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Neotropical Vol. 8 Neotrop. Helminthol., 8(2), 2014 2014 Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados Afines (APHIA) ISSN: 2218-6425 impreso / ISSN: 1995-1043 on line ORIGINAL ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL CYSTACANTHS OF GIGANTORHYNCHUS ECHINODISCUS (ACANTHOCEPHALA, GIGANTORHYNCHIDAE), IN NEOTROPICAL TERMITES (ISOPTERA, TERMITIDAE) CISTACANTOS DE GIGANTORHYNCHUS ECHINODISCUS (ACANTHOCEPHALA, GIGANTORHYNCHIDAE), EN TERMITAS NEOTROPICALES (ISOPTERA, TERMITIDAE) José F. R. Amato1, Eliana M. Cancello2, Maurício M. Rocha2 & Tiago F. Carrijo2 1Laboratório de Helmintologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Caixa Postal 15.014, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Current address: Rua Cabral, 875 apt. 301, Bairro Rio Branco, 90420-121, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 2Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42.494, 04218-970 São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Suggested citation Amato, JFR, Cancello, EM, Rocha, MM & Carrijo, TF. 2014. Cystacanths of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Acanthocephala, Gigantorhynchidae), in Neotropical termites (Isoptera, Termitidae). Neotropical Helminthology, vol. 8, n°2, jul-dec, pp. 325-338. Abstract Specimens of Labiotermes emersoni (Araujo, 1954) and Orthognathotermes heberi Raw & Egler, 1985, were collected at Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Soldiers of the two species were suspected to carry larval acanthocephalan parasites due to different sizes and shape of their heads and because some specimens had a conspicuous, cylindrical, whitish 'body' in the hemocoel, around the digestive tract in the abdomen. The termites showed shape alteration and light pigmentation dystrophy of the heads induced by the larval acanthocephalans. These alterations were documented photographically and the cystacanths described. The encysted juveniles removed from the hemocoel of infected soldier termites and processed accordingly, were determined as Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851). The proboscis had the typical cylindrical shape and the characteristic two distal circles of large hooks (6+12), covered with small, almost rootless spines, and a very short neck. This is the first record from Brazil of any species of termites infected with acanthocephalans of the genus Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 and the first record of G. echinodiscus cystacanths infecting the intermediate host. Keywords: Anteaters - Cornitermes - Gigantorhynchus lutzi - intermediate hosts - life cycles - Labiotermes - morphology alteration - Orthognathotermes. 325 Cystacanths of Gigantorhynchus in Neotropical termites Amato et al. Resumen Los especímenes de Labiotermes emersoni (Araujo, 1954) y Orthognathotermes heberi Raw & Egler, 1985, se colectaron en el Parque Nacional de Serra da Canastra, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Se sospechaba que soldados de las dos especies eran portadores de larvas de acantocéfalos parásitos debido a diferentes tamaños y formas de la cabeza, además de un “cuerpo” blanquecino, cilíndrico visible en el hemocele de algunos ejemplares, alrededor del tubo digestivo en el abdomen. Los termitas mostraron alteración de forma y leve distrofia de pigmentación en sus cabezas inducidas por los acantocéfalos larvales. Estas alteraciones se documentaron fotográficamente y se describen los cistacantos. Las formas juveniles enquistadas retiradas del hemocele de soldados infectados se identificaron como Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851). Los probóscides tenían la típica forma cilíndrica y los característicos dos círculos distales de grandes ganchos (6+12), cubiertos de pequenas espinas, casi sin raíces y un cuello muy corto. Este es el primer registro de dos especies de termitas infectadas por acantocéfalos del género Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892 y el primero registro de cistacantos de G. echinodiscus infectando el hospedero intermediário, Palabras clave: oso-hormiguero – Cornitermes – Gigantorhynchus lutzi – hospedero intermediário – ciclos de vida – Labiotermes – alteración morfológica – Orthognathotermes. INTRODUCTION studies about the effects of these helminths on them. Acanthocephalus aenigma Reichensperger, Pigmentation alteration induced by larval 1922, was described as a new species from the acanthocephalans, known as “color hemocoel of specimens of two termite species dichromatism”, “depigmentation”, “non- from the locality of Encano Alto, State of Santa pigmentation”, or more properly, “pigmentation Catarina, southern Brazil (Reichensperger dystrophy”, as suggested by Oetinger & Nickol 1922), while Smales (1997) made a suggestion (1981), is an uncommon phenomenon. It has that termites were the intermediate hosts