The Ancient Greeks Speak to Us: a New Humanistic Approach to Classical Greek and Greek Culture for Secondary Schools

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AUTHOR Masciantonio, Rudolph TITLE The Ancient Greeks Speak to Us: A New Humanistic Approach to Classical Greek and Greek Culture for Secondary Schools. Students' Programmed Text - Level Alpha. [Second Edition]. INSTITUTION Philadelphia School District, Pa. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 188p.; For related documents, see ED 044 958, FL 007 032 and FL 007 113

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$9.51 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Aud-iolingual Methods; Classical Languages; Cultural Awareness; Educational Objectives; *Greek; Humanities; Humanities Instruction; Instructional Materials; *Language Instruction; *Programed Texts; *Secondary Education; *Textbooks

ABSTRACT This is a students' programmed text for Level Alpha of a humanistic approach to the instruction of Classical Greek and Greek culture in secondary schools. The goals of the program are to help students become aware of:(1) the impact of Hellenic civilization on contemporary society, including the impact of the Greek language on English;(2) the similarities and differences between classical civilization and that of the present; (3) classical allusions in literature and other forms of art; and (4) Classical Greek as a viable form of communication within its cultural milieu. The programmed text is divided into seven units:(1) An Introduction to Greek,(2) The Geography of the Greek World,(3) Everyday Life among the Greeks,(4) The Alphabet,(5) Ancient Crete,(6) Troy, and (7) Greek Gods and Heroes. Each unit consists of a set of frames containing questions. The answers, to be supplied first by the student, are also provided. The units contain cultural, lexical and grammatical material in order of increasing difficulty, and are designed to be used with appropriate tapes. Language is taught by audiolingual methods, according to principles of structural linguistics.(CLK)

*********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal, unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. *********************************************************************** THE ANCIENT GREEKS SPEAK TO US

A New Humanistic Approach

;rTit4!:V2i1 irrIcir,-, p.om0,11; c -1-no7 0 ,,. to Classical Greek ,9 6:o Zn0110>cc ilWI OroZ0-4m175292A opii .2-4-Imr-Zcr-5il 5Jrn-?,mirLIT'z'°-"nizm zon,f;u, !vrz and Greek Culture c4M?mt" -J F-' mrul;*VrAlm 2C"II?? -.4 71 X 052oLT,41 MIPril rc:,71-r-Comir OM> rolMr- -Ca'x120°m ,.. -InZx'71rn rn-060x37, for Secondary Schools mT.FPm-Om

STUDENTS' PROGRAMMED TEXT--LEVEL ALPHA

'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPY HIGH MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 3 (14-e-r 16')/2-ter r-- .2(' TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING UNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NATIONAL IN- STITUTE OF EDUCATIONFURTHER REPRO- c-17-,-1 DUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM RE T OUIRES PERMISSION OFTHE COPYRIGHT SERVICES OWNER u uu U THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA 4,4 19 71 Copyright 1970

The School District of Philadelphia

Second Edition 1971 BOARD OF EDUCATION

THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OFPHILADELPHIA

Richardson Dilworth,Esq., President

The Reverend Henry H. Nichols,Vice President Mrs. Lawrence Boonin Gerald A. Gleeson, Jr., Esq. Mrs. Albert M. Greenfield

George Hutt

William Ross Robert M. Sebastian, Esq.

Dr. Alec Washco, Jr.

Superintendent of Schools Dr. Mark R. Shedd

Executive Deputy Superintendent Robert L. Poindexter

Deputy Superintendent for Instruction David A. Horowitz

Associate Superintendent for InstructionalServices Dr. I. Ezra Staples Director of Foreign Languages Eleanor L. Sandstrom

ill FOREWORD I/r. A ;yo wriv THE ANCIENT GREEKS SPEAKTO USictiet A A iive S;7/47-V is a curriculum resource andinstructional system in the Classical Greeklanguage and culture for secondary schoolstudents.It is designed to help studentsbecome aware of:

.The impact of Hellenic civilization on ourcontemporary society

.The spoken Classical Greek language as aviable form of communication within its cultural milieu

.The enrichment of the English languagethrough the incorporation of Classical Greek roots and affixes

.Classical allusions in literature and otherart forms civilization and our own .Similarities and differences between an ancient

This instructional system was createdby a team of specialists in classical languages and literatures for the School Districtof Philadelphia.It consists of the following specially prepared materials:

.A Teachers' Guide

.A Student Programmed Text

.Tapes To Accompany the StudentProgrammed Text

.Visual Cues

It utilizes additional multisensorymaterials available from commercialpublishers.

This new approach for the studyof Classical Greek has been developed as apilot project in an effort to stimulate arenaissance of interest in Hellenic languageand culture.

I. EZRA STAPLES ELEANOR L. SANDSTROM Associate Superintendent for Director of Foreign Languages Instructional Services ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This student text was written by Mr. Rudolph Masciantonio, Curriculum Writer for Greek and Latin, Instructional Services, with the advice and help of The School District of Philadelphia's Greek Curriculum Committee and various consultants.

The Greek Curriculum Committee consists of the following people:

Mrs. Eleanor L. Sandstrom, Director of Foreign Languages, Instructional Services, School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. Helen Gizelis, Teacher of Classical and Modern Greekand World History, Arsakeion Higl- School, Psychicon, Athens, Greece.

Dr. James T. McDonough Jr., Associate Professor of Classics, St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. Elissa Wantuch Skiaroff, Teacher of Latin, Lower Merion High School, Ardmore, Pa.

Dr. Waiter Frieman, Professor of Classical Languages, West Chester State College, West Chester, Pa.

Dr. Vincent Cleary, Associate Professor of Classics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Mrs. Allison Pyle, Elementary School Teacher, Willingboro Public Schools, Willingboro, N.J.

Dr. Cordelia Birch, Professor of Classics, Chairman of the High School Greek Committee of the Pennsylvania Classical Association, Geneva College, Beaver Falls, Pa.

Mr. Alfred Chapman, Teacher of Latin and Greek, Episcopal Academy, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mr. Rudolph Masciantonio, Curriculum Writer for Greek and Latin, Instructional Services, School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. - Chairman of the School District's Greek Curriculum Committee.

The following people have served as consultants in the preparation of these materials:

vii Brother Lance Strittmatter, T.O.R., Teacher of Greek and Latin, St.Francis Seminary, Loretto, Pa.

Dr. Philip Heesen, Associate Professor of Classics, Millersville State College, Millersville, Pa.

Dr. J. Hilton Turner, Professor of Classics, Westminster College,New Wilmington, Pa.

viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii

UNIT I AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK 1

UNIT II THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK WORLD 13

UNIT III EVERYDAY LIFE AMONG THE GREEKS 27

UNIT IV THE ALPHABET 39

UNIT V ANCIENT CRETE 65

UNIT VI TROY 99

UNIT VII GREEK GODS AND HEROES 147

ix UNIT I AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK

9 Frame 1Welcome to the study of Greek! You are now using a programmed text.In using this programmed text you will need an index card or a piece of cardboard to cover up the right-hand column where answers will sometimes appear. Sometimes in a frame you will be asked to answer a question.In some frames you will be asked to perform a small task.In this frame your small task is to find an jndex card or piece of cardboard with which to cover up the right-hand column.

Frame 2 - The theory behind programmed learning is that Answer you learn faster if you solve many easy problems and know before right away whether you are right or wrong. But you would get no practice in solving problems if you were to see the answer (before /after) you replied.

3 Frame 3If you find that you cannot answer a question Answer it means that you have probably missed something in Go back a few one of the earlier frames. Therefore, what shouh, you frames. As do if you cannot answer a question ? a last resort look at the answer and review the entire frame.

Frame 1Let's talk a little now about the English deri\ atives Answer - from Greek that we have been studying.About what percortage 10n, of English words come from Greek?

Frame 5When one considers purely technical and scientific Answer - words as an integral part of the English language the percentage increases of words of Greek origin----(increases/decreases).

Frame 6English words like "meow", "how-wow" "cuckoo" Answer and "bang" are all examples of onomatopoeia

Frame 7 - The English word onomatopoeia is connected with Answer the Greek word which means ----. name

Frame 8A Christian religious rite of thanksgiving is Answer called ----. the Eucharist

Frame 9 - The English word eucharist comes from a Greek Answer word which means ----. "I thank you

Frame 10The study of life and living things is called ----. Answer biology

Frame 11 - The chemistry of living matter is called ----. Answer - biochemistry

Frame 12A written account of a person's life is called ----. Answer biography

Frame 13 - The artistic and beautiful handwriting of the monks Answer of the Middle Ages is sometimes called ----. calligraphy

141 Frame 14 - The three English words biology, biochemistry, Answer - and biography share a common Greek root, namely, the Greek "life" or word which means ----. "life's"

Frame 15 - An English word meaning "of a governor" or Answer - "pertaining to a governor" is the word ----. gubernatorial

..;'rame 16 The English word gubernatorial comes from a GreekAnswer word meaning ----. "guiding principle"

Frame 17 - The Greek author Aristotle wrote much about the Answer study of truths that underlie all knowledge and all existence, philosophy In a word, what did Aristotle write about?

Frame 18Governor Rockefeller of New York has been electedAnswer to the governorship of his state three times.Therefore three gubernatorial times he was a candidate.

Frame 19An English word derived from Greek which means Answer - "short- lived" is ----. ephemeral

Frame 20The Greek author Ph.tarch has written accounts of Answer the lives of various Greeks and Romans. Such accounts are biographies called ----.

Frame 21Forming a name or word by imitating a sound Answer - associated with the thing designated is called ----. onomatopoeia

Frame 22A person who studies plants and animals is called Answer - biologist

Frame 23A person who studies the chemical elements that Answer make up plants and animals is called a ----. biochemist

Frame 24In some Christian denominations people give thanksAnswer at a service called ----. the Eucharist Frame 25 - Pronounce aloud each of the following English derivatives: onomatopoeia, eucharist, philosophy, biology, biochemistry, biography, gubernatorial

5 Frame 26 - In your Greek notebook at the top of a page write the heading Word Study, then divide the page into three columns. Head the left column English Word. The middle column should be headed Greek Root.The right column should be headed Meaning of the English Word. The page should look something like this:

WORD STUDY

Meaning of the English Word Greek Root English Word

Frame 27In the left-hand column copy each of the English derivatives listed in Frame 25.Leave the middle column blank. You will fill it in after you learn to write Greek.Fill in the third column with the meaning of the English word.

Frame 28 - You are now using a programmed text.You should cover up the right hand column with a mask, that is, with an index card or a piece of cardboard.

Frame 29 - The new language you are now learning is called Answer Greek or sometimes Greek. Classical (or Ancient)

Frame 30Some of the world's greatest literature is written Answer 2400 in Classical Greek. Classical Greek culture and civilization reached its height about years ago.

1 3

6 Frame 31 - Is the Modern Creek language exactly the Answer no same as the Classical Greek used 2400 years ago?

Frame 32The Modern Greek language is spoken today Answer by about 10 million people living mainly in three countries: similar to Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey. Some people of Greek each other background. in the United States speak Modern Greek, and there are radio programs broadcast in Modern Greek in the United States.Although Modern Greek and Classical Greek are not identical they are .

Frame 33 - Through your study of Greek you will see how Answer cur culture and civilization grew out of the past. You will literature also read selections from the great masterpieces of Greek .

Frame 34Through Greek you will learn about a fascinating Answer people who lived thousands of years ago. You will see how law, medicine, these people have influenced modern civilization in such religion, areas as art, architecture, government, , ,and mythology, and literature (Any 3 of the above answers would be correct)

Frame 35Many English words come from Greek. Through Answer Greek your English vocabulary will grow or improve

Frame 36 - Your knowledge of how English works will also Answer improve through your study of Greek.Contrasting one improves language with another your knowledge of both.

Frame 37Learning Greek can be a very exciting and Answer enjoyable experience.However, you must study, pay close programmed attention during class, and use this text properly.

14 7 Frame 38Say the Greek proverb which means in English "Know thyself."

Frame 33Say the Greek proverb which means in English "Nothing in excess."

Frame 40Say the Greek proverb which means in English "The love of wisdom is life's guiding principle. "

I Frame 41 - Say the Greek proverb which means in English "One man is no man."

Frame 42The proverb "Know thyself" was supposed to Answer have first been spoken by a philosopher who lived around Thales the 6th century B.C. in Asia Minor. The philosopher's name was ---- .

Frame 43 - There were many Greek cities and settlements Answer in Asia Minor. Asia Minor is roughly the equivalent of the Turkey modern country of

8 Frame 44The proverb of Thales was carved on the walls Answer of Apollo's temple at Delphi.Where is Delphi? Central Greece. The ancients thought it was located at the very center of the world.

Frame 15At Delphi there lived a kind of prophetess or Answer fortuneteller who supposedly got her information from Oracle communicating with the god Apollo.This prophetess or fortuneteller was called the of Apollo.

Frame 46In ancient times generals, kings, emperors, and Answer other important people visited Delphi to get the advice of the oracle ---- of Apollo.

Frame 47The Greek proverb which means "Nothing in Answer excess" was carved on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi

Frame 48The Greek proverb which means "The love of Answer wisdom is life's guiding principle" can also mean . "Philosophy is life's guiding principle" or "The pursuit of wisdom is life's guiding principle."

Frame 49In general it can be said that the Greeks Answer (liked /disliked) intellectual pursuits, liked

Frame 50The Greek word which means "philosophy" can Answer also mean "the love of isdon" and the "pursuit of wisdom." is not This fact indicates that there (is/is not) a one-to-one equivalency between foreign words and English words.

Frame 51What is Phi Beta Kappa? Answer A national honorary society with chapters in certain colleges and universities.

I G

9 Frame 52 - This honorary society takes its name from the Answer - "The first letters of each word in the Greek proverb that means love of wisdom in English ------. is life's guiding principle.".

Frame 53 - Many fraternities and sororities take their Answer - names from . Greek letters

Frame 54The Greek proverb which means "One man is Answer no man" reflects the Greek belief that one man is largely dependent on (independent of/dependent on) other men.

Frame 55True or false: The Greeks were so conscious Answer - of the importance of unity that they spent most of their false history as a single united country.

Frame 56Explain the underlined word in the following Answer sentence: Human life is a very ephemeral thing, short

Frame 57 - Explain the underlined word: Monks in the Answer - Middle Ages were experts at calligraphy, beautiful hand- .writing or script

Frame 58 - Explain the underlined word: Biochemistry Answerthe is a fascinating subject, study of the chemical makeup of plants and animals

Frame 59 - Explain the underlined word: "Meow" is an Answer - example of onomatopoeia. adapting sound to sense Frame 60Explain the underlined word: The priest Answer - a spoke about the Eucharist, thanksgiving rite

Frame 61 - Explain the underlined word: The Answerfor the gubernatorial election was finished, governorship

Frame 62 - Explain the underlined word: One of the Answerthe subjects that college students take is philosophy, study of the truths underlying knowledge and being

10 Frame 63Plutarch has written biographies of famous Answer - Greeks and Romans, accounts of their lives Frame G4 - Copy each of the following derivatives several times on scrap paper.Learn to spell each word: onomatopoeia, eucharist, philosophy, biology, biochemistry, biography, gubernatorial, ephemeral, calligraphy.

Frame G5The following are the items you should have learned in this unit.If you are unsure of any of these review your programmed text or ask your teacher for help:

The Greek dialogue in which you say hello, give your name in a sentence, tell where Greece is, and say goodbye. b.Four Greek proverbs and the background on each. c, What Classical Greek is. d. Why Greek is important. e.' The English derivatives listed in Frame 64, f. How to use the programmed text.

11 UNIT II THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK WORLD Frame 1 - We are now going to concentrate on Greek Answer geography.Greece is a land of many seacoasts, plains, mountains and ----.

Frame 2 - Two seas found near Greece are the Ionian Sea Answer and the ---- Sea. Aegean

Frame 3The --- tended to divide the Greeks into small Answer communities. rugged terrain

Frame 4Crete is an of Greece. Answer island

Frame 5Sparta, Athens and are large cities in Greece.Answer Corinth

Frame 6The Nile River is in ---- Answer Egypt

Frame 7Mt. Parnassus and ---- are mountains in Greece.Answer Mt. Olympus

Frame 8Apollo's oracle was located at ----. Answer Delphi

Frame 9 - ---- was the home of Odysseus. Answer Ithaca

Frame 10 - Some city-states were Athens, Corinth, and Answer - -. Sparta

2 0

15 Frame 11The concept of democracy came from A----. Answer Athens

Frame 12 - In ---- the government was based onmilitary Answer strength. Sparta

Frame 13An important city of commerce was C ----. Answer Corinth

Frame 14Apollo's birthplace was on the island of ----. Answer Delos

Frame 15A story of the war between Greeks and Trojans Answer is THE ILIAD.It took place at ---- which is also TroyIlium called ----.

Frame 16Corinth was an important site for trade Answer because of its ----. Location, position

Frame 17The city which is the site of a great ancient Answer - civilization is M-----. Mycenae

Frame 18On the islandof Crete a mythological Answer - monster lived.It was called the ----. Minotaur Frame 19 - The southern part of Greece, namedafter Answer - an early king, the founder of this area,is the ----. Peloponnese Frame 20 - Delphi and Delos were places associatedwith Answer - the God ----. Apollo

Frame 21There was many Greek colonies in Sicily Answer - Italy and in southern I Frame 22Two of Greece's neighbors to the east were P- Answer - - - -- andP----. Phoenicia and Persia

Frame 23Two mountains in Greece are Mt. Olympus Answer - and ----. Mt. Parnassus Frame 24 - The home of the Muses was thought Answer - to be ---- Parnassus

16 2f Frame 25Clio was the muse of ----, i Answer History

Frame 26A girl who was chased by Zeus over many landsI Answer

and seas was ----. i Io

Frame 27Delos is situated in the middle of the sea. Answer Aegean We are now going to work on derivatives.

Frame 28When the British Empire controlled the seas it Answer -. IA' ti s a ----, thalassocracy

Frame 29The ending of the word Polynesia shows that it Answer is an area made up of many ----. Islands

Frame 30The hippopotamus is so called because he was Answer thought to be a ---- horse, river

Frame 31In the word politics the Greek word for ---- is Answer found. city

Frame 32Scientific writings concerning the sea belong to Answer ,a. branch of study called ----. thalassography

Frame 33A large city is called a ----, Answer metropolis

Frame 34Mesopotamia is so called because it is situated Answer between tw 0 ----, rivers

Frame 35The Greek expression meaning "everything ----"Answer shows the ever-moving progress of time, flows

17 22 Frame 36The Greek historian marched up-country, Answer with 10,000 hired soldiers, against the king of Persia. Xenophon

Frame 37 - In the ANABASIS the 10,000 soldiers rejoiced Answer when they reached ----, the sea

Frame 38The Greek idea that everything is in a constant Answer state of movement is expressed in English by the words: everything ____ flows

Frame 39 - The Greek scientist-philosopher who gave us Answer the idea that all things flow was ----. Heraclitus Frame 40 - The name of Xenophon's history is the ----, Answer Anabasis

Frame 41 - The governing and management of a city is Answer called ----, politics

Frame 42In the march up-country after the death of Answer Cyrus the Greeks headed in a ---- direction, northern

Frame 43The Greeks whom Xenophon led felt their Answer homecoming assured when they shouted the ----, the sea, ----, sea. Frame 44 - Xenophon lived in the ---- century B. C. Answer 5th

Frame 45 - Heraclitus lived in the ---- century B.C. Answer 6th

Frame 46The word music is derived from the Greek Answer word for the nine ----. muses

Frame 47An oread was a spirit that lived in the ----. Answer - mountains

Frame 48 - The Ionian Sea takes its name from ----. Answer - Io

18 23 Frame 49Say aloud the Greek proverb from Ileraclitus which means in English "All things flow".

Frame 50Say aloud the Greek quotation from Xenophon which means "The sea! The sea!"

Frame 51In the following frames you will see a picture with arrows pointing to certain features.

Identify each one in a Greek sentence.For example:

,,. ,.,,,,,,-T,.-

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., ;.1.. ., ,.. --. , : s..t.--, The arrow points to an !viand.You should say in Greek r"This is an island".Listen to the correct answer on tape. Then repeat it and listen to it again.

Frame 52

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Frame 55In the following frames you will see a map of the Eastern Mediterranean. An arrow will point to a particular location.Identify the place pointed to in a complete Greek sentence. For example:

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The arrow points to Crete. You should say in Greek "This is Crete". Then listen to the correct answer on tape. Repeat it and listen again.

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_ Frame 63 - In the following frames you will seea map of Greece with arrows pointing to places.Identify the place pointed to in a complete Greek sentence. For example:

4 .., ....,,:, Ot ....,..,.,- , s...., ,,,. ..,, . ,.. & . *

, ....' $i

,t'.'":". '., '7 ''' ..-it''`I',*4:)' 1

The arrow points to Athens. You shouldsay in Greek "This is Athens". Then listen to the correctanswer on

tape. Repeat it and listen again. . .

23 28 AP li) b .,.., iiii .1 a'.,.., .. . 0 ,A, ...... , . r ,t . , 't . 1 , . ,,, : ! .... , N'"e.i ., .. 1 '\ 'N .. v.-, -",...... -----.-.7 .,' 0 ' . ft./ ''.- . . *: : . ' I A> .. , )... th X"' / ..- ..t . , t\,-at 1,0 ,I, I \ 1 i , 4 v. tvi. 1 , ,...... 4 ..i - i ' i

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Frame 71 - In this unit you should have learned the following:

1. The Greek names and locations of important places in the Greek world.

2.Something about the importance of geography in . Greek history and culture.

3.Two Greek quotations dealing with geography.

4.The following English derivatives: thalassocracy, thalassography, Polynesia, hi .popotamus, Mesopotamia, political, metropolis, spread.

26 31 UNIT III

EVERYDAY LIFE AMONG THE GREEKS

27 32 Frame 1 - We are now going to turn our attention to English Answer-IC derivative work. About what Percentage of English words come from Greek? Frame 2 - Greek roots have come into the English language Answer in two major ways.First of all, the Romans borrowed Latin many Greek words and English in turn borrowed from the language of the Romans. The language of the ancient Romans is called ----. Frame 3 - A second way in which Greek roots have come Answer - to the into English is through the coinages of scholars and present time scientists.These coinages or making up of new words (today) started roughly in the 15th century and continue ----.

Frame 4 - Try to recall some of the new English words you Answer learned to say in Lesson 8.The word which meant "the zoology study of animals" is ----. Frame 5 - Zoology is derived from a Greek root meaning Answer "to live".Another word from the same root is the name protozoan of a one-celled animal, the ----.

29 33 Frame 6 - An English word which means "according to Answer - time" is_ _ _ . chronological

Frame 7 - A record of events in the order of time is called Answer - a _ _ . chronicle

Frame 8 - A science dealing with man and his culture Answer -- and especially with primitive man is called_ _ _ . anthropology Frame 9 - Anthropology comes from a Greek root meaning Answer - "man ".Another English word from the same Greek root anthropoid is_ _ .

Frame 10 - Anthrosoid means_ . Answer - man- like; a man- like creature

Frame 11 - The Greek goddess of love often identified Answer - with the Roman Venus is named Aphrodite

Frame 12 - The prefix means__ . Answer - all Frame 13 - The word meaning "of or for all of the Answer - Americas" is_ _ _ . pan-American

Frame 14 - The study of industrial arts is called__ _.Answer - technology Frame 15 - Technology comes from the Greek root Answer - art meaning_ . Frame 16 `- A mark used in a dictionary to indicate a long Answer - macron vowel is called a _ _ . Frame 17 - A device for magnifying or amplifying sound Answer - is called a _ __. megaphone Frame 18 - Exercises producing strength and beauty are Answer - sometimes called_ _ _ _ . calisthenics

30 Frame 19 - A gold-colored flower that takes its name from Answer - -the Greek word for golden is the ----. chrysanthemum

Frame 20 - In your Greek notebook under the heading Word

Study, copy each of the following derivatives.Leave the . middle column blank.Fill in the third column with the meaning of the English worthzoology, protozoan, chronological, chronicle, anthropology, anthropoid, pan-American, technology, macron, megaphone, callisthenics, chrysanthemum Frame 21 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Hippocrates which means in English "Life is short but art is long."

