KIRIBATI 1% 170°E 180° 170°W 160°W <1% <1% 150°W 177°E 180° 170°00'W 169°40'W 9% <1% 11% 9%

8°N 100%

89% 79% 0 500 km 99% 99% 0 200 km Island Type (% area) Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area)

100% HYDROGEOLOGICAL 0 20 km 19°10'S

Freshwater Potential (% area) ISLAND TYPES OF PACIFIC South ! See inset a 15°S ISLAND COUNTRIES 0° 166°52'E 166°56'E 167°00'E 6°N SHEET 6 OF 7 100% WORLD MERCATOR PROJECTION Yaren WGS84

Island Type (% area) EXPLANATORY NOTES: This map shows the distribution of island types based on the hydrogeological characteristics of islands within each of 0°32'S the Pacific Island countries and territories assessed. Each country map is at a different scale in order to best represent the features of the islands. Reference islands are identified in selected country maps which represent the 100% hydrogeological model for each island type (insets a-d). Further details on these islands are described in the 0 5 km companion project report by Dixon-Jain et al. (2014). Inset pie charts show: (1) distribution of island types in each country as a proportion of island area, and (2) distribution of potential for permanent fresh groundwater and surface water in each country as a proportion of island area. The pie charts of freshwater potential provide an indication of the 18°S Freshwater Potential (% area) availability of natural freshwater sources in each country, but do not account for actual volumes of available fresh groundwater and surface water, or the relative dependence on these water sources. Island type data from Dahl (1998–2006), multiple literature sources and expert opinion. Hydrogeological Island Type Hydrogeological island type 4°N Low Carbonate Composite 174°W 173°W 172°W 171°W reference

Limestone Complex Exclusive economic zone Inset a 10°S 100%

1°24'N Volcanic

<1% <1% <1% <1% Island Type (% area) Bonriki Apia Location of Pacific Island Countries and Territories Assessed 11% 1% 135°E 150°E 165°E 180° 165°W 150°W 14°S 0 100 km 15°N 100% FEDERATED STATES REPUBLIC OF 87% 99% 0 1000 km 0 2 km 21°S 0 50 km OF 1°20'N 173°4'E 173°8'E 132°E 134°E Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area)

PALAU FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA 0° NAURU

3% <1% 177°W 174°W 165°W 160°W 140°E 150°E 160°E TUVALU 8% 27% INDONESIA COOK ISLANDS 21% 22% 19% 0 100 km 100% SAMOA 75% 70% 54% 15°S

SOLOMON ISLANDS Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Island Type (% area) Island Type (% area) NIUE 10°S FIJI 1% 5% NEW 7°30'S CALEDONIA TONGA 19%

Hydrogeological Island Types 80% 95% 135°E 150°E 165°E 180° 165°W 150°W 10°N 15°N Freshwater Potential (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS 0 1000 km FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA 18°S PALAU 10°00'S

KIRIBATI (GILBERT ISLANDS)

175°00'E 177°30'E 180°00' PAPUA NAURU KIRIBATI 0° 15°S (PHOENIX ISLANDS) KIRIBATI NEW GUINEA (LINE ISLANDS)

TUVALU Inset c 21°10'S TOKELAU INDONESIA TOKELAU SOLOMON SAMOA ISLANDS COOK FIJI ISLANDS 15°S 0 50 km VANUATU 100% 8°S 21°15'S NEW AUSTRALIA CALEDONIA TONGA NIUE 0 5km Island Type (% area) 159°50'W 159°45'W Freshwater Potential See inset b 20°S 18% 135°E 150°E 165°E 180° 165°W 150°W 21°S Inset b 21°00'S Nuku'alofa Inset d REPUBLIC OF 15°N MARSHALL ISLANDS See inset c 82% FEDERATED STATES 0 1000 km Tongatapu OF MICRONESIA Avarua PALAU 21°55'S See inset d 2% Nuku'alofa Freshwater Potential (% area) 14% KIRIBATI 14% (GILBERT ISLANDS) 21°10'S 0° PAPUA NAURU KIRIBATI 0 200 km 0 500 km 0 500 km (PHOENIX ISLANDS) KIRIBATI 0° 86% 83% 10°S NEW GUINEA (LINE ISLANDS) 0 10 km 0 5 km

TUVALU 175°20'W 175°10'W 175°00'W 158°00'W 157°55'W 157°50'W 174°W 172°W Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) INDONESIA TOKELAU SOLOMON SAMOA ISLANDS COOK FIJI ISLANDS 15°S PAPUA NEW GUINEA VANUATU REPUBLIC OF MARSHALL ISLANDS VANUATU

145°E 150°E 155°E 160°E 166°E 168°E 170°E 165°E 170°E 155°E 160°E 165°E 170°E 15°N NEW AUSTRALIA CALEDONIA TONGA NIUE 0 100 km

0 200 km 0 250 km Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) 0° 14°S 5°S

Low Potential Limestone Carbonate Limited potential groundwater or groundwater and suface water surface water

Complex Volcanic No potential Potential groundwater or groundwater and surface water no suface water Composite

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE: 16°S Dixon-Jain, P., Norman, R., Stewart, G., Fontaine, K., Walker, K., Sundaram, B., Flannery, E., Riddell, A., 5°S Wallace, L. 2014. Pacific Island Groundwater and Future Climates: First-Pass Regional Vulnerability Assessment. Record 2014/43. Geoscience Australia: . http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/Record.2014.043 10°N ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: 10°S This map has been produced by Geoscience Australia and funded by the Australian Government Department of the Environment under the Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning (PACCSAP) Program.

Expert knowledge was provided by Pacific Island hydrologists (Tony Falkland and Ian White). Input from the Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community is acknowledged. Supplementary data was provided by the Regional Coastal Susceptibility Framework for the Pacific Islands Project team. 18°S

Port Moresby Cartography by Veronika Galinec, Products and Promotion, Geoscience Australia.

10°S Background bathymetry image is derived from W.H.F. Smith and D.T. Sandwell, Global Seafloor Topography from Satellite Altimetry and Ship Depth Soundings, Science v.277, pp. 1956–1962, 26 September 1997.

Exclusive economic zone dataset is derived from Exclusive Economic Zones of the World - version 8. VLIZ (2014). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase, version 8. Available online at http://www.marineregions.org/ <1% 3% <1% <1% <1% 1% 2% 4% <1% 6% <1% 1% <1% Consulted on 2014-04-10. <1% 15°S 14% 12% 26% 48% 7% Published by Geoscience Australia, Department of Industry, Canberra, Australia. This map is published with 100% 5°N 0 250 km 20°S 75% the permission of the CEO, Geoscience Australia. 96% 99% 99% 86% 94% 24% © Commonwealth of Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2014. With the exception of the Commonwealth Coat of Arms and where otherwise noted, all material in this publication is provided under a Creative Commons Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Island Type (% area) Freshwater Potential (% area) Attribution 3.0 Australia Licence http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/.

GeoCat № 79066