequate sanitation and drainage facilities has led to deterioration of water quality in the ponds. Specifically, the quality of water in the village ponds is being affected due to:

Page 82 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

* Discharge of untreated sullage/sewage into the village ponds, including overflow of effluent from septic tanks * Encroachment for building habitats * Run-off from cattle dung dumps around ponds * Growth of undesirable aquatic plants due to high nutrient loadings

Attempts are being made to rejuvenate ponds by adoption of cost effective technologies, such as duckweed ponds and constructed wetland. Approximately 21 ponds have been already been rehabilitated using these technologies (SAP, 2005).

The water quality in numerous wetlands of Punjab is being monitored by PPCB (see Table 3.9), and no significant water quality concerns have been identified so far. The Dissolved oxygen (DO) content is usually high and BOD is low due to high buffering and self-purification capacities of these areas. The water quality results illustrate that, as per the water quality standards for surface water sources as per CPCB, the water in these wetlands is suitable for bathing, swimming and recreation (Classification B).

The list of wetlands in Punjab and quality parameters of some of the wetlands is indicated in the table 3.8 below (PPCB, 2001).

Table 3.8: Quality Parameters of Some Wetlands of Punjab

DO (mg/1) 7.6 7.6 7.8l |BOD (mg/1) 2.0 1.8 2.4l T. Coli (MPN/lOOml) 1 23 23 TDS 216 98 - Cl-' (mg/l) 32 28 30 2 So4 (mg/i) 18 16 17 No03' (mg/I) 0.91 0.4 0.32 Amm. N (mg/i) 1.2 0.4 - Cond. (mmho/cm) 296 110 220 l PH 7.5 7.4 7.5 Pb (mg/I) 30 Zn (mg/I) 58 16 31

Page 83 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS

3.2.3.3 Ground Water Quality

Most of the data on groundwater quality is unfortunately limited to shallow aquifers whereas Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fluoride, Iron, Hardness and Chloride are the major water quality parameters relevant to domestic needs in Punjab.

Shallow groundwater in south and southwestern districts of the state is naturally found to be in high state of mineralization, leading to TDS (salinity) concentrations that are often exceeding the drinking water standards. In many cases, salinity problems in groundwater are worsened due to water-logging, as the dissolved salts in irrigation return flows are slowly percolated into groundwater. The districts where aquifers are adversely affected with salinity, fluorides and other undesirable parameters problems include Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot, Ferozepur and Mansa whereas Gurdaspur, Patiala, and a part of Fatehgarh Sahib districts are also affected adversely by salinity problems.

Presence of Fluoride and Iron in groundwater is also related to natural causes. However, over-exploitation of aquifers often results in increase in Fluoride concentrations and districts adversely affected by only fluoride include Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar and Patiala. The incidence of unacceptable levels of Iron is found in Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patiala and Nawanshehr, which is mainly due to discharge from engineering goods industry & rusting of old distribution network. Furthermore, there is bacteriological contamination of shallow aquifers mainly in Ludhiana districts and in shallow aquifers close to major drains. In Moga and Muktsar districts, almost all the villages have water quality parameters above desirable limits though below 'Cause of rejection' limits.

The incidence of various water quality concerns in different districts of the state (DWSS, 2006) in terms of total number of villages affected is shown in Table 3.9(a), and that as percentage of villages affected in Table 3.9(b).

An analysis of the data given in the above mentioned tables highlight the following aspects related to ground water quality: * Approximately 54% of the state's 12,267 inhabited villages have acute water quality problems. Additionally, 29% villages have water quality parameters above acceptable limits but below cause of rejection. The percent wise break up of the major water quality parameters affecting the villages are given below:

i) TDS - 14% ii) Iron - 8% iii) Hardness - 10% iv) Excessive Fluoride - 7% v) Quality problem due to multiple parameters - 12% (mainly Sangrur, Bathinda, Faridkot and Mansa) Page 84 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b.,-f--dba*VureG-p

* Most acute water quality concern, in terms of coverage in Punjab, is salinity. Districts affected with salinity are Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Sangrur, Bathinda, Faridkot, Mansa, Patiala, Ludhiana, Amritsar and parts of Fatehgarh Sahib. * Districts Sangrur, Bathinda, Faridkot and Mansa are adversely affected due to multiple water quality problems. Mansa is the most affected district with all the villages having water quality problems. * In shallow aquifers, the water quality is affected by excessive iron in Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patiala and Nawanshehr. * The districts which are adversely affected with excessive fluoride problems include Ferozepur, Amritsar, Ludhiana and Faridkot. * Bacteriological quality of water is affected in few pockets of Ludhiana district. * The deep ground water quality in the districts of Bathinda, Muktsar, Mansa, Faridkot, Ferozepur (part), Sangrur (part) and Moga (part) is affected by the presence of Fluorides.

Page 85 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F DSDBACIMC F* o *TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTbeYENbU*V--GINEP

Table 3.9(a) Districts affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality Problems in Punjab

S. Name of Total Scarcity Parameters in shallow ground water of Punjab Villages Total Problem Remaining Total Problem No. District lahabited . having Villages (Col. problem Villages (Col. villages Excessive Total Excessive Total Chloride Bacteriolo scarcity 4+5+6+7+8+9+ villages above 4+5+6+7+8+9+ Iron Dissolved Fluoride Hardness gical due to 10) acceptable 10+11) Solids Problem multiple .limit but parameter below cause of rejection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Gurdaspur 1517 21 401 37 151 127 0 10 747 493 1240 2 Amritsar 1186 14 157 360 159 90 0 8 788 322 1110 3 Ferozepur 966 9 280 99 277 0 0 6 671 187 858 4 Ludhiana 901 223 152 127 60 12 65 3 642 213 855 5 Jalandhar 951 129 96 61 146 10 0 11 453 455 908 6 Kapurthala 623 55 56 13 50 25 0 7 206 356 562 7 Hoshiarpur 1391 222 67 8 150 0 0 9 456 274 730 8 Ropar 852 66 49 8 48 16 0 1 188 83 271 9 Patiala 1058 98 373 52 146 2 0 170 841 72 913 10 Sangrur 684 10 43 51 4 0 0 534 642 31 673 11 Bathinda 279 0 0 0 0 0 0 272 272 7 279 12 Faridkot 163 0 5 20 1 0 0 119 145 4 149 13 Mansa 238 0 0 0 0 0 0 238 238 0 238 14 Fatehgarh 440 58 88 11 24 0 0 1 182 169 351 Sahib 15 Nawan 461 60 4 2 1 0 0 33 100 352 452 Shehr 16 Muktsar 234 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 227 230 17 Moga 323 1 0 2 3 1 0 1 8 305 313

Total 12267 967 1771 851 1220 283 65 1425 6582 3550 10132

Page 86 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACIKC TU7RNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b- -F-db-k Vo- G-op

Table 3.9(b) Percentage villages in each District affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality Problems in Punjab

S. Name of Total Scarcity Parameters in shallon ground water of Punjab % Villages Total Problem Remaining Total Problem No. District Inhabited Excessive Total Excessive Total Chloride Bacteriolo having Villages (Col. problem Villages (Col. villages Iron Dissolved Fluoride Hardness gical scarcity 4+5+6+7+8+9+1 villages 4+5+6+7+8+9+ Solids Problem dueto 0) in above 10+11) multiple percentage acceptable parameter limit but below cause of rejection 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Gurdaspur 1517 1.4 26.4 2.4 10.0 8.4 0.0 0.7 49.2 32.5 81.7 2 Amritsar 1186 1.2 13.2 30.4 13.4 7.6 0.0 0.7 66.4 27.2 93.6 3 Ferozepur 966 0.9 29.0 10.2 28.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 69.5 19.4 88.8 4 Ludhiana 901 24.8 16.9 14.1 6.7 1.3 7.2 0.3 71.3 23.6 94.9 5 Jalandhar 951 13.6 10.1 6.4 15.4 1.1 0.0 1.2 47.6 47.8 95.5 6 Kapurthala 623 8.8 9.0 2.1 8.0 4.0 0.0 1.1 33.1 57.1 90.2 7 Hoshiarpur 1391 16.0 4.8 0.6 10.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 32.8 19.7 52.5 8 Ropar 852 7.7 5.8 0.9 5.6 1.9 0.0 0.1 22.1 9.7 31.8 9 Patiala 1058 9.3 35.3 4.9 13.8 0.2 0.0 16.1 79.5 6.8 86.3 10 Sangrur 684 1.5 6.3 7.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 78.1 93.9 4.5 98.4 11 Bathinda 279 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.5 97.5 2.5 100.0 12 Faridkot 163 0.0 3.1 12.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 73.0 89.0 2.5 91.4 13 Mansa 238 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 14 Fatehgarh 440 13.2 20.0 2.5 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 41.4 38.4 79.8 Sahib 15 Nawan 461 13.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 7.2 21.7 76.4 98.0 Shehr 16 Muktsar 234 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.3 97.0 98.3 17 Moga 323 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.0 0.3 2.5 94.4 96.9 Total 12267 7.9 14.4 6.9 9.9 2.3 0.5 11.6 53.7 28.9 82.6

Page 87 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FHEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTUbR-F-dbY EGNRGSp

Emerging concerns:

The quality of groundwater in the top phreatic aquifer is getting degraded in those parts of the state where industrial effluents are being disposed off in watercourses or on agricultural land without any treatment. Certain pockets in Ludhiana show high concentration of Hexavalent chromium, cyanide, and nickel etc. (Singh et. al. 1993).

Ground water in several villages of Nawanshehr and Hoshiarpur districts has been reported to contain Selenium in concentrations exceeding the drinking water standard. (Dhillon, et. al., 2004).

The presence of pesticides and heavy metals in shallow groundwater has been reported in Talwandi Sabo in Bathinda district. In a 2004 study conducted by PGIMER, some of the tested groundwater and tap water samples showed unacceptable levels of pesticides (Malathion and Heptachlor) and heavy metals (Arsenic, Selenium and Mercury) (PPCB, 2003). The drinking water in this region is supplied from a canal-based scheme, and subsequent testing by DWSS of canal water and tap water in the region did not indicate the presence of pesticides or heavy metals (DWSS, 2005).

With the exception of salinity and fluoride (which are naturally occurring in groundwater) in seven districts of the state, the deep aquifers of Punjab are expected to be relatively free from the pollution issues that plague the shallow aquifers. This is because of their relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifers, from which they are usually separated by thick impervious clay layers. The relative isolation of deep aquifers is further corroborated by the absence of bacteriological pollution in deep aquifers. However, these emerging concerns about the water quality of shallow aquifers and increasing reliance on deep aquifer as the preferred water supply source require that the water quality of the deep aquifers in Punjab be assessed through a systematic and scientifically planned approach.

3.2.3.4 DWSS Water Sampling Study

The most recent water quality testing was conducted by DWSS, in order to update the drinking water quality information as a part of the environmental assessment for the proposed project. The study was conducted in 40 villages in 10 districts, which were selected to ensure that the variations in various parameters pertaining to rural water supply are adequately represented in the sample. Water samples were collected at four levels - hand pumps, shallow tube wells, at DWSS water works and from the farthest point of DWSS distribution network. It was intended to cover all possible major sources of drinking water available to the community. Sampling was done in two rounds - first in November 2005 and again in March 2006. Page 88 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK' Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKY ENGINEERS

The objective of the study was to establish the quality of water being used for drinking purposes from various sources in the State. The quality of water supplied by DWSS and drawn from its distribution system at the consumer end was also analysed to study the possibility of contamination in the distribution network. Seasonal variations in water quality were also intended to be studied through this analysis by undertaking the study in two rounds.

The tests were conducted in accordance with the requirements of IS 10500:1991 which is the standard to be followed for drinking water quality. The IS 10500:1991 norms are detailed in Annexure 13.

The water samples were analyzed for the following physical, chemical and biological parameters: 1. Turbidity (NTU) 2. Colour (qualitative) 3. Taste and odour (qualitative) 4. pH 5. Total solids (mg/l)

6. Total alkalinity (as CaCO3) 7. Total hardness (as CaCO3) 8. Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 9. Magnesium ( as Mg) mg/l 10. Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l 11. Sulphates ( as SO2-4) mg/l 12. Fluorides ( as F) mg/l 13. Iron ( as Fe) mg/l

14. Nitrates (as NO3) 15. Residual chlorine (as Cl) mg/l 16. E. coli

In addition a separate round of sampling was done to test canal water and deep groundwater from six different locations (three for canal water, three for ground water) for presence of pesticides.

A total of 186 water samples were analysed in the first round in November 2005 and 162 samples were analysed in the second round in March 2006. The results of the above water analysis are given in table 3.1 O(a) and 3.1 O(b).

Page 89 of 148 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK' Punjab TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTURN-Fdb.-k V..N G-oEp

Table 3.10(a): Water Quality Results of 10 districts

Penod- November 2005 Period- Nlarch 2006 Private DWSS Total Private DWSS Total - .

