DOCSLIB.ORG

Proquest Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 903109S The use of BRIAAC for comparative study of autistic and low functioning deaf-blind children Khan, Naeem Ul Haq, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1990 Copyright ©1990 by Khan, Naeem Ul Haq. All rights reserved. UMI 300N.ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE USE OF BRIAAC FOR COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUTISTIC AND LOW FUNCTIONING DEAF-BLIND CHILDREN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Naeem U. Khan, M.S. ********************** The Ohio State University 1990 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Charles Wenar tMl/^J David Hammer Advisor Thomas Linscheid Department of Psychology Copyright by Naeem U. Khan 1990 To My Fathers ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S I sincerely wish to thank my advisor, Dr. Charles Wenar, who made this study possible. Dr. Wenar's infinite patience, guidance and compassion leaves a life time of indebtedness. I also wish to thank my graduate committee members, Dr. David Hammer and Dr. Thomas Linschied for their support, interest, and encouragement throughout this study. I also wish to thank my Graduate School representative, Dr. Shirley 0'Bryant for reading the manuscript and for her valuable suggestions. A grateful thank you is extended to Dr. Enid Wolf- Schien for providing very valuable support throughout this study. I am specially grateful to the staff of Columbus Development Center for their encouragement, and for tolerating my frequent absences from work for academic pursuits. Greatest appreciations go to my wife, Sameera who supported me throughout this project with her love, and to my children, Nasir, Uzma and Henna who tolerated my absences from home. iii VITA Name: Naeem ul Haq Khan Born: February 10, 1956, Quetta, Pakistan Education: 1972 General Certificate of Education, Tanzania 1976 Bachelor of Science, pre-medical University of The Punjab, Rabwah, Pakistan 1979 Master of Science, clinical psychology University Of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan 1981 Ohio University, Athens, Ohio Awards: Awarded Gold Medal for outstanding academic performance, University of Karachi, 1979 Awarded Ahmadiyya Centenary Gold Medal for academic excellence, 1979 Clinical experience: 1981-1982 State of Ohio, Certified Psychology Assistant, Apple Creek Developmental Center, Apple Creek Ohio. 1982-present Certified Psychology Assistant Columbus Developmental Center Columbus Ohio 1987-present Member, State Behavior Modification Committee, Ohio Department of Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. Field of Study: Psychology clinical child: developmental disabilities iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Vita iv List of Tables .vi List of Figures .viii CHAPTER I Introduction 1 CHAPTER II Literature Review Autism .6 Sensory impaired children 21 The congenital rubella child 41 Mental Retardation 53 Overlap of psychological variables 57 Hypothesis .73 CHAPTER III Methodology .76 Population Samples Studied. 76 Comparability of populations. 83 Instrument-BRIAAC 83 Experimental Design 88 CHAPTER IV Results SO CHAPTER V Discussion 166 REFERENCES 193 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1 F-Ratios of Behavior Checklist symptom areas in autism and other diagnostic groups 63 Table 2 F-Ratios of Behavior Checklist across demographic data for diagnostic groups 64 Table 3 Behaviors that differed significantly between autism and other diagnostic groups 66 Table 4 BRIAAC scores in various pathologies 72 Table 5 Age, sex, and etiological distribution of deaf- blind group 79 Table 6 Age and sex distribution of autistic group.... 81 Table 7 Age, sex and etiological distribution of mentally retarded group 84 Table 8 Basic statistics: autism 91 Table 9 Basic statistics: deaf-blind 92 Table 10 Basic statisticsrmentally retarded 92 Table 11 Basic statistics:deaf-blind rubella 93 Table 12 Basic statistics:deaf-blind non-rubella 93 Table 13 Autistic children: age effects 96 Table 14 Rubella deaf-blind children: age effects 98 Table 15 Non-rubella deaf-blind children: age effects.. 99 Table 16 Autistic children: sex effects 100 Table 17 Rubella deaf-blind children: sex effects 102 Table 18 Non-rubella deaf-blind children: sex effects.. 103 Table 19 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis:autistic ,deaf-blind and mentally retarded J. 07 Table 20 Group membership against predicted: autism,deaf-blind and mentally retarded 108 Table 21 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: autism, rubella, non-rubella and mentally retarded 112 vi Table 22 Group membership against predicted: autism, rubella, non-rubella and mentally retarded.... 113 Table 23 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: autism, rubella, rubella and non- rubella J. 16 Table 24 Group membership against predicted: autism, rubella, and non-rubella 117 Table 25 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: autism and deaf-blind 122 Table 26 Group membership against predicted: autism, and deaf-blind 123 Table 27 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: Autistic and rubella 124 Table 28 Group membership against predicted: Autistic and rubella 125 Table 29 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: autistic and non-rubella deaf-blind. 