Frame 22 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Palladns which means "All life is a stage."

31 35 Frame 23 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Menander which means in English "It is not possible for anyone to find a life without sorrow."

Frame 24 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Mimnermus which means "What is life without golden Aphrodite?"

Frame 25 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plato which means in English "For man the unexamined life is not worth living."

Frame 26 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plutarch which means in English "The measure of life is beauty, not the length of time. "

Frame 2? - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plato which means in English "It is not a great thing to live but to live well is a great thing. " ,.:.

Frame 28 - Plato lived in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. Answer - and wrote many great books which are still widely read. philosophy Most of Plato's writings deal with the subject of .

Frame 29 - The word philosophy comes from the Greek Answer - the

word meaning "love of wisdom. " Philosophy is , study of the truths underlying knowledge and being

Frame 30 - Plato had a very famous teacher who wrote Answer - nothing.Plato often quotes his teacher and the statement Socrates that the unexamined life is not worth living is put on the lips of this teacher by Plato.Plato/s teacher was named .

Frame 31 - Plutarch lived at a time when Greece was part Answe'r - of the Roman Empire. He is best known for his on biographies famous Greeks and Romans ... Frame 32 - Mimnermus lived about 200 years before Plato. Answer - Mimnermus wrote (poetry/biography) :.. poetry

Frame 33 - Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. She Answer - is sometimes identified with the Roman goddess Venus

3231) Frame 34 - Menander lived in the 4th century B.C. Answer - He has left us many proverbs and quotations. He was playwriter a (playwriter/historian). Frame 35 - The Father of Medicine is ----. Answer - Hippocrates

Frame 36 - Modern doctors take a pledge that they Answer - will treat their patients well and uphold the standards Hippocratic of the medical profession.This pledge was written Oath by the Greek physician Hippocrates.It is called the

Frame 37 - Palladas, who said that all life was a stage, Answer - lived nearly a thousand years after Plato.His saying Shakespeare was made famous because it was quoted by in the play called AS YOU LIKE IT.

Frame 38 - Let's consider how we know about every- Answer - day life in ancient Greece. Do we have movies made in No ancient Greece and recordings and tapes of the ancient Greeks?

Frame 39 - One of the ways we know about Greek every- Answer - day life is through the science which studies their archaeology physical remains, e.g., their buildings, utensils, and art.This science is called .

Frame 40 - We also know about the Greek everyday life Answer - through . their writings (their books)

33 T Frame 41 - If a person studied zoology in school he Answer - would be studying about . animals

Frame 42 - If your biology teacher showed you a Answer - protozoan under a microscope he would be showing animal you a small .

Frame 43 - If your history teacher listed events in Answer - chronological order he would be listing them in the time order of .

Frame 44 - A chronicle would be a list of events in the Answer - order of . time

Frame 45 - The Greek prefix pan is used many times in Answer - English in words like pan-American, pan-Germanic, all and pan-European. The prefix means .

Frame 46 - Drexel Institute of Technology is a college Answer - in Philadelphia. Technology is the study of . industrial arts

Frame 47 - In a good dictionary the word "go" would be Answer - written with a little line over the "o" to indicate the long mark pronunciation thus: g6, The little line over the "o" is called a macron or .

34 38 Frame 48 - A megaphone is a device used to---- Answer - the speaker's voice, amplify (or louden)

Frame 49 - Callisthenics are performed to make Answer - the body strong and beautiful.Callisthenics are often exercises performed in gym class.

Frame 50 - A chrysanthemum is a gold-colored----. Answer - ;lower.

Frame 51 - How do Greek roots come into Eng Hill? Answer - (2 ways) 1.through Latin 2.through the coinages of scholars and scientists Frame 52 -- Copy each of the following derivatives several times on scrap paper.Learn to spell each word: zoology, protozoan, chronological, chronicle, anthropology, anthropoid, pan-American, technology, macron, megaphone, callisthenics, chrysanthemum.

Frame 53 - Now we will turn our attention to Greek Answer - everyday life, A typical Athenian citizen in the 5th light century B.C. would rise about daybreak, dress in a tunic, cloak, and sandals, and eat a very (light, heavy) breakfast.

Frame 54 - After breakfast an Athenian citizen would Answer - go to work. Athenian citizens might be artists, poets, market place sculptors, merchant; farmers, shopkeepers, shoe- makers, blacksmiths, fishmongers, grocers, or daylaborers.In the course of the morning the Athenian would buy food for his family at the agora or .

Frame 55 - The Athenian citizen would return home for Answer - lunch when (his wrist watch indicated it was hunger or the noontime/hunger or the position of the sun indicated it position of the was noontime), sun indicated it was noontime

.35 39 Frame 56 - After lunch the Athenian would return to Answer - work for part of the afternoon. Part of the afternoon dinner with his would be spent at the gymnasium - a kind of sports family or a ban- ground outside the city - where he would exercise, quet with his talk, and bathe. Then he would return home for . friends Frame 57 - Greeks ate (with their fingers/with Answer - knives, forks, and spoons), with their fingers

Frame 58 - Greek banquets were long elaborate affairs. Answer - The Greeks enjoyed both food and at these banquets, conversation

Frame 59 - After dinner the Greek family might spend Answer - time listening to stories about . gods and heroes

Frame 60 - The Greek attitude toward women was very Answer - different from the modern American attitude. Women impossible were almost without legal rights in ancient Greece. Women stayed at home, managed the slaves, and raised citizens for the state.It was easy for a man to divorce his wife but almost for a woman to divorce her husband.

Frame 61 - Athenians regarded the education of male Answer - children as (very important/unimportant). very important

Frame 62 - Female children were given whatever Answer - training or education they were thought to need at home (at home/in school). Frame 63 - Decide whether this statement is true or Answer - false.Athenian boys studied music and literature at true school. Frame 64 - At the age of 7 a boy was given to the care Answer - of an old male slave known as a pedagog. This slave manners was responsible for protecting the boy and teaching him good . Frame 65 - Athenian boys also learned to wrestle, Answer dance, and swim. They also learned to play a string ....,-..-.. is instrument called the lyre.Look at the picture of a 4 lir 6,--1_, lyre in the answer slot of this frame. rAre,.i: ._. '.7

36 .40 Frame 66 - Athenian boys from poor families would cad Answer - school at the age of 16 in order to go to work. Wealthier military training students continued in school for 2 more years.All Athenian males took an oath of loyalty to Athens and its ideals at the age of 18.The next 2 years were spent in .

Frame 67 - The following are the items you should have learned in this unit:

a.Greek viewpoints on life as expressed in 7 different quotations. b.Information on everyday life in ancient Athens. c.How we know about everyday life in ancient Greece. d.The English derivatives listed in Frame 52. e.How Greek life and American life compare and contrast.

37 41 UNIT IV

THE ALPHABET

39 42 Frame 1 - The frames you will be working with now deal Answer - with the alphabet and its history. The word alphabet cf)Im.f.s from the names of the first two letters in the a Greek alphabet, viz.,-i.1ptia. 'oeta.h the answer slot for this frame you see the CO eek letters alpha and beta.These letters are very similar to the English letters a and b.

Frame 2 - The ancient Egyptians invented a form of Answer picture writing. They used this picture writing on their hieroglyphi(:;,; tombs and altars.This picture writing is sometimes called Frame 3 - Picture writing spread from Egypt to other Arfswer - parts of the Middle East. The Semitic people in what Mediterranean is now Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon used picture writing but changed it somewhat. The Phoeni- cians were an important Semitic people.Their trading vessels sailed throughout the sea.

Frame 4 - Besides the Phoenician alphabet, two other Answer - Semitic alphabets that developed were the Hebrew and No the Arabic. The Hebrew alphabet is still used today in the writing of the Hebrew language. The Arabic alphabet is used today to write the Arabic language.Is the Phoenician alphabet still used today?

Frame 5 -The Phoenicians brought their alphabet tothe Answer '- Greeks. The Greeks changed the Phoenician alphabet Modern somewhat. The Greek alphabet is used in the writing of both Classical and Greek. Frame 6 - The Greek alphabet itself developed into Answer - two alphabets which are very important to themodern Roman world. One was the Cyrillic alphabet used in the writing of Russian. The other was the ---- alphabet used in the writing of English and many other languages.

Frame 7 - The Roman alphabet is used in the writing of Answer most of the languages in the world. Almost all Greek European languages are written in the Romanalphabet with the exceptions of Russian and

41 43 Frame 8 - The Roman alphabet is gradually spreading Answer - to non-European languages. Chinese and Japanese are Roman now being written in the Roman alphabet.Swahili and many other African languages are also being written in the alphabet.

Frame 9 - The Cyrillic alphabet was invented by Saint Answer - Cyril, a missionary in Eastern Europe.It is really Russian the Greek alphabet with some new letters added.It is used in the writing of the language. Frame 10 - Study this chart which summarizes the history of the alphabet. The alphabets still in use today are indicated in capital letters:

Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Early Semitic

Phoenician HEBREW ARABIC i Simple Greek

STANDARD GREEK Western Greek

CYRILLIC ROMAN E

Oscan Umbrian

Frame 11 - In the chart given in Frame 10 naturallythere was some oversimplification.All of the steps in the development of the various alphabets are not shown. The chart shows only the broad outline of development. Try to draw the chart on a piece of scrap paper from memory. Check your work with Frame 10.

42 4 4 Frame 12 - Name the letters in the following Greek Answer - proverb: gamma, nu, a, .. omega, theta, iota y -v w 0( rwro-v.%I Sigma, alpha, upsilon, tau, omicron, nu .. A SI , Frame 13 - In the Greek proverb re t4.1 7((1".1 tiro 10 Answer - what is the function of the marks above (A) and o? They indicate the accent in the word. You throw your voice on the syllable bearing the accent mark.

Frame 14 - The proverb rrcires r:4164.7iv was Answer inscribed on the wall of the temple of Apollo at "Know thyself." Delphi.It means in English

Frame 15 - Name the letters in the following Answer - Greek proverb: mu, eta, delta, PP7ole\v 4 yv V. epsilon, nu ---- alpha, gamma, alpha, nu

Frame 16 - The proverb,u9div .irrif was also Answer inscribed on the wall of the temple of Apollo at "Nothing in Delphi.It means in English . excess"

Frame 17 - Changing letters of a word from one alphabet to another is called transliteration.Giving the meaning of a word or expression in another language is called translation. Write the word transliteration on scrap paper. Then write the word translation. Make sure that the distinction between the two is clear in your mind.

Frame 18 - Transliterate the following Greek expression: Answer - Philosophia biou 0/A o fro stit'd ,Z90'0 Ar id/9e, V;17.12S. kubernetes.

Frame 19 - Translate the following Greek expression: Answer - firougufiee-vq7,7 Philosophy is the 9S,Aocro0/.4 guiding principle of life.

43 44i Frame 20 - Transliterate: Answer - a a4 a ... El S.11,1bo Ouget8 .11,17,. Heis aver oudeis aner.

Frame 21 - Translate: . Answer - a a a .0 One man is no man. C/S S 4 le*, ou des s sew?". Frame 22 - Transliterate: Answer - /WA./ r ratOaAdrni. Thalatt a, thalat t a. Frame 23 - Translate: Answer - The sea! The sea! eel )el Tro,61.1Adr rd. Frame 24 - Transliterate: Answer - . Panta rile'. 77,Avrot fits. Frame 25 - Translate: Answer .., Everything is in 7Toilf T4 " I . flux.

Frame 26 - In the following Greek quotation locate Answer - each breathing mark and distinguish smooth from Fir r has a rough rough breathing marks: breathing mark, r a % %. a ', All the other E / S e r Y 9 , 0 ud C / C rle9, . words have smooth breathing marks.

Frame 27 - What is the sound value or pronunciation Answer - of a rough ('' ) breathing mark? It has the sound value or pronunciation of the h in the English word "hat".

Frame 28 - Does a smooth breathing mark have any Answer - sound value or pronunciation? No

44 4ti Frame 29 - Say the Greek quotation from Plato which means in English "It is not a great thing to live but to live well is a great thing."

Frame 30 - Say the Greek quotation from Plutarch which means in English "The measure of life is beauty, not the length of time."

Frame 31 - Say the Greek quotation from Plato which means in English "For man the unexamined life is not worth living."

Frame 32 - Say the Greek quotation from Mimnermus which means in English "What is life without golden _ Aphrodite?"

45 4. Frame33- Say in Greek the quotationfrom Menander which means in English "No one can find a life without sorrow."

Frame34- Say in Greek the quotation from Palladas which means in Englis'a "All life is a stage."

Frame 35 - Say in Greek the quotation from Hippocrates which means in English "Life is short and art is long."

Frame36-42- In Frames36-42listen to the quotations as they are read syllable by syllable. Repeat each quotation and listen again.

Frame36 a rille',tr.( TiIrrine 4AA.1 a Pry. - Plato.

3 % o k t Frame37ii(rficvvodPiou ((Tima AAos 04)) Xpovou pip fres - Plutarch. Frame38 O0IllellTdCr° CROSS OC1 '8/c4rOt 4 1' 5', a 1 rr cer - Plato. 3 i Frame39 773 di 19105a ref) kour4s 'A$iPediT's; Mimnermus.

40 E.7 -so AO" Frame o i, K Errs-v c u` p . 34 A uwo-v otdc-viCs. - Menander.

Frame41 cr-tr lle?; ras43 RIOS. - Palladas.

Frame42 O fii os /9,14XUS 4 fn TEx-r)7 fteurfir7. - Hippocrates.

46 48 Frame 43 - Some of the letters in the Greek Answer - quotations you have been reading are unfamiliar z to you. For example the Greek letter zeta (Y ) occurs in the quotation ei "dr.( r Ef711' :6112 ES . This letter has the sound of the English letter ---. Frame 44 - In the quotationo1 V eergs rro s iftos oS Ar.ros:rveisio 41' r the letter xi (5) occurs. This letter has the sound of x in the word box.

Frame 45 - In the quotationTi's fitos re" xp tiro's 0p itr; the Greek leiter chi(X)occurs.It is pronounced like the eh in the English word character.

Frame 46 - In the quotation in Frame 45 the Greek letter phi (0) occurs.It is pronounced like the ph's in the English word Philadelphia. Frame 47 - The first letter of the Greek alphabet is Answer - written al and has the name alpha

Frame 48 - Alpha has the sound of the a in the English Answer - word father and is transliterated ---. a

Frame 49 - The next letter of the alphabet is, and has Answer the name ----. beta

Frame 50 - Beta is transliterated b and has the sound . Answer - of the letter ---. b

Frame 51 -y has the name gamma and is usually Answer pronounced like and transliterated with ----. g Frame 52 - Give the names of the following Greek Answer - letters: d _ delta, epsilon, zeta, eta, theta E . at

9 Frame 53 - Transliterate the following Greek letters: Answer 4 d, e, z, e, th E g

17 . 8

47 43 Frame 54 - Give the names of the following Greek Answer - letters: ( iota, kappa, K lambda, mu, nu, xi X # V N Frame 55 - Transliterate the following Greek letters: Answer - t i, k, 1, m, n, x K X 14

-V .. 1 Frame 56 - Give the names of the following Greek Answer - letters: 0 omicron, pi, rho, IT sigma, tau P 0 T Frame 57 - Transliterate the following Greek letters: Answer - o o, p, r, s, t IT Pr T Frame 58 - Give the names of the following Answer - Greek letters: upsilon, phi, chi, V psi, omega

X 40 (As Frame 59 - Transliterate the following Answer - Greek letters: u y or u, ph, ch, ps, ib o X IP 1.4.1

48 )0 41

Frame 60 - Read the following Greek quotation aloud: c.4.) el II 1A464 apX4 Ail 7 ic:og

Answer Frame 61 - Name all the letters in the Greek a Quotation in Frame 60, EV40 - epsilon, igamma, omega Eifto - epsilon, iota, mu, iota ./A04- alpha, lambda, phi, alpha /Ns kappa, alpha, iota a 0. 441/4e yd- omega, mu, epsilon, gamma, alpha a "gyp - alpha, rho chi, eta roc tau, epsilon, lambda, omicron, sigma Frame 62 - In this section of frames you will learn to Answer - read the capital letters of the Greek alphabet. You is not probably have noticed that capital letters are not used as frequently in Greek as in English. The first word in a Greek sentence (is/is not) capitalized. Frame 63 - In Greek, capital letters are used for the Answer - first letter of proper names. Sometimes inscriptions not as important are written entirely in capitals.In general, however, Greek capitals are .(not as important/as important) as Greek small letters.

Frame 64 - Read the following quotation silently s x y -via etlf...1 IJ TO 'V. Frame 65 - Read the same quotation in capital letters using Frame 64 as a guide. FNS2 Or 1AUTON Frame 66 - Read the following quotation silently: . ), prpliv .9..c- i e. Frame 67 - Read the same quotation in capital letters using Frame 66 as a guide MN'S' EN ALAN Frame 68 - When Greek words are written entirely Answer - in capital letters accents and breathing marks (are are omitted omitted/are used).

49 51 Frame 69 - Read the quotation silently first in small letters and then in capitals.Follow the same procedures for Frames 70 through 80 0/A0o-004i MOO ifUitile'VP,r*r Soi AOIO 48A 9 10TKTGEPNWTHS.. Frame 70 ) a ersa -rilpouch!, el 74,4 2 . EI IAN HP Cordial IANHP. Frame 71 oak.' r nt Osi° la r nil. CIA AATTA 0 AAATTA Frame 72 . Trie-v rot fi a 1 . ITANTA PEI. Frame 73oi)li-v pert riirrne, (AA:t etVv. Or ZHN MErA TI EITIN AAAA EY ZUN. Frame 74 per eery AN'irtii Tr)if:alos 01/4xpolyou P ilf" ME TP014 910Y ESTI"!ICAAA02.OT. XPONOY N1H1c02.. yrame 75 0 te-v. E re r, drrot AP/Ss ou ifi'n.arOs:Iv t9p1:1 ff Iv. 0 AWE:SETA ITOI 9101 Or 131.(2701 *Newnan Frame 76 riid Oros :ere, %/Puri s °A Op*' i rr),g ; 111AE BIOS ATEPXPT1H2 POPO/0 THE; Frame 77 0 irKEr- ro -vdoes"; if AS-v:auFro-9 o'ud L -le o's OYKES..T IN ETP FIN 9%ON AATJTON OTAENOM. Frame 78 r 'row*Fitse Aros. I K HNH ITAI 0 801.. Frame 79 c /. 0 irri,, os ArPoartX crS P? Of e re X 'VI?P.( Ir, . . 0 BIOS SPAXTI H LSE Tr% N H M AKPH.

a sit_I Frame 80 -Ey44) Eipi.(Agiain"/r ti . 4 )11 ry,A .avx 01 if41 ri,A 0c. E r.n.EIMI AAA KAI SIIVIErA APX14 KM TEA OS.

Frame 81 - Certain Greek letters are used commonly Answer - for various purposes. For example, in mathematics Greek letters are frequently used as symbols. The ir ratio between the circumference of a circle and its radius is expressed by the Greek letter ----.

Frame 82 - The Greek symbol k stands for Christ and Answer - is frequently used in religious art.It comes from the rho (p) first two letters of the Greek word for Christ (Yeseraes).It is a combination of the Greek letters chi and ---.

Frame 83 - Another common religious symbol is A r2 Answer - ,I. which represents God as the beginning and end of all 4Z Eips 4AOS4 things.Recall the quotation that means in English Kea 41)1 404, "I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the end." .3i,49XA M47 riAos. Frame 84 - In this set of frames you are going to learn to write some of the quotations you have been reading. Lcok at the enlarged written version of the quotation which means "KnoW thyself." " a .1 . yy_c4t9t_ -(7- -0.:4 U 72_0_1e,.. fry to copy the quotation on paper. Your teacher will look at your work.

" zi aa, 0. Frame 85 - Practice writingy-v cu vl (rat u To 10 6 times. ..

Frame 86 - Look at the enlarged written version of the quotation which means "Nothing in excess." ,, -pote-t,otyarte. . Copy the quotation carefully on your paper. Your teacher

will look at your work. .

Frame 87Practice writing pldev .4 y1 "Il 6 times.

Frame 88 - Look at the enlarged written version of the quotation which means "Philosophy is life's guiding principle." ,,,, . pilloo-oyismiti/ouKifieciolo77-)7s.

Frame 89 - Practice writing 'Wore /giffufierr 6 times.

52 Frame 90 - Look at the enlarged written version of the quotation which means "One man is no man." I` a a _1 Eiserv4p 0 vac/ s at 1/),,t), aI t b % Frame 91 - Practice writing EIS 4777,0adt4.17*, 6 times.

Frame 92 - Look at the enlarged written version of the quotation fro_ m Xenophon which means "The sea! The sea!" -g .si.1 A0( T-roc,NAcir roe. A ... I A..% Frame 93 - Practice writing VailalT T.Va Mirro 6 times. Frame 94 - Look at the enlarged written version of the quotation from Heraclitus which means "All things are in flux. " e ,.., 71-01"1/ 7"al p E 1.

.. c ... Frame 95Practice writing1T .t le Tei4 'el 6 times.

Frame 96 - Look at the enlarged written version of the following quotation from Plato which means "It is not something great to live but to live well Is a great thing. ' GILL inYpry". -=

Frame 97 - Practice writingoL ficyd Ti terry E 6 times.

53 t) Frame 98 - Look at the following enlarged version of the quotation from Plutarch which means "The measure of life is beauty not the length of time." i a A I

a A 0 tl ypf -0-Y 0 U ... a % Frame 99 - Copy /./ 1 rove 'VAtoe I fry-, ffstiAosot xpcivou pi Ire s two times.

Frame 100 - Look at the following enlarged version of the quotation from Plato which means "For man the unexamined life is not worth living." _. c ) r a 13 (CV E 5 (Tel 07 QS- 13 10 S___-011 --/g/0,7 ro g dy low rr (40, Frame 101 - Copyi :eyef i r4o-rar'grog O Of tyrossiele 0,4 ir ce two times. Frame 102 - Look at the following enlarged version of the quotation from Mimnermus which means "What is life without golden Aphrodite?" i .

77sOE ft / 0 Sa(_ TEP. __._ . J A. Xp u cr 1 s /Top oviiil SSe Frame 103 Copyrisdi fi.o s .41 T 6 , ;, , . orp u eqsfricfroc ri%Pis twice.

Frame 104 - Copy twice the quotation from Menander which means "No one can find a life without grief," viz.,o WI Zerryebp47-v ), a, filo -*/ .4 4 UffOle 0WIC v6.5.

Frame 105 - Copy twice the quotation from Pallaqs which 'means "All life is a stage," viz., Grirl*Yr? Tr :IS ce) ,et OS.

54 )1, Frame 106In the frames that follow we are going to Answer - discuss accent marks. You have probably noticed that in three Greek there are ---- kinds of accent marks.

Frame 107 - On scrap paper try to write the three kinds of Answer - accent marks that occur in Greek. 1 \

Frame 108 - An accent that looks like this ' is called an Answer - acute accent. The grave accent is similar to the acute but it slants in the other direction.Write a grave accent on your paper.

Frame 109 - The third type of accent is called the circumflex.Answer - It is really a combination of the acute and the grave.Write a circumflex accent on your paper.

Frame 110 - In the pronunciation of Greek the type of accent Answer - indicates the ---- on which the speaker throws his voice, syllable

Frame 111 - Accent marks are used in ---- Greek as well Answer as in Classical Greek. Modern

55 I)' Frame 112 - Originally accent marks were used to indicate pitch.With an acute accent the voice would be raised a little.With a grave accent the voice would be lowered. With a circumflex accent the voice would be first raised and then lowered. Ancient Greek originally was a tonal language, i.e., a language using different pitches exten-

sively. .

