RESEARCH OPEN ACCESS Transformation Of

Siddique and Mukherjee. Space and Culture, India 2017, 5:2 Page | 47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v5i2.269 RESEARCH OPEN ACCESS Transformation of Agricultural Land for Urbanisation, Infrastructural Development and Question of Future Food Security: Cases from Parts of Hugli District, West Bengal Dr. Giyasuddin Siddique† and Nabanita MukherjeeῘ* Abstract Developing countries of the world encounter urbanisation and infrastructural development in or around the fertile tracts and the absence of any landuse plan for desired landuse change has led to conversion of farmlands, which is detrimental to future food security and environmental quality. Hugli district is traditionally well known as one of the most prosperous agricultural regions of West Bengal, but the district is experiencing rapid urban extension and infrastructural development towards productive agricultural land since 1991. This has caused decline in the amount of agricultural production, which may be treated as an indicator of increasing threat to the long run sustainable livelihood security of the people of the whole of West Bengal. This article critically explores the transformation of agricultural (farm) land because of growing rate of urbanisation and infrastructural development, which in turn poses the question of threat to food (in) security. Although, this is a growing problem across the universe, this article probes the future food security questions of Hugli district, West Bengal by examining the impact of the highly intertwined indicators of urbanisation and infrastructural development on agricultural (farm) landuse and its effect on food security. Regression Analysis, Spearman’s Ranking Correlation Coefficient, Remote Sensing Technologies, Markov Chain Model, Projection of Future Population Growth, and Yield Rate are employed to understand the depth of the problem. The result not only shows a direct negative correlation between urban extension and agricultural areal contraction but also the supervised classification of satellite imageries shows that there is rapid change of rural landuse from 1996-2016. There is no match between future population growth and future yield rate of crops and the Markov Chain Model further predicts that the cropland will decrease from 62.77% to 42.90% and the built up area will increase from 31.86% to 54.63% of the total area from 2016 to 2056. Keywords: Urbanisation, Infrastructural Development, Landuse Change, Food Security, Sustainable Livelihood, Markov Chain Model, Hugli District, West Bengal † Professor and Head, Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, West Bengal, Email: [email protected] *Corresponding Author ῘUGC-Junior Research Fellow, Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Email: [email protected] © 2017 Siddique and Mukherjee. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Siddique and Mukherjee. Space and Culture, India 2017, 5:2 Page | 48 Introduction consequence of sudden stuns, for example Urbanisation, as already well established, is the economic or climatic crises or cyclical events shift from a rural to an urban society and such as agricultural seasons. Food safety is involves an increase in the number of connected to the quality of food and the final individuals living in urban areas within a dimension, access to food is related with the specified time (Adesegun et al., 2015; Omer, assets that people or their families possesses to 2016). It is the result of social, economic and obtain food necessitated for a healthy living political advancement that lead to urban (FAO, 2008:1). Thus for people living in urban concentration and emergence of large cities, zones, access to food is consequent upon the change in landuse and transformation of household’s ability to purchase food. Each of pattern of organisation and governance from these four key facets of food security can be studied in the milieu of urban environment. The rustic to metropolitan system (Ekpenyong, 2015:31) through the development of different decadal growth of population of the study area is 10.59%, the decadal growth of urban forms of infrastructure. The term ‘infrastructure’ is coined by joining ‘infra’ and population is 42.13% and meeting the demand of such a large population will put enormous ‘structure’, which means subordinate parts, substructure or establishment of an endeavour additional pressure on food production system, because the resources required for its (Nayak, 1999: 59). According to the economists of the world, it contains of all those amenities production such as land and water are becoming meagre. The following section and activities, the basic rationale of which is the sustenance, which they provide to income discusses literature that underpins this generation and production (Bajpai, 1995). research. Infrastructures are the very heart of financial Review of Literature and social advancement. There are two aspects Ira Matuschke (2009) in the paper titled ‘Rapid of infrastructure, on one hand, they boost Urbanisation and Food Security: Using Food economic growth, address basic needs, offer Density Maps to Identify Future Food Security mobility and social interaction, and on the Hotspots’ explained the challenges of rapid other hand, they generate environmental urbanisation in developing countries and the pressure (Shilling, 2007: 1). In most cases, impact of rapid urbanisation on four infrastructural development cause dimensions of food security such as availability, transformation of agricultural land, thus both stability, safety and access to food around the urbanisation and infrastructural development world. Using GIS, Matuschke (2009) can be treated as a growing threat to food constructed a food density map of the world to security. ‘Food security’ has been described by identify the future food security hotspots. In a the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation) in similar way, Huang et al., (2009) used remote its World Food Summit in 1996: “food security sensing, GIS techniques to identify the landuse exists when all people, at all times, have change in the peri-urban zones of Taipei, and physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, showed how urbanisation is causing landuse nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and change. They also worked out the impact of the food preferences for an active and healthy life” landuse changes on the global environmental (FAO, 2008: 1). The organisation has recognised change. In the paper titled ‘Urbanisation and Its four key dimensions of food security- Impact on Agricultural Lands in Growing Cities availability, stability, safety and access to food. in Developing Countries: A Case Study of The first measurement is related to the general Tamale in Ghana’, Naab et al., (2013) highlights availability of food in adequate amount. Both not only the landuse planning response to production and supply system of food are urbanisation but also explains its influence on distinctive in rustic and urban setting. Food food (in)security within the context of stability alludes to the access to food at all urbanisation. It also provides vivid information times with no danger of losing access as a Siddique and Mukherjee. Space and Culture, India 2017, 5:2 Page | 49 on how different policies can be taken to meet yield rate of crops, affecting on the future food the crisis of food security. The findings of this security as well as perceptible pressure on the research bear similarity to the “losses of ecological balance of the region as a whole. agricultural land due to infrastructural Objectives of the research and methodology development on Rajshahi District of are discussed in the following section. Bangladesh” (Islam and Hassn, 2013). Using Objectives and Methodology Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, Islam and Hassn (2013) found out the losses of The key objectives of the present study are: agricultural land due to infrastructural . to assess the rate of urbanisation in the development from 1977-2010. In doing so, they selected parts of Hugli district, not only analysed change detection but also . to examine the extent to which rural predicted on future availability of agricultural landuse is affected by urban extension land. David Satterthwaite, Gordon McGranahan and infrastructural development, and Cecilia Tacoli (2010) seemingly discussed . to probe into the rate of decrease of the impact of urbanisation on food production agricultural land and productivity and and on climate change. Here, they studied the . to estimate the future food security of relations between urban change, food demand the study area and rural urban linkages and introduced the concept of urban agriculture. Urban agriculture The research is based on both primary and or urban farming is an act of cultivating, secondary data. In order to understand the role processing, and distributing food in or around a played by the Public Distribution System (PDS) village, town, or city. Food security, nutrition, in food security, the primary data has been and income generation are key motivations for collected using random sampling method. For urban agriculture. Earlier in 2002, Acharya et this, 200-structured questionnaire survey was al., studied the impact of urbanisation on conducted amongst the local residents of the sustainable agriculture in Malaysia where they study

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