127 Table 30 Group membership against predicted: Autistic and non-rubella deaf-blind 128 Table 31 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis:rubella and non-rubella deaf-blind...130 Table 32 Group membership against predicted:rubella and non-rubella deaf-blind 131 Table 33 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis:autism and mentally retarded 132 Table 34 Group membership against predicted: Autistic and mentally retarded 133 Table 35 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis:deaf-blind and mentally retarded 135 Table 36 Group membership against predicted: deaf-blind and mentally retarded 136 Table 37 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: rubella and mentally retarded 138 Table 38 Multivariate analysis of variance/Discriminant analysis: non-rubella deaf-blind and mentally retarded 239 vii Table 39 F-ratios of all diagnostic groups when contrasted with autistic 140 Table 40 F-ratios of diagnostic groups when contrasted with mentally retarded 141 Table 41 F-ratios of diagnostic groups when contrasted with rubella deaf-blind 141 Table 42 Multiple comparison: relationship scale 145 Table 43 Multiple comparison: communication scale 145 Table 44 Multiple comparison: drive for mastery scale.. 14 6 Table 45 Multiple comparison:vocalization scale 146 Table 46 Multiple comparison:sound and speech reception scale 147 Table 47 Multiple comparison: social responsiveness scale 147 Table 48 Multiple comparison: body movement scale 148 Table 49 Multiple comparison: psychobiological scale...148 Table 50 Tukey's multiple comparison test: critical mean ranges for BRIAAC scales and mean scores of diagnostic groups. 14 9 Table 51 Pearson correlation matrix:autism 151 Table 52 Pearson correlation matrix: deaf-blind 152 Table 53 Pearson correlation matrix:mentally retarded.. 152 Table 54 Pearson correlation matrix:rubella 153 Table 55 Pearson correlation matrix:non-rubella 154 Table 56 Leik and Metthews test: autistic and deaf- blindchildren's data from present study in comparison to mean of mean errors of normal children's data from DCAC study and Kalish study 140 Table 57 Leik and Metthews test: Normal children's data from DCAC study and Kalish study 162 viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 Plot of mean scores on the BRIAAC scales for autistic, rubella deaf-blind, non-rubella deaf- blind and mentally retarded children 94 FIGURE 2 Scores of autistic, deaf-blind and mentally retarded children represented in a two dimensional discriminant space 109 FIGURE 3 Scores of autistic, rubella deaf-blind, non- rubella deaf-blind and mentally retarded children represented in a two dimensional discriminant space. 113 FIGURE 4 Scores of autistic, rubella deaf-blind and non- rubella deaf-blind children represented
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Psychophysiology of Aggression
    CHAPTER 5 Psychophysiology of Aggression SUSAN BRANJE and HANS M. KOOT Brief Introduction In this chapter we review psychophysiological studies of the development and main- tenance of aggression in childhood and adolescence. As aggression is likely to be a function of a complex interplay between individual and social factors, this review is concerned with the role of psychophysiological or neurobiological systems in aggressive behavior of children and adolescents, as well as with the interactions of these systems with social factors. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis both play important roles in the regulation of stress and decision making, and these stress-regulating mechanisms are thought to be important in understanding individual differences in aggressive behavior (Van Goozen, Fairchild, Snoek, & Harold, 2007). Therefore, we focus on the roles of the ANS and the HPA axis in particular. Main Issues Although a large body of literature has addressed psychophysiological correlates of aggressive behavior, the results of these studies are at times quite inconsistent. Contributing to this inconsistency in findings is the heterogeneity in studies in terms of methodological and theoretical issues. We pay attention to a number of these issues, which include the heterogeneity in behavioral constructs and the roles of sex and age. 84 Book_Malti.indb 84 5/10/2018 3:24:42 PM Psychophysiology of Aggression 85 Different Forms of Antisocial and Aggressive Behavior Regarding heterogeneity in behavioral constructs, many studies focus on antisocial behavior more generally and do not distinguish aggressive behaviors from other antisocial or externalizing behaviors. Although externalizing behaviors are often significantly and strongly correlated, failing to distinguish them might obscure research findings and interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • Leveraging Insights and Approaches from Social and Affective Neuroscience to Promote Adaptive Aging: a Workshop
