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2002 's Militia Records in the Fifteenth Century Albert Winkler Brigham Young University - Provo, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub Part of the European History Commons, and the Military History Commons

Original Publication Citation Winkler, A. (2002). Zurich’s militia records in the Fifteenth Century. FEEFHS Journal, X, 66-80.

BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Winkler, Albert, "Zurich's Militia Records in the Fifteenth Century" (2002). All Faculty Publications. 1846. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/facpub/1846

This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Zurich's Militia Records in the Fifteenth Century by Albert Winkler, Ph.D. 1

Introduction that it had lo construct effective defenses. The expansion of One of the perplexing aspects of doing genealogy is the brought large numbers of people who wanted to look locating sources relating to the Middle Ages. Few records after their own affairs. As was the case with many of are available, and many that are obtainable present few the Gennan Empire during the Middle Ages, Zurich staged names. Equally frustrating is the fact that most materials a social revolution in the early 14'h century. Led by Rudolf give no infonnation aside from a name, and many sources Brun, an upper-class revolutionary, the city drove the deal solely with noble families. An exception to these Church largely out of politics and restricted the influence of problems are some civic documents. When towns gained nobles. Following the example of many Gennan control of their governments in the high Middle Ages in cities, most notably Strasbourg, Brun established city places like the German Empire, the city councils began to councils comprised of two bodies. The large (Gross) city keep their own records. These materials tend to differ from council consisted of 200 men elected by vote of adult, male those found in the archives of the nobles or in Church members of guilds. From the greater council, the all­ repositories. Since the leaders in the communities seldom important small (Klein) council was selected. Initially, the received a education, they had their materials recorded small council was comprised of both lower-class residents of in the vernacular. In addition, the materials often deal with the town and local nobles, but, by the end of the century, the the activities and policies of people of the lower classes nobles had been excluded, and the city government operated giving the modem researcher essential infonnation without them. The small council chose a from its regarding the nature of these persons' lives and activities. members, but this person could only serve in that capacity An example of what can be learned about individuals in for 6 months and had to be replaced by another man after his the fifteenth century are the military records of Zurich, tenure of office. This fonn of government was so effective , largely from 1443 to 1444. These items it operated in Zurich for 500 years and was only replaced in include information that greatly expands our knowledge of the mid-19th century. Much like Cleisthenes in ancient lives of the people of Zurich in the late Middle Ages. One of , Rudolf Brun expanded Zurich democracy, defended the most important sources are the muster lists of the civic it against all enemies, oversaw its operation, and then left the militia probably in 1443. The manuscript records the names scene allowing it to function on its own.3 of 2760 of men under arms at that time, and it gives Zurich was then in the hands of the elected leaders of information on the soldiers' social status, occupation and guilds, and record keeping reflected their interests and guild affiliations, family relationships, weapons they abilities. Civic officials wanted records they could easily carried, and position in military fonnations. understand, and they discarded writing in Latin preferring all materials to be in Gennan. At the same time, the city council Zurich's early Democracy and Record Keeping hired secular scribes, keepers of the city seals, notaries, The development of Zurich as a stale had a direct impact archivists, chroniclers, and clerks for record keeping. These on how and why it kept records in the I S'h century. Zurich or persons fonned a highly professional group that produced was originally a small town with a population of what manuscripts the city councils thought were important. approximately 200 persons that functioned as a toll station in Many of the most well known of these record keepers had the for traffic across Lake Zurich. When some background in the priesthood, where they got much of was hard pressed military north of the , it built a their education, but had given up formal Church affiliations fortress for the town. After the collapse of Rome, the to produce secular manuscripts. Their profession was so stronghold was used by an invading Gennanic tribe, the demanding that many of them went to advanced schools for Alamanni, as a defensive position, and the location remained record keeping often in , Strasbourg, or centers of important for local trade across the lake. The cite became learning in .4 more important when an abbey was established there in the 9'h century bringing prestige, wealth, and Church influence The Zurich War and the creation of Militia Records to the area. The greatest boon to Zurich's economic The city councils of Zurich had territorial ambitions for importance came in the middle of I 3'h century when the St. most of the 14'h and IS 'h centuries. The men in government was opened to commerce from Italy because a saw other states nearby gain lands, power, and influence and new and important trade route developed immediately. tried to expand as well. Most of this growth came at the Merchants soon followed the road over the pass and across expense of the local nobility, many of whom had fallen on lakes Luzern and Zurich to the city which became much hard times financially, and the city was able to acquire larger and economically significant.2 nearby lands through purchase, confiscation after unpaid During much of the I 3'h century, Zurich had no wall to loans, and by taking as an inheritance. The most notable surround and protect it or to define its boundaries. But its success was Zurich's acquisition of the lands of the Kiburg new importance and the increased violence of the era meant family which the city had been able to seize in the I S'h 66 FEEFHS Joumal Volume X century after the male side of the line had died out. threat of a successful attack by the other Swiss states However, Zurich's ten-itorial ambitions remained unsatis­ remained. The defeat at the battle of St. Jakob an der and fied, and the civil authorities kept looking for more the fact the town was besieged at all reminded the city opportunities to take land. councils that defensive preparations must be made in A potential problem among members of the Swiss earnest. In what appears to have been a rare occurrence by Confederation that became a grave international crisis in the a Swiss