S. No. Source of sample colection 0

M M

Number of samples collected 127 31 28 186 102 31 29 162 Number of samples with Characteristics above permissible limits

1 Total Solids mg/I 16 0 0 16 23 1 0 24

2 Total Alkalinity (as Ca C0 3) mg/I 18 1 0 19 12 0 0 12

Total Hardness (as Ca C0 3) mg/I 10 0 0 10 12 0 0 12

4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/I 5 0 0 5 2 1 0 3 5 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/I 4 0 0 4 5 0 0 5 6 Chlorides (as CI ) mg/I 1 0 0 1 3 0 0 3

2 7 Sulphates (as S0 -4 )mg/l 2 0 2 4 4 0 0 4 8 Fluorides as F-) mg/I 15 1 1 17 12 0 0 12

9 Nitrates (NO'-3) 0 0 10 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 14 0 5 19 17 0 2 19 11 Residual Chlorine (as CI) mg/l 1 1 2 0 12 E. Coli 47 4 5 56 29 8 9 46

Page 90 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK' Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TUNEYNEERS

Table 3.10(b): Water Quality Results of 10 districts

Period- November 2005 'Period-Nlarch 2006 = Private DWSS Total Private DWSS Total

.. 3 E E S. No. $ource of sample collecdon ¢ a o . - E..

Number of samples collected 127 3 1 28 186 102 3 1 29 162 % of samples with Characteristics above pernmissible limits

I Total Solids mg/I 12.6 0.0 I0.0 12.6 18.1 0.8 0.0 18.9 2 Total Alkalinity (as Ca C03) mg/l 14.2 0.8 0.0 15.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 9.4

3 TtlHrns(aCaC3M/l7.9 0.0 0.0 7.9 9.4 0.0 0.0 9.4 4 Calcium (as Ca) mg/I 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.9 1.6 0.8 0.0 2.4 5 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/I 3.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.9 6 Chlorides (as Cl ) mg/I 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 2.4 0.0 I 0.0 2.4 7 Sulphates (as SO2-4)Mg/l 1.6 0.0 1.6 3.1 3.1 0.0 0.0 3.1 8 Fluorides as F'-) mg/I 11.8 0.8 0.8 13.4 19.4 0.0 0.0 9.4 9 Nitrates(NO I-3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . 00 10 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 11.0 0.0 3.9 15.0 13.4 0.0 1.6 15.0 11 Residual Chlorine (as CI) mg/l 0.0 0.8 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12 E. Coli 37.0 3.1 3.9 144.1 22.8 6.3 7.1 136.2

Page 91 of 148 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK' Punjab TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY EN GI P

Major findings of this study are as under: * The physical characteristics (qualitative) of analysed water samples (obtained from private water sources) showed satisfactory results in the sample villages except in few villages in Gurdaspur, Roopnagar, Patiala and Ludhiana districts, where the water samples were turbid and yellowish in colour.

* Shallow ground water samples (obtained from private water sources) in Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ferozepur showed a high presence of E.coli indicating poor bacteriological water quality. In Ferozepur district, water samples collected from villages Bannawali and Gubaya were found to contain as high as 1100 MPN of E.coli which is a major health concern.

* In the above mentioned districts, more than 50% samples collected from DWSS sources were also found to be unacceptable in respect of Iron and E.Coli.

* The quality of water from DWSS schemes is superior to the private sources in all regards; however the water from private sources is deficient primarily due to the presence of TDS, hardness, fluorides, iron and E.Coli.

A comparison of the November 2005 water samples from private and DWSS sources brought out the following results: * In the test for TDS parameter, 13% samples from private sources exceeded acceptable levels whereas less than 1% of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard. * In the test for hardness, 8% samples from private sources exceeded acceptable levels whereas none of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard. * In the test for fluoride parameter, 12% samples from private sources exceeded acceptable levels whereas less than 1% of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard. * In the test for iron, 11% samples from private sources exceeded acceptable levels whereas less than 4% of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard. * All the water samples have not been analysed for the designated water quality parameters like residual chlorine and E.Coli etc. This requires to be done regularly to ensure supply of potable water to the community. * In Ferozepur district, the water treated with Reverse Osmosis plant and stored in households in earthen pots for drinking water was found to contain high E.coli indicating poor household environmental conditions and suggesting implementation of Health Education programmes.

Page 92 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK( Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY VNtGNEERS

Furthermore, as part of its regular monitoring program, DWSS had conducted water quality tests on 885 samples in 2005, most of which were collected from hand pumps and private tube well sources. The results of this analysis are presented in table 3.1 1 and discussed below: * In Fatehgarh Sahib, water quality parameters for iron were exceeded in almost 30% samples * In Bathinda, more than 90% samples contained fluoride in excess of the permissible value. * In Hoshiarpur, water quality is satisfactory but for the presence of bacterial contamination. * In Patiala, more than 50% samples collected indicated presence of iron in concentrations higher than permissible limits. * In Gurdaspur, more than 75% samples collected from sources deeper than 70 feet indicated presence of bacterial contamination whereas shallower sources were found to be safe. * Water samples collected from Roopnagar district were found to be safe.

The above observations reveal that most of the private water sources are not safe for drinking purposes.

Page 93 of 148 FEEDBACNGNER Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b-Fedbck V-Th.ms G-p

TABLE 3.11: TEST RESULTS FOR WATER SAMPLES - IN 6 DISTRICTS

Test Results Sr. Between N.o r. District Block Within permissible peruissible limit Beyond the permissible Type of scheme Samples Remarks - Unimt(Potable) and cause of -limit (Not potable) Depth of bor co.lected rejection. in (ft)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 (Alkalinity, 3(rn hardness, Ca, Mg) 3 (Iron) >100 HP Sirhind 30 11 (Alkalinity, I (Iron)

12(Alkalinity, 12 (Iron) in excess Keahardness, Ca, Mg) >100 HP 2

hardness, Ca, Mg) 8(Iron) Up to 100 HP Saheb I(Alkalinity, Bassi hardness, Ca, Mg) >100 T/W 10 9 (Alkalinity, hardness, Ca, Mg) Up to 100 T Wn 6HP

1296 (Alkalinity, Akintinecsn(Iron) in excess 1 Amloh hardness, Ca, Mg) >100 5T/W, 8HP 30

hardness, Ca, Mg) Up to 100 7HP (Alkalinity, Flouride is in excess in Only few samples hardness, Ca, Mg, more than 90% samples Flourde) >100 T/W, HP Feacal contamination 2.Bathinda Bhuchhu (Alkalinity, Flouride is in excess in 80 s theTe Depth has Kalan Only few samples hardness, Ca, Mg, more than 90% samples Uot been defined in Flouride) ______Up to 100 HP the report.

All - - Surface Water Supply

Page 94 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEYDBACKE Final TURNKEY ENGINEERS Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M- -- Fedb.Ye.rVes Grwp

Test Results No. of Sr. Betwveen Tp rshm ape eak District | Block NVIthin permissible perissible limit Bod e permissible Typeofs eme Sampl limit(Potable) and cause of linit (Nol potable) Depth of bore collected rejection. in (ft)

>100 T/W, HP

(Alkalinity, Quahty of water is Only few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). found to be good 3 Hoshiarpur Magnesium and 193 except Magnesium hardness is in excess Up to 100 P and hardness is in excess

Only few samples Maximum samples HP (Feacal Feacally not fit contarnation) (contaminated) Up to 100 (Alkalinity, Only few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). >100 Magnesium and T/W, HP hardness is in excess

(Alkalinity,

Only few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). Iron m Magnesium and maximumis in excess samples Up to 100 HP Rajpura hardness is in excess

All - Surface Water Supply 4 Patiala Feacally fit (not Only few samples >100 Paicaontaminated) H-P(Feacal contamination) 190

Around 50% samples Around 50% samples Up to 100

(Alkalinity, Dera Bassi - hardness, Ca, Mg, - >100 T/W(DWSS) chloride, sulphatE) (Alkalinity, Nabha hardness, Ca, Mg,, >100 T/W iroN) (Alkalinity, HP hardness, Ca, Mg,, Up to 100 iroN)

Page 95 of 148 Project FE-DBACKW Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNHKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mrbr-F-dbk Ve Gro-p

Test Results No. or Sr. Between No. District Block lWithln permisible permisble limit Beyond the permissible Type of scheme Samples Remarks .lmit(Potable) and cause of limit (Not potable) Deptb of bore collected

l l rejectlon. in (fl)

(Alkalinity, TDS, >100 HP hardness, Mg).

(Alkalinity, TDS, Up to 100 HP hardness, Mg).

5 Gurdaspur All >100 249

up to 70 ft. depth, HP(Feacal Above 70 ft. depth Maximum samples are Up to 100 contamination) Around 75% samples Feacally not fit

ontaminated) .

hardness Ca ron). Iron is in excess in few >100 T/W, HP haTnes,a,iro).samples Iron is observed at 6 Roopnagar Nurpur Bedi (Alkalinity, TDS, 83 lesser depths up to

hardness, Ca, Mg, Iron Up to 100 HP and well samples it is greater Iron). than permissible limit.

Page 96 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F---DBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKE E -R

3.3 Household and Environmental Sanitation

3.3.1 Household Sanitation

As discussed in chapter 2, there are no sanitation facilities in 51% of rural households in Punjab. Amongst the ones who have access to a sanitary facility, about 94% have a toilet within their house, 4% households share a toilet with other households while about 2% households use a public toilet.

Households that do not have access to a toilet practice open defecation which results in degraded sanitation situation, and one of the significant side effects is the contamination of ground water. This is caused due to rain runoff which carries the leachates into the shallow ground water resulting in bacteriological and nitrate contamination.

The household survey conducted as a part of this assignment revealed that:

* Open defecation prevails in less than 20% of households in Ludhiana district but more than 70% households in Ferozepur.

* Dry pit is the most preferred technique for disposing human wastes with over 20% households using it, followed closely by septic tank in 18% households.

3.3.2 Wastewater

Initially the thrust of Government was on provision of latrines with spot disposal arrangements as in dry pit latrines. The single/double pit pour flush latrines have not found acceptance in most villages and people prefer cistern-flushed toilets connected to septic tanks. At few places, dry pits are constructed to discharge sullage without any consideration of sanitary aspects. The following are the other factors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages:

* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattlesheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes. * Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines. * The water quality of the village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses and contamination of the shallow aquifer. * Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks and finding its way to the village drains. * The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malaria and other vector-born diseases.

Page 97 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFEEDBACK( ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b.-F.kVrwG-u

* Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene, diahorreal diseases, Hepatitis-A, skin diseases and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.

Attempts for wastewater treatment have been made in a limited manner covering 21 villages through Duckweed treatment and constructed wetland technology.

The survey conducted as a part of the assignment wherein it was found that: * Disposal of wastewater into the fields, drains of the irrigation department and village ponds is being done by 40%, 31% and 25% of the households respectively. * In Amritsar district, over 50% households dispose their wastewater in village ponds; in Jalandhar district over two-thirds of households surveyed acknowledged disposing wastewater into fields whereas in Sangrur district, less than 1.27% households adopt this method of disposal. * In Patiala district, almost two-thirds of the surveyed households disposed wastewater into drains (of Irrigation Department). * Less than 0.62% households use a soak pit for wastewater disposal- with response only from Amritsar and Bathinda districts.

3.3.3 Solid wastes

The solid waste/ garbage from the villages is dumped in the traditional dumping ground called the 'Rudi'. More often than not, the 'Rudi' is located near the village pond severely impacting its water quality and holding capacity. Further, the practice of segregating non- biodegradable waste and burning it off is also practiced.

The survey found that over four-fifths of the households used a garbage pit for solid waste disposal. The practice had higher incidence in the districts of Gurdaspur, Amritsar, Ludhiana and Roopnagar while less than 60% households in Patiala acknowledged this practice.

About 20% households acknowledged using household solid wastes as manure and fuel.

3.3.4 Cattle wastes

Page 98 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKK TU7RNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment FM-b-r-fdbk \V,-r-.p

The common practice is to prepare cow dung cakes which are dried and used as fuel for cooking. Another use is manure which is prepared by accumulation in a designated area (Rudi) and used in the fields during the sowing season. During the survey, nearly 90% households acknowledged this practice.

In recent years, a total of 244 vermi composting units have been installed in various villages of Punjab (SAP 2005) to enhance the quality of manure and for safer disposal of cattle waste.

3.4 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices

The existing rural water supply schemes essentially have two sources - tube well and canal.

About 80% schemes are tube well based. The tube well schemes constitute a bore well connected to a submersible pump. A chlorination unit is connected to the pumping main for the disinfection of water. The water, after being chlorinated, is pumped to the overhead tank where it is stored and subsequently supplied to the users through the distribution network.