    Leveraging Insights and Approaches from Social and Affective Neuroscience to Promote Adaptive Aging: A Workshop National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education in collaboration with the National Institute on Aging November 18-19, 2019 Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street NW, Washington, DC 20001 Final April 10, 2020 This meeting summary was prepared by Bethany Stokes, Rose Li and Associates, Inc., under contract to the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The views expressed in this document reflect both individual and collective opinions of the meeting participants and not necessarily those of the NIA. Review of earlier versions of this meeting summary by the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged: Kelly Beazley, Natalie Ebner, Derek Isaacowitz, Janice Kiecolt-Glaser, Anne Krendl, Rose Maria Li, Beatriz Luna, Mara Mather, Ulrich Mayr, Meghan Meyer, Judith Moskowitz, Lisbeth Nielsen, Marc Schulz, Rebecca Spencer, Luke Stoeckel, Ann Thompson, Nancy Tuvesson. Leveraging Insights from Social and Affective Neuroscience November 18-19, 2019 Table of Contents Acronym Definitions ............................................................................................................. iii Meeting Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Social Neuroscience and Psychopathology: Identifying the Relationship Between Neural Function, Social Cognition, and Social Beha
    Hooker, C.I. (2014). Social Neuroscience and Psychopathology, Chapter to appear in Social Neuroscience: Mind, Brain, and Society Social Neuroscience and Psychopathology: Identifying the relationship between neural function, social cognition, and social behavior Christine I. Hooker, Ph.D. ***************************** Learning Goals: 1. Identify main categories of social and emotional processing and primary neural regions supporting each process. 2. Identify main methodological challenges of research on the neural basis of social behavior in psychopathology and strategies for addressing these challenges. 3. Identify how research in the three social processes discussed in detail – social learning, self-regulation, and theory of mind – inform our understanding of psychopathology. Summary Points: 1. Several psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, are characterized by social functioning deficits, but there are few interventions that effectively address social problems. 2. Treatment development is hindered by research challenges that limit knowledge about the neural systems that support social behavior, how those neural systems and associated social behaviors are compromised in psychopathology, and how the social environment influences neural function, social behavior, and symptoms of psychopathology. 3. These research challenges can be addressed by tailoring experimental design to optimize sensitivity of both neural and social measures as well as reduce confounds associated with psychopathology. 4. Investigations on the neural mechanisms of social learning, self-regulation, and Theory of Mind provide examples of methodological approaches that can inform our understanding of psychopathology. 5. High-levels of neuroticism, which is a vulnerability for anxiety disorders, is related to hypersensitivity of the amygdala during social fear learning. 6. High-levels of social anhedonia, which is a vulnerability for schizophrenia- spectrum disorders, is related to reduced lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) activity 1 Hooker, C.I.
    [Show full text]
  • Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Heterozygous Knockout Mice Display Hypoactivity and Age-Dependent Working Memory Deficits
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 21 December 2011 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00085 Adenomatous polyposis coli heterozygous knockout mice display hypoactivity and age-dependent working memory deficits Hisatsugu Koshimizu1,2, Yasuyuki Fukui 3, Keizo Takao 2,4, Koji Ohira 1,2, Koichi Tanda 3,5, Kazuo Nakanishi 3, Keiko Toyama 1,2, Masanobu Oshima 6, Makoto Mark Taketo 7 and Tsuyoshi Miyakawa 1,2,4* 1 Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan 2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan 3 Genetic Engineering and Functional Genomics Group, Frontier Technology Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 4 Section of Behavior Patterns, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan 5 Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan 6 Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan 7 Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Edited by: A tumor suppressor gene, Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc), is expressed in the nervous Jeff Dalley, University of system from embryonic to adulthood stages, and transmits the Wnt signaling pathway in Cambridge, UK which schizophrenia susceptibility genes, including T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) and calcineurin Reviewed by: (CN), are involved. However, the functions of Apc in the nervous system are largely Jeff Dalley, University of Cambridge, UK unknown. In this study, as the first evaluation of Apc function in the nervous system, Adam C.