Frame 113 - Certain spoken languages of our own time are Answer tonal languages. For example, Chinese and Swedish. Tonal pitches languages make extensive use of different----.

Frame 114 - Greek words which start with vowels (11 E, Pb elAnswer O, u, w ) ore have a breathing mark. There are two rough types of breathing marks, smooth breathing and-- breathing.

Frame 115 - Write a smooth breathing mark on your paper. Answer a

Frame 116 - Write a rough breathing mark on your paper. Answer t

Frame 117 - As you may have noticed punctuation in Greek Answer is slightly different from punctuation in English.Periods used and commas, however, are (used/not used) in Greek.

Frame 118 - Greek uses a semicolon where English uses a question mark. Greek uses a raised period where English uses a semicolon.

Frame 119 - As we have said before, capital letters in GreekAnswer (are/are not) used for the first letter of the first word are not in a Greek sentence.

Frame 120 - Capital letters---(are/are not) used for the firstAnswer letter of a proper name in Greek. are

56 Frame 121 - We will learn to write the capital letters in Greek. Copy the following quotations on your paper.Notice that many of the Greek capitals are exactly the same as Roman capitals. FN.001DAYTON. MHDEN /TAN. cP1A0I0c1,1A BIOY KYBEPNHT1-12..

Frame 122 - Copy this quotation: EiF ANHP OYLIE12. ANHP.

Frame 123 - Copy these quotations from Xenophon and Heraclitus: OAAAT TA, OAAAT TA. 1TANTA PEI.

57 59 Frame 124 - Copy this quotationfrom Plato: OY ZI-IN MEFA TI MIN AMA ET ZHN.

Frame 125 - Copy this quotation from Plutarch: METPON MOT EITI KAAAOI OleXPONOT M H KOM.

Frame 126 - Look back at frame 125.Write the Answer quotation in small letters. Omitaccents. iwerfiev Ifi 0 CJ ken tatAlis 01) 0 oife t) pwros.

58 co Frame 127 - Copy this quotation from Plato: 0 ANEIETAITO1 BIOS

OlfBISIT01. AN OPS2ITC2.

Frame 128Look back at Frame 127. Write the Answer quotation in small letters. Omit accents. 6 :I YE ElloWTO S ,6', os ot fitur,-os n at 7gpC411, Le,

C .0 m ae 129 - In the quotation0 icPVert%VC 1705 o L gi ca 7 0°'S :4 'V 5,CO 7r (4) look at the last letter of the last word. You will notice under the CO a small iota.Copy the word on your paper.

Frame 130The small iota under the omega is called iota Answer subscriptit ___(is/is not) pronounced. is not

:ry Op cr, ff ce.) was Answer Frame 131 - At one time the word a written a-vs/4;7"w ( . When the iota lostits sound, iota it was written under the preceding vowel. The small iota subscript under the vowel is called ----.

Frame 132 - Copy this auotation from Mimnermus: TIC PE BIOS AT E P XPYIHE ActPOAITHI.

59 61 Frame 133 - Look back at Frame 132. Write the quotation Answer - in small letters. Omit accents. ri sdE RiosgiFfe X put175 *A0podeqs;

Frame 134 - Copy this quotation from Menander: OTK EITIN EYPEIN RION AAYTION OILIENOI. Frame 135Look back at Frame 134. Write the quotation Answer - in small letters. Omit accents. OW(3 ECM3 rupcov tiple-v :(Aunci-y oudevos.

Frame 136 - Copy this quotation from Palladas: IKHNH ]TAI 0 BIOS.

Frame 137 Look back at frame 136.Write the quotation Answer in small letters. Omit accents. rIflirr) ri. us6 Dios.

60 62 Frame 138 - Copy this quotation from Hippocrates: 0 810i BPAXYE H AE TEXNH MAKPH.

Frame 139 - Look back at Frame 138.Write the quotation Answer in small letters. Omit accents. 6 Rios Aoqus 4 de raver? iburpr?.

Frame 140 - Copy this quotation from the New Testament: Elf) EMI ARIA KM

12MErAJAPXH KM TEAOI.

Frame 141 - Look back at Frame 140.Write the quotation Answer - in small letters. Omit accents. beta I EIPI :1144If41 a WIII crdi :nomu TeXo s.

61 83 Frame 142 - We are now going to review reading Greek. Read each quotation aloud in this and the following frames: yz eler:Juro-v.

Frame 143 /4 * ci c v:tya-v.

Frame 144 66i lo rogft gioulfufid'7'rJTo s.

Frame 145 -Lis j-rie Otehs 4-1elie. Frame 146 OD% it r r,4 0.7)47'74.

Frame 147 7ret".1/7.44 hci.

Frame 148 ot,tineiiiret 7 IF 1 rTrvi etAA:tcZiV.11/.

I 1 Cr/2 0-v ,Bloc. Ecr T I ff:tlAos Frame 149 3 0 U Xi0 0 1,o U /I 73 NO C

Frame 150 6 .i-vcfir.irros 0 r0g Ai, .0' . Oti 0/ cid ro s a -v 17 io 17 cr . ri S dE 'Co s. a41 TE, Frame 151 - XPrthis 'A Olio cirrls ;

Frame 152 - 0to PC Erri -vE tire .9% *-to ZAtincooaf/di-re; s Frame 153 irk r? -V* 77:tS O AoS. Frame 154 -a Aresoeffxu-s, di TE-y-rp7 p.t irfirl eye)clpt :IA k .1) Frame 155 -a I 11 Eyst:te)(), tr.t)ri Aos.

Answer Frame 156 - Give the Greek quotation from the New a # Testament which means in English "I am alpha and omega, E ytAi the beginning and the end". :A Oa IN) a Gip C yet

417)0%7, reAos.

62 84 Frame 157Most of the New Testament was originally ,_ Answer written in the ---- language. Greek

Frame 158Most of the Old Testament was originally Answer written in the ---- language and then translated into Greek. Hebrew

Frame 159 - The Greek of the Bible was a special form of Answer Greek known as the koine or---- dialect. '. common

Frame 160.- We will now review some English expressions Answer connected with the Greek alphabet.For example, a delta a triangular- is ----. shaped river Mouth

Frame 161 - A deltoid-shaped object has the shape of a----. Answer triangle

Frame 162 - A sigmoid-shaped object has the shape of Answer sigma or s

, Frame 163To place in order according to the letters of Answer the alphabet is to----. alphabetize

Frame 164 - Changing s to r is called----. Answer rhotac i sm

Frame 165A very small amount is called an----. Answer iota

Frame 166The expression alpha and omega means the Answer beginning and the ----. end

Frame 167A beta. class hotel would be a- - -class hotel. Answer 2nd

Frame 168There is a type.of radiation known as the gammaAnswer ray.It is named for the -----. 3rd letter of the Greek alphabet, gamma

63 G5 Frame 169 - The following are the items you should have learned in this unit: a.The history and importance of the Greek alphabet. b.The reading of the Greek alphabet. c.The writing of the Greek alphabet. d.A Greek quotation involving the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet. e.The following English expressions: alpha and omega, gamma ray, beta, rhotacism, alphabetize, iota.

64 66 UNIT V

ANCIENT CRETE

65 1 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek: 4 Kpir/irri-vt-y7;1) A:y4ef44, mclirvc/ 4 epiiilirr% RA /i .2 TiirOS. 19 1-trUJSI. fri. Z v 3gp3v ivkpnlrfri 6 Ad84;ptv&os 2 4 i, 0' WV t-v frywrp.a Mriwzrervpos krn KO :ii wY Spa I l r Og Mt ITel 0 fi OS

2 - Now read each of the following c questions aloud in Greek and try to )7ir, 0? rri give an oral answer. Refer to Frame c. -le 1 if necessary. Then read each Ccri-v answer aloud from the answer column. T et,A Air.(/,,, e 17E A.rre /. Tro ci ern -V 1 11,171; ). c Tell. 4 160;j7-1? 3 irf.) 7.' -vrpros; Erra 9 3 % LOT/ 7'creS.

Cf MrvwsErr),/ 4-Trf10-7-11, st;i1e)(41-te . IV b tipxwv 15"/ r'?; kv I r e i I g. .) 7100" Err, -V a c 1 It Irydra ufio's 5 - Err/ -v k-v Mi -yargevie o r ; /6477. .. 8 AAR 6,40, 10 e9o-c 6_PO uEr r/ 110 k-v Aglifr ;pile Oes ; irsr -v kfi* Tr?. a 7 Ti' CO'n le o o: Mi-v w'rd upo's .. oro i -v (.../ T at 1,1,0 0 S ; err/ M :IV eftto or oS kW% rett;,pos.

67 68 8 - Read the following paragraph silently: 3 . ireTAI Er Ti V CV Tut Ai )04ile77 e 1 orye /.$Irfirr? a % A Err, l e l ro s. . M (v id s I C ,' , e#547iV o cxp9( 14) V LAl K p 47 v.8 Agit/1'40.-y Risigrrry iv kitopfrp.oMlle gre7duip a's Co T/ ire I/,rt veriffediff os "III rdupos. 9 - Now answer the following questions C in writing. Check your answers care- ' rl fully with the answer column. Zer;-tei-v 0% 6 .4) al 170eerriv p,ir,i79; r4;I.'rot/, 7TEA.irei. c 10- 7703 c crr rteo 413 MryZ row,os Eirrerit I. 40,5 7? A1 , - lee : rat ut 0 o s,- 1 1 - ire 0,u c1. 4-r, v c 8 A sigu,ory els Err/S le ev A et Ab cif). "Y 00 S; irpirri 12 -r a .-n-le 4; m r-,,,,,sarr. i`le af c C 4 i de X ai V 1."'ke rrrP; 04/0)( ea .11 a c yIrfi r7 7 p. , c c . 13 Ti' Er. 7- 1 -v 0 0 M. v es. rtu,or 3 My(4/ T11J, OS' ; Err/ /r.e. :iv 6,014, 77-0 s ire) Tal;%ipos.

68 14 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek: a M A/ 40$ Cr r%PY arifixwvel. r _, i ,, OIC I E .401st,ofelAoile. ireiirl.i AlrieWS3 MrYWOON 66.AciA sc1detAos. M(vais pirc7 Aar Ilia Acv. 15 - Now read each of the following A.0 3 Arn "V tatCI-T/10 questions aloud in Greek and try to ,, give an oral answer.Refer to Frame cefix GU 1/ 14 if necessary. Then read each 6 a - answer aloud. EVice, 1712 : ), r . TA E.r T i V 0O elio)( t a,/CV L,... lie'? Til ;

A e , / 6 COde MI-V to d'4410'4 A OS; "Yoli.Aillealot oi delier. da A o s .

17 - 011 c7 Afir-v cadAd i d 4 los;o'li.M r-v 64).t ob9$0,167 4.41 c4dAes .

69 70 .., 18 AI i re 7 Mico 44 tfiegi o-v; leV.d /WY ido rs I" 1rc7 ilgtid d Ao-v,

19 Now read the following six sentences aloud: Mr-veas p sea?Alt, eht A ay. A4 cyan 4d1 dalo-be plea?. S Ast ridig Aeryit41.1-E7 M Ilrealat A a ldd ao-vAi rvwc 014/ee I . lose cro Wveas A el 101.010-V. *lee A et IAA One Mi "V C4/ S. 20 - All of the sentences in Frame 19 Minos hates Daedalus. mean just about the same thing. Each could be translated into English

21 - In Greek, word order is not as is important as in English.In fact, the words in a Greek sentence can be mixed up usually without really changing the meaning.In English, by contrast, word order (is /is not) very important to meaning.

22 In Greek the relationship ati w Vet A 0-le between words is often indicated by the endings on the words. You have noticed perhaps that King Minos' name in Greek is sometimes spelled M slew s.and sometimes All 1.11/ La 1 Similarly Daedalus name is sometimes spelled ti el/1st A OS and sometimes .

23 Before we explain the difference direct object in .spelling between Whew sand MilecAid and between 4 IridAo S and A Pail ole we have to talk about the distinction between the subject and the direct object in a sentence. The subject of the sentence is often the doer or

70 71 performer of an action.The direct object in a sentence may be thought ..._ of as the word toward which the action of the sentence is directed. It should be remembered that not all sontonces have both a subject anrt ;) - - -.

24 Pick out the subject and "Minos" is the subject. object in the following sentence: "Daedalus" is the object.

Minos hates Daedalus.

25 - Pick out the subject and "Daedalus" is the subject. object in the following sentence: "Minos" is the object.

Daedalus hates Minos.

26 As you have seen in Frames is 24 and 25 word order in English - - - (is/is not) very important because it shows which word is the subject and which word is the direct object.

27 In Greek the subject is indicated by a special form or spelling and the object likewise by a special form or spelling. The special subject form or spelling is called Cie nominative case. The special object form or spelling is called the accusative case. Write the phrases "nominative case" and "accusative case" on your paper.

71 72 28 - Very often in Greek the nominative case form ends in a and the accusative case form ends in "le or a . Sometimes the accusative is the same as the nominative.Let us look at the nominative case and accusative case forms of some of the Greek words we have met before. The nominative case will be listed first.Say the words aloud and copy them on your paper. 44 re/4.1os A 41e/aAo-v 29 - Mille WS AftaV ta a .. 30 ;up° -vas xeo 0 le 0 "), 31- Aro s 0/0no a erle. Dietayr 0 C 32 ,e m of "V Bp "'WY 33- tat.% A co c If :1 AAes 34 - Sometimes the nominative case has endings other than S.Let us now look at some more nominative and accusative . forms. Say the words aloud and copy them on your paper. at Aecr r .1 tP. A*I rrarto 35 - (T/C11// 36- rex ffe 7 37 - 0AoWellist 00A0e00;4"V 38 - ifuorp lei T7)$ . ifufts, le* TPT-y

73 39 - Read each sentence in the following pattern practicealoud. Then make each sentence negative aloud. Check your sentence with the answer column. itit'VaJC 1494"P° hif104/5 MOV Ai/et? OZ ',44 /rel. M i'-vius:1-r 4owro -V 4o - Mhews1:effol n. y/pre. e" ° otipio-E7. 41 - AAds Aivas it:adios01, i:ilosA ire ?, ,u/r47. Niveas 64; Aatr rya -Y 42 -14rieWStgad T Tel 'Vid/ re. va 4 r-e7. 43Mi-vws OW/ "f°7-10 At / r c7 Al i."-rau s gem 9-v i -v ot,)44 ire. 44 -mryeas iiii,viosgliAorocitd-v 9"°rOgi rot "te1.414E1 ofAt ) re. AA 'etV404INOS 45 0 i A E 7 cY1' 8,0w/rosM%-v'wee.Ova 0 i) 7 A 1 e al Cc. 46 - Øi. ei4:(7, i,407T0 S'Ail old 61010.o3OtAci:Ey tifideros 447 clotA01/.

4 7 - 06/AE7:111401/7/05 91 /A C7 A)/"V p# wfrOSirel)A05 Cai #(:(1AOS. 48 - 4 , A c; rry eff(A,iros01 Aoro#41,ot1 9SlAc7 jvapwwos 01Aorosila-v.

73 74 49 hatidsles OIdeAli;wit . A et% dit Aos ou,r Olch Atrywet . 50 A di dgitAosalit 4.4 eht Aoy.hotiddA°S04K otdc helldee AO.V.

45 1 A aiddAos °I de-:1,4,40'role.bifida ilosojsr °ids.:ir4piero-y.

52 Aglidalos 07de Kel 1 Aos. 4.fichitolos ocr#r orde":(1,10S, 53 A 417 4 a ACS OrdC tRioi4 7. ;ofA t7 daos oLk ol cle Natrnev. 1' 447 d a Aos oh/c 4 4; (AtA es Or , ,.. 0/Aore piitne. 0Tose PLA a vocom-be. 55-441 chtAos ode 411 daAo sof trim-v.4-Y. OLIc 6r/rv")4v. " LI etre/4 A os 07c/c 4.4.ciaAos oeim. it vfiep-P1 vrv. oleicK uotreFY47Vv. 57 Read each sentence in the following pattern practice aloud. Then make each sentence negative by beginning it with the word pi. A ., y 1 Z 6 1 Cr d UT0-0 pi, rroir . f faoy. 58 - rriZei hillei41.i. ,w)yvZi A M/ qua. 59 - rY(Z91 tiartd.1A011. 1.47yve:ill,ibildidov. 60 - y-sew8, ,6210-y. p* y:119/filon e . 61 - ylfelja/ ilegiown-e-v.ft,yy4218, :/-4114iffev. 62 yveZ 8s 14 A Aas /4yveZA kJ A Ain

74 63 r 1'Z e 61.i.1a 7 ra V. p?yvaAPi Airniz 64 - r -rg:18/ owir.. "1.-se. //9 ,re:44 tr4V 71/7/. 65 rreot9I0,Aoa-001,,ce. fri>Y'4) 19, 91 i Aoroji..ev. 66 - yv eD 0/le vffe, -r ... r* -v. Ad?l' ve;621 iruteep VI) r)? -v. 67 - Now read aloud each question in the following pattern practice and answer aloud each question affirmatively. Check your answer by looking at the led i./Wee /Alliftis answer column. /lire/MAeritis AOY; t .. 68 pir C7 Mr-loWS AsiliOldlOY;led/. p Iere; M-rws 464 %chola-Y. 6-li 1 Cr E7 M flews :).11)01affo-y;Ted r P Ire;mi've4s ell'op 44, fro-. 70 - it//eel M irgos A.AZ-vole;-y4l'. du i et 7.AV-rws xe 0 ...-vo -v. 71 p / ere; Mr1941S H:A los,led/.ii irs7 /14/fraf s triZIA0s. 72 -iti i cc, M7-p(4, s0.a47r.ne;-ra /./pre; MlfrtiJS OgiAa r ree v. 73 AV, EI MA/WS rif/ vir;7.(/' A,I re?Mines yrj . 74 - 0 /.10,09/Lvwit. /diretg-reas ilierC7 Mrl'es/S 01/Aoreillistne 75 - -no . p 1 frc't Mr-w4n Ire;Iterye.)g treyi°907#7vr;'rug ce-v 4 rr) -1/

75 76 76 - Now we will turn our attention to the English derivatives we have learned recently. An English word meaning "dictator" or "absolute ruler" and derived from the Greek word Ttypi"If YOS is

77 - An English word meaning "bull- like" and derived from the Greek word Td De o s is

76 78 - An English word meaning "highly Daedalian skilled" and derived from the Greek A .. name at4141,4 AOSis .

79 - An English word meaning "one misanthrope who hates the human race" and derived from the Greek words /4 i re 7and Z"ViakotaffOt is

80 - An English word meaning "one philanthropist who loves mankind" and derived from the Greek words 0/.eland as .nyeeteMIS is .

81 - An English word meaning misogynist "woman hater" and connected with the Greek wordI, ors I is .

82 - An English word meaning labyrinthine "complicated" or "intricate" and .. derived from the Greek word Ao et:ietv 6'os is . 83 - An English word meaning "to philander flirt" and derived from the Greek word 56/ A E j is

84 - An English word meaning "a Anglophile lover of the British people" and derived from the Greek word ot At, is .

85 - An English word meaning "a Francophile lover of the French people" and derived from the Greek word 0i A c8 is .

77 78 ; 86 - Open your Greek notebook to the

heading Word Study. Add the following . words to the first column of your list there: tyrant, taurine, Daedalian, misanthrope, misogynist, labyrinthine, philanthropist, Anglophile, Francophile, philander.

87 - Now put in the Greek words and the meanings of the English words in the appropriate columns of your list. Refer to Frames 76-86 if necessary.

88 - Explain in your own words-the absolute ruler,

meaning of each of the following . dictator English sentences. Pay particular attention to the underlined word which is defined in the answer column. The President of the United States is not a tyrant.

89 - The man had a taurine facial bull-like expression.

90 - John D. Rockefeller was a benefactor of man- notable philanthropist. kind, contributor to worthy causes

91 - Queen Elizabeth II is a lover of the certainly an Anglophile. British people and traditions

92 - General De Gaulle has been lover of the French described as a Francophile. people

93 - There are many Daedalian highly skilled carpenters in Philadelphia.

94 - A person who would wish to hater of the human destroy the whole world with nuclear race weapons would certainly be a misanthrope.

'78-

7j ; 95 - A person who would want to make all hater of women women in the world slaves would certainly be a misogynist.

96 - High school students are much too flirt busy with their studies to philander.

97 - Labyrinthine puzzles can be fun to complicated solve.

98 - Read aloud the following paragraph in Greek: AniatoteS 0/41. a .340)(401i4.i. Odrodei bei7delAo-we.o, g$ i A a Lit icidio-v. /1.4 ire:0 44/lie.%o -v.

99 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: Mileta S £14.o 4cxcAr EF. oir OAAdr*I 4A0-V.0(2) 0 IAE7s A41641.10-v. pircisli4r4A0-,..

100 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: Air-veas le WV. cl, aZooy to -be Early, side 44 rc/.1Ao-w e. _au yd, AE7 , ....., , Adicidilo-te. pirer 43.11 0440-v.

8 101 -In Frame 98 Minos is the speaker. spoken about In Frame 99 Minos is spoken to.In Frame 100 Minos is .

102 - Frame 98 is said to be written in 3rd person the 1st person. Frame 99 is written in the 2nd person. Frame 100 is written in the .

103 - The difference between the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons is indicated by the verbs. Verbs are words which indicate action or being. Try to find the verb in each of the following sentences:

Minos knows Daedalus. knows

104 - Minos hates Daedalus. hates

105 - Minos is the ruler, is

106 - Minos does not like Daedalus. dies like

107 -I know Daedalus. know

108 -I like Daedalus. like

109 -I am not a ruler, am

Now try to locate the verb in each of the following Greek sentences:

A A . a .. 110 MI lOW S E/i/ E /4.4 /

1 1 1 - 41, iv , s E1. c ., 112 Mi-le gas Errix Erriv112 113 - 1 0 idet MI-w ta44. 0 ide/

81 " A. 0 114 - 0 i r Oa 'iv yw ait Off' Sti

115 - 04., A a. 0/ CPC Mt ledda oide 116 - d, /4 / Cr GO B6.1 ./ dal I 0 -10. dU / Or C.J 117 - /4 4-6 S d a X01 e. At iEIS 118 - ... ..e.41(re7 IA 4I ei 4A ov. friv-ei 119 - 2 1:4*) a eitcla Ao-v. 01.1 ia ° " 0 IA . 120 -oua spiAcis._, 4.1,01dAole. 0 /Avis .0 121 -oua 0/A E7 Ad/ CifiA0-. Go At: 122 - A verb is said to be in the first person spoken about when the subject is the speaker. A verb is said to be in the second person when the subject is spoken to. A verb is said to be in the third person when the subject is .

123 -In English to indicate the first person 2nd person the word "I" is frequently used. To indicate the second person the word "you" is frequently used. Thus "I know" is first person but "you know" is

124 - In English the 3rd person is often 3rd person indicated by adding "s" to the verb. Thus "he knows" and "Minos knows" are both

125 - The verb "to be" in English has special 3rd person forms or spellings to indicate person."I am" is first person. "You are" is second person. "Is" indicates the .

81 82 126 - Greek has special forms or 3rd person spellings to indicate person. Separate words like "I" and "you" are not needed to indicate the first and second person. Thus I 114 i is first person, elis second person, and r-r II is . 3 / 127 - Cii4 i, the first person "is" form, means in English "I am". 'or "he is", ET, the second iierson form, means "she is", or "you are". le r/ , the third person "it is" or form, means . "there is")

_, 128 -Ovfv et , the first person form, "knows" means in English "I know".oir 19.4 , (or "he knows," the second person form, means "you -"she knows", or know". odfde, the third person "it knows") form, means .