The remaining 20% schemes are canal-based. The raw water is transmitted through an intake point on the canal to a raw water tank with holding capacity of 15-30 days. Water treatment is provided by means of slow sand filters followed by chlorination in the clear water ground reservoir. The water is then pumped to an overhead tank.

The canal based water schemes are dependent on Irrigation Department for release of water. Normally, canals receive water on a rotational basis approximately once a week. However, during harvesting season, the canal water supply is only once a month. This severely impacts drinking water supply as treatment plants have a holding capacity of only 15 days. Due to the reliability issues associated with water supply from irrigation canals, 25 canal-based schemes in Sangrur district were closed down and reconstructed as tube well based schemes.

The quality of supplied water is periodically monitored for residual chlorine by the operator/ JE of the water treatment plant. Additionally, DWSS conducts water quality analysis for the parameters as indicated in Section 3.2.3.

The existing schemes have a designed service level of 40 lpcd, but often the actual delivery levels are higher because the actual users are less than the design population.

Punjab has been innovative in adopting a number of newer techniques/ equipments for water treatment. 21 package water treatment plants (which consists of coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and chlorination units; capacity 20 cum/hr) are installed on pilot basis in places like Anandpur Sahib and Talwandi Sabo in Punjab. These units have

Page 99 of 148 Project F--DBACKC Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b--F..db.6 V-t- GCp

been imported and are under trial prior to its replication on mass scale. DWSS intends to install more of such plants in south western parts of Punjab where water-logging is a serious issue and cost of civil structures is high.

As mentioned earlier in section 2.5 of this report, the state has also installed one Reverse Osmosis plant and one ion-exchange plant for desalination. These plants are operating satisfactorily and the state plans to install more of such plants at selected places as a measure to address the problems of salinity and fluoride in water. Also, 25 Silver ionisation plants for disinfection have been installed as cost effective solution for disinfection.

The household survey conducted for this study found that:

* The availability of electricity for operation of tube wells in rural Punjab averages 4-6 hrs each day, consequently the supply of water in these areas is for 3 - 4 hrs per day.

* Less than 20% household have house connections in the sampled survey villages and many households share a common water connection.

* There is inequitable distribution of water among users with scarce supply at tail ends due to inadequate pressure. During the survey, the presence of online pumps (manual as well as electrical) was observed in several households.

* There is considerable wastage of water due to absence of household taps but the quantum of wastage could not be ascertained due to absence of flow meters in the distribution system.

* Over 70% households in Fatehgarh Sahib, Gurdaspur and Patiala districts acknowledged getting sufficient water for all uses - drinking, bathing and cattle.

* Less than 50% households in Bathinda and Ferozepur affirmed to receiving sufficient drinking water while in other districts over 80% of the households received sufficient drinking water. * Less than 60% households in overall Punjab and more than 75% households in Gurdaspur and Patiala receive sufficient water for cattle mostly from private sources. * More than two-thirds of the households surveyed were satisfied with water quality.

3.5 Incidence of Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab

The various water- and sanitation-related diseases occurring in Punjab are given in Table 3.12, along with their linkages to water and sanitation situation.

Page 100 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC TURNK7EY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Fkb-F-ft-kV-o- G-.p

Table 3.12: Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab Dfease and TransmsIno Linkage to Water Supply and San aion Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Sewage contamination, untreated drinking water, flies in water supply. Diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis Sewage contaminated water, inadequately disinfected drinking water (mostly surface water sources). (oral-fecal) Cholera (oral-fecal) Untreated water, sewage contamination, poor hygiene, crowded living conditions with inadequate sewage facilities. Hepatitis A (oral-fecal) Raw sewage, untreated drinking water, poor hygiene. Shigellosis (oral-fecal) Sludge, untreated wastewater, groundwater contamination, poorly disinfected drinking water. Typhoid fever (oral-fecal) Raw sewage (carried and excreted in feces by humans), poorly disinfected drinking water.

In 2004, nearly 4,75,000 out-patient cases were reported in Punjab for diseases caused due to water- and sanitation-related conditions. Approximately 173 deaths were reported due to these diseases (Health and Family Welfare, Punjab, 2004). The District-wise details of patients for these diseases are presented in Annexure 14.

The analysis of the district wise and disease wise data (Health and Family Welfare, Punjab, 2004) reveals the following:

1. Relative incidence of different water- and sanitation-related diseases (all Punjab): i. Diarrhoea and gastroenteritis - 58.34% ii. Amoebiasis - 34.84% iii. Typhoid - 6.30% iv. Shigellosis - 0.35% v. Cholera - 0.17%

Diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis and amoebiasis are therefore the most common water- and sanitation-related diseases in Punjab, and there were 133 deaths in 2004 due to these two diseases alone.

2. Amritsar and Ludhiana are the districts with highest prevalence of water- and sanitation-related diseases (83,400 and 61,253 cases, respectively).

3. The districts with the lowest prevalence of water- and sanitation-related diseases are Muktsar and Moga (with 9,732 and 10,954 cases respectively)

4. Cholera is prevalent only in the districts of Amnritsar, Gurdaspur and Ludhiana.

Page 101 of 148 SACK( Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF-D ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-e.b.-Fdb0 V-nw. CG,p 4. Environmental Analysis

This chapter presents an overview of the key environmental issues related to the proposed PRWSS project. An analysis of the baseline environmental situation, observations during site visits, discussions with state, district and village level functionaries as well as the public consultations have clearly brought out the following key environmental issues that need to be addressed in the project design and implementation.

4.1 Key environmental issues

4.1.1 Water Availability

Shallow groundwater has traditionally been the major source of water for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses in Punjab. Owing to large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth, the shallow aquifers in large parts of Punjab are in the state of over- exploitation, resulting in a significant ongoing decline in groundwater levels. For a large number of rural households which are not covered by public piped water supply schemes and which are dependent on private sources like the shallow hand-pumps or tube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adversely affected the water supply.

About 80% of DWSS schemes in Punjab are based on groundwater for which the water is sourced from the deep aquifers, ranging in depth from 250-1100 ft. The availability of water in the deep aquifer is considered abundant from the perspective of ensuring long- term source sustainability. About 20% of the water supply schemes in Punjab are based on canal-water and only in some cases, the water supply is adversely affected during the periods of canal maintenance shutdown.

Mitigation Measures

Augmentation of existing water supplies could be achieved through one or more of the following options.

i) Augmentation through rehabilitation / upgrading of existing water supply schemes should be a priority wherever feasible.

ii) DWSS is sourcing supply for all its groundwater-based schemes from deep aquifer layers. Although there has been a wide-spread decline in the availability of groundwater in shallow aquifers, there is no evidence of any water-table decline or resource depletion for deep aquifers. iii) An estimate has been made for the additional draft on deep aquifers due to water

Page 102 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK' TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment l

supply requirements of the proposed project. The estimate is reproduced below:

The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people - about 20% of the state's rural population through construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation of existing schemes in 3066 villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages) at an average increased water supply of 40 lpcd. Accordingly the additional estimated water requirement for this project is as under:

* Population to be covered 40 lacs * Average increased Water Supply 40 Ipcd * Additional total water required 40 x 40 = 1600 lac litrers / day or 1.6 lac m3 /day or 365 x 1.60 = 584 lac m 3/year or 58.4 Million cubic meter (MCM)/year

Compared to the estimated yield of the deep aquifers (see section 3.2.2.5), it can be seen that this additional withdrawal on deep aquifers is a small fraction of the total Static reserves (9,77,400 MCM). The resource sustainability of the deep aquifer is therefore, not in question. However, in the long-term, it would need to be ensured that there are no large-scale irrigation extractions from the deep aquifers.

iv) In case where water supply from canal-based schemes is unreliable during the canal shutdown periods, the schemes should be designed either with enhanced storage commensurate with the shutdown periods, or with other sources which may be more distant but more reliable.

v) Distant surface source (canal based) with simple treatment (SSF/ or conventional RSF) and chlorination for a group of villages (multi-village schemes) could be considered. Treatment systems like the pilot compact package water treatment plant installed at Talwandi Sabo could also be considered as another option where construction of conventional treatment units is not feasible due to high water table or water logging conditions.

vi) Appropriate blending of ground water and treated canal water to obtain a drinking water of derived quality standards.

4.1.2 Water Quality

The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Punjab is poor owing to natural presence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels for drinking water use. In addition, the water quality of shallow groundwater may also indicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment and disposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According to

Page 103 of 148 and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK' Punjab Rural Water Supply TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MVnw G-p

DWSS estimates, about 54% of the total 12,267 villages in Punjab suffer from poor water quality conditions in shallow groundwater. Specifically:

The additional contamination concerns stem from:

i) Non point sources of pollution in the catchment areas due to the widely prevalent practice of open defecation, and agricultural run off containing pesticides, especially during the rainy season; ii) Washing, bathing and other human activities in irrigation canals serving as water supply sources. iii) Indiscriminate discharge of toxic and hazardous industrial wastes in receiving water bodies or on land; iv) Inefficient and irregular disinfection of drinking water supplies; v) Breakage / leakage in rising main, distribution lines and valve chambers; vi) Improper collection, storage and handling of water by the individual households;

Mitigation Measures

The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes should ensure that source selection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that water quality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically:

i) Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence of bacteriological/chemical contaminants. Conventional water quality parameters for DWSS's deep groundwater-based schemes indicate acceptable water quality for drinking purposes.

ii) However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater quality and due to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial or agricultural chemicals in some locations, the project will commence and support a systematic assessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. This addresses an important need because currently there is no assessment of water quantity and quality of deep aquifers in the state, which are going to be the most significant source of water supply for the rural areas.

iii) The water quality testing for source selection of water supply schemes needs to include testing for pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage. However, in view of the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these

Page 104 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment T-b-F.dbk ECN GRp

contaminants, a phased approach should be adopted which will be based on an initial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state.

iv) Water quality testing for industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants shall be conducted by the DWSS, as suggested by the phased approach based on an initial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. Cost of testing should not be sited as a constraint, nor should the cost be borne by the beneficiary community.

v) In case quality of available water is very poor and no other alternative source is available, advanced treatment options like deflouridation units, iron removal units, Reverse Osmosis units (RO Plant) and other filtration units can be opted based on the type of pollutants and type of treatment required. Dual water supply can be adopted - supply of limited quantity of safe, potable water (say 10-15 Ipcd) from systems which are expensive to build operate and maintain (eg. RO Plant) and continue with existing supplies (rejected by community due to quality problem) for purposes other than drinking and cooking.

vi) Effective and regular disinfection, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems should be ensured.

vii) Institutional arrangements should be put in place for preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution system (leak detection, repair and control) and for preparedness in crisis management during major breakdowns;

viii) A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed, which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supply schemes.

4.1.3 Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Based on a technical consideration of the proposed project interventions, the hydrogeological characteristics of the deep aquifers, the state policy on provision of canal water for rural water supply schemes, and in the context of the Bank's determination of the applicability of OP/BP 7.50 (International Waterways) on a case- by-case basis, the mission determined that the proposed project activities do not trigger OP/BP 7.50. This determination is based upon the provision that no bore-wells will be installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India and Pakistan.

Rationale:

1. Canal-based schemes: In those areas of Punjab where groundwater of acceptable quality is not available, DWSS will provide/augment water supply through canal-based water supply schemes.

Page 105 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF-EDBACK(C ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-be-F-edb.dk V-Group

(a) Anticipated impact of Increased extractions from canals: For a large number of villages, the allocations for extraction of drinking water from the irrigation canals have already been issued to the DWSS, and the water will be drawn from these canals against these allocations. Given that any incremental drinking water supply demands for rural water schemes will be very small compared to the irrigation water demands being met by the canal systems, the Irrigation Department of GoP has provided a policy statement (Irrigation Works, GoP, 2006 - Ref Annexure-15) indicating that any increased extractions for canal-based rural water supply schemes can be met within the existing surplus discharge levels in the canals.

(b) Compliance with existing inter-state water-sharing agreements and India- PakistanIndus River Treaty Punjab's water allocations on the international rivers conform to Punjab's existing water-sharing agreements with other Indian states, as well as to the provisions of India-Pakistan Indus River Treaty, which GoP is legally and constitutionally bound to follow. The proposed project activities will not alter the hydrological status quo.

2. Groundwater-based schemes: In order to ensure the quantity and quality of the water supply, DWSS will be sourcing groundwater from the depths in the range of 150- 300m or more, referred to as the "deep aquifers".

(a) Characteristicsof deep aquifers: The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well-established, and their groundwater potential is quite large. According to one expert (Jindal, 2006a, based on Central Ground Water Board calculations), the static reserves of deep aquifer in Punjab are approximately 977 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM). Furthermore, the water in the deep aquifers in most of the state is known to be under semi-confined and leaky conditions.