    [Show full text]
  • Utility for Candidate Gene Studies in Human Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
    Journal of Neuroscience Methods 166 (2007) 294–305 Rodent models: Utility for candidate gene studies in human attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Jonathan Mill a,b,∗ a Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada b Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, Canada Received 6 September 2006; received in revised form 30 November 2006; accepted 30 November 2006 Abstract Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder defined by symptoms of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Behavioral genetic studies provide overwhelming evidence for a significant genetic role in the patho- genesis of the disorder. Rodent models have proven extremely useful in helping understand more about the genetic basis of ADHD in humans. A number of well-characterized rodent models have been proposed, consisting of inbred strains, selected lines, genetic knockouts, and transgenic animals, which have been used to inform candidate gene studies in ADHD. In addition to providing information about the dysregulation of known candidate genes, rodents are excellent tools for the identification of novel ADHD candidate genes. While not yet widely used to identify genes for ADHD-like behaviors in rodents, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approaches using recombinant inbred strains, heterogeneous stock mice, and chemically mutated animals have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the genetic basis of ADHD. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Genetics; Animal model; Quantitative trait loci (QTL); Rodents; Behavior; Candidate gene 1. Introduction is likely that susceptibility is mediated by the effect of numer- ous genes of small effect, interacting both epistatically and with Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a com- the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • A PET Study on D2-Receptor Binding
    doi:10.1093/brain/awl163 Brain (2006), 129, 2017–2028 Support for dopaminergic hypoactivity in restless legs syndrome: a PET study on D2-receptor binding Simon Cˇ ervenka,1 Sven E. Pa˚lhagen,2 Robert A. Comley,4 Georgios Panagiotidis,3 Zsolt Csele´nyi,1 Julian C. Matthews,4,5 Robert Y. Lai,6 Christer Halldin1 and Lars Farde1 1Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 2Department of Neurology, 3Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden, 4Translational Medicine and Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, 5The University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester and 6Neurology Discovery Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline, Harlow, UK Correspondence to: Simon Cˇ ervenka, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Building R5, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Clinical observations support a central role of the dopamine system in restless legs syndrome (RLS) but previous imaging studies of striatal dopamine D2-receptors have yielded inconclusive results. Extrastriatal dopaminergic function has hitherto not been investigated. Sixteen RLS patients naı¨ve to dopaminergic drugs and sixteen matched control subjects were examined with PET. [11C]Raclopride and [11C]FLB 457 were used to estimate D2-receptor availability in striatum and extrastriatal regions, respectively. Examinations were performed both in the morning (starting between 10:00 and 12:00 h) and evening (starting at 18:00 h). Measures were taken to monitor and control for head movement during data acquisition. In the striatum, patients had significantly higher [11C]raclopride binding potential (BP) values than controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Honing in on the Social Difficulties Associated with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Withdrawal, Peer Ignoring, and Low Engagement
    Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology ISSN: 1537-4416 (Print) 1537-4424 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hcap20 Honing in on the Social Difficulties Associated With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Withdrawal, Peer Ignoring, and Low Engagement Stephen P. Becker, Annie A. Garner, Leanne Tamm, Tanya N. Antonini & Jeffery N. Epstein To cite this article: Stephen P. Becker, Annie A. Garner, Leanne Tamm, Tanya N. Antonini & Jeffery N. Epstein (2017): Honing in on the Social Difficulties Associated With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Withdrawal, Peer Ignoring, and Low Engagement, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1286595 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1286595 Published online: 13 Mar 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 55 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hcap20 Download by: [University of Iowa Libraries] Date: 31 March 2017, At: 09:20 Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 00(00), 1–10, 2017 Copyright © 2017 Society of Clinical Child & Adoloscent Psychology ISSN: 1537-4416 print/1537-4424 online DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1286595 Honing in on the Social Difficulties Associated With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Children: Withdrawal, Peer Ignoring, and Low Engagement Stephen P. Becker Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Annie A. Garner Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University Leanne Tamm Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Tanya N.