129 - Look at the following Greek verb forms and their English meanings: Ail triAii 14 WEIS, A4 9 re have AI Or(Al I hate the same endings as A4 rc , syou hate 0/A 47) #11EIS41 /4 / CE(A (fle,, she, it) hates OIAea I.

ift gSA w I love 0 I A E 5 you love OsAe;(he, she, it) loves What do you notice about the endings on the Greek words?

130 - Many Greek verbs follow the do not pattern of, , , ,r1,:, and911 X c1 in indicating person. Some verbs, 3 . however, such as 0144and Ey", - -(do/donot) follow this pattern.

82 131 - Read each sentence in the following pattern practicealoud. Then make each sentence negative aloud. Check your Sentence with the answer column: a I,.. 3 iyii;,:"' 19 (261r 7 trio/7pelle ... 132 - iv TAA:to',sift; 1-;TAA:sei,ourif eft:. 133 - i.v E z 4.0 erd 7 17EZys 4, irp oj A.. EIVI;. 134 - iv,kid:4 LT cvet ica as r!, obit. iv 'EA A 2 4spPr 135 i'v T A A JO E. 0. 136 - 1 y E Le an- T. 11'Etrfitroyr 9cle..r CI. 137 - !, DI Mr",(.4 S la-T-y1-,/ mr-rws owl Ee711 ifeci Tr?. i-y ir/g) 7 Tr?* 2 138 Mr-Vc4JS c rr I 'V 1 'Y M /1' 4 S 04to-ri-r `EXA14 :1I. Fr 'EX X.'s ci s. z a/ 139 MO"VdOS irT)-Y iV MineWs au ir Er 71 n# Et/or:1FrP i-r E &;io g4i rr p.

Qii -oti Vt"0 'sorrr4 70 t's Tr/ SOrryt IN - 40 1 Y T AV°id -04- no 1,7rIli A-Oic9f ' -X171 /0 r 7 ."..4.4.4..v.o fio pf 7r. 4.6.4.6V.0 T U - e to Mr /0 or of /50 ci 1 A. ' no evrt0 Xmlosor.0

vi r sox sj.prqs . socrvi 20 si9rios 337T A.010 0 sz3r, A.of, no 4 r Suc 9171 - lot., A4A. /0 5131( A.ttaX.P q0 yipg 13 s L171 - 'ay s .401 fp) IS A.r0oier 10 4*Aer/0/91 Ss3f - 8171 ,!Tr, rtiN Sol/ 20 z2vis /8,J/ y *soy 6N - yt 43r/s16 1A.0 jo 0 4a A.vsy . - 091 rists 13 no Lsricts .04.4.4.414.0 4-444.&.W.0 191 - 90 ',vitt&e- A no /of /3y A.P/S60.00r/0 *A.)7.050-0eY16 391 - . w A. 7 e r II' 1 -0 rr, ?MAO', el0 'omit./ MI - 44i), A"' If 1 t" . (5091 A.41 (10 Iptrf 158 - 1/.47. Kfi cl. 77, 79 irplr)77, -s p i re/ s ; A., v-4 159 a 447 chi AcryA i I re,' s -10.1 I. 4 ei(S4 Act -v p I ed'ia . 160 - 01 Ao rosd tgryig, i lecis ; -se4 t . ithlorojesid v 4 1IF 4:1 161 - -yo s'. .15% v 09/07'/(Iiire;S; ft I V' 0 162 - Atir..pectos /147-$.40.4 du i ci-e7 ; -nc I.AliVe0/ S /4; 1 6041,4 i re 7. 163 - m;"yeasifi..,57.,ryA , re?. led 4 M%,145 01",i; rav Afire 1. 164 -Mivws 617/4 Aol/./ irei; -owl' Mr." 4 s _4aid 4 Aws 1.4 0-67. 165 - MA061S 0/A 0 0-0ALY //,/I re '1'; -zg,t,t;T:5,111,..11. 166 - 4 0 7 .v.t )1. A 1.1-64..s Mt-rws Alcre id4 I o-e7 167 - Read each of the following sentences aloud. Then make each sentence negative. Check your answer. n0p a -e v o - 0; da Tv,o ,t V YO V Ow r ord.(.

168 Asir dd A o 10 of d. I. 4 17 At A cee °tiff or chi. 169 - rip* Tire 01 01id ,cA40_,______iffi6rn-r 0 t N 170 Ti-p A die i;r2-r80v 0Told. 7-4.1' 44.419fi'v69" 0ZIf07 del. ray Afrrt:r4e0/oev 171 TO'Y M,,t./retcro-y of cid. lb 3 J Oeft. 01 crel 172 - Read each of the following questions aloud and then answer them affirmatively aloud.Check-!-, A ,, your answer. '1044 /, rupocvvov

nip el "V V 0"e 0 70 44 01 liei.

85 1"idaticiaAo-r 6:4; 70.1 I.4 said A el. oir o Tact. 174 -Irev. 614 74 i. ie,ir pp -v cid a. 175 TO-V A etA7p/ Y 670 -i°Oior Da; -)e /1:: Of. :orItvaleleOTedel. 176 ra -ye M,7" (LT 4 Irene 01 dr 614 .;14 A T'S,' Novtord Up0 V 0Ided. ... .0. 177 74201Ie y0 "feAlr-rwS 0 rdEto Vei i.ri140.1 'V 700 -e MI.:~5 0rder. 178 - .,.,., 4 et41#10.11 Mirods Of GICI V't i' hatillt AoY 140-reas of elev. 179 - 1,945 A1Fv. ga s oldEY; 'rd. ir/O 7)-r. Milows OF dey 180 7;-,,Asi 0;i0, 'r .49 one AC-rwsvd i rOv /14"%e van. p o/der. 116;0e0 s os; div 181 - rc-yA 1 I -vZ ret vfie rMi-ykts-mo irev AhvZnivtero 0; eitlf; AeValtaideIC 182 - Now we are going to review some writings of the things we have learned about Crete's history, culture, and influence. Much of what we know about Crete comes from archaeology. Another source of our information is the w - - - - of the Cretans. 185 - The form of Greek that the different from Cretans knew was written in a script .. called Linear. B.Linear B was -very (different from/similar to) the Greek alphabet that we have learned.

186 - Before 1952 we could not read Greek Linear B.In that year the young British cryptologist Michael Ventris (:.!ciphered it and showed that Linear B was a written form of the - - - (Greek/Cretan) language.

187 Crete ruled the Aegean Sea for Minos 800 years. The cities on the Greek mainland seem to have paid taxes and tribute to Crete. The Cretans seem to have established colonies on the Greek mainland. Many of the rulers of Crete seem to have used the name M .

188 - The capital of Crete was palace Knossos - a place made famous by the great 1)- of King Minos.

189 - Sir Arthur Evans, a famous no British archaeologist, discovered the ruins of Knossos in 1899.The palace at Knossos was notable for its staircases, its columns, and its elaborate drainage and plumbing systems.King Minos was apparently so respected that there were :no/extensive) fortifications around the palace.

87 190 - The power and wealth of King much Minos had three sources:industry, mastery of the sea, and domination of the market. The Cretans did - -:- - (little/much) trading with Egypt before the year 1450 B.C.

191 Around 1450 B.C. the Egyptians stopped Crete trading with Crete and started trading directly with the Achaeans on the mainland of Greece. The Achaeans became conscious of their strength and stopped paying taxes to - .

192 - The Achaeans attacked Crete King Minos itself and burned the Great Palace at Knossos. An Achaean war lord installed himself on the throne of

193 - After this attack Crete's diminished importance in history greatly - - - - (diminished/increased).

194 - There are several famous bull myths connected with Crete and King Minos. Some of these myths involve the Minotaur - the monster born of King Minos' wife.This Minotaur was half man and half - -.

195 - Every year the city of Athens people sent seven handsome young men and seven pretty maidens to Knossos as a tax or tribute to King Minos. These young people were sent into the Labyrinth - the Minotaur's home where eventually they were killed by the Minotaur. The Minotaur enjoyed eating p .

88 8) 196 - The Labyrinth - sometimes Daedalus identified with the Great Palace at Knossos - was a kind of maze having many halls and rooms.It was virtually impossible to find one's way out once one entered. The Labyrinth had been built to house the Minotaur at the request of King Minos by the famous engineer and architect

197 - One year the son of the King of Labyrinth Athens came to Crete as one of the young people to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. His name was Theseus. Before meeting the Minotaur Theseus fell in love with Ariadne, one of Minos' daughters. Ariadne gave Theseus a special sword with which he killed the Minotaur and a spool of thread that would enable him to find his way through the

193 - Later Daedalus, the architect Icarian Sea of the Labyrinth, lost favor with King Minos. Minos had Daedalus imprisoned in the Labyrinth.Daedalus built wings for himself and his son Icarus in order to escape. Icarus flew too close to the sun and caused the wax binding in his wings to melt.Icarus was drowned in the Aegean Sea but Daedalus escaped. The part of the Aegean Sea in which Icarus supposedly% fell is called today the . I

89 . 199 - The Cretan religion centered bull around the worship of the Mother Goddess who in a way was like our Mother Nature. The Mother Goddess made the fields and forests grow. She was the life giving spirit in animals. She changed the seasons of the year. Her male companion was sometimes thought of as King Minos or the Minotaur or a - - - -.

200 - The females and the bulls was depicted in Cretan sculpture and painting often have a religious significance.Cretan religion - as well as Cretan art and architecture (was/was not) influenced by Egypt and the Near East.

201 - Let us now turn our attention .. to the English derivatives learned in Ta'tir, 0S this unit. The English word taurine means "bull-like" and comes from the Greek word .

202 - The English word Daedalian means "highly skilled" and comes A4idet A0 s from the Greek name . " 203 - The English word misanthrope ,44 1 re I "hates" means "one who hates mankind" and is a/ A, derived from the Greeks words- - - evy uptarrOS "man" and - - - -.

90 91 204 - The English word philanthropist A ei "loves" Pia means "one who loves mankind" and yr (Ain. o s"man" is derived from the Greek words and

A 205 - The English word misogynist _hl re/"hates" meaning "woman hater" is connected with the Greek word -- - .

206 - The English word labyrinthine -10Bos means.neomplicated" and is derived d from the Greek name

207 - The English word philander 0 /A e;"loves means "to flirt" and is derived from the Greek root -- - .

208 - The English words Anglophile AE!"loves" (meaning "a lover of the British people") and Francophile (meaning "a lover of the French people") have the common Greek root - - - -.

209 - Now let's turn our attention to the Greek quotations learned in Units I through IV.In each of the following frames give the meaning in English of each quotation and the source if possible after reading the quotation carefully. Check your answer.

y -v20 6/er' ro/-v KnOw thyself. (Thales) 212 - The sea! The sea! v40 :Adr ra 6 if;i Aa7- rd. (Xenophon)

213 - Philosophy is life's 0 / A 0 O"O $6;4 let0e guiding principle. /U/51 eto-rq rp7 s. (Greek Proverb)

214 - g a, One man is no man. CISorYV/0 :(-)015/o, °Ude/ S .(Greek Proverb)

215 -oua 4A . It is not a great .717 le p erg,ri irri-v, thing to live but to A .1 Ft/a-,+1;-1.0 live well is a great thing. 'Plato)

216 - The measure of lifeH ifergre010RIOI.kCT / trod A A os is beauty, not OU )(' re. 'row p ieros length of time. (Plutarch)

217 - For man the un- 6:I-re f ;Td r ros MOS examined life is not 2 2 Ou ig i w TO Vat ,/OliOZMew. worth living. f (Plato)

218 - a/ What is life without risde fice s a r IRX Puy; s golden Aphrodite? 'A sko odtr 1 s ; (Mimnermus) 219 - At " . It is not possible 010K frri-rcuespvis/ 0-y for anyone to find a life Without t:blu 77-cry oau de-virs. sorrow. 'Menander)

220 - irral s All of life is a 4 if9-1e# a fires stage. /Palladas)

221 -o fife t;.. j% de % Life is short but 7 art is long. raX-Yr? pa frei. /Hippocrates)

Q2 222 - 4 0 a 31 I am alpha and Ejecd CI* To ',MO.( a a omega, the begin- at I ro (Ai/4 cr.( de,y1 ning and the end. (New Testament) Iret% reXas. 223 - Onyour paper, copy in Greek each quotation found in Frames 209 to 222.

224 - Let's now review some of the things is not we have learned in this unit about how Greek works. As we have seen, languages are different.For instance, English depends heavily on word order in a sentence to express meaning.In Greek, by contrast, word order - - - - (is/is not) very important to meaning.

225 -In Greek, the relationship between is words -, - - - (is/is not) often indicated by the endings on the words or, more accurately, by the spelling or form of the words.

226 - The special form or spelling of nominative a Greek word which indicates that it is the subject of the sentence is called the case.

Q A 227 - The form or spelling of a Greek accusative word which indicates that it is the I direct object in the sentence is calked the case.

228 - The subject of the sentence is direct object often the doer or performer of an action or thc word about which something is said.The word toward which the action of the sentence is directed is often the .

229 - Verbs are words which indicate third action or being. A verb is said to be in the first person when the subject is the speaker. A verb is said to be in the second person when the subject is spoken to. A verb is said to be in the person when the subject is spoken about.

230 -In English to indicate the first I person thc word - - - -is frequently used.

231 In English i o indicate the second you person the word- - is frequently used. 234 -In the following frames you will find sentences written in the first person. Change the verb to the second and third persons. Check with the answer column. a ... \ , A .0 Mt, VW S e 114 1 /17 I le 440 S, Errs

4. 235 Toy AisvotoTA 1400 V 014. TOY Airrtilraupolo 01, 194 To-be MivsarAviperyde otaev.s. 236 - 1 10 91Aoro p IA -se?lets). 91, A ore pistv freed.. 01 AoseAmv... *Irv. 237 - % A / One 0,,i (0. gory #I ACTS. /9;0v id 1A c 7. 238 -In the following frames you will find sentences which have words in the nominative case. Change each nominative form to the accusative.Be sure that you understand the difference in meaning between the original sentence ani the new sentence you prodace.If the difference is not immediately clear to you, give the meaning of each sentence in English. The English meaning of the original sentence followed by the meaning of the new sentence is given in the answer column. A " ivi i -1,14)4,pid c v to s Woo ordc Minos knows. He knows Minos.

95 239 - Ligt Ida Aovorder 4 ead a IOS Daedalus knows. 01 41( He knows Daedalus. Td-. M # 2'4° le WT.tufro-se d MI-Ye:0 raed00 S COVEY 0%diVe . The Minotaur knows, He knows the Minotaur.

:170 19fiallre-rcpLicy 241 :ill 4306.i fro S 42141/CY. A man knows. He knows a man.

242 - In the following frames you will find a nominative case form listed.Change this form to the accusative case. 4i o s ,trio-se 243 - xe 0-yes x 6 -we -se 244 - irc"Alor itto Nos 245- , . &el A.1 r ra A a 7- r 4 -le 246 - ai rif * -y)5 a 'to- ki y!7 le 247 - . . 248 - 16/A 0 co $6 ist 0/ A a re gi idle 249 - If tififple7-9 s 1r WA Cfi "1".); r* le 250 - A Tel tie et S Tot 400 -1' 251 iriewrl ki°'7 ro -te 252 - Est 4.5yr "7 ELicu, IT Pile

96. 9 7- 253 - You have noticed that the -vor of nominative case frequently ends is S and the accusative case frequently ends in - - - - .

254 - You have noticed that the verbs C I 01AZ anddi4 ir4411 have the same endings to indicate person. The first person ending ised.The second person ending is - E I S . The third person ending is - --. . Many verbs in Greek have endings like SA s A 4:0 and Aorta .

255 -In this unit you have studied the following things: a.Crete's history and culture. b.Myths connected with Crete. c.The English derivatives tyrant, taurine,- Daedalian, misanthrope, misogynist, labyrinthine, philanthropist, Anglophile, Francophile, philander. d.How word order affects meaning in Greek and English. e.Distinctions between the nominative and accusative cases, the subject and the direct object. f. Distinctions between 1st, 2nd, and . 3rd persons of verbs. You also reviewed the Greek quotations learned in Units I through IV.

97 Sri

1 -\\'e arc now going to read the quotations dealing with the Trojan War that we have learned to say, !lead each quotation aloud in Greek and then try to give the meaning in English and then the source. (ins DEL (Imp oS. Divine homer! (Aristophanes)

3 / /. / C Sing, () goddess, 2 - MELSe, tri, 11 VI V OEOL )-TriiK. L adze')about the anger of A )0 -A li OS, Achilles, the son of Pelcus.(llomer, ILIAD)

2 / e 3 I 0 Nluse, tell me of fa a.kt01 e fv,v vire /140v c/ 0 ga) the man who travel- eN AV Tp o ?role. led much. Tro (Homer, ODYSSEY)

3 / () goddess, daughter 4 9 exC) Ojia -7. (laAi o/S/EiVe. of Zeus, sneak. (110mer)

101 100 5 TriZILS Trojans died on behalf STrip ird-rpa.s of their native land. ieVVI 6 KOV. (Euripides, TROJAN *, I WOMEN)

6 - Tol lett vol.Tpoi"pt.$4 u pL'ovS Wretched Troy, having destroyed thousands for tzlroOtiCas .414iisrva.i.wos the sake of one woman. / (Euripides, TROJAN IXi . AOtV WOMEN) - Pi Happiness has fallen, 13i:twist'Vi ;11303,Piacixt Troy has fallen. (Euripides, TROJAN Tpoloc.. WOMEN) 8 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. Then respond to the Greek questions in the frames that follow. Check your answers. c 4ittuw4vvi IE6 TiNe1.1 T;11 E)fiLeft.. 4 ITrarTVI 3E6TIV ev -II,`E;\,,,i6L, 8 Irererewv isTly8Acts( EiJS iV MO Kt44";L 6. Me.vi.)«.3 icylv 16 8046Laas LeI7rd1O-rn 4

C. C. au 9 Tro; irrly frfvfavyt.) 11 frlUi0;VII LCT1V iVT11 OLSL. I 10 - / e ,E. .) 1T i)tsriv VI' 1-TrapTvt . 11 4..-rrotp7fri EGTIV EV 'PT; E..A o'c Si.. 11- ..? . c.ift.vtiMvto44enk kl. vat'. 4 Itivki4vn wet) cii. r tiIirol.p.rii ej6 ?v Z.Trc(p-rnEr 7A `EJ1dL.J I iv r$11 cE.stici(.. 10i

102 12 - A "IC/S 16TLV S' Ara. ft e 11.1.'W td 11 i to liaritt:iltdv 1 G Ttiv oaotGL)ein 1v /14v144 v ti. i3- / b *NS ,ITIYoMEVLIOLOS j l; ML'lei ::/)OLei.S

Le711/ OC elOiCLEbS i1/.2 7T0ipt vt

14 - , A 1/4 IL YES EA6CVOf $astLis; cf t4 roLiAtifA"v kacoc AftvEl-AOLOS EiGtv 01.SocCe.e.IS. 15 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. Then respond to the Greek questions in the frames that follow. Check your answers. ifj 'AthOOS ZIP)Kai A."1-110otE.1 GI C. 9E01.1. 9eoLL.v 'A GyvvaEGTC. t6TLOVICCT$If LIDS. 414 evtva ,./ ni 8 'IlictiAtivitw011kE 6 TL teEa,. / N O14yaki e rY Li) VE671Pas/ AE US.

16- 0 / 116.0, Pl.>144130SLITil X0E1 %raj. ,13AcppOOLTn C. C. Olt kai `NI pa H pot ()Lai n ) eel ()eat'. 17 - a/ el / e c, E6T l'Y PI- 4116111.10i v e OL./ Vat .tl'A G Pi vet 1 6 TL OE, Ot

18 -,6/ 6-rt v4 -)119fre 6i Puri/.opYca. A 'Aeo yet E5.67LGO 10/Crn /0 AloisS.J LSLI 015.

102

103 19 - 4/ e 8 'A Ervtay'6.-ny 9E ot :1otix. 6 'Aravirvwv Y'LP i o)1(Usit BEd. 20 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. a Then respond in Greek to the questions in the frames that follow.Check your answer.

A Tpotot. 'esTiTro'.4s ty 'il eL/tc. c :).Trpc'0440'sisTne 0 i3costet,s ty , Tpola. 0'Aop jsse7 TOY I I. rpt01. ft 0 Y.T4..0L4,4,1 CA 1 pot'ot.. _ 21 --roil 16-TLY A Tpoirmi 4 TiooL'ot .67q' 4E1, 4/1erI.'a

22 -, 3 T isLEVY Z PcceclEt)S O Trployo's ts-rtv j 13aCe.ALtisiv EY Tolpot ; rpoict. 23 - , 14tier & Toy 2.1.1Y WY/ayVat'.I "Ao aE'rewv A .rp. i Trp (ot i. 0 v j pi 6 et ToyTO lip i ot.ti ° lif Y 3 8 24 - A ET CI- glia,ye'r vuJV -I- O v ovx. v iraterieune ov rptict it OV; cpte.1 TaV Trpttati OV. 25 - Let us now return to the .40 rs cb quotations we have learned recently. VE. 1OS y kip Os The quotation from Aristophanes which means "Divine Homer" is

1Q;

104 26 - Aristophanes lived in 5th comedies century B.C. Athens. He was a famous writer of .

27 - The 5th century B.C. Euripides Athenian dramatist who wrote , a tragedy called TROJAN

WOMEN was .

28 - The quotation from Euripides' c .. TROJAN WOMEN which means in Tr.)Es or) f a/n English "Trojans died on behalf of VCCipOCS 1.7.VreKOY. their native land" is - - - -

29 - The quotation from Euripides' TcOocovoc 7p ot'oc, TROJAN WOMEN meaning "Wretched t 3 I Troy, having destroyed thousands for tAypt ovsartAescxs a the sake of one woman" is - - - ill 0.50. yVY00 K OS t )(ap 1. v.

30 - The "one woman" referred. to Helen in the above quotation was, of course,

. . 31 - A quotation from Euripides' TROJAN WOMEN meaning "Happiness gE:oaf

32 - The great epic poems known as Homer THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY are attributed to the Greek poet -.

33 - THE ILIAD deals with events Achilles during the ninth year of the Trojan War and centers on the Greek hero

104

* 105 34 In the first line of THE ILIAD tt rilel V ii EL h.) Homer asks the Muss to sing about the A /-ii- r% / r SEW anger of Achilles, the son of Peleus. VEOLI/In Afrii Ot What is the first line of THE ILIAD in Greek? 12itificts.

35 - In another place Homer asks Bea',91/yot T t p the daughter of Zeus /the Muse) to / ,''/ ' speak. Quote this invocation in Los) U Greek.

36 - THE ODYSSEY also begins with btiogrOt. it01 an invocation to the Muse. Homer asks ,/ the Muse to tell him about the man who EVYETTI)'0U G 0ti travelled much. Quote the first line 'N/ ITOAV Tp 07T o v, of THE ODYSSEY as we have learned it.

37 - THE ODYSSEY is about the Trojan War wanderings of the Greek hero Odysseus after the ------. 38 -In the previous unit we learned subject the distinction between the nominative and accusative cases. The nominative case is used for the s--of the sentence.

39 - The accusative case is used for direct object the d o of a sentence.