state, Zurich's government began organizing the 15'" century was the question of the inheritance. military. To do so, the leaders of the city carefully drew up The dilemma developed around the question of the plans for the militia including who would stand in what disposition of lands owned by Count Friedrich VII of position, carry which weapons, and deploy in relation to Toggenburg. The Count had no heirs, but he owned large others. This included a muster list of 2760 men, and it listed areas of land to the southeast of Zurich which the city their occupations, status, names of leaders, and weaponry councils wanted badly to acquire at his death. He had been they used. Not only is this a very valuable list of names, but a citizen of the Zurich for 36 years, but he had also served as it also expands our ability to understand the development of a high public official of , another prominent Swiss infantries in the late Middle Ages. state. In the last years of his life, Friedrich was constantly surrounded by distant relatives and emissaries from various The Zurich Militia Muster Lisl'> from 1442 or 1443 states hoping that he would favor them in his will. Notably, The item is a ten-page manuscript in the Zurich state representatives from both Zurich and Schwyz frequently archives with the designation Stadt und Landschaft (city and tried to wring concessions out of the elderly and ailing man. countryside). Cl, Schachtel (box) 55 , Nr. 1748. More By the time he died in 1436, both Zurich and Schwyz recently, it has been found in Akte11abteilu11g (document claimed the old Count had left each of them his holdings. As section) A 30. I Reisrijdef (ancillary documents) Nr. 3. The one contemporary Zurich historian, Gerold Edlibach, wryly document cannot be dated with certainty, but it was commented, Friedrich had tied the "tails" (Schwiinze) of composed most likely between June 1442 and June 1443 Schwyz and Zurich together like a pair of angry dogs.' because only the areas then controlled by Zurich are Schwyz probably had the better claim to the inheritance, mentioned in the item. 7 but Zurich soon sent troops to occupy key positions in the The leaders of Zurich's forces are always given as area. The failure of diplomacy to bring a favorable outcome h6ptman (Hauptmann). While the German word to both parties led to war, and fighting broke out in 1439. Hauptmann may be translated as captain, the rank structure Schwyz had gathered support from other members of the of Zurich's army defies a modern interpretation. The term Swiss Confederation effectively isolating Zurich, and the h6pnnan is used for the commander of the entire state or for city soon felt isolated and in need of allies. In what was seen leaders of several men. By modern standards, the term could as a great betrayal of the Confederation, Zurich joined an he translated as anything from brigade commander lo squad alliance with the Austrian Habsburgs, the traditional enemy leader. In the following lists, I have elected to translate the of the Swiss. Despite the pact with the hated Habsburgs, the word simply as "leader." The only other officers listed were war went badly for Zurich, and it was soon forced to fall back the men gehiirend z1/ dem pa11er (belonging lo the banner) or on its own resources. In 1443, the city was defeated by a "under paner" (under the banner). These men probably Confederate army just outside its walls at the battle of St. carried the banner and may be considered important officers. Jakob an der Sihl, and was forced to withdraw its forces While the term Venner (banner carrier) was used in other inside the town to prevent the seizure of the city. A truce was Swiss documents at this time, the muster lists for Zurich do hastily arranged, but it was short lived, and the following not use the word. year, 1444, Zurich was besieged and bombarded by the The Swiss scribes of the 15'h century were not using armies of the Confederation. The Swiss forces conducted consistent rules of spelling, and this is evident in the the siege in a leisurely manner, and the city was never document. Even the most simple words like und (and) could seriously threatened with collapse. The people of Zurich be spelled und, unnd, or wit in various sources. Names also even left the gates to their cities open and frolicked unarmed presented problems. For example, the White Buok of outside the town walls. They taunted their adversaries with Samen, in 1471 , was the first document to mention the "unchristian" gestures and openly invited them to attack. No legendary Swiss hero, William Tell. In a single page of the such attempt was made, and the bombardment was almost manuscript, the man's name is spelled Tel, Till, and Tell.8 totally ineffectual. In fact, the only casualties of the shelling These problems also appear in the Zurich muster lists. Even reportedly were a priest, a lookout in a lower, and a hen and a simple name such as Uli (usually short for Ulrich) is her chicks. After I 0 weeks and three days, the spelled Uli, Uli, or Oli. Similar names also have vmiant Confederation gave up its fruitless siege and withdrew." spellings like Schneider, Schnider, and Schnyder. Despite the successful resistence to the attacks hy other The militiamen were placed in categories on the basis of members of the Swiss Confederation, Zurich had cause for the guild with which the men were associated if they lived in concern. The war cost the city much of its trade, and the the city. The troops were also arrayed with others from the town fell into an economic depression which forced many of same locality or village if they resided in the countryside. its citizens to seek employment elsewhere. Additionally, the The soldiers were also placed in categories by which FEEFHS Joumal Volume X 67 weapons they wielded. The terms for some of these devices (cross bows), schUtzen (harquebus or hand cannon), buchsen are difficult lo translate. They include schutzen which was (cannon or another kind of hand cannon). The pike was a an early version of the musket. These weapons were similar pole with an iron point on it, very much like a large spear, to the harquebus used later which was a match-lock device that was often used to keep attacking men on horseback from where a powder charge in a tube was ignited by inserting a crashing into a line of infantry. Long pikes were often 18 burning cord through touch hole, the resulting explosion feel in length. Short weapons were often called hellebarde sent a ball at the target. In the middle of the 15' 11 century, or halberds, and were variations of pole axes from 5 to 8 feet these firearms were not as well developed as were the in length. These arms were versatile weapons. They often harquebus that were used later, so I have translated this term had an point on the end for thrusting, an ax blade on the side as "hand cannon." fotSi'ashing, and a hook opposite the blade for snagging Other weapons used include Lange spiesse (long pikes), armor, so a rider could be pulled from his horse. I have spiesse (pikes) kurtze gewere (short weapons), armbruste chosen to call these devices, "short weapons."9