    [Show full text]
  • 2003 New Orleans, UNITED STATES
    INTERNATIONAL BEHAVIOURAL AND NEURAL GENETICS SOCIETY 6th Annual Meeting November 5-7, 2003 Hyatt Regency New Orleans Convention Hotel New Orleans, Louisiana USA Program Sponsored by National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, USA National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, USA National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, USA National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, USA Wednesday, November 5th 6:00-9:00pm Registration Poydras AB – 2nd fl RCC 7:00-10:00pm Reception – hors d’oeuvres and cash bar Poydras AB – 2nd fl RCC Thursday, November 6th 7:00-7:45am Thursday Speakers’ Presentation Preparation Loyola AB – Lower Level RCC (please bring your PPT presentation to be loaded on our computer) 7:00-8:30am Continental Breakfast RCC Foyer - Lower Level 8:15-8:30am Opening Remarks Loyola AB – Lower Level RCC 8:30-10:30am Symposium Session I Loyola AB – Lower Level RCC Genetic influences on anxiety related behaviors: From mouse to monkey to man Chairs & Organizers: Christina Barr & Tim Newman DICBR/LCS Animal Center, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Dickerson, Maryland, USA Identifying genes that influence complex behaviors has become an increasingly important aspect of understanding the spectrum of etiological factors involved in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disease. Both human and animal studies support a role for genes in the incidence of anxiety. While various anxiety-related traits are asserted to be under the influence of genes, gene association studies are often difficult to replicate. Of use to neurobehavioral genetics research is the use of animal models and the identification and definition of appropriate intermediate phenotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Neuropsychology of Self-Reflection in Psychiatric Illness
    Journal of Psychiatric Research 54 (2014) 55e63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Psychiatric Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/psychires Review The neuropsychology of self-reflection in psychiatric illness Carissa L. Philippi*, Michael Koenigs* Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA article info abstract Article history: The development of robust neuropsychological measures of social and affective functiondwhich link Received 12 November 2013 critical dimensions of mental health to their underlying neural circuitrydcould be a key step in achieving Received in revised form a more pathophysiologically-based approach to psychiatric medicine. In this article, we summarize 10 February 2014 research indicating that self-reflection (the inward attention to personal thoughts, memories, feelings, Accepted 7 March 2014 and actions) may be a useful model for developing such a paradigm, as there is evidence that self- reflection is (1) measurable with self-report scales and performance-based tests, (2) linked to the ac- Keywords: tivity of a specific neural circuit, and (3) dimensionally related to mental health and various forms of Self-reflection Psychiatric illness psychopathology. Ó Depression 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Anxiety Psychopathy Autism Neuropsychology Rest-state functional neuroimaging Medial prefrontal cortex Default mode network 1. Introduction and/or function. Neuropsychology offers a promising approach in this regard. For certain cognitive functions, extensive neuropsy- A major goal in psychiatric medicine is to develop a system of chological batteries of performance-based tests have long been diagnosis and treatment that is pathophysiologically-based (Insel established. For example, in the domain of memory, there are et al., 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • LETTER Doi:10.1038/Nature12024
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature12024 Rescuing cocaine-induced prefrontal cortex hypoactivity prevents compulsive cocaine seeking Billy T. Chen1, Hau-Jie Yau1, Christina Hatch1, Ikue Kusumoto-Yoshida1, Saemi L. Cho2, F. Woodward Hopf2,3 & Antonello Bonci1,3,4 Loss of control over harmful drug seeking is one of the most intract- Clinical evidence implicates prefrontal cortex (PFC) hypofunction2–4 able aspects of addiction, as human substance abusers continue to in the loss of inhibitory control over drug seeking, but a causal link pursue drugs despite incurring significant negative consequences1. between drug-induced neuroadaptations and compulsive seeking beha- Human studies have suggested that deficits in prefrontal cortical viour remains elusive. We focused on the prelimbic cortex, because a function and consequential loss of inhibitory control2–4 could be homologous region in the human PFC9,10 