40 - In the following Greek sentences locate the subject. Check your answer. C.31 n 1 o a.lippamosTpocav risEr. 6 oLitOpunros

_ 41 o OWvr% p (4170S- MV k nIen'Y 1 6 a. 0 ov Yvn itOrio3 42 -c . c / o TOpotvVOS-rociatvFs Cit. o rupavvos 43 - c / i o Tv povvvosMwoisevo. ptsti. 6 713p01/4e0S , 44 --7- . 4. ,/ n C. 1(30,L-OLY 0 (XV IFIOCOTTOS 1.4 L Gar. 0 OLry0p14TTOS

45 -AA i )1n 11 v I 41 it1l111/ 0 co eOHO co7T0s 14 16 E.1 6 i,,,v91014)7ros 105 106 46- Tpol'av i;itipoyvvos1.416EI. P Td pOLVVOS

47 -MOK4VKV t -rifpavvosfIcCe.I.O TtCpoLvvos

48 -,hi6eZo gif 91)07to 5 7to ot'oLv. 8 'ccii.v9p w7r0s

49 4are Er 0ZIA, eptAmos Mykkrvily.6efi,v9purrr0 s 50 - IA ts el O-rdpooevos TpoeoLv. cf, TtipavvOS 51 I. cLi6 riipowyos/14004vivv.c; Tiipooevos 52 - In the following frames you will be provided with the nominative of some of the nouns we have learned. Supply the accusative. Check your answer.

gv 9purroS i;ti.v 9p u) Tr 0 le 53 -Tv/pavvo5 Tvft avvov 54- P4v K4,1/11, MvKiii. viel.A/ 55- / Tpot!ot. Tpotocv

56-mil Y WS M LiV W a 57 - A °Lact)4 os tioLigoLov 58 - 1 OS 01'0V 59 -)(pOvos yloo'vov 60 - kliCAOS kOC.AdlOS 61 -Oc'0arr a EM aarrav 62- / . TEJVK TEIrkiv ..

10k3

107 , 63- 6 1, li. v II, Gicktvktv 64 - tt t...1060 tib t'Ot 6006-ospc, ocv 65 - , kvfitpt,K TiAs KuAtfrviel-Tkiv 66 -In the following frames we

will list the nominative and . accusative of some of the nouns we have met in thisLi ill I. 1.,e will also give the Greek word for "the" before each noun. Say the Greek aloud. Then copy each form on your paper. You may have noticed that the Greek word for "the" is used more frequently with Greek nouns than the English word "the" is with English nouns.

Pei: MOKKIVP1 \ / 1$41/ friViOvvKV

67 n` `E ) as -r4v cE0'..Sot 68 - c n ITrocirIn T4v XTreXpTivy 69 - C )16 r/ n tistpocSYrn 'PHA/"A9512001L T4ty 70 - c r 1 / rt on. a ii.tvGEOW 71- C. fri, 'AA envoi. -r4v'A optv'a v 72 - t. tli 1 \ c,./ti ., rt. ri p OL TmV ripofv . , 73 O Pastletis To v Ot6 I A la 74- A / / / / 0Pi e.ve ilog. os -rovMe.VEAOLOV 75 - / A a p ipv (J) v TO V rat4EPv0VOL 76- ..A f J, oty vi, f TOv cii.vcip OC.

10 108 77 - 1/A ItO / 3OS Tov oApov

78 - e c./el % c/,-, 0 Vt4 gi p os Toyvt4fripov 79 c )1 IAKVIS rviv1.411 V /4/ 80 - c n 1...01136OL Myt4°UM V 81 - / n OurocTfrip 7'1%W OuraTEpa 82 - / ii yvvn TityruveirkOL 83 - Let's try to summarize some of the differences in spelling between C the nominative and accusative forms we have studied. C . 11 The nominative forms of the Greek word for "the" that we have. met are- 7 -or -- -.

84 - .0 changes to 'T 1,/ in the c accusative case. Vt changes to - - - . T ot, v

85 - Many Greek nouns-which have a nominative ending in - OShave - 0 Y an accusative ending in --.

86 - Many Greek nouns which have a noniinative ending in- a. have an accusative ending in - - - -. - a v

87 - Many Greek nouns which have a nominative ending in - PL have an accusative ending in PI Af

88 - Besides - ay, -ay,and - vtV , another common accusative ending is- - - - .

106

109 89 - Locate the direct object in each of the following sentences. Remember that the direct object is in the accusative case and receives the action of the verb. Check your answer. er , v 9 -ri v A A oacli)Er. -ry v`Eat *la

90 -A19eix TOV U*VCfp01-CfriAEF. 7 o v Ow Sp cx 91 - c vi ea -rti.vfil:iviv 5611Li. .,tv1. }A fr;v1v 92- cn / v1 VEa 7 v1v011,01.T1pOtCfri E.I. Thy OoraTe, pot 93 - c )A r / / o nrcti."*Pv°vc011 T6v 063a61)eaTOVficy.6LLat 94 8 ki rap e'/.4 v w v 40EF 7iiy yUYOL(NCt.-rviv yVVa11401. 95c 'A i / 0/7 rOperiV)v560 E.l 74 V 91 of.v 7 vt v 9E. ot v 96 - , -T , c , / TII.Y OtOLYoTvpavvos tA,L6EE. 14,tvTpoL Cci, 97 - TtiYMU 1441etolVc;It; powyoSylea.Tiiv Mvio(vnY 98 - ,.. c i \ Ka0 Tvpavvosycset. -1* WV 1) Val 'RC OC. "rfrtv yvvat 4 99- cs" c , TON 1.1).4191p 01V o Tvpovvvos ),t tea.Tclv`Vsiseipo'V 100 - Teov C(L'Y cipa 8-715povvvos /41 6- ei.-r?,g..1Sp..a. 101 - Some Greek nouns are spelled the same in the nominative and / JO P rte. -rp ov ,P 1 0 1) accusative.For example, the noun 2 e W4 . IOS meaning "beauty" and ES-7.c 140(...AA OS1 141Tpos' meaning "measure". Both of these nouns happen to occur in the 06xpcCovovimelkos. quotation from Plutarch meaning "The measure of life is beauty, not the length of time". Give this quotation in Greek.

105 110 102 - The Greek word for "the" used accusative with btOti\OSand 1411TfOitis TO This form TD is used for both the nominative and .

- Try to recall all the forms of nominative 0O103 the Greek word for "the" that we accusative TO V have met thus far. nominative 4 accusative Tvls/ nominative 701 / accusative TO 104 - Supply the Greek word for "the" with each noun in the following frames: I lAt Tpov 78 ed-rpov

105 - , qoN Ko4 Aos 7a KaAAOS 106 - 13 L' 0 s o filL1 os 107 - pLiov T6v13 (0,v 108 - / C i yugn ri 1r tpv vk 109 - yUVOLTI4OL 1 t N / t y ripv oci i4 ot

1.10

111 110 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. Then respond to the Greek questions in the frames that follow. CheckC. your answers: Virci.f.tirttAi Ket18MI,YelnOCO's, eistv of 0 Ct61 e.'1%S.rtMatmvt'.vnKain Trap-rn Ei6iva TrOa.ts .I.;

/ c., c/i, 3A ctipout,. W.- Kai 4ri paEletv of' t9Eat'.

111- -reyesd61'vor13 a GL AEIs;6 llyc46)"", Kai 0 MeleeAmos el e%.. ofPcx60eis 112 - f \ TE V ES IC 6 1 at Trd A E I kJ.' 1'4)0110 k .rkfi/ eielv at Trc Reis 113 - ,, c Aail cp ? 0 61- r pi Ot I 6) E. Ct t_ TElV eS Etet v j c c, 1 3 k Kat,) rtpcx Li Gly Otte 9 e a Li.

114 As you may have noticed several from the above reading, Greek nouns - like English nouns - have a plural as well as a singular. The singular of a noun indicates one. The plural indicates s .

115 In English, the plural is kings, goddesses, usually formed by adding - s or cities es to the singular. Form the plural of the following English nouns: king, goddess, city.

116 - When we talk about the accusative plural in Greek we must distinguish betweenthe cases. Thus'the nominative plural will usually be spelled differently from the a plural.

117 -In the following frames you will see listed the nominative and accusative plurals of some of the nouns we have learned.Say each noun aloud. Then try to provide the nominative and accusative singular. Check your answer. .... c 2 / ii ,.Ji OE a v pp wrroL 45 ot I913 14) TT 0 S ., ,. n Toys ow vp co Troths rocTo., ocvpc,i-n- oy

118.- c i e / 01. -TVt.pOLVEV O 0-ryp ()Ls, vos . f Tot)sivpocv vovs -rov-roc Typocv vov 119 - c tn or p10L 8 13 i os Tok 13 t'ouS TOY ptf0V 120- e Of ..)(p o v of. 8xpdiVol t -roZ)s.voccivous Toy )CP co"v 121-of t31 A t3 8tin pos - ToLs $6. Pour -rOvg..2/304. 122- ..rat kaii.) -r 1 wo( AA os T6;1 144.API TO wa a a os 123 - I Ta. 14 t. TpciL TO pi-rpov . I -ra. pte'-rioa. -ro/AL 7 p ow 124 - 5 Ctg. 6 K totva.e isr Gkivvi4 TOL% ciinva.is "TPIY61411 Veliv 125 - t a Ti.)( YOlt A TirK Tas -ri,oects TA v Tei/Y et 'V _, -% 126 -atc. pi. #I0 e 0 0620. pickt A 0 c 0 0 tot. -ri:tsqv Aosocidots -rAv chtA0Co95(OLv 127 -Otc KUaipteA Tett 8 ku Otfiekirtis TgAs Hy 13cpvPi -c as -7-Civ lievaepvni-riiv 122 of901 A a.-rr ou 4-9,4 Aiirrot -res Oa Aoig.rr as Ti'kv Oci.Aocrra.v 129 - , f atBea.ti i. OE.a. i&s 9eds TIIY9,.. Ctt V 130 - at-IA". 1.40416 of. . T4s pc:1460LS TvtV 1401.)60t1( 131 - 4 Ouyoi 7 ti p II -reks6v faTepocs -nite 0 vial Lpc.

113 114 132 - at7ro 'lei s ISI Trcf >t s TctSro LIS 11%tv TT0..tv ^ 133 actru Va l(( E S Or yt)vvf. TOts letrvacipt as I &ivituvatKM 1:31 c v Ot aIrEptS a arx. ftr 14 p -robs gv 6"as 7 81q'civ6.ot 13 act. A E US 135 ofgas t A Eris ces "roVS1301.6LZOL5 -7q)v ga.eL A Zot 136-c .1, OC etAx o 4/ T ES cf 61..joj et) v \ 4/ TOOS 090): 0 v Tets 1 O v0(10.2( 0 v 'roc ,

114

115 137 - Let's review some of the plurals , of nouns in the accusative case.In the sentences below change the accusative singular to accusative plural. Check your answer.

av vp 0.) Tr 0 v 0( , 4 n, TOY Jot. TOOS OtVe0panTOOSoTga.

138 - . s 7 f TOy"TUpO.VVOV ofoOt. T0t)S-rupa4vvovs o7 dot. 139 - , TOY ate t .AE* OterOL. Toljigait .leas of Sex. 140 - gifts- ToZA gieSpaS °TICK. 141 - t Thy19 c;cerraa voi i,uJ .rs ecelrras OlAcq 142 - \ 714V 00rot 7Elpct00 e7) T&Seurirepas ciit:.). 143 - , 714 v r o .) L v 51,l 13. Tas Tro')Eis.561 AZ.

144 -ryOetvofaco. TCtS ei4:XSOLX:). 145 - / T4tY r ovcav facci7.;. -ras 1.4 o 1.) 6 a s pic:I. 146 - , TOv gilgpapia. TOYS gYSIOOLS ptai. 147 - TOvWUthiOvvITKV pia). ronutOtpr4TocS pi6(7).

1 148 - % ,0 . / 7Z1 TO ti e 7p0V OlevOL. -rape7, OtOte vCc. 149 - , ToWOC)AOS OTC9Ct Ta Kai .11.1oTcOct. t 150 - \ 6 I r .61 Toy,Apovovor cva. -rah yioovOUS el CVOL, 151 - , ,, An Toil 0 Ala oV04000, -rol)S 6r.Y3OUSoTc Oa. 152 - - n )(Vv.) 7t0( .;\ 0 GOcfre'ccv. yv(7.)9icbiocooticts. 153 - r ous yvai TO e.0Cinie TOv lY: c robs 64 aI

115

116 I 154 TVW et7ovyr°yov. TyLzgirobs 200'keous.,

155 ivr.zet1.?,-rdpooev0v. rv:436L -roirs TypexvvouS. 156 - . yVW G t I O V C1/2)0%7a rvcel To13 gi0A0v1CCS 157 In the following frames change the nominative singular forms to nominative plural. Check your answers. c 0 gy(9?iJiros of &v9purrroc

158 - c. t l oTUpa.VVOS 01 TU? OLVV Ol

159 c / O i OS ot /3LIOL 160 t l f o yp o Yos of2ip 0 wen

161 c. s 0 0atios 0t 6.1 ROL

/ 162- c. C. I h 614ftitil sktivott

163 - c / c 1 ii-re. vt (Lc -r a 7 v Ot. i

164 - c. ki ic 0 ll CM at # Oa COL(

165 -c t 4 A 0) 7r0A / S atcrrovs

117 166 - Let us talk oiore about the Homer author of THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY. According to tradition these two great epic poems were written by a man named .

167 'According to tradition Homer Trojan was supposed to have lived about the

8th century B,C. several hundred . years after the T War.

168 - A noted 18th century classical unreliable scholar named Giambattista Vico pointed out that.we really know nothing of importance about Homer. The traditional biographies of Homer are contradictory and therefore (reliable/unreliable).

169 There are three major questions Homer about Homer which are still to some extent subjects of scholarly dispute. These three questions are sometimes referred to as the Homeric questions because they concern .

117 118 170 - Here are the three Homeric questions: a.Was Homer a poet who actually existed? b.Is Homer the author of both THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY or only THE ILIAD? c..How were the Homeric poems formed?

Copy these three questions on your paper.

171 - Many eminent scholars have Vico denied the existence of Homer. Some claim that THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY were actually the works of many different poets and that Homer was later invented for the sake of convenience. Among those who rejected the existence of Homer were the 17th century French scholar d' Aubignac, the 18th century German . scholar F.A. Wolfe, and the 18th century Italian scholar whom we already mentioned, namely, Giambattista V - - - - .

172 - Scholars of our own century did exist who have studied THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY carefully believe - unlike d' Aubignac, Wolfe, and Vico - that Homer was a poet who really (did exist/did not exist).

118

119 173 -In Homer's day there seem to orally (by word of have been many professional poets who mouth) went about entertaining assemblies by reciting ballads and lively narrative poems about stirring events in the nation's true or legendary past.These poems were not written down at first but were transmitted from person to person

174 - Homer probably reworked and ODYSSEY polished many of these old poems and then incorporated them into his ILIAD and .

175 - THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY have a definite rhythm or metrical pattern. Each line consists of 6 divisions or feet and the dominant type of foot is called a dactyl.Say the word dactyl several times.Note that it is pronounced "clack till".

176 - A line of poetry which has 6 dactylic hexameters feet or divisions and in which the dominant type of foot is the dactyl is called dactylic hexameter. THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY are therefore written in .

177 - Here is the first line of THE six ILIAD divided into feet:

IA oftVI.V Ale.t 6 tBela7r41viictigeu) cLos

How many feet does the line contain? 178 Because the line contains six hexameter feet it is referred to as a h line.

179 -Four of the six feet are dactyls. (la( tlie Therefore the line is called a d -- - hexameter.

180 - There are definite rules for dactylic hexameter deciding what is a foot and what feet are . dactyls. We will not have time now to discuss these rules.But you should try to remember that THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY do have a definite rhythm or metrical pattern called d h

181 - Since poetry in ancient Greece helped was frequently recited aloud from memory rather than read, the rhythm probably (helped/did not help) the poet remember his lines.

182 - We said in discussing the Ilomeric have questions that Homer probably did rework and polish many of the'old poems that were handed down orally. So overwhelmingly superior was Homer's work that the poems of his predecessors were forgotten and have perished, .while the two Homeric epics . became the basis, the model and inspiration, of all later Greek thought and literature. The Homeric epics (have/ have not) also influenced the thought and literature of many other nations.

12t)

121 143 We will now look quickly at memorized some of the influence of Homer over the thought and literature of Greece . and other nations.

In school ancient Greek boys studied Homer carefully and ()Hen m long portions of the poems.

184 When ancient Greek authors on vssE Y wrote about mythology they frequently related what they wrote to THE ILIAD

and THE . For instance. Euripides' play TROJAN WOMEN is in a way an outgrowth or extension of Homer's ILIAD.

185 - We have already seen how the !tome great Latin epic poet, Vergil, relates his poem about Aeneas to Homer's ILIAD. Aeneas was a Trojan prince who escaped the burning of Troy and settled in central Italy.His descendants founded the city of R .

186 - Vergil not only treats a subject hexameter related to Homer's ILIAD and ODYSSEY but also consciously imitates Homeric style and even writes in Homer's meter, namely, in dactylic

h .

187 - The great Italian and Latin poet Homer Dante wrote his epic masterpiece THE DIVINE COMEDY with Vergil in mind. Dante even makes Vergil a character in THE DIVINE COMEDY. Dante knew Vergil's poetry well and through it was influenced by If - .

12i 122 ISS John Milton, who wrote the great Homeric English language epic poem PARADISE LOST, was a great admirer of Latin and Greek literature. PARADISE-LOST an opt(' dealin12 with the Biblical story of ,\. dam and Eve - shows many traces of I! influence.

" The i.reat Portuguese epic poet Ilemerie

L'amoons has written a poem called . THE LIISIADS.This poem deals with the adventures of the explorer Vasco Da Gama. Since Camoens modeled his poem on Vevgil's AENEID Camoens shows many signs of 11 influence.

190 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA by Homer Longfellow is the American national epic.It, too, belongs to the great

. epic tradition begun by .

191 - The great Modern Greek poet. Ithaca Nikos Kazantzakis has written an epic called THE ODYSSEY: A MODERN SEQUEL. This poem focuses on the later life of Odysseus after his return to I .

192 - An antiwar play by the modern Homer French writer Giradoux called TIGER AT THE GATES deals with the Trojan War and takes some of its inspiration from H .

193 - Another famous example of Homer's much influence on later literature is the great novel ULYSSES by James Joyce. Many other examples could be given. To treat this influence in detail would require - - - - (much/little) time.

122 123 194 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek: c A I Of Paci.47,5is pE v. o rviajAeltvedv . a gal C) fliii,vg.ctos e94ev. Teda.v YcjAtv. Tpociav oZ94L)0 3 IA e-v.

Tp 0 t ccv IALeo0tA e.v. .

195 - Now read this paragraph aloud in Greek: e .,, C. 7A OLpast.e.i's g 6re.. ofizaptircov kol8 Mevi c:Lcis teTE. 7;ootav

2tCT E. Tio Ot10/ 011 /It .1 El TE. .-rpoiotvpc 6 etTE.

. 196 - Now read this paragraph aloud: . ot. /34260 EtsEist v. O 'A Tar eir vu" vat8 Mevi>000'sLi64 TiooL'av 'rect.si7pOts av Oti) cl) t 0 0 6t . TAotavpcso:iieLv.

123

124 . . 197 - In the paragraph found in Frame spoken about 194 the kings speak.In the next frame the kings are spoken to.In the next frame the kings are -- - . '

19S - The paragraph found in Frame third 194 is said to be written in the first person. The paragraph in the next frame is written in the second person. The paragraph in the next frame is written in the person.

199 - A verb is said to be in the first spoken about person when the subject is the speaker. A verb is said to be in the second person when the subject is spoken to. A verb is said to be in the third person when the subject is .

200 - In English to indicate the first person second person singular the word "I" is used. To indicate the first person plural the word "we" is used. To indicate the second person singular or plural the word "you" is.used.Thus "we know" is first person but "you know" is ------.

201 - In English the third person third person singular is often indicated by adding "s" to the verb. The third person plural will often be indicated by the word "they" or by a plural noun as subject of the verb.,Thus "he knows", "they know", and "the kings know" are all .

124

125 202 - Greek has special forms or' second spellings to indicate person. Separate words like "I"; "we ", and "you" are not needed to indicate the first and

second person. Thus tlyt , .... ("T h. , 141 cZ , andcia t a IAJ are all first person singular while 1 , OTC 9a. , taLCCIS , and COL a ErS are all person singular.

/ . 203 i,CFLEV . 1/614tV, second pcsoritiev ,and clat)oupEV are all first person plural. ECTE a (GTe , fAL GEZTe-, and titel)itZTE,are all. - - - - person plural. . . ) 204 - E 6 Li 'OT Ch. 9 third 1.41.ect and clIt REF are all third person singular. EAEL . Dlicact , IAt CoGCL , and- 0( Acilet are all person plUral..

205 -In the following frames make each , sentence negative. Check your answer.

. / , "T i , FV TO( a1 6/ 4" ,"r / .1 X I A E.V tp044it OUK Lepel,.

206 - el,/'cE.cr ati.0iv. iv(E.011.6"/ ol:ig .iciiiv.

) / .1 207 - 2 2 e 1, E 1.)p 4Sir Tr EIAG E v EVEi;pil)Trti !)61 heiv. 208 - .. iV Tpoict iCri. ev TpolcstOUK 'c-re'. 209 - iv , CE .AcicStECM. . iy 'El(;it at 06k i CTI.

210 - ) a , 3 / ..) r. ! , Ey Euptinittes-re . eV =viocorrtOw< ECrE.

.126 126 211 - iy ---rpoece Ltelv. iV 7polot otlkEt Ctiv.

212 - ly CEotist Etvv. IV cEA 2 OtgL 06kaiiit

213 - a eV EZpoiTTiai.ELCIIV. Iv Ejplari,f oto(act''. 214 - n" pt Aotipe.v tibc.2osocAt'otv. oi; 411:1; pev eldlecolice; 215 - OtA'oillAev P/ov. oU c(Aoiiiieiviillert; 216 - CPO 0314E1' kelt10S. 04 4i .103pLV kClAol 217- 1,1,-1 8 17e011060 cfrtIOLV, 043/ 04.1et-rt cfrcAocoefreexv., 218 - #er-re TON. 0,2, 96L)ei-reStiev. 219.- cfrt a ! 1, TE seci .11os. oil (ALA e(TeKeonel 220 - cptA 066L 000 cootay oil eio.Aot c 4 OcAosofSeay. 221 - %:)Det 08.10v. 154 40 0173 etA tioV. 222 - LnOUCt ROLIaOS. C1)Ocloii CC ki.IAOS. 223 -In each of the following frames locate the verb and copy it on to your paper. Check your answer. / Ilte0t3kaV-rov Past 'tea., 1.4eco;)pev

224 pteoll pev-r:tvTrcOtv, fAcsotlpev 225 - 11 solp ev TOV %iapepeovo 1.41iov tEv 226 - itt 6 El, 11 TO V 0 Ot.61 a Z a. ? t s e.r Te 227 ik41.CEZTETNA0 MOLY, 11, CCZTE

228 - 141.6erilTOv 'A 794 el,i4 vo va.. 14 t 6 6I TE 229 - etcoOst78v asc Ada. pLeoleL

126

127 230 fAteoi)el.-Tay7T01.tv. pt so Z., cc 231 - !AA. 0 6C T OV 4/4 Ely O VOL- 14c 6L 232 - "rovTupa,VV0v Ev 233 - Tov 1301.61. 1/Gye-v re 14 E. v 234 - Pleve. 1/epe.v. G ).< E V 236- TOV TC; paVVOV 3I(CTL 11 67 236 - TO,/ ACtGl i'ETE CCTE.

237 ML a 0 VICTL. VC 71. 238 - at TOvTupOlv4/0vl/C01.6LV, LCOL t.v 239 - 7asv / 6Ol4cv. 1.6a go./ 240 - st TOv M EVE/. c:4(.13%, YGoL6Lv 1.606Lv 241 - 2ft TOV irCti4 1.1.4VD VC(1'64260/. 6'a6cv -.. 1 242 - Let us now turn our attention gynecology to the English *derivatives we have been talking about. The study of female medical problems, taking its name from the Greek word / leVvvt ,is called .

