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Ethnobotanical Travels in the Georgian Caucasus Rainer W

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Ethnobotanical Travels in the Georgian Caucasus Rainer W Wine, Beer, Snuff, Medicine, and Loss of Diversity – Ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Shalva Sikharulidze, Zaal Kikvidze, David Kikodze, Tamar Jinjikhadze, Tamaz Shanshiashvili, Dato Chelidze, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, and Nicki Bakanidze Photo Essay Context Research was conducted in July 2013 as part of an quire additional permission of the individuals featured in ethnobotany research-training course in Georgia the images. (საქართველო). After obtaining prior informed consent for interviews and photographs, semi-structured interviews Each photograph has been altered using Adobe Light- were conducted with participants in local villages. room 5.0 and Photoshop CS6 in the following ways: 1. Cropped. Images were taken of the physical environment (soils, wa- 2. Color balance altered toward warmer image tone. ter features, and other geographical context elements), bi- 3. Image size altered. ological environment (parts of plants used, whole plants, 4. Image saved in slightly smaller (high quality) jpg for- animals, ecosystems, landscapes), and cultural environ- mat. ment (artifacts, villages, crop fields, and other anthropo- genic landscapes, individuals and groups interacting with No data has been added nor removed from the images each other or the researchers, and people conducting dai- beyond the alterations listed above. ly tasks of life). Most of the photographs were taken op- portunistically and only Figures 79-81 were “staged.” Traditional plant use in Georgia The territory of modern-day Georgia (Figure 1) has been Photos continuously inhabited since the early Stone Age, and The authors took all photos presented. In each case, per- mission was granted by those featured to use the photo- graphs for research. Correspondence Rainer W. Bussmann, William L. Brown Center, Missouri Bo- Photos were taken using Canon EOS5DIII and Canon tanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166- 60D, with EF-S15-85mm, EF 24-70mm, EF 70-300mm 0299, U.S.A. [email protected] Narel Y. Paniagua Zambrana, Herbario Nacional de Boliv- zoom lenses, Canon 100mm, and Zeiss 17mm and 50mm ia, Instituto de Ecología-UMSA, Campus Universitario, lenses. Each photo was saved in the highest pixel Canon Cota Cota Calle 27, Apdo. Postal 10077 correo central, RAW format. Each original file was 35-40 megapixels in La Paz, BOLIVIA. size. Shalva Sikharulidze, David Kikodze, Tamar Jinjikhadze, Tamaz Shanshiashvili, Dato Chelidze, Ketevan Batsat- The authors saved an original un-altered copy of each sashvili, Nicki Bakanidze, Institute of Botany and Bakuri- ani Alpine Botanical Garden, Ilia State University, Botani- photo presented here. In addition, the authors keep on kuri St. 1, 0105 Tbilisi, GEORGIA file approximately 5,000 more digital photos taken of all Zaal Kikvidze, 4-D Research Institute, Ilia State University, 5, aspects of this project. The published and unpublished Cholokasvili Ave. 0162 Tbilisi, GEORGIA. images may be requested from the authors for non-profit Ethnobotany Research & Applications 12:237-313 (2014) uses. Requests for profitable uses of the photos will re- Published: 14 July 2014 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol12/i1547-3465-12-237.pdf 238 Ethnobotany Research & Applications Bussmann et al. - Wine, Beer, Snuff, Medicine, and Loss of Diversity – 239 Ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus RUSSIAN FEDERATION 1 E 23 4 5 C 6 GEORGIA D 78 B 9 A Figure 2. Excerpt of Bakuriani Alpine Botanical Garden visitor log: International Caucasus Expedition 26 August, 1912. F Adolf Engler, M. Rivier, Georg Rhets, Theo Stomps, Friedrich Fedde, Kurt Krause. Georgia is one of the oldest Christian regions, adopting Christianity around 320 CE. A great TURKEY example for early church construction is Ger- ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN geti Trinity Church, built in the 14th century, lo- cated at 2170 m at the base of Mount Kaz- Figure 1. Locations of research in the Georgian Caucasus: (A) Tbilisi თბილისი city, (B) Svetitskhoveli cathedral beghi (5047 m), overlooking the narrow valley სვეტიცხოვლის საკათედრო ტაძარი, (C) Mtskheta-Mtianeti მცხეთა-მთიანეთი region, (D) Dusheti დუშეთი munici- leading from Georgia to Ingushetia (Figure 3). pality, (E) Qazbegi ყაზბეგი district (a.k.a. Khevi ხევი), (1) Mount Kazbek ყაზბეგის მყინვარწვერი (a.k.a. Kazbeghi), However, ancestral shrines are still very com- (2) Stepantsminda სტეფანწმინდა (a.k.a. Stafantsminda), (3) Jutha village, (4) Roshka village, (5) Barisako village, mon in many regions of Georgia (Figure 4). (6) Kobulo village, (F) Samtskhe-Javakheti სამცხე-ჯავახეთი region, (7) Borjomi city, (8) Bakuriani village, and (9) Ta- batzqhuri village. Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) show genetic diver- sity in Georgia, with about 500 varieties known agriculture was developed during the early Neolithic era The archaeological findings from Neolithic and Early (Javakhishvili 1987, Ketskhoveli et al. 1960, (Javakhishvili 1987). In Georgian the name of the coun- Bronze periods include plant fossils and seeds of both Ramishvili 1988, This et al. 2006), and in most try is “Sakartvelo,” and “Georgia” is semantically linked wild species and local landraces. Seven species of cul- regions the population takes great pride in pro- to Greek (γεωργία) meaning “agriculture” (Javakhishvili tivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Triticum carthlicum ducing their own wine and sharing it with visi- 1987). Human occupation however started in the Early Nevski, Triticum compactum Host, Triticum dicoccon tors (Figure 5). Hardly any house in the Geor- Pleistocene. The 1.7-Myr-old hominid fossils of Dmanisi (Schrank) Schübl., Triticum macha Dekapr. & Menabde, gian lowlands is without at least some grapes in Southern Georgia are from the earliest known homi- Triticum monococcum L., Triticum spelta L.), one wild rela- in its garden or backyard (Figures 6 and 7). To- tive (Aegilops cylindrica Host.), as well as millet (Panicum nid-site outside of Africa (Finlayson 2005, Gabunia & Ve- day, forty-one cultivars of grapevine are used miliaceum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Italian mil- kua 1995, Gabunia et al. 2000). This specimen has been as commercial varieties in Georgia (Bedosh- let (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.), oats (Avena sativa L.), classified as Late Middle Paleolithic and Early Upper Ne- vili 2008), and good wine is readily available wild lentil (Lens ervoides (Brign. & Brunhoff) Grande), and anderthal and modern human occupation is well docu- (Figure 8), but the history of grape cultivation pea (Pisum sativum L.) have been discovered in Arukhlo, mented (Adler & Bar-Oz 2009). Upper Paleolithic fossils and winemaking goes back millennia (Mc- dating back to the 6th to 2nd millennium BC (Melikishvili of Dzudzuana Cave include remnants of wool (Capra Govern 2003, Figure 9). Like in other parts 1970). The earliest grapevine seeds indicating cultivation caucasica Güldenstädt & Pallas, 1783) and dyed fibers of of Europe, Georgian grapes were devastated were excavated in southern Georgia and date to ~8,000 wild flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) dated to ~36–34 Ka BP by phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch years BP (Ramishvili 1988). Due to its long tradition, ag- (Adler & Bar-Oz 2009). 1855)), and after the infestation in the 1860s riculture in Georgia is characterized by endemic species most Georgian grape varieties are now grafted of crops and a great diversity of landraces. These show on rootstocks of American grapes resistant to The Caucasus is counted as one of the global biodiversity a high level of adaptation to local climatic conditions and phylloxera. hotspots, and Georgia has its fair share of the tremendous often-high disease resistance. Early research document- diversity of the region (Schatz et al. 2009). Botanical ex- ed this great variety (Dekaprelevich & Menabde 1929, ploration of the Caucasus has a long history, yielding good Ketskhoveli 1928, 1957, Ketskhoveli et al. 1960, Mena- Wheat (Triticum spp.) in the 1940s included recent treatments of the area’s vegetation, in particular bde 1938, 1948), but a rapid loss of local cultivars of ce- 16 species, 144 varieties, and 150 forms reg- with regard to Georgia (Nakhutsrishvili 1999). As such, reals, legumes, and flax began in the 1950s with Stalin- istered in Georgia (Menabde 1948). This di- Georgia has long been the center point of botanical ex- ist agricultural reform (Akhalkatsi 2009, Akhalkatsi et al. versity has however greatly diminished, and th ploration in the Caucasus, with Bakuriani Alpine Botanical 2010, 2012). Despite the long cultural history, recent stud- most species had already disappeared by the Figure 3. Gergeti Trinity Church, Georgia, built in the 14 cen- Garden serving as a hub. The visitor’s log of the garden ies on cultivated plants are rather scarce (e.g., Pistrick et 1960s when introduced cultivars were favored tury, located at 2170 m at the base of Mount Kazbek ყაზბეგის reads like a “who is who” of 20th century botany (Figure 2). al. 2009, Zhizhizlashvili et al. 1980). in Soviet kolkhoz systems. At present, none მყინვარწვერი (5047 m) in the background. www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol12/i1547-3465-12-237.pdf www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol12/i1547-3465-12-237.pdf 240 Ethnobotany Research & Applications Bussmann et al. - Wine, Beer, Snuff, Medicine, and Loss of Diversity – 241 Ethnobotanical travels in the Georgian Caucasus Figure 4. Traditional ancestral shrine in Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Georgia. Figure 5. Sampling the latest vintage in Bakuriani, Georgia. Figure 6. Traditional grape in Mtskheta, Georgia. www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol12/i1547-3465-12-237.pdf
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