Fig. I - Map of Zurich in 1504

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68 FEEFHS Journal Volume X Zurich's Miliary Personnel during the Jos Studer Hcini Klouer Zurich War, circa 144310 Hanns Kosch Uly Schik Appenzeller Men with short weapons: Names of Men from the City Well supplied men with short weapons: Jacob Hagnower (leader) Civic Leaders Master forg Sidennayer (leader) Heini Story Overall leader: Johanns Swend R dolf Moser Herman Zoller Barmer carriers: Jacob Benn and Pentelly Heine Ti.inger Brutter Hagnower Uly Rietman Rober Hanns Tugginer (struck out) Notisen Men carrying hand cannon: Heine Leinbacher Messerschmid der Swegler (leader) Claus im Grund Salabach Erhart Thyg Ri.idy Wetteswiler Zeiner Ulrich Moser Heini Torman Ri.idy Baldinger Schennikon Wine Producer's Guild Hanns Sidenfaden Heini Meyer Cun rat am W asen Men with short weapons (wood cutters): Overall leader: Jacob Brunner Sigmund Graff Klingnower (leader) Banner carriers: Marx Ri)iber and Hanns Winant Zoller Burgy Widmer von Loppen Ri.idy Imbach Heini Friman Werder Salman Men with hand cannon: Heine Weibel Burgy Klinger !Leader not listed] Uly Geller Heine von Gachnang Sussenbretly Hanns Zeller Heini Swager Oswald Schmid Men with the long pikes: Kleinbr()ttly (struck out) Billy Gilg Brunner (leader) Bartlome Reig Heini Brunner Wettler Huber Kilchmeyer Str<.)ily Nagel Shopkeepers Guild Griessenberg Issinger Pike men: Hanns Friel3 Overall leader: Hanns Hagnower, also Jacob Ochsner (leader) Hanns Leman known as Bopp Amptz Titzler Ba1111er carriers: Jekly Hagnower and Brunner Hanns Weber Hanns Nadler Jos Schmid Petter Schorly Eberly Wi.ist Hanns Nier Ha11d ca11non, can11on, 11 and pikes: Kni)idly Hanns Abalbis Hanns Scherer (leader) Scholtz Men carrying short weapons who are well Herman Bischof Ram supplied: Torm an Buchenegger Gl)tz Escher (leader) Cunrat Klein Stroily Jacob Murer Hanns von Naw Oberdorf tang (tall) Swend Claus Keller Zayg Rudolf Benn Mathis Schmid Pike men: Rudolf Meis Stichdenast Felix Ory (leader) Rudolf Schulthes Halbschutz Hans Ory Jacob Swartzmurer (struck out) Cuntz Bopp Habersat Rudolf Kilchmatter Hanns Pfulwendorf Hagnower Hanns Thumm Petter Iring Maller Torberg Hanns von Egre Rutschman, from Usikon Achtertinger Well-supplied men with short weapons: Clewy von Burg Heinrich Escher Heinrich Obrost (leader) Men with short weapons: Well supplied men with short weapons: Harscher Hanns (leader) Hanns Studer (leader) Fridrich Einsideller Mi.issikon Hanns Kramer Hanns Mellinger Johanns Keller Heini Kramer Nitfurer Cunrat sin sun (his son) Uly Kramer Stettfurt Wi.ist Wetteswiler Felix von Egre Zeyg Thomas Studer Jung Nadler Kilchman FEEFHS Joumal Volume IX 69 Rudolf von Cham Burkart Scherer Ciini Roist Tircr Teryns Scherer Peyer Riichly Funk Pike men: Hanns Herlt Burdy Heinrich Sutter (leader) Hanns Glatt Pur Hanns Sutler Erhart Scherer Oberly Sattler Ruf Scholtz Baker and Miller Guild Men with short weapons: Tub Hcini Spenly (leader) Schiinman Overall leader: C nrat von Cham Lenhart Sessler Muller Banner carriers: Ott Werdmuller and MUiier im W erd Rotthan Hanns von Cham Osterwald Sigrest von Widen Men carrying hand cannon: Meyer von Birch Blacksmith's Guild Cuni Spenly (leader) Marty Schonnenberg Bropst Overall leade r: Meister )burger Heini Kung Hanns Werdmuller Banner rnrriers: Meister Stcmmely and Hanns von Helman Cuntz Kraft Heini von Wil Mertz Weapons Maker Guild Men carrying hand cw1110n: Schlig [Leader not listed I Uli Tollikon uf Dorf [Uli Tollikon in Overall leader: Hanns Rosenstok Heuman Rechberger the village] Banner carriers: Wernly Schurmeyer Hanns HuruB Hensly Rdist and Hanns Heintz Hanns Schollenbcrg Widerker Beringer Halbiscn Cunrat Werdmuller Men with the fumd cannon and the men Hanns Glligly Men with cannon (buchsen) and pikes: with long pikes: Hanns Widerhopl Heini Uttinger (leader) Hanns Hirss (leader) Jacob Springindes Hensly Petter Rtidy Abbtil Busch men Hensly Gamlikon Weninger Hanns Bader Uly Tollikon in Niderdorf ["in O!y Studer Faber Niderdort"-probably to differentiate Hensly Am-BUI Men with the long pikes: him from the man of the same name Hanns von Cappel Rudolf Bader (leader) "in the l'illage" listed above J Claus Gruber Wibland Jos BLiier Rtidy Huwincr Rudolf Logisen Hensly Brunner Kager Rudy Sitz Frowenfeld Heini Meiger Cuntz Kung Ulman Sager Men with short weapons: Hanns Kugclly Bertschy Scherer Ctini Studer (leader) Schulmeistcr Hensly Tagen Frik Hanns von Bilgry Men with short weapons: Heini Frig Niefergalt Heini Albrecht (leader) Raffenspurg Wtist Meister Nuwiler Men with short weapons: Rtidy Heintz Oly Winkler'~ Heini im Werd (leader) Heini Cunrat Thony Scherer Jckly Hirt Tachelshoffer Uly von Kcisersl I Bosswil Buss Wolrower Honberger Burkly Schmid Heini Gruner Butcher Guild Petter Scherer Heini Kramer Federly Kung in Nidcrdorf Overall leader: Meister (master) Reig Merk Bader Heini foisy Banner carriers: Uly Holtzhalb and Jos Uly von Wangcn Men with short weapons: Ctintzeller Herman Scherer Hans von Rak (leader) Hanns Bosshart Vorster Men with hand cannon, cannon and long Uly Bleicher Burgy pikes: Harnerschmid Rudy Gamklikon Hanns zer Kinden (leader) 70 FEEFHS Journal