regulates many cognitive crucial in promoting compulsive drug use. However, it remains functions, including decision making and inhibitory response con- unknown whether chronic drug use compromises cortical activity trol11–15, which are compromised in human addicts3. We propose that and, equally important, whether this deficit promotes compulsive chronic cocaine use induces prelimbic cortex hypoactivity, and that cocaine seeking. Here we use a rat model of compulsive drug seek- compromised prelimbic cortex function in turn impairs inhibitory ing5–8 in which cocaine seeking persists in a subgroup of rats despite a delivery of noxious foot shocks. We show that prolonged cocaine 4–5 weeks 2–3 weeks 1–2 weeks self-administration decreases ex vivo intrinsic excitability of deep- layer pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic cortex, which was sig- Seek-take Long-access Seek-take Contingent nificantly more pronounced in compulsive drug-seeking animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain NMDA Receptors in Schizophrenia and Depression
    biomolecules Review Brain NMDA Receptors in Schizophrenia and Depression Albert Adell 1,2 1 Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria), Calle Albert Einstein 22 (PCTCAN), 39011 Santander, Spain; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 39011 Santander, Spain Received: 3 June 2020; Accepted: 21 June 2020; Published: 23 June 2020 Abstract: N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia, both in animals and humans. However, ketamine has been recently approved for treatment-resistant depression, although with severe restrictions. Interestingly, the dosage in both conditions is similar, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia appear before antidepressant effects emerge. Here, we describe the temporal mechanisms implicated in schizophrenia-like and antidepressant-like effects of NMDA blockade in rats, and postulate that such effects may indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists induce similar mechanistic effects, and only the basal pre-drug state of the organism delimitates the overall outcome. Hence, blockade of NMDA receptors in depressive-like status can lead to amelioration or remission of symptoms, whereas healthy individuals develop psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia patients show an exacerbation of these symptoms after the administration of NMDA receptor antagonists. Keywords: NMDA; depression; schizophrenia; subunit; glutamate; GABA 1. Introduction The N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor that possesses unique characteristics. The flow of ions through the channel is blocked by Mg2+. Two different processes are necessary for activating NMDARs.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities: Past and Future
    NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING DISABILITIES: PAST AND FUTURE Byron P. Rourke BYRON P. ROURKE, Ph.D., is professor of psychology, University of Windsor, and clinical professor, School of Medicine, Yale University. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Specific subtypal definitions. Of particular interest Some of the issues that dominated, or at least held are two subtypes of LD that we have identified in a reli- sway, in the neuropsychology of learning disabilities able and valid manner: nonverbal learning disabilities (LD) in the 1970s included: the definition of LD, (NLD) and basic phonological processing disabilities whether there are reliable and valid subtypes of LD, (BPPD). whether and to what extent LD are related to cerebral The NLD subtype (syndrome) is characterized by a spe- dysfunction, and whether LD are related to types and/or cific pattern of relative assets and deficits in academic degrees of psychosocial dysfunction (Rourke, 1975). It (well-developed single-word reading and spelling rela- is clear that these issues are not mutually exclusive. tive to mechanical arithmetic) and social (e.g., more Indeed, they are intimately connected. We have made efficient use of verbal than nonverbal information in progress in examining these issues, but future chal- social situations) learning, as well as specific, develop- lenges will be substantial. mentally dependent patterns of psychosocial function- ing. Generally, in children with NLD below the age of Definitions: General and Subtypal 4, psychosocial functioning is relatively typical or It has become clear that so-called “discrepancy” defi- reflective of mild deficits. Following this period, emerg- nitions of LD lack scientific credibility (Fletcher et al., ing manifestations of externalized psychopathology are 1989; Fletcher, Francis, Rourke, Shaywitz, & Shaywitz, frequent; the child may be characterized as “hyperac- 1992).
    [Show full text]