Les Langues De La Terre Du Milieu

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Les Langues De La Terre Du Milieu Les langues de la Terre du Milieu PDF générés en utilisant les outils open source mwlib. Voir http://code.pediapress.com/ pour plus d’informations. PDF generated at: Mon, 25 Jan 2010 14:12:02 UTC Contenu Articles Langues des Elfes 1 Quenya 1 Sindarin 22 Telerin 43 Langues des Hommes 46 Adûnaic 46 Rohirique 50 Westron 51 Autres langues 52 Khuzdul 52 Noir parler 63 Valarin 69 Alphabets 71 Cirth 71 Sarati 74 Tengwar 76 Références Sources et contributeurs de l'article 81 Source des images, licences et contributeurs 82 Licence des articles Licence 84 1 Langues des Elfes Quenya Quenya Quenya, Quendya Auteur John Ronald Reuel Tolkien Date de création 1915 Parlée dans le monde imaginaire de la Terre du Milieu Typologie langue synthétique, présentant à la fois des traits agglutinants et flexionnels Catégorie langue imaginaire Classification par famille • langues construites • langues de la Terre du Milieu • langues elfiques • quenya Codes de langue ISO 639-3 [1] (<abbr style="cursor:help;border-bottom: none" title="Langue : anglais">en</abbr>) qya IETF qya Échantillon [2] « Ah ! comme l'or tombent les feuilles dans le vent, de longues années innombrables comme les ailes des arbres ! » [3] modifier Le quenya (prononcé ['kʷɛnʲa]) ou haut-elfique est une des langues construites imaginées par le romancier et philologue John Ronald Reuel Tolkien dans le cadre de l'élaboration des récits de la Terre du Milieu. Sa création remonte au plus tard à l'année 1915. Le vocabulaire et la grammaire de cette langue ont progressivement évolué durant la vie de leur auteur, jusqu'à atteindre une relative stabilité après la publication de son roman Le Seigneur des anneaux en 1954-1955. Tolkien s'est principalement inspiré du finnois pour l'élaboration de la langue, ainsi que du latin et du grec. Au sein de son univers de fiction, le quenya est la langue des Elfes Vanyar et Ñoldor installés à Valinor, sur le continent d’Aman. La langue s’implanta en Terre du Milieu quand les Ñoldor s’y exilèrent ; elle cessa bientôt d’y être employée comme langue courante, mais subsista comme langue de culture et de cérémonie parmi les Elfes ainsi qu’un peuple d'Hommes, les Dúnedain. Quenya 2 Le quenya fut conçu par Tolkien comme dérivant d'une langue originelle commune à toutes les langues elfiques qu'il imagina. C'est une langue à morphologie complexe, qui présente à la fois des traits flexionnels et agglutinants ; elle repose en grande partie sur l'emploi d'affixes, mais recourt aussi à l'alternance vocalique. Le quenya est pourvu d'une riche déclinaison et d'une conjugaison de type synthétique. Le nombre de cas et la conjugaison ont varié avec les années au cours du développement de la langue par leur auteur. Le vocabulaire est essentiellement a priori, c'est-à-dire créé indépendamment de celui des langues naturelles, mais il est en revanche apparenté à celui des autres langues elfiques imaginées par Tolkien. Le quenya se transcrit par différents systèmes d'écriture tels que les sarati ou les tengwar. Histoire En quenya comme pour les autres langues qu'inventa Tolkien, il faut distinguer deux axes chronologiques de développement : • l'un, externe, concerne l'évolution des conceptions de la langue pendant la vie de son créateur ; • l'autre, interne, concerne l'évolution historique de la langue à l'intérieur même du monde imaginaire dans lequel elle se parle. Histoire externe J. R. R. Tolkien commença vers 1915[4] l'élaboration du quenya (sous l'orthographe qenya, qui subsista jusqu'au milieu des années 1940), alors qu'il était étudiant au collège d'Exeter. Il était alors déjà familier des langues germaniques anciennes comme le gotique, le vieux norrois et le vieil anglais, et s'était initié au finnois à la suite de la lecture du Kalevala, une découverte dont il fut, selon ses termes, « totalement grisé[5] ». Le quenya n'est pas la première langue construite qu'ait imaginée J. R. R. Tolkien[6] , mais c'est la première dont les attestations dépassent quelques traces isolées, et celle à partir de laquelle se développa le scénario linguistique de la Terre du Milieu. À côté de l'élément purement personnel, le développement de la langue paraît avoir été d'abord infusé d'un fond germanique[7] , avant d'être fortement influencé par le finnois, Tolkien allant jusqu'à y incorporer quasi tels quels un certain nombre de mots[8] . Plus tard, Tolkien diminua la visibilité de cette filiation en éliminant les emprunts trop évidents, et mentionna également le latin et le grec ancien comme influences J. R. R. Tolkien en 1916. importantes[9] . Chronologiquement, l'invention de langues précéda chez Tolkien l'élaboration d'un monde imaginaire et de ses premiers récits : elle n'en fut pas un produit mais plutôt un des moteurs. Leur auteur devait insister sur ce point plus tard dans sa carrière : « Personne ne me croit lorsque je dis que mon long récit est un essai de création d'un monde dans lequel une forme de langage qui