SpringerBriefs in Archaeology

Series editors: Douglas Comer Helaine Silverman Willem Willems

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10186

Robert J. Shepherd • Larry Yu

Heritage Management, Tourism, and Governance in

Managing the Past to Serve the Present Robert J. Shepherd Larry Yu The George Washington University The George Washington University Washington , DC , USA Washington , DC , USA

ISSN 1861-6623 ISSN 2192-4910 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-5917-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-5918-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5918-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951417

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) We dedicate this book to our life companions, Sarah Chen (Larry) and Fithri Ekawati (Robert).

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Douglas C. Comer, Helaine Silverman, and Willem J. H. Willems, editors of the International Committee on Archaeological Management’s book series on archeological heritage management, along with Teresa Krauss, series general editor with Springer Press, for providing us this opportunity. In addition, we are grateful for generous research funding provided by the Sigur Center for Asian Studies at the George Washington University that helped us complete this project. We would also like to thank our student research assistants at GWU, Wu Xiaoxiao and Hu Yihan, for their fi ne work. In addition, we are grateful for fi eld research assistance provided in the summer of 2010 by Professor Gu Huimin of Beijing International Studies University as well as her student assistants, Mu Xiaoting, Chen Yuting, Lü Jiayu, Tong Yao, and Pan Zhiren. Finally, we are grateful to the anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments that have helped us strengthen our narrative.

vii

Contents

1 Introduction ...... 1 Bibliography ...... 4 2 Historical Background ...... 5 Bibliography ...... 10 3 The Politics of Heritage ...... 13 Bibliography ...... 30 4 Nature, Culture, and Civilization ...... 33 Bibliography ...... 44 5 Economics of Heritage Management ...... 47 The Administrative Structure ...... 48 Management of Cultural Heritage ...... 50 The Admissions Economy Phenomenon ...... 57 Bibliography ...... 64 6 The Social Impact of Heritage ...... 67 The Paradox of Heritage Preservation ...... 69 Creating Heritage ...... 72 Development Versus Heritage ...... 74 Becoming a Tourist Attraction ...... 76 Bibliography ...... 81 Conclusion ...... 85 Bibliography ...... 86 Index ...... 87

ix

List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Sun Yat-sen, leader of the nationalist movement that established the Republic of China in 1911 (National Museum of China, Beijing) ...... 9 Fig. 3.1 Museum of Natural History, Beijing, built in 1951 ...... 14 Fig. 3.2 Imagining a multiethnic historic China: interpretive panel, National Museum of China, Beijing ...... 22 Fig. 3.3 Diorama of nationalist revolutionaries attacking Qing forces in 1911 (National Museum of China, Beijing) ...... 23 Fig. 3.4 “Fire on the Grasslands”: war against Japan exhibit, Inner Mongolia Museum, Hohhot, 2009 ...... 24 Fig. 3.5 Tomb of Wang Zhaojun (first century BCE), one of China’s “Four Ancient Beauties,” near Hohhot, Inner Mongolia ...... 29 Fig. 3.6 The state protects history? Signs such as these are common at Chinese heritage sites ...... 30 Fig. 4.1 “Establishing civility requires everyone’s participation”: banner along a pedestrian walkway in suburban Beijing, 2011 ...... 38 Fig. 4.2 The refurbished Sumtseling (Songzanlin) Monastery (built 1659), the largest Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Yunnan, located in Zhongdian County (Tibetan Gyalthung). The complex was shelled by People’s Liberation Army Forces in 1959 and attacked by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution ...... 41 Fig. 4.3 The newly built Wenshu (Manjusri) Temple, , , a world heritage site ...... 42 Fig. 5.1 (fi fth century CE), , Shanxi province, a 5A national scenic site...... 49 Fig. 5.2 The Great Wall near Mutianyu, Beijing municipality. This section of the Wall was originally built during the sixth century CE ...... 53

xi xii List of Figures

Fig. 5.3 (sixteenth century), Mount Wutai, Shanxi province ...... 54 Fig. 5.4 Long Lake, National Park, Sichuan province ...... 56 Fig. 5.5 Street Scene, , Yunnan province ...... 58 Fig. 5.6 Nine-story pagoda (built in 1751), Qing Imperial Mountain Resort, Chengde, Hebei province ...... 63 Fig. 6.1 Tour group waiting to enter the , Beijing, 2010...... 69 Fig. 6.2 Dozens of local homes were demolished in , Mount Wutai, after the area became a national park and a world heritage site in 2010 ...... 71 Fig. 6.3 The “New Qianmen,” looking north toward the front gate to the Forbidden City, Beijing, 2011 ...... 72 Fig. 6.4 Xintiandi, Shanghai: once a working class neighborhood, now a trendy entertainment district ...... 73 Fig. 6.5 Becoming a tourist attraction: the recently built Tibetan Quarter in Jiantang, Zhongdian County (renamed “Shangri La” in 2001), Yunnan province ...... 78