The contours and gradient of the piezometric head in deep aquifers conclusively indicate that the groundwater recharge to the deep aquifers is from the Himalayan foothills, and that the general flow direction is from northeast to southwest. With the exception of the DWSS wells (approximately 2500) currently in use for rural water supply schemes, there are no other extractions from the deep aquifers in Punjab.

(b) AnticipatedImpact of proposed project interventions: At the local level, the impact of groundwater extraction manifests as a "cone of depression" which refers to the area (around the bore-well) which experiences a depression in the water table as a direct result of pumping from the bore-well. The distortion of the natural groundwater flow lines due to pumpage is limited to this area, and beyond the cone of depression the groundwater flow lines

Page 106 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC TURtNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M F G-p

resume the original pattern, allowing the groundwater to flow in the aquifer at the unchanged rate. The envisaged pumping periods for the bore-wells for rural water supply schemes range from 6-8 hours per day, at a maximum discharge of 60 cubic metres per hour. According to the expert opinion solicited by GoP on deep aquifers (Jindal, 2006b - Ref Annexure-16), the deepening and expansion of the cone during such intervals of pumping would be hardly discernible. Since the aquifers are semi-confined, within short periods of pumping the leakage occurring through overlying and underlying formations results in stabilization of the cone of depression. The communication from GoP Directorate of Groundwater (Directorate of Groundwater, GoP, 2006- Ref Annexure-17) also corroborates that the maximum radius of the cone of depression is approx. 300 m. This is consistent with the results obtained from internationally accepted analytical approaches and techniques of groundwater hydrology. Therefore, in order to prevent any local-level "well-to-well" groundwater impacts across the border, GoP will ensure that no bore-wells will be installed within 1000 m of the international border.

At a regional level, the cumulative quantities of groundwater that may be extracted for the rural water supply schemes is miniscule compared to the estimated static reserves. For the three border districts of Punjab (including 833 NC villages and 300 PC villages), if it is assumed that the total rural water supply demand is sourced from the deep aquifer alone, the cumulative annual extraction amounts to 0.003% of the total static reserves. The direction and volume of regional groundwater flows are a function of the piezometric head gradient patterns, which are established over a very large region, extending in a general northeast-southwest direction, from the Himalayas through Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab into Pakistan. With the Himalayas being the recharge zone for these deep aquifers, the large-scale nature of the deep aquifer systems ensures that any local impacts of regular but periodic pumping for rural water supply schemes quickly diminish in space and time. This scale of groundwater abstraction, therefore, can be safely assumed to not impact the cross-border groundwater flows and availability.

(c) Mitigation!Safeguard Measures being taken by GoP: GoP will ensure that no rural water supply bore-wells will be installed under the project within 100Gm of the international border. The Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for the project, therefore includes this stipulation, which will ensure conformance during the stages of scheme design, selection and implementation. GoP compliance with the EMF will be a legal covenant.

4.1.4 Environmental Sanitation

49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitation coverage, and the main factors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages are the following:

Page 107 of 148 FEEDBACKi Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-n VG p

* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattlesheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes * Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the water quality of the village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses and contamination of the shallow aquifer. * Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks and finding its way to the village drains. * The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene, diahorreal diseases, cholera and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.

Mitigation Measures

i) Efficient design of surface sullage drains and adoption of good construction practices, along with a system of regular maintenance can ensure that stagnant pools of sullage are eliminated.

ii) Installation of small bore sewer systems for conveyance of sewage can eliminate environmental and public health hazards associated with open drain system.

iii) Adopting the recommended practice of laying water and sullage lines on different sides of the road reduces the risk of cross contamination.

iv) Existing ponds can be remodelled to accommodate increased sullage flow.

v) Adequate treatment and gainful utilization of the treated effluent/sullage is possible in agriculture, aquaculture and agro forestry. The treatment system could be any of the following: Stabilization Ponds, Duckweed ponds, constructed wetlands etc.

vi) Appropriate guidelines and messages need to be included in the communication package being designed for the project, to encourage the villagers to adopt schemes in the same project for pond remodeling to achieve adequate treatment of sullage (eg duckweed ponds) and its sanitary disposal through aquaculture/ irrigation.

vii) The project will need to ensure that the benefits of improved water supply are not compromised by poor personal hygiene standards, by supporting sustained IEC campaign to create and enhance awareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand- washing, safe water collection, storage and handling practices.

Page 108 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FS-DBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment , ,-,

4.1.5 Construction-stage Impacts

During the implementation phase of the project, there is a likelihood that the construction activities cause temporary adverse environmental impacts, which would need to be addressed. Some of the likely issues are the following:

* During the construction of water works and laying of pipe lines, significant earth work may be involved, which may cause erosion of land (specially in Kandi areas) and cutting of trees. * Impact on natural habitat due to the noise and dust pollution and hindrances created as a result of construction activities. * Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and recreational importance.

Mitigation Measures

i) Suitable changes in location/ alignment shall be made in the project to avoid cutting of trees and also avoid erosion and ensure soil stabilization. In the absence of an alternate location, the trees felled shall be replaced by at least double the number of trees.

ii) Punjab although, mainly agricultural, has areas of significant value in terms of natural habitats and bio-diversity including forests and wet lands of international recognition. In all project interventions will be appropriately designed to ensure that they do not impact the designated forest lands or wet lands. All the physical works should be on public/ Panchayat lands.

iii) In case of some physical works associated with construction and maintenance there might be chance finds of objects of cultural/ archaeological importance. In such cases, the regional offices of the relevant agency (e.g. the Archaeological Survey of India) must be immediately notified.

Page 109 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF==DBACIC ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b F kV-w Gwp

5. Environment Management Framework

The proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will finance investments in rural water supply and drainage improvement schemes to serve the rural populations in Punjab. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result in public health benefits in the rural communities, through improved quality and delivery levels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental health benefits expected under the project include: increased and better quality water supply for drinking, cooking, washing, bathing and cleaning purposes; time and energy savings through providing water supply closer to homes; improvements in personal hygiene and village sanitation levels; and reduced fecal-oral contamination of drinking water resulting in lower occurrence of diseases.

While the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverse environmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained. In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation of project-sponsored schemes, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under:

a) To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmental issues at the different stages of the scheme cycle; b) To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identified environmental issues; c) To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmental management in project implementation processes.

5.1 Environment Issues and Mitigation Measures

The assessment of baseline environmental conditions has brought out the following issues, which need to be addressed in the design and implementation of project- sponsored schemes:

Baseline Environmental Issues Currently Affecting RWSS in Punjab

a) Water Availability

Page 110 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACIC TURNK17EY ENGINEERUS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment G

in the state of over-exploitation, resulting in a significant ongoing decline in groundwater levels. For a large number of rural households which are not covered by public water schemes and which are dependent on private sources like the shallow hand-pumps or tube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adversely affected the water supply.

Although about 80% of DWSS schemes in Punjab are based on groundwater supply, the water is sourced from the deep aquifer layers, ranging in depth from 250-1100 ft. This water supply for drinking water from the deep aquifer is considered abundant from the perspective of ensuring long-term source sustainability. About 20% of the water supply schemes in Punjab are based on canal-water supply, and in some cases the water supply is adversely affected during the periods of canal maintenance shutdown.

b) Water Quality

Canal water quality

Ground water quality

Page 111 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFH DBACKI ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M F.db.Kk V-u G-p

Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence of bacteriological/ chemical contaminants.

c) Environmental Sanitation

49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitation coverage, and the main factors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages are the following:

* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattlesheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by- lanes * Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater often seeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the water quality of the village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses and contamination of the shallow aquifer. * Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks and finding its way to the village drains. * The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malaria and other vector-borne diseases. * Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene, diahorreal diseases, skin diseases, hook worm infestation, viral Hepatitis-A and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.

Environmental Management

1. Source selection will be conducted with due regard to ensure year-round adequacy of water supply and long-term sustainability of the resource. More specifically:

* The current DWSS design practice ensures that water supply for ground water based schemes is sourced from deep aquifer, with depth ranging from 250-1100 feet. The EA study, supplemented by inputs from regional groundwater experts, indicates that the current and expected future drinking water extractions from the deep aquifer are small compared to their estimated sustainable yield, and therefore source sustainability for deep groundwater-based schemes is ensured. * In areas where deep aquifers are saline, canal-based schemes will be/ are being implemented, if adequate year-round supply can be guaranteed through storage or other measures.

Page 112 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK. TURNKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment T ENER

* During acute summer season, due to canal closure, it is proposed to augment the source and supply at 10 lpcd to consumer by treating ground water through R.O./ De-flouridation plants. * Furthermore, in order to ensure that there are no local-level "well-to-well" cross- boundary groundwater impacts, it will be ensured that no bore-wells will be installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India and Pakistan.

* Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence of bacteriological/chemical contaminants. Conventional water quality parameters for DWSS's deep groundwater-based schemes indicate acceptable water quality for drinking purposes. * However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater quality and due to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial or agricultural chemicals in some locations, the project will commence and support a systematic assessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. The water quality testing for source selection of water supply schemes will include testing for pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage. However, in view of the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these contaminants, a phased approach will be adopted which will be based on an initial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. For first-year implementation, water quality testing for these industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in the first ten schemes in each district of the state, and the approach for further testing will be calibrated on the basis of the test results obtained. The sampling study for the presence of these pollutants in deep groundwater would be integrated as a part of the project-supported initiative on building a database on water quantity and quality of deep aquifers in the state. * Effective, regular and improved disinfection, as well as preventive and corrective maintenance of water distribution systems will be ensured. * A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed, which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supply schemes.

Page 113 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F---DBACK' TURNKE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M--F. Vn GrCp

In addition, the EMF will prescribe measures to ensure that:

* The temporary adverse environmental impacts associated with construction- stage activities are systematically addressed in the project-sponsored schemes. * Appropriate environmental monitoring indicators are integrated in the overall project M&E systems. * Adequate resources are provided for environmental awareness and capacity building in village communities, Gram Panchayats and DWSS staff. * Adequate resources are provided for a thorough assessment of the water availability and quality in deep aquifers and canals.

5.2 Environmental Management Framework

5.2.1 Key Elements of the EMF

The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project-sponsored scheme are the following:

1. Collection of basic environmental data: In order to address the environmental aspects of water supply or drainage improvement interventions, the EMF requires that basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the field data collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Enviromnental Data Sheet has been formulated, which would include information such as source water quality test results for WS Schemes; sullage conveyance, treatment, disposal or utilization information for drainage schemes, etc.

Water Quality Testing

a) Water quality testing of supply source is mandatory. b) In addition to testing for the conventional water quality parameters, the water quality testing for source selection must also include testing for certain common industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants. c) In view of the prohibitive cost, the testing for these contaminants will be

Page 114 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M KFYdb.~kVNI GR-p

carried out on a sample basis, using a scientific and phased approach based on an initial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. d) For first-year implementation, water quality testing for these industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in the first ten schemes in each district of the state, and the approach for further testing will be calibrated on the basis of the test results obtained. e) The sampling study for the presence of these pollutants in deep groundwater would be integrated as a part of the project-supported initiative on building a database on water availability and quality of deep aquifers in the state.

2. Environmental Classification of Schemes: The DSR for Water supply or drainage schemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet supported with a detailed note, if any on items listed in the data sheet. At the DSR preparation stage, the available environmental information will be evaluated, and based on the level of expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme would be classified as either Category I (basic) or Category II (independent environmental appraisal required). Note that only water supply schemes can be classified as Category II, if the scheme satisfies specific criteria pertaining to the presence of industrial or agricultural chemical contaminants in the water supply source, as described below. Furthermore, preparation of DSR for drainage schemes must include measures for pond rehabilitation, or appropriate treatment/disposal/ utilization of treated effluent. The DSR for any drainage scheme that does not include sufficient measures for the above shall be considered incomplete and unacceptable.

Criteria for Classification of Water Supply Schemes as Category II

All water supply schemes shall be considered Category I unless the following applies:

* If the water quality at the source (which has been identified according to the usual DWSS practice/ convention for that region) is unacceptable due to contamination with a pollutant for which DWSS does not have an accepted treatment solution, and consequently the source selection necessarily involves trade-offs in terms of technology options, costs, user acceptability and environmental impacts. Under such situations the preparation of DSR would require expert inputs, which can be provided through appropriate district/ state level resource agencies for Category II schemes. * For example, in the southern districts of the state DWSS schemes are often based on surface water due to high TDS and Fluoride in ground water. However, if the surface water source is found to be contaminated with pesticides or other toxic industrial pollutants which cannot be treated through conventional methods and where consequently other options (like remote supply source, or groundwater source combined with RO treatment) need to be considered, resulting in implications for cost, user acceptability and environmental impacts like disposal

Page 115 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF--DBACIC( ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mb.--F--dbkd V.r W G-up

of rejects from RO plants. Such a scheme would fall under Category II. Similarly a groundwater-based scheme will be classified as Category II if the water quality testing for deep groundwater source indicates unacceptable levels of pesticides or heavy metals.