Volume IX Politt Men with short weapons: jung jyoungl Swartz von Eich Oly Lienhart (leader) Ott Aber Riem Frantz Lienhart Hanns Bressly Nussbom (name crossed out) Ulrich da hindan (Dahindan) Sigrost Schmid Hanns Meyer Bluwcl Winterthurer Jos Gerhart Rott Michel Schiltknecht Petter Sutter Rtidger Witzig Augustiner B lochsutter Men with pikes: Wtist Hoffstetter Heini Si lg (leader) Hilnman FU ring Hanns Winzurn Men with short weapons: Hanns Kopff Frig Rudolf Ochen (leader) Griffcnse Bliler Claus Hirt Peter foisy Ctini Hoffman Jacob Jacob Schmid Fassler Bamser Knaber Ntirsch Peller Men with short weapons: Schiltty Munch Rtischly Men with short weapons: Ell end Swah der elter [the older] Meister Erlisholtz (leader) Heini Bunschinder Swah der jtinger [the younger] Bentelly KUrsiner Zimhcrman Rtidy Bank Sumervogel Zayg Merkly Waser Cunrat Cun Men with shirt weapons: Hcini Ncggclly Frischly Rudolf Nitfurer (leader) Frechcnman Frantz Heini von Schurman Fuchs Sumer wer Volmer Moser Schmid Men with the short weapons: Burgy Wider Spreittenbach Hanns Jung (leader) Heini Amman Stuh Hanns Schorer Huss Jacob Trinkler Russegger Sidennayer Stuply Rtidy Meyer Men with short weapons: Honrein Lochman Hanns Frig (leader) Jekly Hirt Hensly Cunral Hanns Gon Uly Widmer Rtidy Sumervogcl Ctini Gon Men with short weapons: Heini von Hase! Tuttwil [Leader not listed] Men with the short weapons: Bachmeyer Hanns Bosshart Heini Pfudlcr (leader) Heini Ernest Hanns Sidler Bertschy Schanoll Lutpolt Hanns Munch Jckly Bachs Merkly Jekly Sidler Rtidy Bank Bertschy Schnider Uly Sidler Hanns von Lindow Hanns Rubly Vollenweider Jung Landiis Thoman Uly Hirt Wernly Hofman Widmer Heini Meyer Men with short weapons: Taylor and Cloth Cutter Guild Heinrich Schitterberg (leader) Wool and Linen Weaver Guild Hanns Grundelly Overall leader: Heinrich Schmid Hanns von Costcntz Overall leader: Johanns Ruttiner Banner carriers: Lienhard Munch and Felix Blihnit Banner carriers: Niclaus Wiss and JOrg Hanns Beltzer Strowmeycr Dingnower Hanns Amman Men with hand cannon: S wertzen hach Men with the hand cannon: Claus Zimmerman (leader) Jiirg Lantzcnrein Heinrich Schitterberg (leader) Schennikon Hanns Lantzcnrein Waltherr Engenshein Ulrich Schmid Frank Gupfer Cunrat von Hain Claus von Mentz Tuner Cunral Burgdorf Jekly Blihnit Merkly Hanns Hofman Stichdenast Ulrich Kcmel Shop Owner Guild Stachelman Steffan Kumherly Men with the long pikes: Peller Tachclshoffer Overall leader: Heinrich Effinger Hanns zer Eich (leader) Wcrnly Schitlcrherg Banner carriers: Heini Muller and Uly Clewy Blahor Staffon Schulhes Seiler Heini Thoman Pike men and cannon: Burkart Sennhuser Felix Uttingcr (leader) Men with the hand cannon: Selholtzer Springiskle Hanns Hofman (leader) Jacob Cun Poulc Ktisiner Erhart Gricssenberg Rtidy Lantrikon 72 FEEFHS Journal Volume IX Men with short weapons: Jos Str()ily Jos Butsch Petter Keller (leader) RUdy Ustrer RUdy Muller Hanns Weber Claus Meyer Hanns BUler Hanns Hofman Uly Brugger Heini Jekly Hanns Keller RUdy Hofstetter Men with short weapons: Stachelman Jekly Stroily Heini Nussbumer (leader) Hanns Huttmacher Heini Story Uly Lang Men with short weapons: Hensly Gattikon CUni von Cunshein Lutty Kamrer (leader) Men with short weapons: Hanns Knoptly Tursi Lang [tall] Hanns Guggotz (leader) Hanns Krig RUdy Egenshein Alt [old! Hanns Wirtz Rutschman Huser Michel Heinrich Schnider Horner Lienhart Hensly Ustrer RUdy Schmid Heini Lober RUdy Oswald junkherr [young nobleman I Ulrich CUni Guggotz Heini von Meilan Names of Men from the Countrysideu Klein [short, young] RUdy Guggotz Men with short weapons: Vischer Heini Hanns Swegler (leader) Erlibach Siglisegger RUdy Berger Overall leader: Johanns Brunner der jung Hanns Zuricher Hensly Lang [the young] Hanns Lang Hensly Nusshum Total 5014 Hensly Wettlich Men with hand cannon: Hanns Rottenswiler Hanns Wirtz derjunger [the younger I Kussnach Heine Striiily (leader) Overall leader: Johanns Dietschy CUni Rengger Uly von RUfs Heini Nordikon Hensly Schnider Men with hand cannon: Uly Wetlich Hensly Kaltbrunner Hanns Rottenswiler (leader) Hensly Rottenswiler Clewy BUiier Scherer Heini Bucher Clewy Hoffstetter Russegger Hanns Sutter Hensly Hoffstetter Hensly von Kunshen Men with short weapons: Clewy Ustrer Uly Artter Hensly von Cushein (leader) Uly Hohstrasser Hensly Wisman Hanns Wettlich Hanns Wallwiler Neini N1jggy Uly Lochman Uly Wisman RUdy Kaltbrun Schennikon Heini Amman Heini Ki"imly Oehm an Hensly Wetlich Hensly Werder Heini von Kunshein Pike men: Hensly Jeny RUdy von Cunshein Hanns Story (leader) Men with the long pikes: Heini Wissling Heini Liggy Heintzman Cuntz (leader) Kussnach Heini Wider RUdy Guntherr Jacob Spiss RUdy Amman Heini Sidler Bentelly Burkart Hensly Keller Heini Sigrist CUni Werder Hans von RUfs Uly Andrer Heini Goich Hanns Ulman Ciini Graff Heini BUler Pentelly in der Wisen [in der Wisen - RUdy von Cunshen Total 72 in the meadow] FOlmly Uly in der Wisen Hensly Sidler Herdiberi: Jekly in der Wisen Jekly Walterminger Men with hand cannon: Hanns Guggotz Rutzman von Kunshen Lutty im Grutt (leader) Vischen RUdy Men with long pikes: Burgy Knoptly Uly Guggotz Hanns Jcgly (leader) Jos im Grutt Hanns Bruggbach