243 - An English word meaning gynecocracy "rule by women" also coming from the Greek ruvot ,yvvar k 01. is

244 -. An English word meaning "having androgynous male and female characteristics" and coming from (6140 ,Ilteipot , and r v 4. ,ruvol.21,(a.is

12', 128 245 - An English word indicating the polyandry practice of having more than one husband is from , a/ CCVtip )CCv 0 p Ol.

246 - A drug or hormone producing androgen masculine characteristics and taking s 2/r its name from(XVI/ I ,01V0pell is .

247 - An English word meaning'. metric "pertaining to measuring" is from the Greek IE rp 0 v

248 - The study of measurement takes metrology its name from the GreekIA a Tp 0 v . It is called

249 - A line of poetry having six hexameter measures or feet is called a from the Greek word IA 1.7 p 0 V

250 - A large important church or basilica cathedral is often called a from the Greek paci.leris. 251 - A large lizard with a crown-like basilisk crest on its back is a .Its name comes from the Greek 0Ctet This.

252 - An English word meaning myriad "countless" or "manifold" is from the GreekrtupL0C

128

129 253 - Add the following English derivatives to your list in your Greek notebook: gynecology, gynecocracy, androgynous, polyandry, museum, androgen, metric, metrology, hexameter, basilica, basilisk, myriad. Fill in the etymologies and meanings in the appropriate columns. Refer to Frames 242-252 for help if necessary.

1 243 130 254 - Let us now review the new Greek quotations presented in this unit.The English meaning of each quotation is given plus the author's name. Supply the Greek and cheek your answer. et "Divine Homer(Aristophanes) Ot..OS °P IA P ' S / 255 - Sing, 0 goddess, about the 2 i i.tnvi va ElFE,9jE0. anger of Achilles, the son of Peleus . (Homer) Trvt ) Pt t (Xi S f. tti)4y I A rt' OS.

< .11 . 256 - 0 Muse, tell me of the man jf CL 1/ Op a kiOt. E VII E.711, who travelled much - (Homer) n/ 14 ov cot ,7ro A t) 7 o 770V.

257 - 0 goddess, daughter of Zeus, / 9E ad OL -r e?.61o'sJ speak - (Homer) 1 I f t TT E .

c . 258 Trojans died on behalf of "Tr co E.S V Tr ER 7ra 7 it)4 S their native land - (Euripides) e.Ovet, 6 14V. / 4 259 - Wretched Troy having -ra -A, a.t vot 7p0 Li CAi destroyed thousands for the sake / ) /4 of one woman - (Euripides) lAtipl OUS OtTnA)ALeaS 1,4Ai asiv vat k OS 'xap/ t v

260 - Happiness has fallen, Troy 0' _1 13 c s g ei flexwev , has fallen(Euripides) 13i Roc PC f V 7 pOta.

. .

1 131 261 - Now let us go back to the quotations learned in previous units. Read each quotation carefully in Greek. Then try torgive the meaning in English and the source. 4 / IVW°4 et 6 ' a U 1 OY. Know thyself.(Titales)

262 - / c r. All things are in flux. TM V 'T a. p t C.. (Heraclitus)

263 - d tv% 4/ Nothing in excess.

Sea! Sea! (Xenophon) 264 901a-r-TCt/ 9 tial- i a. 265 - / Philosophy is life's cOL-_06.01Dea. f3'LOU iodigepvkt 1 PI S. guiding principle.

266 -t J k One man is no man. Lesa.vii.p ouISeiS clft.v4p. 267 - a / It is not a great thing tara.-re ieTete to live but to live well PLA%C a t;,. is a great thing. (Plato)

268 - ' The measure of life E -rp ov LOU is-rt% kcilAos is beauty, not length ) i OVO v It N Ko s of time. (Plutarch) ou' P 269 - For man the unexam- .. a) 8 .vtSi-ra6T03 /3 L'os o i) fined life is not worth A / get4ros 14w/own-it). living.(Plato) 270 - What is life without 13 110 S a(Tep itsii golden Aphrodite? 01/6;4 1/1OP L."IS j (Mimnermus) i It is not possible for 271 - a L ON 0014 t6" Tlie Ejp aril anyone to find a life 3/ A / without sorrow. oL.AU7TON 015§EVOS. (Menander)

1=3.1. 132 / 272 6Kk1V4i. Tro7sa is CiOS All of life is a stage. (Pallaclas)

273 c ,., Life is short but art 0 PL'OS -18potAdtd vfS.E 76 vvt is long.(Ilippoerates) p4a. I< p ki . 274 - , / s I am alpha and omega, Qyu.) 144L TO\ &/..104.k WI the beginning and the TO W Ft ellOL iOtt4.3(iiXixt. -rt. A 0S. end. (New Testament)

275 In the following frames we will review the accusative singular and plural forms we have learned. In each sentence find the accusative singular and change it to accusative plural. Check your answer.

C Je 01.poi9/307T01. TPvxpovovpicorttv. ToysxpcivouS

276 - ,a, c 7, kGIL A )0s IA t 60.i) 61V. OL Ors/ 1.7pWITOL"T'il Ta.Ka.A frt.

277 - 4/ ot0,v9inturot TO IA erp ov th t soyeiv. -rcv. 111'7Pct

278 - OL otv V pu)TrocTA v Tiyvtiv in6ou-6cy-roi.S-rt:Av a S

cfr L.oCoclay 279 OL Oiv 9 p 0701 -rAv TaS chto6o0c/a.S t4 ICoi.3 GeV.

.280 - r- if Oc Gil'Opw7Tot -T t.tV gcl A arra v -re;Ls OaAwirras ill COG el V. 281 - A\ . 'PL. OW pc COu 14 EV -rotsOtois

132

133 282- -r%tv f.toCcotte fitcov).4ev. -r4Ls f.toticots

283 - li411 &Vita-rip*.etCot7t4EV. -.12,1 9vrOLTElpOLS 284 - Tkv Tro/..5tv fAcseiTeF. 7 .11, s TTcLLiS

285 - Tt4vbitiVaTi4tX fat 6 tilt -rat yuvotrROA 286 - 4Lvgpot fALCEtTE Toy . To/3 13tvgpOLS

287 - p% % / 10V ct.r .AE01. ft t CEITE . TouS CC StOCS 288 - In the following frames change the nominative singular to nominative plural.

c Itel / 0 locvapp)TTOS ofati 0.)7TO L

289 - c IA o ptOS a g tie, 290- t / To14. e Tpov . -rel.i 4 1 7 pa 291 - o x p7 o v 0cap A oil TLS

292 PirO 1 s cueTro' A e.IS 293 -c s t 0otibenf ofblveSp SS 294 - aPaseae ds ot Oaci .1ers 295 - c, / PI TU tell od. yvvott KEs 296 - 14. ev Tol al (9ura. Te! p a s

297 -t 1 Olek i 0 TUfaVVOS V 1,01

.133 134 298 - Oe )06vos of .7( p8 we:a 299 - .0, oili -1 Pot 300 -c / n CRitvn vi6Kietvati :301 -c / vl Te)( vvt at TEl vat 302 - at OtAocooLiat 303 -c 0 KUfitpvvi. TrtS Of Kviet.pvi7-rott

3°4 4 6101AOLCCM Cttc 9e: MCCOLL 305 Now we will review the verb forms we have met in the three persons. Change the singular verbs to plural in the frames that follow.Check your answer.

Tpotacvptcu.). Tpotav p cc or, id e.v. 306- 7 po1ay yt C Et S .-rp 0 i OW $AL C et 7 E

3°7 -r 010.v IA 1.6E-C TIOOZOLVfAl. 600 ; CV 308 - TOLS ri./ vOLIKos eib L c:f -rocs i u va.Nots ot.A0;iev. 309 - \ 7 asIN vat s4a.s irkt, A ers ToIs ruvcakas cilstEtTe. 310 - \ TOLS rUvOLTKOLS C#01. roh yvva7 gas 4000 ;Iv.

311 - s Ti4V OeOlv 0760/. -r4v0e Ye f4 tv 312 - 114V 19EXv OTC901.. -ri`4v 1,9gt.t/ '116TE. 3.13 - \ TliV 9XV OrgE. ?kite 6)141.1., 'itc-teiv.

314 - 1 a ra9os att4L eciecticiot isy e v.

134 135 315 , CIrot98s Et. Ocai.Q o L is fray.

A a 316 -itloceOstvrcte. cL3tra VOILt6tV. 317 -In English the first person is , we indicated by the use of the words I. and

318 - In English the second person is you indicated by the use of the word - - --.

319 - The third person in English is subject indicated many times by the words he, she, its and they or by a noun that serves as the s .- - - - - of a sentence.

320 - Greek verbs indicate person by first their spellings. Thus all of the following verbs are in the person: 2 / TT 1101 OE COOL cltaw 1;4(.6(2 1 1 3, aCrEv 16 fAEv cibtlwiAtvfrtteofitaLv

321 - The ending -1.4)often indicates plural the first person singular whereas the ending - IA EA,often indicates the first person .

322 - The following verbs are in the second person: Et OTC ea.4,1 Aers fAlC !SS ECU t6TE cilotEtTE f.tt serTe

136 323 - The ending s frequently indicates plural the second person singular whereas the endingTE often indicates the second person - - - .

324 The following verbs are in the third person: / A Ckt .1LC ptt GEL UT( OTLOSE A .... &Let. i CaCc Ot A oU i 6 01) 6L

325 - The ending - G L frequently plural indicates the third person .

326 - We are now going to review Mycenae Troy's history. Troy was a great city in Asia Minor that became involved in a war with the Greek city states around 1200 B.C. The king of M was the leader of the Greeks.

327 - The Greeks who lived in Cretans Mycenae and other cities such as Tiryns and Orchoihenos were called Achaeans. Long before the Trojan War the Achaeans had conquered their former masters, the C --

136

137 32E1 - Thei e were probably two Asia Minor historical reasons for the Trojan . War. One was the desire of the Achaeans to colonize . Another was the un- willingness of the Achaeans to pay toll to Troy for the use of the sea.

329 - Much of our knowledge of Schliemann

Troy comes from archaeology. . Particularly important has been the work of Heinrich S and Wilhelm Dorpfeld.

330 - The Trojan War is a Helen central event in Greek mythology and has in fact been called the queen of myths. According to mythology the. Trojan War started because a Trojan prince named Paris took away the wife of Menelaus, the king of Sparta. Menelaus' wife was named H- - -.

331 - Paris had been promised Helen Zeus as his wife by the goddess Aphrodite as a reward. Paris had chosen Aphrodite as the fairest goddess in preference to Hera and Athena. Paris had been asked by Z - - - -, the king of the gods, to judge a kind of beauty contest among the goddesses.

13'('

138 , 332 - The beauty contest among the Athena goddesses resulted from a great wedding feast to which all the gods and goddesses were invited except one, namely, Eris, the goddess of discord. Because she had been insulted and wished to cause trouble, the goddess Eris came to the wedding feast and threw a golden apple on to the table marked "for the fairest". The goddesses started to argue among themselves as to who should have the apple.Finally the choice narrowed down to the three major goddesses: Hera, Aphrodite, and

333 - When Paris refused to return Mycenae Helen to Menelaus, Menelaus' brother Agamemnon prepared an army to invade Trojan territory. Agamemnon was the king of .

334 - King Agamemnon's army Greeks included the mighty Greek warriors, Achilles and Odysseus. A thousand Greek ships were assembled at a place called Aulis. A strong wind blew in the wrong direction and prevented the Greeks from sailing. A soothsayer told . Agamemnon to sacrifice Iphigenia, his daughter, to the goddess Artemis who was angry at the

138

139 335 - The king of Troy was Priam. Troy His wife was Hecuba. The greatest Trojan warrior, Hector, was a son of King Priam. Another son of King Priam was Paris, the young man who took Helen to T - - - -.

336 - Homer's great epic poem, THE Trojan War ILIAD deals with the terrible anger of Achilles and its results during the TROJAN WAR. Homer's ODYSSEY deals with the wandering of Odysseus after the and his return to his wife Penelope who waited for him in Ithaca.

337 - Homer's ILIAD ends with the Vergil funeral of Hector. The story of the fall of Troy is told to some extent by Euripides in the play called TROJAN WOMEN. The most complete account of Troy's fall, however, is found in THE AENEID, a Latin epic poem about the Trojan prince Aeneas. THE AENEID was written by V -- -.

338 - In the great trilogy called THE Agamemnon ORESTEIA, Aeschylus tells the story of the return of A to Greece after the Trojan War, his murder by his wife Clytemnestra, and the after- math of this murder.

13;) 140 339 - TROJAN WOMEN, THE AENEID, Dante, Milton, and THE ORESTEIA are all in a way Camoens, Longfellow outgrowths or extensions of Homer's Kazantzakis, poems. The great literary tradition GiradouN. begun by Homer continues to our own day. Name some of the authors in later literature that have been influenced by Homer directly or indirectly.

340 - Dante wrote a great Italian Portuguese language epic called THE DIVINE COMEDY. Milton wrote an English language epic called PARADISE LOST. i Longfellow wrote THE SONG OF HIAWATHA. Camoens wrote THE LUSIADS, an epic about Vasco Da Gama in the P- -language.

341 - Homer's influence continues in Trojan War the 20th century. For example, Nikos Kazantzakis has written a Modern Greek epic called THE ODYSSEY: A MODERN SEQUEL and Jean Giradoux has written in French a play called TIGER AT THE GATES about the T -- W .

342 - There are three major questions formed about Homer that are still to some degree disputed. These so-called Homeric questions are: a.Did Homer actually exist? b.Did he write both THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY? c.How were the Homeric poems f ?

141 343 - Although scholars like d'Aubignac, have not Wolfe, and Vico have denied Homer's existence, most modern authorities say that Homer was a poet who really - existed and wrote both THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY though he probably incorporated many older oral poems into his work: The Homeric questions, however, (have/have not) been entirely answered.

344 - Both THE ILIAD and THE dactyl ODYSSEY are written in a metrical form called dactylic hexameter.In dactylic . hexameter each line contains six feet and the dominant type of foot is the d .

345 - We have seen that mythology tells Dark Ages rich and interesting stories about what happened after the Achaeans captured and . burned Troy. For instance, the wanderings of Odysseus, the wanderings of iwneas, the murder of Agamemnon. History, however, simply tells us that the Achaeans returned to Greece after 1180 B.C. where they were attacked by another Greek- speaking people - the Dorians. The Dorians destroyed Mycenae itself and the 300 years following their invasion are called the D - - - -A - - - since we have so little information about them.

346 - We are now going to review English large, important derivatives.In each of the following church; from frames explain the meaning of the under- past. ,t ads lined word and give its etymology: "king" St. Peter's Church in Rome is a famous basilica.

141 142 347 - In the deserts of Arizona there large lizards with are many basilisks. 1 crown-like crests on their backs; from13 OLCLACuS .6) "king"

348 - The scientist was interested in the study of measurement; from metrology. i Pe TP" "measure"

349 - THE ILIAD consists of lines of poetry hexameters. having six measures or feet; from ii t 7pov "measure"

350 - The scientist used precision for measuring; metric instruments. frompe.rpoy "measure"

351 - The doctor administered a drug producing androgen. masculine characteristics ; from aVoif I OWC5i0OL "man"

352 - Polyandry is illegal in having more than Pennsylvania. one husband at a time: from ot v kip ,IzieSpoc "man"

353 - The plant was androgynous. . having both male anti female characteristics: from s / Pi (XVII P t av000i. i t "man" and ruv kt ) rtividi xa -"woman"

142

143 354 - Some people think that rule by women; gynecocracy would solve the from ru Y 14.t problems of war and poverty. ruv,71401. -"woman"

355 The doctor specialized in the study of female gynecology! medical problems; i from ry v vi, , yu vai kor... °%vornan"

356 - Students have myriad manifold, copntless; problems. from1.4.vp t. 01. "countless"

357 - Let's review quickly a few any weakness that English expressions that h' ve their could prove origin in the Trojan War story. disastrous Explain how each expression may be used in English. Check your answer. "Achilles Heel"

358 - "Trojan Horse" an enemy group .. . within a country; a trick

359 - "Greeks bearing gifts" people bringing things which seem good on the surface but actually are destructive

360 - "Working like Trojans" working very hard

361 -In this unit you have studied the following things: a.Troy's history b.Mythology and literature connected with Troy c.Greek quotations related to Troy

144 1 4 d.The difference in spelling between the singular and plural for the nominative and accusative cases for many Greek nouns. e . The first, second, and third persons plural of some Greek verbs. f.Some English expressions connected with the Trojan War story. g.The following derivatives: 'museum, polyandry, androgen, androgynous, gynecology, gynecocracy, metric, metrology, hexameter, basilica, basilisk, myriad.

144 145 UNIT VII

GREEK GODS AND HEROES

-mt

145 147 1 - Read the following quotations about mythology aloud in Greek: 0 oc-va ',gra °Le I 1 toI-pitxo-vrd I. 2- a 0'nit-w o c/47,4go -v Liddiety T/ It 7 gi ;A co-v ; 3- /4iVie. rc cr&- j-p Ofiorre. s .:11A:e pcl-vw 7-406'e 4). (

4 Idel-roiof(9t o :11-re0 , Atirr9s ehjeouri.

5 a t9c Oc 17'.1-vr.t 7- 19)) c r i cion eat Zirt;;) jet rAra- i.

14k 149 6 - ., LEIJS, 0' cur vo Kai ileilf,

7 0-;1,, 'A 6 0 9 aq Ard) XE1104 If 1 leC I. 8 ?boos 7";7 -we .21-) orr Pr-; )) w . 0 viApvs eatI,6 le rotrat /, s- "Ve oree-ie'A odeo oiir7 4Ioneti rou d4, Ku) A w,,,,7 rfi 0 s.

10 - Trfie $ dtiO °Li ' a . ti-lpIfrXiis. 11 -In the following frames read the quotations aloud again.Give the meaning of each quotation in English and the source. a .0 C "' si re d ()jig OE 0; Even gods don't fight g /./:1A/0,0 ref/. necessity.(Simonides)

12 - When divine power confers well-being what O i cLI gr.4-,e o:;t.c.ey need do we have of GII,JAI Tipdel 0 /A 441 "1 friends? (Aristotle) 1

13 - 3 Don't trust people but v i e r404 ;nu 5 1.* smerecie only a god. (Greek Pro- i4lIAd licrrui rwNew. verb) ( i t Only gods live without 14 AI 0)°0 i 0/ 8C 0; ../"Yet! % pain. (Greek Proverb) A di /TV V 0// sir* yr/. The god arranges 15 d t9ec; s 77.'1-v 7...cr7IP*.-/ everything as he 3 0?TwS aL Tar 410 C r,rC/ pleases. (Greek Pro- t verb)

14? 150 16 - ..., .0 Zeus, our savior and 7t esrearopIra i 1 /Ir. victory. (Xenophon)

17 - Progress is made with O -vA 89- we.7 /rd) the help of Athena and xEifid e with the help of your ervgl. own hand. (Greek Proverb)

a o 18 - et Vdr/r V 10 Even Ares doesn't yrpo 5 7? ev fight against necessity. Of; ef*C;i'APB! :(I V04 Prni re/. (Greek Proverb) 19 - a Aphrodite is a dead "Ve ifi00,0 thing without Dionysus 4 t o-pou rev eh)04Hui and Demeter. (Greek 4 ii1 rficas Proverb) 20 - # ) Even Hercules doesn't Trpos duooue stand against two A opponents at once. .4difA*S, (Plato) . 21 - Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. Then answer in Greek the questions in the frames that follow: ToiJs10A49w7ro out 8Eous C. A qi',cured. ToZts To "ueA e uBi au's Agr rptv4:( .Tau%s Top cA do 4)Ne0(IS I p CIA 0 I if AtTff u . TO el TO U 1 if 041 St oe% oLK c;;fleasrotas '0A up 'Woos &EovtcAl-recercv.1 rfPtrt ran rota "A niouStairs, owe Aelrecurev. 0 caw rotasroil eAniouOcoes oe'br I ;#% rev.

148 151 22 E AdfTrCt/CO( Toils -va.raps 'Mull II.;ems . a ' 0 Au rrious Naas; °sous aAsir? EUOIS. 23- 1 k# OU. rouS rOu e .dtarpeurot TOGS roc. a 'AI dou 6leoLs- ou#r IAA1jou9e0 tit AO ii"As7reCUrdt.

24- .0 f 40g AVrIPC ros-roll a.Toid.cToii c'Aideu 61cot,s ' 'A ISou (hods J over 4 /1.10ras,

25-s c, 40' e ci 0 "2/0 WS rOU S "KU.0 rip 44/ S s #.1 . VA lye fflous 1.,41.94ff/OUS °coos roLs 'EAarpeerv; okof)s .1.irperrcy.

26-aiv % A 0 lows TbusfTou au 0Y:c; -14..rs ToesroirttlfI doe `1,4 Idau9& oLsI- .1: recLorry;444s acm' cAsirpeurcv. 30 c CO 27 oljjocas raidsTot) ou.o 0.0c4os "Airfoil d'EoZdskillf;Alo-enToilsroil'Aldo() 0 cola0;11, 409rEV.

152 28 Read the following paragraph aloud in Greek. Then answer the questions in the frames that follow. Check your answers. " " A , 4 Toe's Too Hidou19Ectus owe ., t 4 , E9S1A1ereciu e le. Toe's5 Acy,eicaus o 1eot)S kA reCed0".ti4E-e. cfft .t, . An6 144a-r&cis TOU )pi ioc.Ikl/ 7-'spouo-iw9sco-Tiv.c5 Zeus Jo.. Tretrye i9E ;0'-10 kid) Odle(lawn &WY Err.-r. 29 at _.: TOUS TO3 CAdoe'oy0eoc)e Otl .roesTO cr i 0I A''.(rclic -ge ; I dot)OcoZs °torac till A 5r4,14c v.

30 ... j,,, ...- TOUS ClAcip7TIOUS Ot0 4) S -Yoe / .TO Li S a / 30 Auld IT, °cisokeZs ',tree u o-gt ii c-p- , 3 k EA C /* rfi EU 6rialfrE v.

31 -7I's E 17-,-.0 O BIOSTot, 6An S AA)v jai0 O p\7ou kw/ Tres fe is 707 frourirqs; d g ri7spourlieps Ecrro-.

153 . 32 - ... a 3 % 02 C u s a AD .1 n secri-0 TAf 7 9/0 Mt r1/0veadv . 40... 0e CAA le IV. I I . 7 Vfitair, Ca/ "V ; eat siV' 0 all/ V40 V fen'''.a ... 33 Let's talk a little now about how English works. In English we frequently indicate possession with the word "of". For example, in the following English sentence the phrase "of Ghana" indicates possession: Accra is the capital city of Ghana.

34 - But we can frequently indicate Ghana's possession in English through the use of the possessive case. The possessive case is formed by adding 'sor s' to the noun. Pick out the word that is in the possessive case in the following sentence: Accra is Ghana's capital city.

35 - Greek also has a special case to indicate possession.It is called the genitive case. Say the word "genitive" aloud.

36 -In the following Greek sentence try to find the words which are in the . rot/ genitive case. tin (,/ Tel A' )7,0 6- u 7 0 cl'0p )7/0 0 0 Err r7 )7c TA,4%r . a 'a irit 1 Odu re c 4 ccriry ..

151 154 37 Try to give the meaning of The epics of liomer this sentence in English: are THE 11.1211) and . c THE oDYSSEY. 7":4 TOZ 014 )2roo ti C 77 9 17 or. . 4 I JrA(( s es( / ye c, crcr c iot Homer's epics are a . TH E I LIA D and THE crii-e. ODYSSEY. .,.._ 38 - So far, then, in Greek we have of met three cases: the nominative case which indicates the subject of a sentence; the accusative case which indicates the direct object; the genitive case which indicates possession or the relationship which we expressin . English with the word o-.