3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval: For all category I schemes, there shall be no separate environment appraisal but the environment aspects shall be included in the normal appraisal and evaluation process for the proposed scheme, based on the Environmental Data Sheet included in the DSR. For category II schemes, an independent environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, which will include evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures by the environmental expert of the district level facilitating unit. In extreme cases, where the district level resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing the appropriate mitigation measures, support from state level environmental resource agency may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category II Water Supply scheme shall not take more than 30 days.

4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases:

The EMF will ensure that:

a) The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stage measures) are adequately implemented. The list of construction stage impacts and possible mitigation measures is provided in Annexure 18. b) Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmental indicators is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program c) IEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitization regarding personal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and water conservation, as an integrated component of the project IEC activities.

5.2.2 Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle

1. IEC and mobilization activities, leading to formation of Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee (GPWSC) [Support organizations (SO), led by

Page 116 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FE-DBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mn-.dbaxk V G.-p

JE/DWSS] 2. Preparation of Situation Analysis Report [JE/ DWSS and GPWSC] 3. Preparation of rough cost estimate [JE/DWSS and GPWSC] 4. Community consultations on above [GPWSC, with assistance of SO and JE/ DWSS] 5. Field data collection for design of scheme [JE/DWSS] (Completion oJ Environimernd Dtu 50 . 6. Preparation of DSR for scheme [EE/DWSS] (EnvironmentaL. Classification of Scheme). 7. Administrative approval for scheme [EE for rehabilitation schemes/small schemes up to Rs. 2 Lacs; otherwise SE or CE/DWSS] 8. Technical approval [SE or CE/DWSS] (Envrronmental. Appraisal and Evaluaiion). 9. Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting tender/ bid documents [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes] Descr3pSon-( ron: (including those for constntu ionpti tegherIlB idocd ents. 10. Award of contracts [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi- village schemes] 11. Release of funds (lSt instalment of 75%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-village schemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 12. Release of funds to contractor, in 3 instalments [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 13. Release of funds (2nd instalment of 25%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single- village schemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]. 14. Implementation Completion Report [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE D\\'SS tor nmLlti-%illaoe sclienes. %%ith inputs froi] conLracors] The 1CR needs .to:4 4 o g,aoe-crficatd.;.designed,, environmental mitigation-imeasures {iv,ciw ing:;,ponstruction stage measures)- were implemented. 15. Operation and Maintenance Phase [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE D\VSS t;r niulIi-\1i aIge sclieiiies] Water qualit -andsewage treatment plant monitoring as perjp6r taco;. X, 'oi,0persorioaland public hygiene, environmental sanitation,- and w`ater consern?dhon.

The following Table 5.1 summarizes the application of the EMF to the scheme-cycle, indicating the EMF activities, and corresponding objectives, processes, responsibilities and decision results. It is also presented as a flow diagram in Figure 5.1.

Page 117 of 148 NBACIN Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYFTE ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Memb r-F--dbdckV-n- C-p Fig.5.1: Process Flow Scheme for EMF Activities in the scheme cvcle Process Activity EMF Actity Responsibility for EMF activity IEC and mobilization activities, leading to formation of GPWSC

Preparation of Situation Analysis Report

Preparation of rough cost estimate

Communitv consultations on above

Field data collection for design of Completion of Fedtchllemtre oEnvironmental Data Sheet JE/DWSS ,chemeI.,--

Preparation of DSR for scheme Environmental Classification of SchemeE/WS

Administrative approval for

l Environmental Appraisal SPMC/Prog. Direc TechicalappovalC=> and Evaluation-

Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting tender/ bid Description of GPWSC for single- documents ~~enviromnmental mitigation vlaeshms dcmnsmeasures (including those illDWSS foremulti

Award of contracts tender/ bid for construction stage) iS village schemes documents document

Release of funds (I15 instalment of 75%) The ICR needs to include Release ofn funds to contractor, the compliance certificate it e that designed GPWSC for single- d environmental mitigation village schemes; Release of funds (2nd instalment of measures (including EE/DWSS for multi- 25=/ construction stage village schemes, measures) were with inputs from Implementation Completion Report imnlemented contractors

n 0 ~Water quality and sewage ) treatment plant monitoring State Program as per protocol; IEC on Specialist, with pers onal and public assistance from and Maintenance Phase hOperationsState n environental level ex conservation Page 118 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK' TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mb-d.d V- Gp

Table 5.1: Environmental Management Framework Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result

Environmental To collect basic Discuss scheme with SO, with Environmental Data Sheet information on community and identify assistance of data sheet environmental environmental issues of JE/DWSS furnished, and aspects of the concem attached to DSR. proposed scheme. Complete Environmental Data JE/DWSS sheet, with supplementary notes if required. Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available EE/DWSS Scheme Classification of schemes with information on environmental classified as Scheme potentially aspects as provided in the Category I significant Environmental Data Sheet, and (basic) or environmental based on the level of expected Category II or public health environmental and public (independent issues are health impacts, assess whether environmental identified at an the proposed scheme is appraisal early stage, for Category I (basic) or Category required) independent II (independent environmental environmental appraisal required). Note that appraisal only water supply schemes can be classified as Category II, if the certain specified criteria are met. Environmental To ensure that For category I schemes, there District Environmental Appraisal and relevant shall be no separate Program appraisal and Approval environmental environment appraisal but the Specialist/ approval of issues have been environment aspects shall be DPMC, with proposed identified and included in the normal assistance of scheme, with appropriate appraisal and evaluation District-level decision to (i) mitigation process for the proposed Technical accept scheme measures have scheme, based on the expert as submitted, or been designed to Environmental Data Sheet (ii) accept address them. included in the DSR. scheme with For category II schemes, an modifications independent environmental suggested in the appraisal of the proposed environmental scheme is required, including appraisal. evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures.

Page 119 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEYF==DBACK( ENGINEER Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mbe-F-edb& \5Ve Gr-up

Implementation of To ensure that Implementation Completion GPWSC for ICR with Environmental the prescribed Report (ICR) for scheme will single-village environmental mitigation environmental need to include compliance schemes; compliance . measures mitigation certificate that all prescribed EEIDWSS for information F measures environmental mitigation multi-village (including measures (including schemes a construction construction stage) have been stage) are implemented. implemented

* Environmental To ensure that * Water Quality State Program Periodic supervision, environmental monitoring will be Specialist with environmental monitoring, aspects are conducted as per assistance from monitoring and evaluation integrated in the project water quality State-level reports * IEC and O&M phase monitoring protocol Technical capacity * IEC on (i) need for Expert d building on drainage (Integrated O hygiene and improvement/ sullage with project environmental treatment in villages, protocol on health issues (ii) personal and water quality public hygiene, and monitoring and (iii) need for water project IEC) conservation.

Template for Environmental Data sheet to be prepared for each scheme during pre- planning/planning phase is presented in Table 5.2.

Page 120 of 148 Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC Punjab Rural Water TUrNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b.r-ftdbYVwm Grop

Table 5.2: Environmental Data Sheet for Individual/ multi village water supply and sanitation schemes General Name of the District Gram Panchayat Name of Block Village / Habitation

A-Water Supply 1. Type of scheme Augmentation/New Scheme

2. Proposed source of water supply Ground water / Surface water

3. If Surface source, indicate the nature of source Canal / Tank / Lake / River / other 4. Has the source water quality been assessed? Yes / No (Write a note). If Yes, attach a copy of test report 5. Please tick ( ) as appropriate the nature of quality problem, if any, based on the water quality testing at the selected source L Fluoride ° Iron ° Heavy metals L Bacteriological [1 Total dissolved Solids (TDS) ° Pesticides Li Nitrates C1 No problem ° Any other

6. Is there potential risk of contamination of source due to industrial contaminants, Yes / No human waste discharge, solid waste dumping, use of agro chemicals (Fertilisers, pesticides etc?) 6.1 If yes, whether appropriate preventive/ corrective actions taken? (Write a note) Yes / No 7. Is the proposed project likely to affect any natural habitats/cultural properties? Yes / No 7.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? (Write note) Yes / No 8. Is the proposed project likely to infringe on the rights of the local people, including Yes / No traditional land water rights? 8.1 If yes, whether appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed? (Write Note) Yes / No 9. Does the proposed project involve provision of any borewell within 1 km of Yes / No international border between India and Pakistan? 9.1 If yes, the project cannot be sanctioned. Water Treatment 9. If Canal source, indicate the Treatment Li Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Li Rapid Sand Filter (RSF) Technology proposed. Li Package Treatment Plant Li Any other method 10. If ground water, indicate the Treatment Li R 0 Plant Li Deflouridation Plant (D F) Technology proposed. LI Iron removal plant Li Any other method.

11. Has provision been made for chlorination of the supplies to have a minimum Yes / No residual dose of 0.2 mg/l at the tail end of distribution system? B-Environmental sanitation 1. Sullage drainage System Small bore sewer/ Open drain

(a) Method of treatment; Li Stabilisation pond Li Aerated Lagoon L Duck weed pond LI Any other (b) Method of Utilisation of Effluent L Irrigation Li Agro forestry. Li Aqua Culture Li Any other method

Page 121 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK, TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment b .. .- Gwp

C-Anticipated Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures during im lementation Issue Mitigation measure Water availability Water quality Sanitation Construction Disposal of construction wastes

D- Summary of public consultations for finalising mitigation measures Signature and Date Prepared by EE Approved by CE (for Category II schemes)

5.2.3 Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

The following Table 5.3 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.

Page 122 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b-F-db.d Vw-r G-up

Table 5.3: Recommended Monitoring Plan S.No. Project Performance Indicators Monitoring Intervention/ Agency Component 1. Water Access to safe drinking water State M&E Availability supply of a minimum of Specialist 70 lpcd to the target communities (included in project - wide M&E) 2. Water Quality Regular DWSS water quality GPWSC/ testing (included in project- District wide M&E) Technical Specialist Independent water quality Independent surveillance consultant to be appointed by State M&E Specialist. 3 Sanitation Increased access of State M&E household to common Specialist sewerage/ sanitation system.

5.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental Management

5.3.1 Proposed Project Institutional Structure

Considering the fact that the proposed programme will adopt a sector wide approach where irrespective of funding sources the GoP will adopt uniform principles and guidelines for implementing all activities in the rural water supply and sanitation sector statewide. The Government of Punjab propose to strengthen the existing DWSS to manage and monitor all the programmes in the rural water supply and sanitation sector under the new approach.

In order to give the necessary thrust and coordination for the new reform approach, a State Water and Sanitation Mission will be constituted at the state level with Chief Secretary as Chairman. The DWSS will redefine its role from the current builder of rural water supply infrastructure and provider of services to that of a partner, facilitator and guide for improving the overall rural water supply and sanitation service delivery. The DWSS will hence forth undertake the following roles:

Page 123 of 148 Project F-EDBACIC Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TURNKEY ENGINEERUS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURFNdbY,* VENGINEEp

i. Overall RWSS programme management for improved and sustainable rural water supply and sanitation services in Punjab including Information Education and Communication (IEC) and monitoring and evaluation of activities outcomes and impacts. ii. Development and management of common infrastructure of Multi Village water supply with improved financial and operational performance. iii. Planning and construction of community sanitation schemes with active participation of user groups. iv. Arranging social, technical, management and capacity building support to the GPs, community based organisations and user groups for all Single Village schemes and intra-village rural water supply schemes and services

The existing DWSS structure will be remodelled to create two independent channels within and under the overall supervision, guidance and monitoring of Minister and Principal Secretary, DWSS, namely "Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing" and "Operations Wing".

Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing will consists of a vertical chain of new structures one each at State, District and Village level. This wing will be responsible for policy formulation, approving annual plans and funding, triggering programme implementation, arranging state level IEC and M&E. The new set-up consists of State water and sanitation Programme Management Cell (SPMC) at the state level, District water and sanitation Programme Management Cell (DPMC) at district level and GPs in partnership with a an inclusive and accountable community based organisation of users - the Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation Committee (GPWSC).

The Operations Wing will be largely the current DWSS set-up with Regional Chief Engineers and existing offices of Circles, Divisions and Sub-Divisions. The Operations Wing will be responsible for programme implementation at the field level.

The proposed PRWSSP is expected to be implemented through a multi-tier institutional structure, as briefly described below. The overall institutional arrangement showing the inter linkages of State; District and Village level is given in Figure 5.2.

Page 124 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mb-F-d*k - G-p

Figure 5.2: Proposed Overall Institutional Model

...... State Level | |

Key Roles of SWSM Chief Secay hS irman i Provide policy guidelines Overall monitoring Approving State Annual plans Principal Secretary, DWSS Convergence & Coordination 10 State Program Management Cell Program Director e e ief Engineers (3

'......

.i.t...... gl......