Stoker Welty Zendhuser Men with short weapons: Gilg Grosshanns Kramer Hanns Bindschedler (leader) Uly von Kunshein Hensly Sigrist Hanns Eberly Jcgly Nussbum Men with the long pikes: Clewy Eberly CUni Nordikon Hanns Munch (leader) Hanns von Meilan Cunrat Leser RUdy Kramer FEEFHS Journal Volume IX 73 CUni von Herdiberg Thoman Hanns Kessler Hensly von Herdiherg Jos Murer Cunrat Kessler Oty Zendhuser Oty Murer Heini Hertly forg Striiily Hanns Schad Men with the short weapons: Hensly Erner Bachman Hensly Cuntz (leader) Hensly SUss Oly Brunner Felix Meyer Men with short weapons: Hensly Spery Hanns Notz Hanns von Herdiberg (leader) Men with short weapons: RUdy SUller Hintz im Selholtz Hanns Eberhart Hans Kung Hanns Striiily Heini Toman Heini KIOtty Hensly in der Egg Heini Hottinger Hanns Andres Pentelly Widmer Biiny Hanns Meryer Hartman im Schaflin Breittiner Heini Kung Hensly im Grull klcin !small, young] Breilliner Uly Scherer Filips Munch CUni Brunner Hensly Hollinger Heini Welllich Hanns Kienast Men with short weapons: Heini Leman Heini BUler Heini Ackly (leader) Heini Knoplly Heini Knobelly Hanns Lindiner Hanns Fietz CUni Bucher Jckly Burkart RUdy Guggelman Ochsner Heini Frank Hensly forg Studer Claus Amman Herman Fogler Total 48 Goldknopf Total 21 (actually 29) Fridly Muller Hottini:en. Oberstra6. und CUni Goller Understra6 Heini Eberly Me11 with hand ca1111011: Men with the hand cannon: Heini Widmer Hanns Hofman (leader) Hensly Berner (leader) Jbberg Schmid Huber Hanns Froidwiler Wiss RUdy Frig Leader of the men with the short weapons: Schumacher Heini Meyer him steg Heini Widmer Buman Hensly Meyer sin bruder (brother) RUdger Kipenhen Weber Hanns Tempelman Hanns Ringger Me11 with pikes: Heini Rebman Heini Frig Heini Hollinger (leader) Hartman Meyer CUni Kipenhen Cunrat Hensler Jckly Biegger Heini Waltherr Heini Bucher Heini Hollinger Hanns Jung Bertschy Leinhacher Men with pikes: Peter Kung Hensly Rebmesser Hanns RUdger (leader) CUni Stifel Uly Huber klein [liltle, young] Hanns RUdger CUny Sury Me11 with short weapons: Hanns Furbas Men with the short weapons: CUni Kienast (leader) Uty Huny Ludwig Rebman Ulrich Riller Heini Meyer Swartzenbach Jekly Kienast Hanns SUller fol my Leman Oty Tak Uly Meyer Toman Andres Friman klein (short, young) Hanns Meyer Sc hi ltknecht Rosenstok Bertschy Fubas Frik Hanns Goller Hensly Vogt Heini Obrist Short weapons: Meini Muller Egeshan Wernly SUler (leader) Keiser Hanns Lochman Rudy Kuffer CUni Kessler Oty WUst Hanns Holenweg Men with the short weapons: Men with short weapo11s: Hanns Meyer Dty Hertzog (leader) RUdy Hensler (leader) CUni Lindiner Herman RUdger Claus RUdger Hanns Sprungli Bertschy Notz Oty Ernst Hanns Wagner RUdger Waser Clewy Schad Hensly Wasser RUdy Hering Loch man Uly Amman RUdy Meyer 74 FEEFHS Journal Volume IX Riidy Bertschy Broglis sun [Brogly's son, seq.] Heini Honrer Jegly Andres Brogly Hanns Meiser Frilschy Studer Keller Men with the long pikes: Hanns Keller sin sun [his son l Heintzman Gimper (leader) Men with the short weapons: Men with the short weapons: klein [little, youngl Riidy Tempel man Heini Cuntz (leader) Heintz Meyer (leader) Husherr Wilhelm Kasper Wiist Brunner Heini Seholtzer Aber Wiist Schorer Clewy Hirt Meyer knecht Jekly BUiler Riidy Hottinger Widmer Oly Tempelman JOrg Cuntz Bertschinger Clewy Rieder Heini Lindiner Hupscher Heini Bollinger Riidy Hertt Oly Meyer Jckly Friman Spiry Schmid Klotlers sun (Kloller's son) Hans Hirt Studer Uly Traply Total 93 (actually 94) Griiningcr Men with short weopons: Ringgly Hanns Eschwurm (leader) Wippchini:en Ciini von Wil Hanns Honrein Men carrying crossbows: Leman Bertschy Riidger Schwend (leader) aber Leman Hanns Aspar Riidy Metzger Meyer Oly ab Engy Sparberg aber Meyer Welty Rieder Win garter Gerung Hensly Lully Hanns Muller Total 33 Hensly Hagen Burgy Wiss Grosshanns Kilchmeycr Hcini Burkart Rumlani: Welty Tempelman klein !small, young] Dietschy Men with crossbows or pikes: Heintz Studer Fritschy Hanns Haggelcr (leader) Men with short weapons: Riidy Keller Heini von Rutty Hanns Roll (leader) Hcini Ockenfiess Keiser Bog Riidy Jeger Eggenlswilcr Klotter Riidger Schwend !repeat of above] Kilchherr Heini uff Asp Men with the short weapons: Stierly Ernny Pelter Ciini Struwmeyer (leader) Cunrat Hageller Riss Ciini Burkart Jung Brogly Ciini Burger Hanns Kemnatter Kofel Heintzman Krull Hanns Kessler Ciini da hinden !from behind] Heini am Horn Hanns Schubinger Oly Kofman Riidy Lussten wer Appenzeller Riidy Hirt Total 40 Zeinner Biichler Weber Men with the short weapons: Voi:tye zu Meilan Total 20 Heini Widmer (leader) Men with the hand cannon: Ziilggy Hanns Burgman (leader) Schwamendini:en. Orlikon. Sebach Stricher Oly Kreps und Oberhusen Wiist Burgy Weber Men with crossbows or pikes: Vischer Heini Burgman Keller der jung [the young] (leader) Zanngger Hanns Hug Bintzmuller Gering Bernhart Ustrer Brogely Total 20 Riidy Megter Keller Riidy Kniiily Ringger W ollishoffen Hensly in der Hah Herman Men with the hand cannon: Men with the hand cannon: Meyer Hartmann Bog (leader) Hanns Schnortl (leader) Hanns Meyer Oly ab Asp Hanns im Bumgarlcn Bertschinger Riidy Lindiner Heini Leser Oly Meyer Fridrich Bloiss Rtidy