39 - In the following sentences try Toy to locate words in the genitive case. tt ... Check your answer. 72A/oU

t a a°A rt;,1Acurt9dos Tou'lc?Aiod EfTrY

40 - 7-,>%.s 6 ail rrO Iltiri ,Ece;s71s'iidoutritr's irrryuochr/lei? 5'

41 - .IV 6 IeCZ "Pi 6 'A,r.Z.iluerIrsiropi9e-g4)-Y°torErri-y. a " .... 42 - colV5040yr4.0-,/ d` 'A fro' AA4,-v int roodalft#,Zffhivi Oiible E4/077 43 - oZed)S774740 OEZ-v .iTri-se. IN cu-$,

44 - ... v ... . cicVOrs cares) V eZeusvreirle eivrc"A., w7Tes,"9 Ern,'

45- a 7's a zaus.BEos Tier fieuriiopr Oc1/r fo77)!,14ourvirs

152 155 46 - 30 TOO 61 ZEUS OCe;sTorJ ;17,VouatiKc rrt-r. ij,Vou 47 - Many times in Greek the genitive genitive singular ending will be- ou or s. The genitive plural endingis always - G) 'V. You have probably noticed that the Greek word for "the" also has g forms. ,- 48 - Let's list all of the case forms for the nouns we have met. Read each list carefully. Then copy the genitives on your paper since these are new. We will list both singular and plural. The nominative will be followed by the genitive which in turn will be followed by the accusative. 6 ,6E. gs O(60c0'; To 0E0 U rt 15PE d:14 V TV,* OE O-vi Tour dicous 49- 7,14OucrlIri? .. d!hio6r/Arai . ri)c ,tiouriffi?s. Tury 1.4 au riew -V 7-17-vAlouriorrry Tots j,4 0 0 e rl of.1.s 50 - 1 ,4u t90 A or/4 47 Ascroso X or:oi Tijsittveholorioc TW-e idui9eAorieCv ,. , Tiry /410190 AOrisill Tel s litit90A0)./ a S 51 - . d:t -pi, 0(e a3, -). vet s ro7, 4-vdtas Ta -r :oy dry ra . ,., -,- To-y d.),-vcipt To ,.., soc-r o' 10 a f 52 - 4Tro ), s , , .,( 7rOXEst 7;isfro A6 WS 'flan? 7TOA E 4,4,-v 71YITZ Ai", Tels ITZA EIS

1 5 3 156 53 Now we will list the genitive singular of some of the nouns we have met. Try to supply the genitive plural. Check your answer.

roc") OEo ili Tw -V 6?E Ltd -1/ 54 - 79sfrouripr9s 740,0,-, ,u our / ectle 55 rQsiiti 906\0r/cats re47)-r /iv /90 A ore: 56- TOU c)/ Ve14S TLY oll'o/parY 57 - n I Tqs 7ro Ae c. 4S 7131177'8 Ae 1.41-1/

58- C. 7' oil io u nerve;? Aigv1/ 59 - To of le aff t:# 770.4) re: or j le OP. torrary

154 157 60 - In the following group of frames you will see a phrase in the genitive singular. Change the phrase to the genitive plural. Check your answer. a r G0 -1/ a r1 61c41-v roz 0,re i go z .i-v15,0 G.. Tretu 14 -r 6),:orpcid "e 61 - -, Toil card' Oe CJ. le/ 0 gi ri.u. -r ear.!04)-v A? ic.. v. 62 - . ri2ry Tou. 71.,,e).1 -,- -re; cd Jr./ ot..7/10 ,4 r.( a 03 7' Llie:0;1 le le 14, -100. 63 - ) TZ-Y:fr./ SZ-V < 7)? s Ord 6;''' s y u 'Vet i SOS y to -se .1 s ra r-be 64 - 7-9s :tra Ois Oc :I' s 7-41-e4:9-ei 94,-. &few", 65 T.1;$ :Ir.? (50$rrc )( -vs T cd -' j rist 6 ? e.: -s Tc x -yew-so 66 rfs:dr.(is Od Ad .77 9 s Tur -I,'jreit 0 4.1 -1, 6)01Aorrd.Z1e 67 - Answer each of the following / . -y.,,, / 6 Zeus questions. Check your answers. s ). Mat 7 )2/0 19C40 %0 EITTI'V0c .4, cos To TipBetas]

158 68 -itsrvy g ZEUS Tra.);ta;'(-v tj-ir (4) -vi ;:e ejowtrca.y 69 - -7 e6'7 IN O e lea. a264)if , 79, f, 4 I "0' rroi 7-17pPt? w itj 74 e 0- r; -se 70 - L /6' ot no -1A4011, vc . cf3/477S.1 Af.0-$. fics 7013 0tiou ole o s Tot bA;ciu

71 - Tiv d km. V.ti. o ArIZA.0- ear eta,: -r;)%s Hau 6# kiS froutritrfskeril-v. 72-ECTIY `101.4npos / atou37p o rTrar2i0 7TotT4p73: utgoAo rt/al.;4.5 imisAorLes Ern ti, 73 - Now we will list the genitive plural of some nouns we have met. Try to supply the genitive singular. Check your answer:. Then copy the singular and the plural onto your paper.

TO°31/ iLIOuer-/ArtZle ,uoutrior's 74 - TWY it./ Qeo X* r. Zve 7*.'s1.4u 043ori.c s

75 - A TW-V dff TO Ol/e eS 76 - r 17-0C w ne Ts77SAews 77 -,TL A/ Lir -V 7.0 to A; otJ 78- TCY woeOfidwr(.4r -v TOL ,'6/:(L,rot, 79 - Tu.) -v I9C rot; &Di), qv &oh

:1. 5 ti 159 80 - Now we will turn our attention to mythological the English derivatives we have learned recently. An English word meaning "related to myth or legend" and derived from the Greek word1.,, a90 s is .

81 - An English word meaning "of or Homeric related to Homer" and derived from the Greek name" 0iy*fiOS is

82 - An English word meaning necrology "death notice" and derived from the Greek word"Ye triecile is

83 - An English word meaning necromancy "foretelling the future from contact with the dead" and also from the Greek -NE tria-teis .

84 - An English word meaning anthropomorphic "having the characteristics of man" and derived from the Greek word 3/ a vOtow rro s is .

85 - An English word meaning "god- Olympian like" and derived from the Greek name"OA tikaTOS is .

86 - An English word meaning "sun heliolatry % worship" and derived from 9AT! tOS is

87 - An English word meaning "the theology science that examines everything related to God" and derived from the Greek word &OS is- - - .

160 88 - An English word meaning "a heliotrope plant or flower which turns toward the and derived from the Greek A ,0s is .

89 - A device used to give signals heliograph using mirrors and sunlight and taking its name from pIcoS is called a - - -

90 - An English word meaning "ruled patriarchal by a father" and derived from77.1 7#/0 is .

91 - An English word meaning "ruled matriarchal by a mother" and derived from itirrrie is .

92 - Naw open your Greek notebook to the heading Word Study. Add the following words to the first column of your list there: mythological, Homeric, necrology, necromancy, anthropomorphic, Olympian, theology, hello: raph, heliotrope, heliolatry,I atriarchal, matriarchal. - 93 - Now put in the Greek roots and the meanings of the English words in the appropriate columns of your list. Refer to Frames 80-91 if necessary.

158 161 94 - Explain in your own words legendary the meaning of the words underlined in each of the following sentences. The underlined word is defined in the answer column. The kidnapping of Helen is the mythological reason for the Trojan War.

95 - The student was intereated relating to Homer in Homeric studies.

96 - There was a long necrology death notice in the newspaper for Rev. Martin Luther King.

97 - The monster in the horror man-like film was anthropomorphic.

98 - General De Gaulle, in the god-like opinion of some, is a man of Olympian stature.

99 - Future rabbis and ministers the science study theology. related to God

100 - He gave signals with a a device using heliolraph. mirrors to flash signals

101 - Heliotropes are very flowers that common in American gardens. face the sun

102 - The ancient Egyptians sun-worship practiced heliolatry.

103 - Some American familes are ruled by the patriarchal. father

104 - Some American families are ruled by the mother matriarchal.

15 162 105 - Read aloud the following paragraph in Greek: To Ls70 a `q, doe&cc:Zsocre i0; Aora .ToZ1 s To %doeee04% Jr iir7r9inic.To us OA194rrie os Deo; rs 0 4.7 TieE u 4'.1 106 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: TOOS 7' a ZJttlitclou as 0 u'4 s. Ovh Ea PiAleetS.TOts)S reZ "A, Sou &c00%s 1hi'i rr:t sroLls 'OAf.,,uif;o Lii . , 8eou s EAIrfic urts S. 107 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: . TOu' S 70Z "As dou 6Pecous. OIIf kfr;),-e,. Toysroir°Aldo()60i ous 1147tr9re. Tou s)0A uiterrious o?,,,,,iXelT/otwe-eV.

163 108 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: w WA a Tons To u Al (you - Oe ou Sor ..,cA , col Av rvitte"v,rout Togo/ & I soya 0t0 eis eami cC7 e..14 c -00.rou% s 30huptr7ous Oco;isi. Xarperdraid4a-v, 109 - Now read the following similar para,grph aloud in Greek: ToesTettA, SouBEoc%Js owe . roZ "I , do Ae i0lAjrI re's roiis Oce:is eiuirlf-4 reroux 'OA 0,47rious thous jc Astrfisu'ea re, 110 - Now read the following similar paragraph aloud in Greek: et a TOLSrot,A ideu61e01- 0 CI h. e 0 A ',row, Taus Toe""Aide) thouscm,A r)20.1--.To J S A '0A4ifirr; ourOceers c Xrfi curet -r. 111 - In each of the above frames third everything remained the same except the verbs. The verbs changed from first person singular, to second person singular, to third person singular. Then, in Frame 108 the verbs were in the first person plural.In Frame 109, they were in the second person plural.In Frame 110, they were in the - - -person plural.

112 - A verb is said to be in the first spoken about person when the subject is the speaker. A verb is said to be in the second person when the subject is spoken to. A verb is said to be in the third person when the subject is .

161 164 113 - In English to indicate the third first person we use the words "I" and "we". To indicate the second person we use the word "you". To indicate the third person we frequently use words like "he, she, it," and "they". Frequently a separate noun subject indicates the t - - - - person. s 114 - Now we have to talk a little he loved about the tense of verbs. Tense means time. A verb is said to be in the present tense when it indicates present time. For example, I love, and he loves ate`both in the present tense. To form the past tense in English you add - ed or -d to the present. Thus the past tense of I love is I loved. The past tense of he loves is - - - -

115 - Greek also has a present tense I like the women. as we have seen. The present tense You like the women. of the verb 0, A i,', appears in the He (or she) likes following pattern. the women. Te(t rrIestigrdS OS/Aa. We like the women. T,/ s y u -Ki ( et r0/Afire You like the women. They like the risye-r.Thros $6 dial. women. , " T.1S y u -v47 grill r 0 , A 0 tid i 1eV. Tuts yciWI Sf etS 911XCI re. T . c s y u -vgi iWel I 0IA017; r I "e. Try to give the meaning of this pattern in English. Check your answer.

102

165 116 - Greek has several past tenses. I liked the women. One of these is called the aorist tense. You liked the women. It indicates action the past that He (or she) liked the happened once or atat one time.It is women. usually translated by the English past We liked the women. tense:In the following pattern the You liked the women. aorist tense of 01A 4.1 appears. They liked the Read the pattern carefully and give women. the meaning in English. yer-ra7frras yu s yu-vo7tr.ts r ii-v17frf,As yu -vgaor4 s ru-ydatrds 117 - The aorist tense in Greek is aorist frequently recognized by the endings -rot S ,-"i4ev, -rell-CI eV,"Many times the letter Eis added at the beginning of a verb to indicate the aorist. Thus fts;b7rd , and s :I a u 0'4,44 e are all in the tense.

118 - In the following pattern the aorist tense of Ast re ire C,f4Jappears. Read the pattern in Greek and try to give the meaning in English. Check your answers.

TOG'S Orouc E A T/0 U Cr I worshipped the gods. To) eous c A.cric icor. r. You worshipped the gods.

163 166 He (or she) wor- roZs&au%s i-)4.riog uo-e-e. shipped the gods.

reLs.8toc sllidrloe to mar/ E , / . We worshipped the gods. . x , rous i6e01.1.s. E-A r/e) Er./Groi re You worshipped the gods. "-- a_ t They worshipped the rous s. E A4 7, E to gra -le 84-0(ji gods.

119 -In the following pattern the aorist tense of Ai/VIZ appears. Read the pattern in Greek and try to give the meaning in English. Check your answers. . , TONS oPt ouS eit /ITV," ot. I hated the gods.

Tocs 60a out ii47r9 a-as. You hated the gods.

701)S 19E er:d S i/.4 Iryfp"' c ne. He (or she) hated the gods. roZt OE °Ls il.4lo-r; rd,uE v. We hated the gods.

Tour OeoLs EMtd1.r.rjes T c. You hated the gods. a 0 They hated the gods. TO us BEcocrS fit, . o 0- 1p(-.r"V.

120 - Read each sentence in the following pattern practices aloud. Then make each sentence negative. Check your sentence with the answer column. n a /, "T?,, r110.4 70 0, AI crei 7 -le v 0 II Ir E01/A)24ra 121 Thy44 56/00 (1;747"V E0 A )2rel.7.1 24 0" Ct.",.1'.° oure 0, A r) . 122 - TO icb7A77r.s. ra K lAos Ot/r C0:A)3 cr./

164

167 123- Tire puOo A °Ad "v &WAr.f. 7P;"V p u60Aer:d -,0 oiN. c0./Av tr., 1211 - j)%ry1..ou r1 ir,re}si;..b7rd. 7);-we ApourtN.;-3, 06e i od IA* es(. 125 - ray "Op 60, ,1 rigs ro -v"9/432100-3, ... owl.3 Efb/A3).-..gs 126- . 2 #. TOY dipone.t E 0/ 61 )2 rds TO els I i r 4 0,/e( 0311i 0 :A77 ow s. . 127 - ro-vIjAtc3-3 7.2,1,.., i-i A )2o-e s rzry 0471" kid/A*0:1s. 128 - 3 , TO ne rrag ripet ToyTr4rvetcol tb2ras , oLw efit$,A p 41-,4 s. , 7))-00 p )2410.4 E ois ,Alerds . 7" -e #.4 )2ri/49.1 04;or a od i' a* gra s. 130 - o 54 4 -,0 7'')-r.90,4.0-ihev216,:i1 re -). TA; ,' :kV. OtiPr E01.1)7dre7r. 131 - C, ci 3 It TO 1e ?2, W of To -v)11owa CO i A r2 e-e-v. 0 ()sr e 011AP7 re -V. 132 - 11 / ro-8ca..). To-r ePe 1 ne E 0 ..1 r) re -e. Over isi/A)?o-c-e. Si.,..% 133 - 3 egf , A )7 re ..,, rcr'vLlAu".4 ffe-r Tom 0 7ro-e oeur I 0 A)? ores. . 134 -0 Toy:1-v 6), tAirrne T i n ' s C VO/ o w p r e - b ; of11ve cv

135 - /0, A )5.4r-..,44E-v.7°,""?cat"' TOI)COEOU%t owl. Eci.A "5 0' *VI e 11 165 168 136 rj ira A A )2 a a ,0 r. 4...1 A A ith.) 9 raft E "le oux e0 i AP)Cr1/44 E 137 747 9/4 JB0i a -1 7) 'due" Aor/elY -C4/Ar-'4111.1°.oble40/ a)7traidEV.

138 3 n; -,-/4 0 4./ r Ar-;7 ",. a 7")epour/If 7 CO/ A v raid E v .°ids' E 0 / .1 ii ral.1 (V. 139 ra!s 67e :t s T. &E 1 S 4 it A 561-.rid E -v 0iiAe I' se/ .i iral/te E V. 140- TO io s ola i;6ro -rd s . i 0,A ToZis ddlitioyas 61.61 TE 06Ir ; gt5, )a-a re . 141 - 3 . 70 cd s 77W Teroa S

T°L;sTrs"-9'd SE g i / A * " rt . 06, kce. A )5Ord re. 142 ToiS/49rifias T. 1.49rgio./ s.E se 4 e-.? TE. ourd'izS/Ai j onerE. 143 Trus&coLs Tous OE 0 % s E0/0)7oare. 1 0 01.611r CO/A,2 ow re . r:144ate :r 3 T.) sOc.,s E se , A )2 erd T E. 06K e0.01 .j ora re. c 145 ri? -e ..e/04. o 10; a -), oliola 0-10 sr v k 0 ;01 .2 ow -v. , 7 .1-,, ocie i. 0 :A')ow -,, ,146 c. To u s ??1, 2 c.sd f ds Tous ?2/01..astS 7.51 I ; A*0"61,e. Otilf 0; A))or'ot -A'. 147 , Tau%s01-yea-i.:Mous' Tads:41--ro,oorrourcgs/A*61-.4-v. a 4 ,' 0 cd ir E cal ,a ,2 cr id ""v. 148 ,., To Ls l5)Eoci%s Toc;s 01E0 cd s E94/.1*,-a-P1. ,

149 r... t s ae:1s Tatst9c..?s- et0: A )? a-.1 -V. a ''' t Oux e W/A9 dra "P'. 166

169 150 - Now read each sentence . aloud. Then make each sentence a question by putting the verb first. Check your answer.

* % 7-1-v `111,04-,.. E p , ,-,2 ,r4 el,,,, ,41-9 end 7 p?-e Ii4,0.4-1. ; 151 - r*-3A Opo dior "VI-14;cl)r.t.le 1ri)int 717 11 40 ociirwy; 152 - ;.1.4 le-9rd TO TO te: a aos -ii,,,r9r.d or.i a aos ; 153 - 4 rpre /muSoAoriipt-vcid g f ea 9 i.4 td00 Aor ,I -r; 154 - 3 0 1.14 r9 caThy &so pouri Isapo eiti ( a- p)ra . 'moue-114.r ; ." , . 155 - ep ir 9 ed S To -v TOY c 61-f *leo -)0 eb'ilA (el?ref s el °14 VP0"/ ; 156 - ep4 i r trof g TO .1° ro nedel ;id 0 n'olt 'iltt.-) 2 rot s. 04i y4 0-ra ; 157 - . Cl eidi or 9 ea S Tone T -r/A/ one ;14 i°r * red S. c°Alo-e; a 0 158 - a 0, Eli Iry rd s rc; .7, Mr t T epee city, , gry rid s rCi" TT 414 repel ; 0 159 - 0 i i *r i d * 79 0 .1 El.. hr 9 tra s ei4 1 iri 2 0-.4 s 717 "0 ,N7 ri,od ; ., 160 - Et., r* ere 717 -Y 4 l o p o avis t -r 1 4;4 : 7 - 1 7 re - 1 0 rl-r ol/0,44 o -; eist ve ; 161 - a .. rcz.v ke,,,tef eit. e- 9 /'Er "P' E-14 if- V grE 7- 0 -v 162 - ro -v ei., ,r9 o-e -v. e/t4; (Tr) (re rO -v/9EO-v Act -... ;

1Gri 170 163 - To -v r;1''10 )uis,77o-se kii 7.0""17 re v. 'crEit.4 * eE '0 A Idfr,7r0 ..-.; 164 - a .1. 0 Toyet,440 4, rro le 94 i r )2 rE vElf sl C rl 1. E To -v 44 -, 40 tA, rr 42 -V 165 rows 61a 0crs iiuto-6croli , i Cl51 4 ler 0 eV., e ite Tour Oeoc.7s; 166- i l telildI0-I3 a' sy,/ c V 7.e

167 - I ,1 e r r.e,i4 e V 7;-)e rrl le p u a A o ri.d 'Y;I i/r iedienv. /Au& #10 rid", ; 168 - 9. . I if 07 rdre et v TO -v Titr-r10 c /prey ;',44/ r or".1/1C T. V CPreoine ; 169 - i Elf i gr 9 Groili CVTMs re( sOC.is1/41 er..1,44 E -)0 , BE .t s 170 - 3 rove"YelreOUS E141412 ea rE 9.0(rP5ord r5 Tv us r c tree w s ' 171 - . . 4114 1 Or 9 cra rE To u r Tou s77-.4 re),, sC/4 /r9 4'a[ T C 77 cpc TerS 172 - ,...10-,2 dr.e re E.).,4449-)2 drat re 7- s Tat s p r ;ea s /4 9 rEfid s ; 173 - . . - ' To usOeo u s El4 i err) a-ec TE V 4 ' cr 12 0"d TE Taus OE 0t.) s ; 174- rse s Te;S OE :e S F)4 i 0- 5 ra T 6 c4 / or,5 rat re 0E.!s 175- ' r, -r-r ,14 wrist,.kit., ;o-o-,1 10 Ea-14 7c.erP gr d "Y 717-r X176- " Tourw.e...4 s 94 icro gra -v 9 4 ' __v_r".". r° U 4 r1/0 4./ a S ;

168

171 177 - D , lr*o-.1 le700s .1")41",:#17oua Ems; Tous $ eitt 'Cr; gra ". .e "V Oio ev/7-0t1S; 178 - . . 9/3 ;0'90- 'V To us TOLS 6PEOLS i 0-0 ind "e. (RE 0 c.iS 179 - a, . D 9, of 17 4ra le rat .3 7-.%es e'OE : ls Cil 0' v 0":" V. OC .5 ; 180 - Now read each of the following questions aloud. Then answer each question first affirmatively and then .0. ri, j negatively. Check your answers. "V_ k dio 7* v rficy , t CY, 1 E A eit T/o e u sra- '7%-v a, . I. 4 1 CAelTeEurat r7/*"* ; 0 u 7-*-e ar(h. i A Iree u ira . 181 - , vat/. 7 "A° Afoodir*v EA el Tr C . 1 d rid rpy A 0 floc II rv-r;.i A.rri0 e went . ou 7**70 369 $4010egro -11 0 t,IN E A A rioc u 4r4 . 182 - -rai. TO PrfreAAos E T rig, a ura 7; or."(A A0 s ; A x :t Tin u rat. oir. rk 0-.1,1Aes GUM' ea .1 "-Abe 4,. ea. 183 - 'vat;.?1),' pa° A0r4CV 'EAal Ti g i a utra T17 -Y/mu& Ao r t r i v ; E A .1 rfie coed. 7..1, "4 U 00 A 0,44.10 out9 k X.1 70a to f-.4 184 - . - . Ici 7.rci3O ye rfiO -so EXidrpeur.t To-le-reirlocTov; JAJ:rfatura. ouTone "YE Arfiele dr& .1 Tia curet. .0 co, 185 - le.i .To-,Oda *fie,/ C Aj rfie LirasTo-"0,too-v;0,,Itoo -v; jArcrioatio-dS. 01 - ri-v 1#0,olioone E.A:trioeursir. 186 - WI,70"V-v a If"( f -), A Are e u 0-.a a S To-vne t tret--b. ; 4 A ..1 rtsf ( .. gr.t s . Ott ri-v-1, e srea) --le .,. Oe nt cA.IricpeUrdS.