for been documented for North America in species Multisentis myrmecobius Smales, 1997, because of the aquatic isopod genus Asellus Geoffroy, the type host, Myrmecobius fasciatus 1764 (Seidenberg, 1973, Camp & Huizinga, Waterhouse, 1836, a marsupial anteater from 1979, Oetinger & Nickol, 1981, 1982). The same Australia, feeds mainly on them. phenomenon was recorded for the first time in Brazil by Amato et al. (2003), in the terrestrial The Caribbean termite, Nasutitermes acajutlae isopod genus Atlantoscia (van Name, 1940). (Holmgren, 1910), has been the subject of acanthocephalan (Oligacanthorhynchidae) Termites seldom have been confirmed as parasitism studies (behavior, color and shape intermediate hosts for acanthocephalans, much changes, and predation risk) (Fuller et al., 2003) less were recorded with morphological and/or and its implications for reproductive success behavioral alterations induced by these (Fuller & Jeyasingh, 2004), in the U. S. Virgin parasites. Until recently, there have been only Islands. Later, Nickol et al. (2006) described the two instances in which these isopterans have cystacanths obtained from worker hemocoels of b e e n a s s o c i a t e d i n d i r e c t l y w i t h N. acajutlae, subcutaneous tissues of lizards, acanthocephalans (Reichensperger, 1922; greater omentum of mongooses, and Smales, 1997) and only one in which these mesenteries of birds from these Caribbean insects have been proved to be the real islands, identifying them as Oncicola intermediate hosts and the subject of serious venezuelensis Marteau, 1977. Later yet, Fuller & 326 Neotrop. Helminthol., 8(2), 2014 Nickol (2011) described mature specimens of O. colony of O. heberi was found in a nearby area, venezuelensis from a road-killed feral house cat in its own nest. All soldier samples from the found dead in the islands. Labiotermes colony were infected by a c a n t h o c e p h a l a n s , w h i l e i n t h e Adults of two of the six species of Orthognathotermes colony a fewer proportion Gigantorhynchus Hamann, 1892, considered of the soldiers had a cystacanth. The termite valid by Yamaguti (1963) and Amin [in samples were obtained by authorized personnel, Crompton & Nickol (1985)] have been following the Brazilian policies and guidelines collected by several authors (Table I) from their to be applied to the collection of invertebrates. final hosts in several regions of Brazil: 1. The infected individuals showed heads with Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) strong shape and size alteration, as well as a from the giant anteater ('tamanduá-bandeira') whitish abdomen, perceptible to the naked eye. Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758, Termites, together with chunks of the nests, were commonly known in Brazil as: 'iurumi', collected at the P. N. Serra da Canastra (-20.249 'jurumim', 'tamanduá-açú', 'tamanduá-cavalo', S, -46.563 W), State of Minas Gerais, Brazil and 'papa-formigas-gigante', and 'urso-formigueiro- transported to the Laboratory of Isoptera, Museu gigante', and Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo 1766), known as 'tamanduá-mirim'; and 2. (MZUSP). Cystacanths were removed from the Gigantorhynchus lutzi Machado Filho, 1941, abdomen of termites and released from their from the didelphid marsupial Caluromys envelopes and kept in distilled water to die and philander Linnaeus, 1758, commonly known in evaginate the proboscis. Immediately, helminths Brazil as 'cuíca' or 'bare-tailed woolly opossum' were fixed in A. F. A. (Ethanol, Formalin, in the United States (Machado Filho, 1941). Glacial Acetic Acid) and later stained in Delafield´s hematoxylin (Amato & Amato, In Brazil, eggs attributed to G. echinodiscus 2010). Two specimens were processed for have been recorded in coprolites from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at the archaeological sites (Ferreira et al., 1989) and 'Centro de Microscopia Eletrônica (CME) – the first notice about the modification of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - morphology of termite soldiers by UFRGS'. Measurements are in micrometers, acanthocephalans was made by Cancello unless otherwise indicated; widths were (1991). measured at the widest point. Proboscis hooks from the first two circles were measured in full The present paper describes the cystacanths profile, lengths are the straight-line between the found in the hemocoels of soldiers of tip of the hook to the junction with the root; Labiotermes emersoni (Araujo, 1954) (Figs 1 lateral hook-like spines were measured to the and 2) and Orthognathotermes heberi Raw & tallest point; ranges are followed by the mean in Egler, 1985, and documents photographically, parentheses. Voucher specimens were deposited the phenomena of shape alteration and in the 'Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto pigmentation
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