Furenwang Herman Hanns Muller Oly Schnorff FEEFHS Joumal Volume IX 75 Claus Stallman Yischer Hanns Hensly Weber Hanns Swah Rutschman Kni'>ily Meyer Wernly Schorcr Peter Scherer Ochsner Hanns Meyerhof Men with the long pikes: Fri tag Men with the short weapons: Jckly Burgman (leader) Hanns Sumer6wer Heini Wernly (leader) Heini Singer Hanns Etter Heini Bilyen Hanns Kess Jekly Ringlikon Brisenman Hanns Munchly Schub Heini Mury Hanns Li'>by Jckly Kull Heine Buhensloss Hanns in der Hab Muller Peller Buhenstoss Heini in der Hab Ocker Hanns Furcnwang Hanns Leman Total 24 Hanns Schnorff Hanns Senn Oly Leman Oly Schmid Rispach und Flun Hcini Meyer Men with the long pikes: Men with the hand cannon: Men with the short weapons: Bertschy Yischtury (leader) Heini Wust (leader) Giger Meyer (leader) Hanns Stapfer Hanns Wtist Hensly Rehman Cuni Mor Heini Stamler Petter Meyer Uly Has Uly Sprungly Oly Meyer Swartz Rebknecht aher (also ano1her) Oly Meyer Heini Weber Swartz Murer Rudy Guldiner Heini Scherer Men with the long pikes: Cuni Bihcr Claus Schmid Hensly Gossower (leader) Uly Scheffer Heini Weber Heini Tuggincr Jekly Sutz Hanns Wirt Hug Tugginer Fluguff Total 89 Wcikon Mrn with the short weapons: Hanns Schnider Rudy Ustrer (leader) Ottikon Hanns Meyer Heini Gir Men with the short weapons: I miner Rudy Andres Uly Iring (leader) Men with the short weapons: Herman Mury Hensly Iring Rtidy Welllich (leader) Heine Meyer Eberly Guggenbul Hcini Gossowcr sin sun !his son] Heini Guggenbiil Hanns Gossower Rudy Stapfer Burgy Singer Hanns Hirt Heini Muller Cuni Meyer Hanns Burger Jekly Schumacher Claus Rin Bertschy Schnider aber I also another] Schumacher Heini Sleipfer Hanns Ochsner Hanns in der Hab Oly Jos Erhard Meyer Cunrat Schnider Hensly Singer Hanns Hartman Men with the short weapons: Heini Mig Rudy Neff (leader) Eberly Scherer Heini Senn Men with the hand cannon: Total 24 Heini Peyer Rutschman Hirt (leader) Herman Ziegler Heini Mcrier Winin2en und Enstrin2en Heini Kniiily Uly Sumer wer Men with the hand cannon: Uly Bubenstoss Hensly Fritag Rtidger Klotty (leader) Hensly Schmid Heintz Schlig Hensly Ersam Hanns Hartman Iberg Fritag Lutty Ersam Heini in der Hah Men with the long pikes: Heini Muller Men with the long pikes: Claus Hirt (leader) Dasch Heini Neff (leader) Felix Fritag Ctini Dossenbach Burgy Nell Cuni fritag Rtidy Dahinden Rudy Kncchl Hanns Walder Hollenweger Bertschy Knoptly Oly Rosenstock Rtidy Tossenbach Hensly Kni'>ily Heini Ackerman Goldsknopf Rudy Kungstcin Men with the short weapons: Heini Richiner Hensly Schmid Burghalder (leader) Claus Hofman 76 FEEFHS Journal Volume IX Zubler Riidy Mag Cliny Meyer Men with the long pikes: Hanns Mag Stuky Ciini Richiner (leader) Pauly Hensly Frig Claus Meiger Petter W etzcl Bertschy lnry Hanns Meyer Bertschy Binder Riidy Marquart Riidy KWtty Ciini Glattfelder Clewy Senn Hensly Kk>tty Hanns Sider Hensly Sehl.inn Holenweger Grosshanns Smid Heini Meyer Riidger Bader Ciintzly Frbily Men with the long pikes: Ciini Offner Men with short weapons: Riidy Schbn von Buchs (leader) Uly Ersam Lamparter (leader) Heintz Widmer Men with long pikes: Hanns Meyer Hanns Widmer Uly Degen (leader) Heini Glaltfelder Heini Meyer Hensly Burgy Jckly Sider aher (also) Heini Meyer Ciiny Bader Claus Wetzel Uly Burglcr Riidy Muller Hanns Kofman Heini Clewis Hensly KWtty Breittenstein Wernly Sussly Welty Koehly Heintz Hert Uly Sussly Riidy Hollenweger [Holenweger'!] Heini Sider Hensly Kessler Heini Dahinen Rundy Men with short weapons: Heini Holenweger [Hollenweger?) Men with short weapons: Ciini Graff von Ottelfingen (leader) Men with the short weapons: Riidy Kem (leader) Hensly Bopp Heini Ersam (leader) Heini Sewer aher !also! Hensly Bopp Riidy Junkher G tthanns Heini Bugler Uly Hug Gbtz Heini Meyer Riidy Ersam Zander Biilcr Jop Hanns Glallfelder Uly Senn Roder Hanns [struck out] Riiggensperg Bertschy Bapst Hensly Gessler Hensly Klinger Uly Teppeller Heini Rusch Hanns Rott Uly Riidis Lutty Jekly Frig Men with short weapons: Hanns Keller von Schi.iffelstorf Bullach die vo2tye Das Ampt Re2ensper2 (leader) Men with the hand cannon: Men with the crossbows: Heintz Frig Wallherr Klinger (leader) Hensly Sehl.in von Buchs (leader) Heini Frig Schening Uly Schbn Hensly Muller Jckly Kem Cunrat in der Widen Hensly Frig Hanns Kem Hensly Sussly Ulman Keller Hanns Hiltbrand Hensly Meyer Uly Sigrest Meder Ciini Nerracher Heini Nerracher Heini Spiller Riidy Muller Ciini Stresler Hanns Ciinlz Hensly Wisser Heini Merkly Scherer Merkly Meyer Ciini Merkly Grosshanns Schmid Men with the hand cannon: Men with short weapons: Heini Weber Weibel von Ottellingen (leader) Ciini Koch von Steimmur (leader) Heini Glattfelder Hanns Frbwler Hanns Welty Long pikes: Hensly Senn Hensly Meyer Uly Meyer (leader) Hensly Schmid Hensly Schmid Riidy Sesser Hensly Meyer Wernly Kempf Riisser Cunrat Swab Uly Hupt Smid Hanns Tuttwil Hensly Bi.imler Buntzly Hensly Clcinman Heini Swah Jcgly Schmid Heini MUiier Hanns MUiier Berr Uly Schmid Riidy Meyer Heini Mag Men with the long pikes: Ciiny Nuchomm Riidy Frig von Tachsnaren (leader) Andelffin2en klein [small, young] Hanns Smid Hensly Brem Men with the hand cannon: FEEFHS Jounzal Volume IX 77 Der Kn