soit agréable à mon esthétique personnelle puisse paraître réelle. Mais c'est pourtant vrai[10] . » Tolkien imagina dès le départ le quenya selon les méthodes alors dominantes de la linguistique historique, en envisageant l'existence de diverses variétés, et ne tarda pas à inventer d'autres langues elfiques tout à fait distinctes mais cependant apparentées au quenya, dérivées d'une même souche commune. La plus importante fut le gnomique, qui devait après de multiples transformations devenir le sindarin des états plus tardifs de sa mythologie. Quenya 3 Tolkien ne cessa jamais d'expérimenter sur ses langues inventées, et fit subir au quenya d'incessantes révisions de grammaire et de vocabulaire dont l'accumulation aboutit à de très sensibles différences entre des stades de développement différents : le qenya des années 1930, illustré par les poèmes de l'essai Un vice secret[11] , se distingue aisément des formes plus connues du Seigneur des anneaux ou du Silmarillion. Cependant, le quenya resta toujours central dans le scénario linguistique, et son évolution fut relativement continue jusqu'à la mort de son auteur en 1973 - contrairement par exemple à celle du sindarin qui subit plusieurs remaniements fondamentaux. Histoire interne Dans le cadre de son univers de fiction, le quenya est la langue des Elfes issus de deux tribus des Eldar à Valinor, sur le continent d'Aman : les Ñoldor ou Elfes Savants et les Vanyar ou Elfes Blonds, qui avaient développé deux dialectes légèrement différents. Ceux de la troisième tribu des Teleri qui s'étaient installés en Aman à Alqualondë parlaient une langue proche, le telerin. Le quenya descendait de l'eldarin commun, la langue des Eldar pendant leur grande marche de Cuiviénen vers Valinor, lui-même dérivé du quendien primitif, la langue primordiale inventée par les premiers Elfes à Cuiviénen. Le quenya dérivait des formes en usage parmi les Vanyar et les Ñoldor ; la variété parlée par les anciens Teleri avait de son côté donné naissance au telerin en Aman et au sindarin en Principales divisions des Elfes et noms de leurs premiers seigneurs (en italiques). Beleriand, dans l'Ouest de la Terre du Milieu. Les parlers des Nandor dérivaient également de l'eldarin commun[12] . Après l'exil d'une grande partie des Ñoldor en Beleriand, l'usage du quenya s'étendit en Terre du Milieu, où il développa de nouvelles particularités dialectales par rapport à l'usage d'Aman. Cependant, il finit par être supplanté dans l'usage quotidien par le sindarin, langue autochtone de Beleriand, à la fois parce que les exilés étaient minoritaires dans la population par rapport aux Elfes indigènes, les Sindar, et parce que l'usage du quenya fut proscrit par le roi Elu Thingol en tant que langue des Ñoldor, meurtriers des Teleri d'Aman gouvernés par Olwë, son frère. Dès lors, le quenya devint une langue seconde, apprise après l'enfance, une langue de culture et de cérémonie réservée aux contextes formels, une situation assez comparable au statut qu'eut longtemps le latin en Europe. Avec nombre d'autres pratiques culturelles, les Ñoldor la transmirent dans ces usages à un peuple d'Hommes, les Dúnedain de Númenor puis des royaumes en exil d'Arnor et de Gondor, mais le quenya ne fut jamais parmi eux une langue courante, au contraire du sindarin[13] . Telles sont les conceptions finales de Tolkien. Cependant, avant la publication du Seigneur des anneaux, la situation était conçue différemment : le quenya n'était alors que la langue du premier clan des Elfes[14] , utilisée sous une forme figée comme langue véhiculaire par l'ensemble des Elfes, tandis que le second clan, les Ñoldor, possédait sa langue propre, le noldorin, d'abord parlée à Valinor puis en Beleriand où elle s'altéra grandement[15] . Lorsque Tolkien révisa le scénario linguistique de sa mythologie, il transforma ce noldorin et l'attribua aux Sindar, sous le nouveau nom de sindarin ; le terme de noldorin (ou ñoldorin) survécut cependant, mais comme nom du dialecte du quenya désormais pratiqué par les Ñoldor. Quenya 4 Dénominations Le quenya est désigné par un grand nombre de noms dans les écrits de Tolkien. Le mot quenya lui-même, appellation la plus courante, est un endonyme issu d'un adjectif signifiant à l'origine « elfique », qui s'est spécialisé pour désigner uniquement la langue développée par les Vanyar et Ñoldor à Valinor. Quenya est la forme propre au dialecte des Ñoldor ; dans le dialecte des Vanyar, le mot avait la forme Quendya[16] . La langue possède aussi des exonymes dans d'autres langues du monde imaginaire de Tolkien : Goldórin ou Goldolambe en telerin (c'est à dire « ñoldorin » ou « langue ñoldo », respectivement - les Teleri d'Aman étant en relation avec les Ñoldor bien plus qu'avec les Vanyar[17] ), Nimriyê en adûnaic (c'est à dire « langue des Nimîr », nom des Elfes en cette langue[18] ), Cweneglin ou Cwedhrin (c'est à dire « elfique ») en gnomique[19] , une version des années 1915-1920 de ce qui deviendra après maints changement le sindarin.
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