Dittlwvaterc e Key Roles of DWSC Prioritising Schemes and Villages District Program Recommending District Management Cell Annual* Plan Dist. Program Director Approving Implementation Phase Proposals Executive Engineers ...... C ......

Sub Divisional GP Level Engineer ......

Grm JE SONVST

Key Functions of SONVST - Technical and Key Roles of GPWSC Sub Committee of GP (Sec.25) Financial support Planning, Construction and 0 & - Community M of SV schemes (all intra village Mobilisaton works of MV schemes) Role of GS/ Users support Tender approval and awarding - Select GPWSC members Sanitation and up to Rs.301akhs for SV Gcontractsram Sabhal Users - Community Contribution hygiene schemes - User Charges Promotion

...... DWSS- Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, GPWSC- Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee JE- Junior Engineer, MV- Multi Village O&M- Operation and Maintenance, SO- Support Organisation, SV- Single Vi llage, VST- Village Support Team Key Roles Facilitation Wing Key Roles Operations Wing Entity Roles Entity Roles - Over all Program Planning & Chief Engineer - Head Regional Operations Mgt. CifEgne - Fund Flow Management - Lead District level Programme Management, SPMC - Capacity Building, IEC Superintending - Head District Operations - Quality Control, M & E, Engineer Reporting - District level Program - Divisional level Operations Planning & Mgt - Planning, Construction and O&M of MV DPMC - Achieving Dev. Objective. Executive Engineer schemes common facilities - Fund Flow Management - Integrated Engineering & software support to - Capacity Building, IEC GPWSC for SV schemes, intra village facilities - Quality Control, M & E SDEs/JE - Same as that of EE but in their own

Page 125 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEYEDBACKN S Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-F..db-k V- Crp

State-level Institutional Structure:

At the state level the State Water and Sanitation Mission chaired by Chief Secretary will undertake state level coordination and overall monitoring of the programme. The composition of SWSM will be as follows:

* Chief Secretary, Chairman * Secretary Deptt. Of Finance, * Secretary Deptt. Of Rural Development, * Secretary Deptt. Of Power, * Secretary Deptt. Of irrigation, * Secretary Deptt. Of Planning. * Secretary Deptt. Of Education. * Secretary Deptt. Of Health. • 3 experts in the field of Water Supply and Sanitation sector * The Principal Secretary, DWSS -Member Secretary

The Principal Secretary, DWSS will be the member Secretary of the State Water and Sanitation Mission. The Principal Secretary will be assisted by a Programme Director and three Chief Engineers. The Programme Director will be assisted by a Multi disciplinary team of experts organised into State Programme Management Cell. The SPMC will be part of Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing and the Chief Engineers will be part of the Operations Wing at the state level.

The Organisational Structure of SPMC - The SPMC will be the facilitating and triggering arm of the DWSS and will work in co-ordination with the Operational Wing.

The Programme Director will be assisted by a Senior Programme Specialist and will jointly lead the facilitation functions. The different functional units will have multi disciplinary team of experts who will be responsible for spearheading the state level facilitation activities in respect of the different functional areas. The experts are drawn from DWSS staff as additional posts, taken on deputation from other departments, appointed on contract basis and outsourced to management / community participation consultancies.

The functional units will be provided with logistic, ministerial, secretarial and other administrative support by deploying a team of support staff headed by an Office Manager. The support staff will be mainly appointed on contract basis.

The key responsibilities of SPMC are:

• Overall programme planning and management * Be responsible for achieving the development objectives of the programme * Setting up and guiding the functioning of the District Project Management Cell • Consolidating annual work plans

Page 126 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FE-DBACK' TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKE VENGNER

* Consolidating periodic progress reports * Liaison with Government of India, World Bank, other agencies * Financial management and audit * HRD including Hiring of specialists * Fund flow management and fund releases * State-level IEC campaigns * Procurement of goods, works and services at SPMC level and guiding DPMC and GPWSCs on procurement guidelines * Overseeing implementation of Environmental Management Framework * Knowledge Management * Water Resources planning and management * Monitoring, Learning, impact evaluations and MIS * Informing Executive Committee the key activities of the Unit * Controlling quality of works /Processes

The Programme Director - will be appointed by Government of Punjab for a minimum tenure of three years, who will lead the programme implementation in the state for both facilitation and operations wings. Persons who have worked in the rank of Chief Engineers having considerable technical experience and capacity in leading the state level programme will be appointed as Programme Director.

The key roles and responsibilities of the Programme Director SPMC are:

* Be responsible for the day to day administration of the SPMC * Guide, lead and review the performance of experts and specialists of the SPMC including those provided by State Management Support Consultants and Community Participation Support Consultants * Co-ordination with state level stakeholders and liaison with World Bank, Govt. of India * Be responsible for the achievement of overall programme targets * Guide and mentor the DPMC heads and solve operational problems • Achieving convergence of the activities of the SPMC with operation unit * Be responsible for ensuring transparency in all programme activities

The Senior Programme Specialist will be appointed by GOP for a minimum tenure of 3 years. Persons who have served as Superintending Engineers having good technical experience and leadership qualities will be appointed as Senior Programme Specialist. The key responsibilities are:

* Be responsible for the co-ordination and management of all the units and staff of the SPMC * Assist the Programme Director of SPMC in overseeing, guiding and implementing programme activities * Coordinate the activities of DPMC * Be responsible for the achievement of annual targets set for the Programme * Consolidating District Plans into State Plans and budgets

Page 127 of 148 Supply and Sanitation Project Punjab Rural Water F--DBACKStTURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MNb--F-db-d Vt G-Up

The Senior Programme Specialist will have three units for carrying out the programme implementation. These are:

* Technical Unit * Communication and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU) and * Procurement Unit

The Technical Unit will have expertise in water supply, sanitation and drainage, water quality and environment monitoring and operations management. The technical unit will be headed by an Executive Engineer and assisted by two Sub-Divisional Engineers. They will be in-charge of developing and issuing guidelines on all technical related matters and will not have any role in actual designing or implementation of schemes, which are the responsibilities of operations wing. In addition the technical unit will be responsible for triggering all district and village level activities. The key responsibilities of the Technical Unit are:

i. Guiding and capacity building of DPMC in preparing technical programmes in the district plans. ii. Developing and communicating guidelines and technical manuals covering all aspects of water supply, sanitation and drainage, water quality monitoring, water resources and environment management etc. iii. Organising capacity building activities relating to technical aspects. iv. Coordinating the activities of the district units so that the technical objectives of the annual state plans are achieved v. Triggering the scheme cycle activities in the villages and preparatory and supportive activities at the district level. vi. Monitoring the signing of MOUs between the DPMC, GP and GPWSC and its implementation vii. Monitoring the implementation of the DSRs for completion of the technical milestones viii. Implementation of Environment Management Framework (EMF) including recruitment of and co-ordination with State Level Environment Agency ix. Developing guidelines and monitoring implementation of PSP contracts for O&M x. Identifying operational issues and bring to the notice of Programme Director SPMC

The Communication and Capacity Development Unit will supplement the SPMC with soft skills like, participatory skills, capacity building support, IEC etc. The unit will be headed by an Executive Engineer and will have one HRD Specialist, one IEC Specialist and a Community Mobilization Specialist. These experts will be outsourced through the Community Participation Consultants. The key responsibilities of the Community Participation Unit are:

i. Develop and guide implementation of social mobilization, communication, community participation and village level capacity building activities

Page 128 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEErtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TP V. G-

ii. Identifying and assisting the contracting of Regional Support Organizations iii. Orienting, co-ordinating and monitoring the activities of the Regional Support Organizations iv. Implement State Level IEC activities v. Assist Programme Director in selecting, contracting and managing support organisations vi. Human Resource Development activities vii. Develop and implement strategies for gender mainstreaming viii. Develop and advise mechanisms for inclusion of women, scheduled castes and poor in decision making and other activities of the GPWSC ix. Arrange for capacity building of DPMC and Operations Wing on participatory techniques

Procurement Unit will be set up to institutionalise transparent procurement processes for programme implementation. The Procurement Unit will be headed by Executive Engineer who will be assisted by a Sub Divisional Engineer. The Procurement Unit will also have a Procurement Specialist having experience in World Bank procurement system and will be outsourced through the State Management Support Consultants. The key responsibilities of the Procurement Unit are:

i. Prepare Procurement Plans and undertake all the procurement functions at the state level ii. Guide procurement activities at the DPMC level iii. Periodically update Procurement Manual and arrange for capacity building on procurement aspects iv. Guide preparation of procurement plan at the DPMC level v. Ensure transparency in all procurement activities of the Programme

The Finance and Administration Unit will be headed by a Controller of Finance deputed by the Finance Department of GoP. He will be assisted by Finance Manager who will be appointed on contract basis. The Controller of Finance will be an expert in the Government systems and procedures of fund management. The Finance Manager will supplement the Controller of Finance with expertise in modem accounting systems, computerisation of accounts and reports generation etc. They will be assisted by two Accounts Assistants. The key responsibilities of the Finance Unit are:

i. Guide DPMCs in preparing annual plans and budgets

ii. Consolidate the state level annual programme budgets from the district plans iii. Consolidate periodic reimbursement claims from all DPMCs and submit to GoP/ Gol/ World/ Bank iv. Liase with GoP for timely release of funds v. Release funds to DPMCs in accordance with approved district plans vi. Prepare and submit periodic financial management reports, annual financial statements etc.

Page 129 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEFEEDBACK' ENGINEER Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEYENIER

vii. Disbursement of salaries and other allowances to staff, payment to Consultancies, Service Agencies etc. viii. Be responsible for auditing of DPMCs and monitor auditing of GPWSC ix. Design and guide implementation of social accountability and transparency framework

For carrying out the administrative support activity, an Office Manager assisted by other supporting staff will be deployed by appointment on contract basis.

Monitoring and Evaluation Unit will be headed by a Senior Monitoring Specialist who will be Superintending Engineer rank person and will be assisted by a Sub Divisional Engineer from DWSS. The M&E Unit will also have an MIS/IT Specialist who will be will be outsourced through the State Management Support Consultants. The key responsibilities of the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit are:

i. Designing and implementing monitoring system ii. Designing and implementing Knowledge Management activities. ill. Assisting Programme Director in impact and other evaluation studies iv. Designing and implementing MIS v. Assisting Programme Director in progress reporting vi. Undertaking process documentation activities vii. Designing, implementing and updating a website for the Punjab RWS Sector

Operations Wing: The Operations Wing will be responsible for providing comprehensively by both software and engineering, support to the GP/GPWSC for all Single Village and intra village schemes and works. In addition the Operations Wing will be responsible for implementing and managing common infrastructure of Multi Village schemes.

The three Regional Chief Engineer will continue to perform their operations, responsibilities in their respective areas of operations. The Programme Director will act as a coordinator for the Chief Engineers and will undertake all liaison functions with Government, World Bank and other external agencies.

State Management Support Consultants (SMSC) - The engineering skills of the SPMC will be augmented with additional skills required for implementing the programmatic reform approach in Water Supply and Sanitation sector in the state. A professional management-consulting firm will be hired to outsource HRD, IEC, community mobilization, media related, M&E and other management and skill support services to the SPMC. The objectives of engaging the SMSC are:

To deploy experienced personnel in the procurement, M&E and other management support skills to assist the SPMC Assist Programme Director in undertaking monitoring of project implementation and consolidation of key learning from project implementation

Page 130 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKE Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mab.--Fdb.& Vetv G-.p

* Developing and implementing a computerised system for modernising the accounting system of DWSS to suit the needs and requirements of the new sector program * Developing and implementing a MIS including financial management information and training SPMC, DPMC and Operations Wing oni the system * Assist the SPMC in revising and updating Procurement Manual, Financial Management Manual etc. on an annual basis incorporating lessons from implementation * To undertake process monitoring of implementation and notify SPMC on key gaps in the processes and learning from the implementation experience * To support Programme Director in developing and guiding implementation of capacity building and action plan, IEC and development communication, strategy and action plan * Build the capacity of and co-ordinate the activities of regional / umbrella NGOs * Build capacity of DWSS staff in participatory tools and techniques * To undertake all media relations activities including preparation of mass media communication tools like, press releases, brochures, pamphlets etc.

District-level Institutional Structure:

The district level arrangement consists of establishing District Water Sanitation Committee and a District Programme Management Cell.

The District Water Sanitation Committee consists of the following members:

* Chairperson, Zila Parishad - Chairman * District Programme Director, DPMC - Member * Deputy Commissioner or his representative not below the rank of Additional Deputy Commissioner, (Development) - Member * One representative from the Zila Parishad- Member • Two representatives from Panchayat Samiti - Members * Two representatives from Gram Panchayats - Members * Central Ground Water Board Representative- Member • District Health Officer - Member * District Education Officer- Member • Executive Engineer, Punjab State Electricity Board (concerned with RWSS) - Member * District Development and Panchayat Officer - Member * Executive Engineers of the Operation Wing, RWSS - Members * One NGO representative who are working in Water and Sanitation Sector * District Programme Specialist, DPMC - Convenor

Special Invitees

MPs in the District

Page 131 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKC TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MbF-db.~k V.- G.p

MLAs in the District

The Panchayat Samiti members and GP members will be elected by the Zilla Parishad.