78 FEEFHS Journal Volume IX Observations on the Names in the Zurich Muster List for 1443 The practice of giving two names was probably begun in Zurich and the surrounding areas when they became ,. necessary in the l 3'h and I 4'h centuries. The names on the list ' indicate that the process was complete by the middle of the I 5'h century in Zurich. Most of the designators in the document have both first and last names. The names with only one designator seem to be surnames probably meaning the scribe who created the document did not have access to their given names. People often took surnames to reflect their occupation or where they lived, but there is little evidence of last names following guild occupations in the city of Zurich at this time. For example, only one man from the blacksmith guild (Schmiden-Zunft) has the name Schmid even though 41 men are listed. But 5 men among the smiths have the name Scherer (shearer). Few times do the men from •' the guilds standing in ranks next to each other share the same surname. The situation is different with the men from the villages around Zurich, and more men share the same last name of the soldiers in ranks with them. Some of the surnames indicate that there were still noble lines in the countryside. While such nomenclature is relatively rare in the city itself, the countryside had many names of men with "von" as a title which accompanies their surname. This is particularly true of Regensperg which lists von Buchs twice, von Ottelfingen twice, as well as von Tachsnaren, von Scht:iffelstorf, and von Steimmur. In fact, these men comprise all the leaders of the entire area. This probably indicates that some knights were participating in the war on the side of the state of Zurich even though they are not represented as leaders in the militia in the city itself.