172 187 - 19,11 rel. ;Pool. co , Ad e40 tr. t s 7- o -,. 7,1/c)-)0 ; }A.irfieurar. cAl. re-I. S; A0 v 0 / 3 k A:17/cog torsi S. 188 - . -ripe 7. To-.0 7Ta 7 iiO4 E Astr,et.)tra s To",77.4 re/04 ; k A; res.(dratr . 0:14 Toy )7471,1 Or1 If C A1 re E Cr I'd r . . .89- 'Kt .r!rs14 r)r Ito., EX;r e e v r - a s T ) 2 -e id ? 7 Ei o .! ; kA 4 r / c ) a u e r g s. ou., , T-s: piprip./ o o or a.A.tr,ot wr.is. 190 - 16 c a e "y4 i. nrdepovist-of E A .1 recure 747-)0 ael cved-r; iNITIecyv-cy. 0o(Ai7);.t.*cep 0-44 'V id" a-A.(7ot u r Ey. 191 - irt WI.T cry 110 Wei eA:tret ucere Y W, wet EAtirpetrc V. 1 I 01)To nerit"del aimcA:17/2 c were V. 192 - 'Val. 71;vthaw ICA:(rpi ure-ro-r6? c e=v ; kx.ireeugre-e. 0u. re, -r 0c;r.v oedir cA .2 Tinu re v. ,,, 0,... , 193 - "Ile ti , T 0 -I, CJAu,0770-1/ East rioEtrrETo-r"01_up mono; k 1 arrioeu Cc-Po oZ.Toys0Au,t.t7Tove 0:011 iAjr,ogurr-e. 194 - Je 0 . a/ -y.aTo .t7/ 47,9ao ff0 le el .( r/0 e Ai r g 70 °C.Vq.4407707; iX.ere:se u ore Y. at re; -to ://i -,.efitarlo-0 ciLif '.)447;04u re-v. 195 - v.47.. Toc)s62E0u s iAsl rfietdrdi,4erTojSeCou's; e X.(reeu crisp E v. ou .Tars 16E0 403' 0 411. k X.t riot Gr.ti,46-v. b 196 - "nti.T.)ors/AA), EX.t rpet5c.9.4cv To ,r.;AA; . E Xirietifraicre, 0. oeTo . ,r.) dr:ixA)7, ClUlt cAstrptuirol4eVe.

170

173 197 - .. . 7ai 1. Ta S fru 00AoridS jEAa T / P C ro r 41beyT:1S "ItiaolorielS; kkd rjoeu crddte6 10 0: f. Tests p uao Aorldr antI Ao I) 0 clo r afave v. 198 - le.pi 11. rea c -s' ti' sr, el, c A.1 rpejr.4,14g n°Toes-vcirfioe s atI A arpsZfro,..s le. OU .4To uf,verogpJr OWN ( Air T A D C u erel,4,4 C V. 199 - veer°. T 2 t s ez:(r bta TRCtrtraitac ','r d' s a,'e.;s . :. A 4rfi c; role 6' -1 '. col;.7:4 SOasis oUst 4X d red G ea, vire. 200 - . Yd i. rocs Ad ,1/4 r id s EL' rlotZed,' cV Tausdd./aKa; e A 4 rfi t r raids v . a,. Tous elso,440 ws owek Lit ries ardi.4 a Y. 201- a 70 4 ( To us7,4 ritod s a Asti, st,ra re r oAs-7r4 re;ode; c A d rfic L rig re oil.Teas Ir.( Tjfi 1 1 S Otm k A.,rpaid coTE. 202 - . / . -P.1 I.Ta m ,T ie.( S E A4 Tfiturid TE Tie s IA repas; ix,47,0c 4, reTir oU. Tats,1417.40 4s OLN I ) 4 'Fp: 4 ra rc 203 - -Kt.'.Toes es °Ls i AqI7rerrfst TE ',but OleOti 5 ; E a X o re EUra re . o'drobs ee °Zig Cte EAft me 6 r r re . 204 - -reti.7-4s&el.'s EA.( 7.'1s:rein. 7;s6'4 ;s. tAdregt.r.tre.A, o0 e. r4s. v cif: cum aeNdrecL rot T e 205 - .. II I I'd!. Tat S 4 pea co Via S at 0 % % I' C Aelre au fria-v Tel S eV)/ i ov, a s; Ie A:t rps tor .4-$0. oil. rts90,441 vosts o : ar k A 4 rriur a -e. 206 - ct troes4Pw., s 1 A :/r/s d r4 "P ro ; s 0co.es ; eNis t rov at. roll Aoc..,/ s our s x 1", t Loret-v .

171

174 A 207 - 7041 TOWS l lei Otelloor C As( rel't (dna roLs Blow MOUS ; 1 root 4, 064 roLs:1-r6;04Prosix moor Xfrive Lire A a gi 208 7. To uS 'we o oS E ree. ura v7Oos &cows; se A :4' remto ra ot;.rob SBt oLs 'E roac la 209 - r.6. S E a.t rpc w rg%s-60e .t s; k:tTio C WV 0 r. 814 s obsr rpturqrsfflat 210 - Now we are going to review myth some of the things we havelearned about ancient Greek religion and mythology. A traditional or legendary story usually concerning some super- human being or god is called a m - - - -.

211 - Greek myths were veryelaborate great and detailed and have exerted (great/little) influence on literature and art and other fields.

212 We study Greek mythology because literature it is interesting and enjoyable and has exerted great influence in many fields. For example, Greek mythology influenced very important Greek 1 such as THE ILIAD, THEODYSSEY, and the tragedies.

172

175 213 - The influence of mythology on Venus di Milo Greek art is very strong. There are many famous statues of Greek gods and goddesses. The statue of Aphrodite called V is one example.

214 The influence of mythology on Parthenon Greek architecture is very strong also. Myths have inspired many temples. For example, there is a famous temple dedicated to the Virgin Athena on the Acropolis called the P .

215 - Greek mythology greatly AENEID influenced Roman literature and art. For example, many wall paintings in Pompeii deal with mythological subjects and Vergil's famous poem THE A- --is built around Greek mythology.

216 - The Christian religion has been ancient influenced by Greek mythology. For example, many of the characteristics of the goddess Athena were absorbed by the Virgin Mary. Also, crossroad shrines to the saints found in modern Greece are similar to shrines to the goddesses found in a - - Greece.

217 - Much of the literature and art has of the Renaissance and Post-Renaissance is based on Greco-Roman mythology. For instance, the famous plays by Racine, the French tragedian, often deal with mythology. The Art NIuscum in Philadelphia is full of paintings on mythological themes. Even some of the world's great music (has/has not) been influenced by mythology.

17,i 176 218 - English words and phrases great are derived frequently from Greco- Roman mythology. For example, we speak of "herculean strength." This phrase means- - - - (great/ little) strength or strength similar to that of Hercules.

219 - Greco-Roman mythology Apollo continues to exert its influence in our own world in many ways. There is literature on mythological themes. For example Giraudoux's play TIGER AT THE GATES. There are modern works of art based on mythology. For example, the statue of Prometheus in Rockefeller Plaza. Even our rockets and space ships bear mythological names. For instance, the plan to put a man on the moon is called Project A - - - -.

220 - The early inhabitants of Greece did not have had a very simple religion. They worshipped various features of nature.

Their divinities were not individualized . and (had/did not have) human forms.

221 - With time the Greek religion human changed in nature. New gods were introduced. The new gods were . anthropomorphic, i.e., they had h characteristics.

222 - The author of THE ILIAD and THE Homer ODYSSEY did much to refine and crystallize the Greek conception of the gods.In these poems Olympus is depicted as a patriarchal system with Zeus as the father of gods and men. The author of THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY is traditionally said to be H- - - . -. 174 177 223 - Let's review now some eagle important information about the Olympians.Zeus, who was later identified with the Roman Jupiter, wasking,of the gods, the protector of hospitality, oaths, and justice. His symbols were the thunderbolt, the sceptre, and the e .

224 - The wife and sister of Zeus Juno was Hera. She was the protectress of marriage. Her symbols were the diadem and the peacock. She was identified with the Roman goddess J .

225 - The brother of Zeus and the Neptune ruler of the sea was Poseidon. His special symbol was the trident, a three-pronged spear.lie was identified with the Roman god N - - - -.

226 Athena, who was identified with Parthenon the Roman Minerva, was the special patroness of the city of Athens. She became patroness of Athens when she pleased the people by giving them the olive tree. Her symbols are the spear, the aegis, the breastplate, and the owl. The famous temple on the Acropolis dedicated to Athena was the P .

227 - Apollo was the god of light and Artemis harmony. He invented poetry and music. He was closely associated with the sun and was sometimes identified with the sun. His symbols were the bow and arrow, and the lyre.His twin sister was A- -, the goddess of chastity, mountains, woods, fountains, and the moon. She was identified with the Roman goddess, Diana. .175 178 228 - Hermes was the messenger of winged sandals the gods and protector of travelers and merchants. He was identified with the Roman god Mercury. His symbols were the ram, the magic wand, a special hat, and w s .

229 - The goddess of love, identified Aphrodite with the Roman Venus and born from the sea foam, was A

230 - The god of war and violence, Ares identified with the Roman Mars, was A .

231 The goddess of the hearth and Hestia protectress of the home, identified with the Roman Vesta, was H .

232. - The god of fire and the patron Hephaistos of blacksmiths, identified with the Roman Vulcan, was H .

233 The goddess of the land whose Demeter symbol was wheat and who was identified with the Roman Ceres was D .

234 -It is not clear whether Moira or accept fate was superior to the gods.Usually the gods (accept/do not accept) the superiority of Moira.

235 - Besides the major gods there were persists also lesser divinities such as the nymphs. The nymphs are often divided into Naiads, Dryads, and Oreads. Belief in the existence of nymphs still (persists/ does not persist) in some parts of modern Greece.

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179 236 - The so-called mystery cults were involving the worship of such gods as Isis, Dionysus, Osiris (were/were not) popular among the Greeks.

237 - The ruler of the Underworld husband was Pluto. His wife was Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. When Pluto first kidnapped Persephone Demeter neglected her duty to make things grow on earth and caused a famine.Finally a compromise was worked out whereby Persephone lived half of the year with her mother on earth and half of it with her h- - - in the Underworld.

238 - Heroes in Greek mythology Hercules were usually descendants of a god and (Heracles) had unusual strength. Some of the famous heroes include Theseus, Jason, Perseus, and II

239 - Look atthe family tree of the gods. Chaos was the first Try to explain it in your own words. god. He gave birth Check your answer. to Earth (also called Ge) and Heaven (also Chaos called Uranus). Earth and Heaven mar- E ott+h = Heaveii ried.Their children were the Titans. Tw (Ge) cUasius) of the Titans, Cronos and Rhea, married. Crones=Rhea Ofhtt Their children were Hera, Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Demeter, and Hestia.

Herm Zeus Poseaoti Rae Demetertie lh

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180 240 - The daughters of Zeus Muses and Memory (Mnemosyne) were Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Urania, and Calliope. These goddesses were patronesses of various arts and types of literature. They are called the M .

241 - Gods and goddesses frequently blood married their own brothers and sisters. A good example was the marriage between Zeus and Hera. The gods wanted to preserve the purity of the divine ichor, the substance they had in place of b .

242 Let us now turn our attention " to the English derivatives learned in At e,/ Ve S this unit. The English word mythological means legendary or related to a myth . or story and comes from the Greek word

243 - The English word Homeric means e/ "related or pertaining to Homer" and Op Vie 0 S comes from the Greek name .

244 The English word necrology means "death notice or obituary" and comes 'V E /re 0 -0/ from the Greek word . li 245 - The English word anthropomorphic .0019eogairoS means "having the characteristics of man" and comes from the Greek word

246 - The English word Olympian means ,/,,, "celestial or god-like" and comes from L./ A c/A4 ITO s the Greek word .

176 181 247 - The English word necromancy means "foretelling the future through "1/E wee -e contacting the dead" and comes from the Greek word . 248 - The English word theolo v means A os... "the science examining everything about God" and comes from the Greek word

ci 249 - The English word heliolatry toS means "sun worship" and comes from the Greek word .

250 - The English word heliotrope et , indicates "a type of plant that turns )2 Al o S toward the sun" and comes from the Greek word .

251 The English word patriarchal .. means "ruled or dominated by fathers" /7:1 7 ito and comes from the Greek word- - .

252 - The English word matriarchal .. means "ruled or dominated by mothers" 044 7 r WI' and comes from the Greek word .

253 - The English word heliograph indicates "a mirror device used for 1A/ os giving signals" and comes from the Greek word .

.1( 171

182 254 - Let's now review the quotations about Greek mythology that we have learned in this unit. The English meaning ()leach quotation is given plus the author's name. Supply the Greek and check your answer. e Even gods don't fight necessity. d -vdyew ot cIE &CI i t (Simonides) 0, 1.4.1X 0-we rot/. 255 When divine power confers ei well-being what need do we have 0 Td le a old 7,4,4' 4.-te.e-E of friends? (Aristotle) diddZt ride; -stsiAdvvi ;

. A, 256 - Don't trust people but p 9Vie Taut:Iv Vfido- ir els only a god.((;reek Proverb) 2 % I N o et A A Id po-vw r c t 9ce;/. 257 - Only gods live without as % , Or ', pain.(Greek Proverb) po-roi veep, 44-YE u X I; n-9 s h;roc.,. 1 .

258 The god arranges everything . .0 . la as he Pleases. (Greek Proverb) 0BE0%sint -I, Tot 7, 0-... , ci a " a OTT& r du rwar7Eertre /.

259 Zeus, our savior and victory.(Xenophon) 2 et; s r 417 0/40 esti-vArop. . 260 - Progress is made with the eV -v 'A 6'9 -v:t /no help of Athena and with the help 0% t of your own hand.(Greek X C led 14 -r. E( . Proverb) . 261 Even Ares doesn't fight 77froP T9 et -ecr.r1,0 p.gaiast neces.sity.%Sophocles) 44 a 1,9 S:tr t9 7.- rd rd /

180 183 .. 262 - Aphrodite is a dead letifeo-foa4 Op0eh7-9 thing without Dionysus and .,,, I 0 -yu re uc/t x se Arse / Demeter. (Greek Proverb) 4, ... a*,...397-,..es . 263 - Even Hercules doesn't I o stand against two opponents rrlo 0 s ore 0 achla at once.(Plato) 6740,4ir A 0 264 - Let's now review the quotations learned in previous units. Read the Greek carefully and try to provide the English meaning plus the source. Check your answer.

yvt../Sta.').1 urcc-v - Know thyself. (Thales)

265 - All things are in flux. c .. MC "1'rdfie/ . (Heraclitus) 266 - Nothing in excess. /49d; Vdrill/.1/ (Proverb) 267 - " ,.:.:Sea! Sea! (Xenophon) or 4 A 4 r ra,at Ael r 7.4 . 268 - ,m. Philosophy is life's 0/Aeorci pi;.4/3"tou guiding principle.(Proverb) .0 ir1J/gee'r9 7'7 s. 269 - r x One man is no man. EIS .1107, (Proverb) °Lc/ a) s:1,09". 270 - 0 i ,/ What is life without golden T's dEfiresat rep Aphrodite? (Mimnermus)

xpcir i5 AO/°o el 1r os1 271 - It is not possible for anyone Obor rf-Ti-rEtigt ea; "leAPIO'V to find a life without sorrow. :1Aurro-so °tidal/6.S. (Menarider)

181 184 272 - It is not a great thing to live 3 A 2 I 0 11 Try /.. cr.(77 f QT/ -r but to live well is a great thing.(Plato) te A A:c c 6 y$,-,.. 273 - The measure of life is 144 i rice "r4'' Eerr/ Af:IA Aos beauty, not length of time. OL XeCS'vac). (Plutarch) 274 - For man the unexamined O cli-verc rarros 4/Os 0:0 life is not worth living. . . (Plato) 019/ (4 To s j-r 0/ydrce) 77 ced. 275 - All of life is a stage. "WI -v9 7roir a 062/0 s. (Palladas) 276 - ,. a "lag4l 0-excs,iiofer re-)t-r (Hippocrates) / 4 4.4 A, '7. 277 - I am alpha and omega, the kr t..el,td TOstiA0dA-d) beginning and the end. ra(:(Jim(r.c;01)40,2 pr.'',re- A. c (New Testament) 278 - Divine Homer.(Aristophanes) CR i 0 c(10ppm, ca s . 279 - 3, Sing, 0 goddess, about the ,r,-,-yL, del ed Et9t 4.74 ) vol'elcuianger of Achilles, the son of lArtAios. Peleus..(Homer)

.1./ 280 - 0 Muse, tell me of the man a ifdpi4,44 0 /C - -ye 1TE Adour4 who travelled much. (Homer) rro Aal rto a ma -v. 281 - 0 goddess, daughter of Zeus, speak. (Homer) 474 .1 6 jyd rep a8t o sEa/ 77E. 282 - Trojans died on behalf of Te (.u' 4 w irrIfla Tra rp a s their native land.(Euripides) 8 vnr. 0fr. -y . 283.- Wretched Troy having de- T:/ A at"Irat riot, iat/14 yao to S . stroyed thousands for the sake fdirc:. A c 4r.t s /.4 /2s ru Ie./twos of one woman. (Euripides) Xelfis-1.

182

185 AI % 284 -, E;ie 40 pr c 0A190S Happiness has fallen, Troy has fallen.(Euripides) fie fist PPE rigoo 44-

285 - Let us now review some of of the things we haVe learned in this unit about the genitive case. The genitive case has many uses but one of the most important is to show possession or to express the relationship which we express in English with the word "o- -".

286 So far in Greek we have met genitive three cases: the nominative, which indicates the subject of a sentence; the accusative, which indicates the direct object; the g - which indicates possession.

287 The English possessive case s' is in some respects the equivalent of the Greek genitive. The possessive case is formed in English by adding 's or- -to the word.

288 - Many times in Greek the genitive singular ending will be -ey - us -v or -s. The genitive plural ending is always .

v 289 In the following frames locate . the word in the genitive case. Check o 04,1 your answer.

Ohio cre OfeiRiot/ MI", -,' 9 Tr) s.

290 - . ,,.. silt I to ere 'go. Arcr, /5%44r irufice70 rl s.

183

186 291 o rcriire4 roi,oeoZ Irufice4r9s. ro 47, Oc0 a 292 - " Oiloresad rta-rOftV irv,e40.14 79 s.ria-e19e wv

293- w AI .. (ItVOp gi st A0rolii,4Tau s4erved...Fro u roi r7reli °rdifieff -V 97*S 294 - 0/A0/00i.4T$S re' XliVS i's-re-x-vs Artifie)4"99 7S 295 - " A TE X V c40 "V Sao A er'efiVe( raY TEX "VW"' Tea V Itu/ety0-rrqs 296 - T-4ru,04/irOs 0/Aore9fi4rijsru-rdi Nos iorfiefivl rip s-. 297 ,, a j,, ro siIA Tooce10,00S 'roZ:r-voifit;s tru/3e, -r r,is. 298 - 0 A otroii.t71:yeaercedoPav re:rye :evc,d; p 67, I. kuleepr9r*s. 299 - 7.*s, rro° Ac Gas %di.%o ro"VA 7ii3s rre":) A c 64) s euficwypr9s.. 3 0 0 - Tit/-eiro A E44.1-/ 7 Y 7re;.1 e w v, Aruficp-r 9 TA? s.

18 4

187 301 - In the following frames read the Greek carefully and give the meaning of the Greek sentence in English. Check your answer. ,,.. 561 A* cr 0 OS i 4 'I' 1 42 4.° HligE, 74 TIP 5. Philosophy is life's guiding principle (or the guiding principle of life).

302 - Philosophy is the guiding ... 0/a o fro pSt 4 roe,8c o3 principle of the god (or the god's guiding principle). M o fi C i e " r . . 303 - Philosophy is the guiding 95/Aor o pf/ ,( rot") :( -vol/Os principle of the man (or the man's guiding principle). triornfi-vp T)9 s. 304 - Philosophy is the guiding 4. .... 01 Ao ro 0,4 7* 'srw-voi iNOS principle of the woman (or the woman's guiding principle). If goftefi-vrs . 305 - Philosophy is the guiding 0 / Aoa-cosii.tri7's Mel AEcos. -- principle of the city (or the city's guiding priLciple). /rUfiStvP9r* s S. 306 - , # Philosophy is the guiding 961 Aore 0.4 re.41 "Y :rle V50 e:,'V principle of the men (or the ... ift.i/Sip-P V TA7s men's guiding principle). 307 - Philosophy is the guiding 0/Ao rogh:t ro f.:; it'i AA°us principle of beauty(or if4/fittfi "V* r* s beauty's guiding principle). 308 - Philosophy is the guiding 0/ A o re0,84 rOsIfir4e 0 -v al s principle of harmony(or harmony's guiding principle). irufiefi sr7 o s

.1O 188 309 - Let's review some of the things -ed or -d we have said about the aorist tensein Greek. The aorist tense indicates an action which happened once or at one time in the past.It is roughly the equivalent of the English past tense. The past tense in English is formed usually by adding - -- to the present tense.

310 - The aorist tense in Greek is beginning frequently recognized by the endings - rel , -0"*.1 5 ,- eV , - 0114 CV , -rat Te, -trig "V . Many times the letter E is added at the b - - - - of the verb.

311 - In the following frames you will find sentences written in the present tense. Change the verbs to the aorist tense. Toe-b 4.014)7, o le r 0 "V' 0/4 woo-,0 t AC.,. 0 E A )7cr.(.( . . v 312 - 0,-, Si Acis To -v 0,0 1/00V Toy faitiwoo-e ZoSi A lords. 313 -, c.,, rale.. '0/4 )2/2,0 -,0 To-e(94 9/0-se 0, A e 7 . eld /A *see -v. 314 - c,_ ra v 7.0,04 v,tro "Po' 01 A 0 ;;/.4 E le. T07'ci.4 *fi 0 -y *. A , 315 - ci,.., T'o -v"OA, pm-se -1/ Terbe(44477/90-pe 0,Aeire. 36'10 / A CI0--.1 re. 316 -. ve., To?)"V "(:),.4 woo -51 TO " 0 V i t 4 * t a w , ' 0/ A a 1.0 er I, e 1116 ; A tra -v . 317 - 40 7-c:idy Brous roes&o'er X.1 r/c) CU 4. E)4.7r/tz* c u trett . 318 - To u s:,".9CoZos rOuri9CouS A1171)CLEIS, sk) o .1 Tr a c ta rst S. 319 ,,,. . k TOtoc eice's Tou sBrous A1T/OC Li EI . 'X:.ree td(re"le. 320 - Tourtfe o vs ro t)s(96 oZd s A4 7-12 c cr o44 c -I . E A eil r/oc u ojd C "Y. 186

189 321 - rou s Oceus rous &eve A.ITfiecrere. kNetriocidera re . 322- . ... re:/c 19eoLs rows,SousAarficuouri-e.arx:irjegur,ei_e. 323 - 41,* et "V,.. re:4J. "Ai do,' 1-01/ A s d 9 -v p I 94I e;o-d 324 - " rp-se., `A-1 0P7-e TO-le 11-sod /tile-CIS. Ei.di0-?2(ds.

325 - TCrie "A4d )7-,e TO-10 'A Id pre m',rt.'''. 17/47 o-,7 re -,,. 326 ,- 7010 `1#4s dirse reeteciAi di)", 0/4 i dr c 0 ZIA4 VI/ . 1/4 ) -9 cid," E le. 327 rZsE y "As dry"' rO-v "A ' Sorgidia-e7re. 'tr.-0e-or TE . 328 - reer "A tdAyv To "A se/1-v A i ire wray. k , trrule. 329 - Give the meaning in English of the following pattern:

I liked the city. Tiro/771:7'A/,' 4- ;IS; 1)7ra

330 You liked the city. 7j2.". Ire Ai -we i gi ;01)7ru s. He (she or it) liked 331 7$1. 77; Ns-10 IFS % Adr-e-e. the city.

332 - . We liked the city. rrr-v 1TO Xs -1/ l' fili/ A)5 draftc -v. 333 - , You liked the city. 7-,;--te rre XI -,, ip s1 A cra re

334 - , , al 0 They liked the city. T9y Me 141-)1 Coi/A9 (rd -v. 335 - In this unit we have studied the following things: a.Greek mythology and its importance and influence. b.The forms and chief use of the genitive case. c.The forms and meaning of the aorist tense.

18 1

190 d.New quotations about Greek gods and heroes. e.The following derivatives: mythological, Homeric, necrology, anthropomorphic, Olympian, necromancy, theology, heliolatry, heliotrope, heliograph, patriarchal, matriarchal.

186 191