The District Water Sanitation Committee will have the following responsibilities:

* Selection of villages for programme implementation * Approval of District Annual Plans * Provide an enabling environment including co-ordination with other district level agencies for the implementation of sector programme and achievement of sector objectives

The Organisational Structure of DPMC - will be responsible for carrying out the facilitation functions at the district level including building capacity of the Operations Wing. Organisationally the DPMC will be the counterpart unit of the SPMC at District level. The Superintending Engineers will be heading the DPMCs. Since there are 11 circles in the state and 19 districts, some of the Superintending Engineers will head DPMCs in more than one district. The Superintending Engineers will be assisted in their activities by a District Programme Specialist, who will be an Executive Engineer.

The key roles of the DPMC are:

* District level programme planning and management * Be responsible for achieving programme development objectives at the district level * Consolidating District annual work plans * Compiling District progress reports * Fund Management and Release to GPWSCs * Financial management and audit * District level communication campaigns * Procurement of goods, works and services at DPMC level * Guiding and building capacity of GPWSC on procurement aspects * Establishment and guidance to GPWSC • Monitoring, Learning, Evaluations and MIS • Implementation of Capacity building action plan * Implementation of environmental management framework * Assuring Process Quality * Empanelling NGO/NGI for support to GPWSC

District Programme Director DPMC - The District Programme Director will have dual responsibility of leading the facilitation functions as well as operational functions. The key roles and responsibilities of District Programme Director are:

* Be responsible for the day-to-day administration of DPMC. * Oversee the facilitation functions being carried out by the DPMC, District Project Management Consultants

Page 132 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACK( TURNY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment . Gr.P

* Be responsible for ensuring transparency in all procurement and financial related aspects * Redress complaints and conflicts in implementation * Convergence of facilitation and operations functions

District Programme Specialist - The District Program Director will be assisted by a District Programme Specialist. The key responsibilities are:

* Co-ordination and day to day management of all the units and staff of DPMC * Assist the District Programme Director in programme implementation * Consolidate district annual work plans • Be in charge of field level operations and resolve implementation problems at village level so as to ensure that the village level activities progress according to scheme cycle and district plan

The Technical Unit will have a Sub Divisional Engineer and 2 Junior / Assistant Engineers from the DWSS. In addition, there will be a Procurement Officer who will be contracted by the DWSS. The Technical Unit will not have any roles in the operation and execution of schemes but will have the following responsibilities:

* Guiding the Operations Wing and GPWSC on design parameters, technical standards etc. * Periodically updating and circulating Technical Manual * Arrange for the capacity building activities on technical aspects * Assist the GPWSCs in getting technical support through Operations Wing or through technical service providers * Certifying completion of technical milestones at village level . Empanelment of district level environmental experts and implementation of environment management framework . Assist the District Programme Specialist in procurement of works, goods and services * Guide the GPWSCs in community procurement activities including procurement of works . Guide the GPWSCs in operation and maintenance of schemes including implementation of PHP contracts

The Communication and Capacity Development Unit will have one HRD Specialist and one IEC Specialist who will be contracted by the DWSS. They key responsibilities of the Community Participation Unit are:

. Co-ordinate and guide the activities of SO / VST and arrange for their capacity building * Co-ordinate with the umbrella / regional Support Organization * Implement district level IEC activities * Build the capacity of Operations Wing of DWSS on community participation, tools and techniques

Page 133 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKE ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-,b.-Fedb.,k V-t- Gop

* Guide the Operations Wing on community participation * Ensure equity, inclusion and accountability aspects in programme implementation

The Finance Unit will have one of the Divisional Accountants in the district performing additional functions. The Divisional Accountant will be assisted by a Finance Officer who will be appointed on contract basis. The specific responsibilities of the Finance Unit are:

* Preparation of district annual plans and budgets * Preparation and submission of periodic reimbursement claims to SPMC * Release of funds to Operations Wing and GPWSC * Preparation of Financial Progress Reports * Implementing social accountability and transparency framework

M&E Unit will have an MIS Officer appointed on contract basis. The specific responsibilities of the M&E Unit are:

* Maintenance and updating of all district level databases including approved DSRs, tripartite agreements, fund releases etc. * Prepare monitoring reports including periodic progress reports * Undertake all monitoring activities for the programme implementation * Process documentation * Assist the District Programme Director in conflict resolution

Operations Wing: The Circles, Divisions and Sub-Divisions of the DWSS will form the Operations Wing. The Operations Wing will undertake the entire engineering operations including planning, construction and O&M of common facilities of Multi Village schemes as well as providing integrated software and engineering support to the GP/GPWSCs for both water supply and sanitation schemes including intra village schemes/works of Multi Village schemes. Wherever required, the Executive Engineer of the Operational Divisions will help the GPWSC to hire technical assistance.

The key responsibilities of operations wing are:

* Undertaking field data collection and detailed surveys * Preparing rough cost estimates * Assisting GPWSC in selection of technology * Preparation of Detailed Scheme Report (DSR) * Awarding turnkey contracts of Multi Village schemes- common facilities * Operation and maintenance of common facilities in Multi Village schemes * Supply bulk water to villages and levy bulk water charges * Assisting GPWSC in preparation of bids, award of works etc. for Single Village schemes and intra village component Multi Village schemes * Internal auditing and passing bills for clearing payment to contractors * Empanel Technical Service Providers/Design Consultants to be hired by GPWSC * Assuring Works Quality

Page 134 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK' TURNKE ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TJR GRp

Village Level Arrangements

The most important institutional entity for programme implementation will be an inclusive and accountable Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation Committee selected by the Gram Sabha working in partnership with the Gram Panchayat.

The Sarpanch will be the ex-officio chairperson of the GPWSC, which will consist of minimum of 11 members and maximum of 21 members depending upon the village population. Three Panches of the GP are also ex-officio members in the GPWSC. The Gram Sabha will directly select the remaining members of the GPWSC. One third of the GPWSC members shall be women, one fifth of the members from Scheduled Caste and Backward Class persons and one third from BPL or landless families. The GPWSC members will select a Secretary and Treasurer. The Junior Engineer of the DWSS in- charge of the village will be the technical member cum convenor of the GPWSC.

Key responsibilities of GPWSC are:

i. Planning for the water supply and sanitation related investments in the village ii. Selecting cost effective and feasible technology and schemes iii. Approval of schemes and tenders up to Rs. 30 Lakhs in respect of Single Village schemes. iv. Mobilising community contribution v. Construction and operation and maintenance of Single Village schemes, small Multi Village schemes and intra-village components of Multi Village schemes including inviting bids, awarding contracts, contract management etc. vi. Management of programme funds for programme execution vii. Maintaining books of accounts viii. Deciding on the O&M arrangements either through engaging own staff or contracting out to private contractors. ix. Levying user charges and full financing of O&M expenditure x. Maintaining transparency and cost effectiveness in all transactions xi. Ensuring inclusion of all sections of the village community in programme activities and equitable distribution of benefits.

Support Organisations / VST - In order to supplement the engineering skills of the SDE / JE at the village level with social mobilisation and participatory skills, the services of Support Organisations will be provided to the GPWSC. Wherever services of experiences NGOs are not available as Support Organisation, the DPMC will constitute a Village Support Team comprising of GPWSC members, village youth and the Junior Engineer in-charge of the village.

Page 135 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEDBAC19 TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MT-FKEdb. VENt GINEEp

Other Institutions

A number of other institutions as the Project Management Consultants, Support Organisations and Village Support Teams will also be involved in implementing the PRWSSP.

Project Management Consultants - The engineering skills of the SPMC will be augmented with additional skills required for implementing the programmatic reform approach in Water Supply and Sanitation sector in the state. A professional management-consulting firm will be hired to outsource management and skill support services to the SPMC. The PMC will provide key expertise on operations, project management, community development, participatory skills planning and monitoring.

Support Organizations - In order to provide a wide range of support services in the areas of social mobilization, community development, capacity building, communication, accounting and financial management, work supervision, technical and engineering guidance and support to GPs and GPWSCs, the DPMCs will prepare a list of NGOs and NGIs who can be hired by the GPs /GPWSCs as Support Organisations (SOs). In addition to NGOs, retired and other experienced personnel will also be enlisted and oriented to provide support functions.

Village Support Teams - Village Support Teams (VST) will be instituted in areas where services of NGOs are not available. The VST will be responsible for social mobilization, IEC and community development support, the concept of VST will be promoted. The VSTs will consist of members from GP/GPWSC, local resource persons, especially youth volunteers and the junior engineer who will work as a team to provide various support services to the GPWSC.

5.3.2 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management

The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management will be located as following in the project institutional structure:

1. The SPMC (State Programme Management Cell) will be staffed with an Executive Engineer (Technical Unit). 2. Each of the 19 DPMCs (District Programme Management Cells) will be staffed with a Sub Divisional Engineer (Technical Unit). 3. A panel of technical experts at the State and district level will be constituted to provide technical support to SPMC and DPMC.

Page 136 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACKX` TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b-Fdbk VWG,..p

training and capacity building as well as ensuring that the external environmental audits are conducted for the whole project (two audits of 20 schemes each in the 2nd and 4th year of project cycle. Panel of technical experts at the State/ District level will be formulated after project appraisal who will assist SPMC/ DPMC for effective implementation of EMF including the environment training & capacity building as well as in identifying the expert agency for conducting environment audits.

5.3.3 Training and Capacity Building

The state currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The training and capacity building program developed for the project aims at building environmental awareness and environmental management capacity in the project administration structure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for the staff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities will be organized. The capacity building for environmental management will be integrated with overall capacity building component of the project.

1. Technical Training for Environmental Management

Furthermore, subject to indication of interest by suitable candidates, the project would provide extended education support for upto 5 DWSS engineers, including Master's level education at institutions such as All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Kolkata. The Executive Engineer, along with Technical experts, will

Page 137 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M--F-t-dbxk Vfl Gro-p

be responsible for selection of suitable candidates, and the expense will be borne by the overall project capacity-building budget.

The technical training would also include training of operators at the scheme level.

2. Environmental Awareness and Sensitization for Targeted Communities

The training programs on environmental awareness will be organized regionally and will be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. The programs will specifically include community representatives, e.g. the GPWSC members, in order to sustain environmental concepts beyond the project period. While these Community-level awareness programmes will be a part of the overall project IEC programme, the State Program Management Cell will be responsible for the development of communication materials.

The suggested training programs for Environment management and its estimated budget is presented in tables 5.4 and 5.5.

Page 138 of 148 Project F-DBACK' Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation TUrtNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mb Ftdb-kV-w- G.-o.

Table 5.4: Training needs for Environment Management

S. Days of training (per year) No. Topics Planners/ Field Field Managers officers operators 1 Environmental data 0.1 0.4 0.6 sheet preparation 2 Impact evaluation and 0.3 0.6 0.4 project appraisal 3 Environment 0.4 0.6 0.4 monitoring, supervision and reporting 4 Community 0.2 0.4 0.6 participation

Table 5.5: Estimated Cost of Training S.No. Target Total estimated Cost (Rs. in lacs) Level Beneficiary programmes in 6 years = Nos per annum x no of years 1 Operators 145 x 6 = 870 870 @ 15,000 Block level = 130.5 lacs 2 Field officers (JE/ 19 x 6 = 114 114 ( 35,000 District SDE) = 40.0 lacs headquarter 3 Planners/managers 3 x 6 - 18 18 ( 50,000 Regional level (EE/ SE/ CE) =9.0 lacs

5.3.4 Budget

The total expected budget for environmental management activities under the proposed PRWSSP is presented in Table 5.6 below:

Page 139 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKY TURNKEY ENGINEER Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment Mnber-F-dbk Vnt.- Group

Table 5.6: Budget for Environmental Management Activities S.No Activity Amount (Rs. in Crores) 1 A Trainings 1.80 crores B Audits (2) 0.40 crores C Technical 0.30 crores 2.50 Support : 2 Water quality testing for incidence of industrial and 2.003 agricultural chemical contamination in water supply sources in Punjab (pesticides/heavy metals) 3 Review of international best practices in deep aquifer 0.25 drilling and contamination prevention, to develop guidelines for DWSS deep groundwater GW extraction 4 Engagement of resource persons (for appraising 200 0.80 category II schemes @ Rs. 40,000 per scheme) 5 Preparation of community awareness materials 0.20 6 Extended Post-graduate Education Support to 0.25 selected DWSS engineers (subject to suitable candidates) Total 4.00

The annual expenditure on the environmental activities during the first year is likely to be low due to the initial mobilization activities required. This will escalate during the second year as a result of stabilization of the EMF activities and a large number of schemes that are likely to be implemented in this year. In the last year, the expenditure is likely to increase again to account for the outstanding payments to be made to various agencies. The year-wise budget for the environmental activities has been given in Table 5.7 below.