Fig. 2 - Swiss halberds (short weapons) from the fifteenth century, housed at the Swiss State Museum, Zurich

Fig . 3 - Points of Swiss pikes.from the midjijieenth centuiy, housed at the Zurcih am101y

Not surprisingly, the surname Schmid (Smid) appears at least 30 times in the record. However, Meyer, Meier (Meiger) is listed at least 50 times. Other important names include Mi.iller 20 times, Keller 16 times, Scherrer (Scherer) 14 times, and Frei (Frig) 13 times. The three most prominent names, Schmid, Muller, and Keller, therefore, comprise only 100 of the 2760 names or less than 3% of the total. This indicates that there were many different names in Zurich at this time. Clearly the first name Hanns was used more than any other, but there are a number of other popular first names such as Rudy, Uly, and Heini. As is well known, the name Hanns is a variation of Johannes which comes from the Biblical name John. The popularity of Hanns tends to support the theory that old Germanic names were becoming less common before the while the use of names with Christian origins was on the upswing. FEEFHS Journal Volume X 79 Endnotes Schneider. Beitriige zur Geschichte der zilrcherischen Bewaffnung im 16. Jahrhundert (ZUrich: Schulthess, 1942). 10 The names have been arranged according to guild, Dr. Winkler did hi s PhD dissertation on Swiss social administrative district, and community. The first letter of all and military hi story in the Middle Ages and has published proper names have been capitalized even though they were five books and a dozen articles on hi story. He currently in the lower case in the manuscript. works al the archives at Brigham Young University. II So ist Hanns Scherer diser schUtzen, buchsen und The standard histories of early Zurich include: Karl spiesse11 h ptman. The terms schutzen and bUchsen are Diindliker, Geschichte der Stadt und kes Kantons Zurich, potentiaC problems. As mentioned earlier, schutzen vol. I (ZUrich, 1908). See also Anton Largiader, Geschichte probably means some kind of harquebus or hand cannon, but von Stadt und Kanto11 Ziirich, vol. I (ZUrich: Eugen Renlsch buchsen might mean another kind of hand cannon or larger Verlag, 1945). artillery pieces. I will translate buchsen as cannon and hope this is not misleading. For more on Rudolf Brun see: Anton Largiader, "BUrgermei sler Rudolf Brun und die Zurcher Revolution 12 Even though the author shares the same last name as this von 1336," Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesel/schaft in blacksmith, he has been unable to prove any relationship to Zurich vol. 31 ( 1936) Hen 5: 1-206. him. Since the author's ancestry comes from the state of Zurich, however, it is a near mathematical certainty that he is See Richard Feller and Edgar Bonjour, related to the vast majority of the men on this list, no matter Geschichtsscreibung der Schweiz: vom Spiitmittelalter zur what their names, who had surviving issue. Neuzeit vol. I (Basel: Helbing & Lichlenhan, 1979). For compilations of Zurich documents in print see: Werner 13 The names of the villages and areas have not been Schnyder ed., Quel/en zur Zuricher Zunftgeschichte vol. I updated with their modem equivalent. The designations are I 3. Jahrhundert bis 1604 (ZUrich: Berichlhaus, 1936) and given as they were presented in the document. H. Zeller-Werdmueller ed ., Die Zurcher Stadtbucher des XIV. und XV. Jahrhunderts 3 vols. (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1899- 14 Total for Erlenbach. Actually 51 men are listed. 1906).

Gerold Edlibach, Clzronik (ZU1ich: Meyer und Zeller, Fig. 4 - 1444 Swiss battle scene from Werner Schodoler' s 1847). The classic account of the Zurich War is Wilhelm Chronicle ( 1519). Swiss troops are on the right Oechsli, Der Streit um das Toggenburger Erbe....._,_...... ( 1885). For a recent account of the war from the perspective of the Habsburgs see: Alois Niederstaeller, Der alte Zurichkrieg: Studien zum osterreichisch-eidge11ossische11 Konjlikt sowie zur Politik Konig Friedrichs Ill. /11 den Jahre11 1440 bis 1446 (Wien: Bohl au, 1995).

6 Heinrich Brennwald, Schweizerchronik 2 vols. (Basel: Basler Buch- und Anliquariatshandlung, 1910) 2: 126.

See Johannes Hanne. Militaerisches aus dem Alte111 Ziirichkrieg: Zur £11twicklu11gsgeschichte der lnfant;;;;­ (ZUrich: Arnold Bopp, 1928).

Das WeijJe Buch: die iiltes le Chronik die das Werde;;-J;;lfJdgnossenschaft erziihlt. Edited by Albert ZUsl. (ZUrich: ZUst, 1939). For a good discussion of Tell's historicity see: Otto Marchi. Schweizer Geschichtefiir Kelzer: oder die wundersame Entstehung der Eidgenossenschaft. (ZUrich: Praeger, 1971 ) ...... -...... For a discussion of the Medieval Swiss military see: Carl von Elgger Kriegswesen w1.d Kriegskunst der Schweizerischen Eidgenossen in XIV.. XV. und XVI Ja rhunde rt (: Mi Ii tiiri schen Verlagsbureau, 1873 ). For a di sc ussion of early Zurich weapons see: Hugo

80 FEEFHS Journal Volume X