Table 5.7: Annual Budget for Environmental Management Annual Expenditure Budget (Rs. in crores) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8

3 The funds for this water quality testing are included in the overall project water quality testing budget, and are therefore not included in the total Environmental Management Budget.

Page 140 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACKW TURNKEY ENGINEJERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment - KE VC-NEERp 6. Public Disclosure of 'Draft Final Report on Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) - Punjab Rural Water Supply & Sanitation (PRWSS) project'

As a part of procedure for seeking the environmental clearance as per Bank's safe guard policies laid down in of World Bank guidelines, the project proponent i.e. Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (DWSS) is required to make public disclosures of the report so as to obtain views, suggestions and objections, if any, of the public on the proposed proj ect.

DWSS has taken following steps for public disclosure of the SEA report:

1. Principal Secretary to Govt. of Punjab, DWSS vide letter dt. 10.7.06 has requested all Deputy Commissioners, Chairman Zila Parishad and Heads of related departments to display the executive summary (English version) of Environment Report at prominent places in their offices for seeking public opinion / comments. Punjabi version of executive summary of the environment report has also been sent.

2. Department has conducted public u consultations on the draft final report of SEA at 4 places in Punjab from 17 -19th WV July, 2006. At the meetings, there was i overwhelming response from the DWSS a * r F. officials, beneficiaries and GPWSC -F members of 10 districts which were selected for the purpose of public - consultations for the study. The project benefits, Environmental issues, . Environment management etc were the main aspects of the consultation. This Public Consultation Meeting at was intended at updating the Chandiearh understanding of the villagers regarding the Rural water supply and sanitation project and soliciting there feedback on the proposed EMF.

Page 141 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK, TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-ber -F-edbd V.ntr. G-p

Number of participants at each of the 4 places ranged between 45 and 90. The particulars of public consultations are as under:

Public Consultation Meeting at Amritsar

Sr. Venue of Public Date and time Districts covered No. Consultation 1. Chandigarh 17.07.06, 11:00 am Patiala, Fatehgarh, Ropar 2. Jalandhar 18.07.06, 10:00 am Jalandhar, Ludhiana 3. Amritsar 18.07.06, 4:00 pm Gurdaspur, Amritsar 4. Bathinda 19.07.06, 11:30 am Bathinda, Ferozepur, Sangrur

I--

- (3

ww - Public Consultation Meeting at Public ConsultationMeeting at Public Consultation Meeting at Bathinda Jalandhar Bathinda

3. Punjabi version of executive summary of the environment report has been sent on 26.7.06 to all the Executive Engineers of the department for displaying the same on the notice boards of all the Gram Panchayats where the pilot project is to be executed.

4. An advertisement has been inserted in 3 leading news papers i.e. The Tribune, Punjab Kesri and Ajit on 30.08.06 & 31.08.06 for seeking public opinion / comments (copies of the Public notices are at Annexures 20 and 21).

5. Executive summary of the report has been put on website www.punenvis.nic.in. In response to the above activities, comments were received from certain agencies. These are presented in Annexures 22 and 23.

Page 142 of 148 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( Punjab TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M--Fedb* V p

Comments and action taken report on Public Disclosure of DFR on Sectoral Environmental Assessment Study

S. No I Comments Action taken A. Comments by 'Punjab State Council for Science and Technology Chandigarh'

1. The Department proposes to provide Small Bore Punjab Government is already Drainage & Sewage Treatment in 100 villages providing small bore only. However, a much larger coverage is sanitation at a larger scale required to address the problem of sanitation. through the "Village Development Programme".

2. It is proposed to test tube well waters for Provision for heavy metal and parameters like TDS, Fluoride, Iron, Hardness pesticide testing is included in and Chlorides, whereas levels of certain heavy DFR. metals like chromium, nickel, cyanide, etc. (which have been recorded to be very high as per studies carried out by PSCST) and pesticides also need to be tested. Further, Protocol for regular water quality testing and control is not annexed to the report.

3 Salinity of underground water has been Final scaling-up strategy for identified as a significant problem in district RO plants will be developed Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Mansa, after successful Moga & Amritsar. The department proposes for implementation and setting up of 200 RO in five areas to address the acceptance of new concept problem. Whereas it is a welcome development, with higher user charges. the department needs to provide greater number of RO plants to address the problem in around 4000 villages.

4 Problem of reversal of flow of salt water from Concern pertains to large- high water table areas in southwest to low fresh scale natural presence of salts water table areas in northern districts needs to be in ground water which cannot addressed as flow of salt water into fresh water be modified by any project areas could cause serious problems in the state. intervention. However, from the perspective of proposed PRWSSP there is a provision of Reverse Osmosis plants in South Western parts of state for meeting with the drinking /cooking needs of the villagers. Once the new concept gets over whelming

Page 143 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK' TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment V-w-

response from beneficiary communities. DWSS may provide ground water even in south west of state for all other activities except drinking/cooking.

5 The report does not mention whether deep Study of water quality in deep aquifers in South West in Punjab are also saline aquifer is included in the in nature. This warrants special studies proposed project.

6 The report mentions the need of creating Mass awareness campaigns awareness with regard to safe water collection, and capacity building of storage and handling practices but no mention is villagers under the project made of issues related to solid waste, especially would address the issue of cow dung handling cow dung handling as well. 7 Further, the report does not mention technologies There is a mention of various which would be adopted for rehabilitation of technologies to be adopted for village ponds and the mechanism of empowering rehabilitation of ponds in local communities for their long term sustainable DFR as well as final Project operation and maintenance Implementation Plan (PIP)

B. Comments of 'Additional Director, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Chandigarh' 8 Report is silent about selenium being There are no reports of encountered in Navanshehr (Para 3/Page 4). selenium in deep aquifers. Under the proposed project, a study would be conducted to test pesticide and heavy metals. 9. Report is silent about chrome and nickel in There are no reports of groundwater in Ludhiana (Para 2/Page 4). chrome and nickel in deep aquifers. Under the proposed project, a study would be conducted to test pesticide and heavy metals. 10. Govt. wish to spend money on creating Under proposed project, infrastructure. However, the issue of 'safe sufficient funds are being storage' of water in every household has not provided for creating mass been addressed. The families under SC, ST or awareness about safe storage BPL category may not be able to spend to have etc. wash basin, roof top tank and internal pipeline, etc. Such families may be provided 100 litres - PVC tank with tap so as to avoid open storage.

Page 144 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-d-F Vo ck

11. Punjab is planning to take lead once again in A study conducted by ground rural water supply on the line of Green water expert indicates Revolution, White Revolution, etc. Without a sufficient water reserves in thought on recharge. The deep aquifer deep aquifers. Moreover in exploitation may meet the same fate. Shallow villages ground water aquifer are already exploited and spoiled in recharge is not feasible due to Punjab. Please think on recharging of non-availability of quality groundwater using 'samlat' land. water and sufficient roof top, which are other wise pre- requisite for ground water recharge. 12. The cases of 'dengue' will be rising once supply Mass awareness campaigns and storage of fresh water is introduced in and capacity building of villages. The RMP doctors in villages may be villagers under the project trained to identify 'dengue' disease and advise would take care the issue of the patient to contact district hospital. storage of fresh water

13. There is a shortage of qualified and/or trained Capacity building of plumbers in villages in India. One person in operators for effective O&M 1000 population may be trained for plumbing of water supply schemes and day-to-day repairs of such water supply under the project would schemes. address this issue.

14. Data collection on water born diseases under The issue was debated in table 2 may be quarterly by Directorate of Health detail and all were of the view and Family Welfare instead of once in a year. that concerned department does the proposed job in a routine manner 15. Village level workers and science teachers in Already proposed in the High School or Sr. Sec. School may be trained project. for water testing as task of project.

C. Observation from International Lawyer

16. Safeguard measures for maintaining cross - Based on a Technical boundary ground water flows consideration of the characteristics of the deep aquifers of Punjab and the nature of the proposed project interventions, GOP has agreed to ensure that no bore-wells will be installed within 1000m of the international border.

It was agreed that the proposed project interventions do not

Page 145 of 148 F--DBACK' Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-ber-F-dbdcVeo- C-p

trigger bank OP/BP 7.50 on International Waterways, from either surface water or ground water perspectives. D. Comments received during Public consultations

17. Awareness among the people regarding There is a provision for developments in the other villages should be creating mass awareness in the created. project on all aspects of the project. 18. Proper Sewer System is essential in order to Punjab Government is already have a clean environment. providing small bore sanitation at a larger scale through the "Village Development Programme". 19. Proper plugging and sealing of the bore wells There is a provision for should be done to avoid possible contamination detailed study on best drilling of deep ground water. practices for the purpose. In addition, training shall be imparted to DWSS officials regarding this. 20. Pollution board should play active role and be a Public disclosure of the EA party to the discussions. study report has been made and comments from few agencies have been received and addressed. 21. People were extremely enthusiastic regarding Assurance was given for early the project and expressed desire for early commencement of the project. commencement of the same.

Page 146 of 148 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACKI( TURNKEY ENGINEERS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b--F-dbV.dirVe G-p

REFERENCES .. . ~~~......

1. A report on Ground water Quality of Ludhiana City, Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), Nabha Road, Patiala, Punjab, 1993.

2. An epidemiological study of cancer cases reported from villages of Talwandi Sabo, District Bathinda, Punjab Pollution Control Board, 2004.

3. A Geological cum Geomorphological Framework of Haryana and Adjoining Areas for Land use Appraisal Using LANDS AT IMAGERY. Photonirvachak, Chopra, S. (1990) Journal Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 18 No. 12. pp. 15-22.

4. Baweja, B. K. and Karanth, K. R. (1980) Groundwater Recharge Estimation in India, tech. Sr. H., Bull. 2, Central Ground Water Board.

5. Bio management of Ponds, R. Grover et. al., Punjab State Council of Science and Technology, 2004

6. Data from Water Resources Department, Punjab (Chandigarh), 2004.

7. Directorate of Groundwater, Department of Water Resources and Environment, GoP; Official Communication to Chief Engineer (South), Department of Water Supply and Sanitation; No. 2274/19-W, dated 17/8/2006.

8. Groundwater Modeling In Parts of Central Ganga Basin, Ala Eldin M.E.H., Sami Ahmad M., Gurunadha Rao, Dhar R.L. Uttar Pradesh, India. Technical Report. No. AMU/NGRI- 1, Collaborative Project between Remote Sensing Centre Application for Evaluation and Geo-Engineering, Aligarh and NGRI, 1998.

9. Health Statistics, Punjab, At a Glance 2004, Health and Family Welfare Punjab, Chandigarh.

10. Irrigation Works, GoP; Official Communication to Chief Engineer (South), Department of Water Supply and Sanitation; No. 2006/Canals Misc (6) 6460, dated 17/8/2006.

11. Jindal, M.C.(a), "Sustainability of Punjab Deep Aquifers", Expert report commissioned by Government of Punjab, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Chandigarh; 2006.

12. Jindal, M.C.(b), "Impact of Pumping of Groundwater by Deep Tubewells of DWSS on the Flow of Groundwater Across the International Boundary", Expert Opinion solicited by Government of Punjab, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Chandigarh; 2006.

Page 147 of 148 FEEDBACKE Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project TURNKEY ENGINEERtS Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-br-Fdb-kte V-r. G,op

13. Pathak, B.D. (1985) Groundwater in India and Scope for Future Development, Current Trends in Geology, VII - VIII, 573-577.

14. PPCB ETP: Effluent Treatment Plants.

15. Report of the Groundwater Estimation Committee, Groundwater Resource estimation methodology (1997), Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

16. Report on Quality of Water Resources in Punjab, Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB), Nabha Road, Patiala, Punjab, 1995.

17. Structure of Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plains, Oldham, R. E. Mem, Geological Society of India, 42, pt.2, 1917.

18. http://cgwb.gov.in/St_Punjab.htm.

19. http://punjabsewa.gov.in/citizenservices/showServicelnfo.jsp?sid=19.1 8&cid=C19.

20. http://cgwbchd.nic.in/punjab.htm.

21. Statistical Abstracts of Punjab (SAP), Economic Advisor to Government of Punjab, Chandigarh, 2005.

22. State of Environment, Punjab - 2005, Punjab State Council for Science and Technology (PSCST), 2005.

23. The Sub-surface Geology of Indo-Gangetic Plains, Rao, M. B. R. Geological Society of India. 14, No. 13, 213-242., 1973.

24. Water quality through Ground Water Management, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), North Western region, Chandigarh, July 2004.

Page 148 of 148 I